INTRODUCTION

Water resources engineering is a branch of civil engineering which has its

roots in the tasks of supplying water for human use, it is concerned with the
collection and management of water (as a natural resource), removing water
when humans are finished using it, and developing methods of avoiding
damage from excess water (floods).
Much of the work of water resource engineers involves the planning and
management of constructed facilities that address these tasks.
Positions for undergraduates and graduates who specialize in water
resources engineering can be found in both engineering consulting firms and
in government entities charged with supplying water or dealing with its
hazards.
Water as a Natural Resource
EARTH - The blue planet
There are more than 326 million trillion gallons of water on
Earth.
Less than 3 % of all this water is fresh water and of that
amount, more than two-thirds is locked up in ice caps and
glaciers.
With so much water around it seems like there is enough to see
us through for millions of years.
But did you know that even water, which seems to be in
abundance, might one day become scarce?
A Scarce Resource
Water Availability & Access
The per capita availability of water in the country is 1545 cubic
meters as per the 2011 census.
The per capita water availability in the country is reducing
progressively due to increase in population.
The average annual per capita availability of water in the country,
taking into consideration the population of the country as per the 2001
census, was 1816 cubic meters which reduced to 1545 cubic meters as
per the 2011 census.
Water availability in Canada & Alaska : 189 x 10 m
per year per capita.
(Highest water availabilityin this region across the world)
Water availability in North-Africa : 0.21 x 10 m per
year per capita.
(Lowest water availability in this region across the world)
Water Availability in India
In several parts of the India,
water is being used at a
much faster rate than can be
replenished by rainfall
In 2025, the per capita
water availability in India
will be reduced to 1500
cubic meters from 5000 in
1950.
Due to limited availability of water, but growing demand of water
due to increasing population, urbanization and industrialization, India
is facing water stress.
In addition due to contamination of water sources and poor water
treatment facility it is often difficult to get safe drinking water.
DO YOU KNOW ???
We are all water creatures ; it makes up :
1. 60% of your body.
2. 70% of your brain.
3. 80% of your blood.
Water Availability in Rajasthan
The per capita annual water availability in the State is about 780
cubic meter (cum) against minimum requirement of 1000 cum.
It is feared that the availability would fall below 450 cum by the
year 2050.
As per the international accepted norms, availability of water
below 500 cum is considered as absolute water scarcity.
Water Cycle
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O
cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and
below the surface of the Earth.
Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over
time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the
atmosphere.
The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to
ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes
of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and
subsurface flow.
In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid(ice)
and gas (vapour).
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to
temperature changes ; For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up
energy from its surroundings and cools the environment.
When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment,
these heat exchanges influence climate.
By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the water cycle
purifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports
minerals to different parts of the globe.
It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth,
through such processes as erosion and sedimentation. Finally, the
water cycle figures significantly in the maintenance of life and
ecosystems.
Processes
1. Precipitation : Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface,
Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip
and sleet.
2. Interception : The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage,
eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the
ground.
3. Runoff : The variety of ways by which water moves across the land.
This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff.
4. Infiltration : The flow of water from the ground surface into the
ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or
groundwater.
5. Evaporation : The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases
as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying
atmosphere. Evaporation often includes transpiration from plants, though
together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration.
6. Advection : The movement of water in solid, liquid, or vapor
states through the atmosphere.
7. Transpiration : The release of water vapor from plants and soil into
the air.
8. Percolation : Water flows horizontally through the soil and rocks
under the influence of gravity.
Water Quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological
characteristics of water.
It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of
one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.
It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against
which compliance can be assessed.
The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to
health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.
The parameters for water quality are determined by the
intended use.
Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on
water that is treated for :
1. human consumption
2. industrial use
3. in the ecological environment.
Human Consumption
Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms
such as viruses, protozoa and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as
salts and metals; organic chemical contaminants from industrial
processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and
radioactive contaminants.
Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as
human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of
water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of
the water).
Hydropower
Hydroelectric facilities use the power of flowing water
to turn turbines that produce electricity.
Hydropower has come under scrutiny from
environmentalists, but new technologies promise to
increase the efficiency of power generation while
simultaneously decreasing the impact of hydroelectricity
on the environment.
Irrigation
Water for irrigation comes from either groundwater or
surface water, raising concerns that heavy use could
deplete water supplies in a region to the extent that
non-agricultural users are negatively affected.
Irrigation has also been linked to increased soil salinity
and contamination of groundwater with fertilizers and
chemicals through runoff.
Navigation
Navigable waterways are defined as watercourses that have
been or may be used for transport of interstate or foreign
commerce.
Agricultural and commercial goods are moved on water on
a large scale , making navigation an important economic
concern.
Federal regulations control construction, excavation and
disposal in and around navigable waters.
Navigation interests may come into direct conflict with
other interests, including hydropower and wildlife
conservation.
Industrial Use
Dissolved minerals may affect suitability of water for a range of
industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is
probably the presence of ions of calcium and magnesium which
interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate
and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers.
Hard water may be softened to remove these ions , the softening
process often substitutes sodium cations.
Hard water may be preferable to soft water for human consumption,
since health problems have been associated with excess sodium and
with calcium and magnesium deficiencies. Softening decreases
nutrition and may increase cleaning effectiveness.
Ecological Water Quality
Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality,
relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to
different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human
uses.
Toxic substances and high populations of certain microorganisms can
present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation,
swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses.
These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for
drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify
protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum,
retention of current quality standards.
Rights & Issues
Water crisis most glaring problem
Available water within a region < Regions demand
Term used by UN and other National Organizations
To describe the availability of potable water in a region
Become more and more piercing day by day
Major Reasons
Increase in Population
Decrease in ground water level
Daily water consumption increased many folds
Misuse of Water
Climate change
Water management
Pollution
Summer Season and high temperature results in evaporation of
water resources
Population
Population tripled-
use of water
resources become 6
fold
By next 50 years
world population
will increase by 40-
50%
Industrialization
and urbanization -
will result in an
increasing demand
for water
Water Consumption
Global consumption of
water is doubling every
20 years
More than one billion
people on earth lack
enough fresh water for
drinking
By the year 2025, the
demand for freshwater is
expected to rise to 50%
Misuse of Water
Increased industrial and urban water usage
Reduction in the water available for agriculture in drought
prone area
Inequitable distribution of rainfall
India - water security and providing sanitation is a problem
in rural area
Climate Change
Reason-global warming
Depleting supply of water
Make rainfall more erratic and cause unpredictable weather
Pollution
Sewage disposal, industrial effluents, chemical
fertilizers, pesticide.
Underground wells violates the desired level of
dissolved oxygen and coli form
High concentrations of toxic metals, fluoride, and
nitrates
Surface Water
Surface water is water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river,
lake, wetland, or ocean; it is related to water collecting as
groundwater or atmospheric water.
Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally
lost through discharge to evaporation and sub-surface seepage into
the ground.
Although there are other sources of groundwater, such as connate
water and magmatic water, precipitation is the major one and
groundwater originated in this way is called meteoric water.
Ground Water
Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore
spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
Aunit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when
it can yield a usable quantity of water.
The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock
become completely saturated with water is called the water table.
The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is
hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.
MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECT
Amultipurpose river valley project includes the following aspects-
1. Irrigation
2. Water supply for public health and sanitation
3. Generation of hydro-electric power
4. Flood control and river training
5. Erosion and sediment control: soil conservation
6. Inland navigation
7. Fish culture
8. Recreation
9. Drainage
Thank You !!