No of Poles on "B" Ph 3 Nos 9 Amp Total No of Poles 16 Nos Pole (From) Pole (To) System Voltage (P-P) System Voltage (L-N) Phase for Pole Select Phase for Luminar P.F A B 415 230 3Ph - 0.75 B C 415 230 1Ph R 0.75 C D 415 230 1Ph R 0.75 D E 415 230 1Ph Y 0.75 E F 415 230 1Ph Y 0.75 F G 415 230 1Ph B 0.75 G H 415 230 1Ph R 0.75 H I 415 230 1Ph Y 0.75 I J 415 230 1Ph B 0.75 J K 415 230 1Ph R 0.75 K L 415 230 1Ph Y 0.75 L M 415 230 1Ph B 0.75 M N 415 230 1Ph R 0.75 N O 415 230 1Ph Y 0.75 O P 415 230 3Ph - 0.75 P Q 415 230 1Ph R 0.75 Q N N Street Light Pole Cable Route Total No of Luminar Total Disatance Street Light Voltage Drop Calculator Total Lighting Load Total No of Pole System Detail Voltage Distribution at each Pole Load on "R" Phase Load on "Y" Phase Load on "B" Phase "Pole Detail: :Current Detail: Summary 0.8 Km Permissible Actual Status 8 Watt 4.0% 2.42% O.K 16 Nos 4.0% 1.75% O.K 32 Nos 4.0% 0.74% O.K No of Pole Pole Distance (Meter) Each Luminar (Watt) No of Luminar/Pole Total Watt Amp No of Cable Run 1 50 250 2 500 0.9 50.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 50.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 100.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 50.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 100.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 50.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 150.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 150.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 100.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 200.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 200.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 150.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 250.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 250.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 0.9 100.0 1 1 50 250 2 500 2.9 300.0 1 Cable Detail Pole Detail Luminar / Fixture Details Total Distance (Meter) Jignesh.Parmar www.electricalnotes.wordpress.com jiguparmar@yahoo.com Cable Voltage Drop Voltage Drop in R Phase Voltage Drop in Y Phase Voltage Drop in B Phase :Voltage Drop Detail: Street Light Voltage Drop Calculator Summary 16 800 32 8000 42.43 Rsistance (/Km) Reactance (/Km) 2.29 0.097 0.06% 2.29 0.097 0.11% 2.29 0.097 0.22% 2.29 0.097 0.11% 2.29 0.097 0.22% 2.29 0.097 0.11% 2.29 0.097 0.34% 2.29 0.097 0.34% 2.29 0.097 0.22% 2.29 0.097 0.45% 2.29 0.097 0.45% 2.29 0.097 0.34% 2.29 0.097 0.56% 2.29 0.097 0.56% 2.29 0.097 0.12% 2.29 0.097 0.67% Voltage Drop Cable Detail Jignesh.Parmar www.electricalnotes.wordpress.com jiguparmar@yahoo.com Luminaire Detail: Type of fixture considered 250 Watt Lumen Output of the Lamp (LL) 33200 Lumens Lux Required 5 Lux Coefficient of utilization (CU) 0.18 Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor (LLD) 0.8 Luminaire dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) 0.9 Road Detail Width of the road (W) 11.5 Foot Height of the pole (H) 26.5 Foot Spacing between each Pole: 75 Foot Space Height Ratio 3 Luminaire Detail: Required Illumination Level for Street Light 6 Lux per Sq.Meter luminous efficacy 20 Lumen/Watt Area Detail: Surface Area 1 Sq.Meter OR Spherical Radius Meter 1 Required Power 0.3 Watt Equations: Spacing between each Pole=(LL*CU*LLD*LDD) / Eh*W Calculate Distance between Each Street Light Pole Calculate Required Power for Street Light Area Street Light & Road Detail Required Illumination Level for Street Light 6.46 Lux per Sq.Meter Width of the road (W) 7 Meter Distance Between two pole (D) 50 Meter Maintenance factor (mf) 0.29 Coefficient of utilization factor (cu) 0.9 luminous efficacy 24 Lumen/Watt Average Lumen of Lamp (Al) 8663 Lumen Each Street Light Luminaire 361 Watts Type of Luminaire Cut-off / Full Cut-off Semi-cut-off Non-cut-off Tungsten incandescent light bulb 12.5 to 17.5 Lumen/Watt Halogen lamp 16 to 24 Lumen/Watt Fluorescent lamp 45 to 75 Lumen/Watt LED lamp 30 to 90 Lumen/Watt Metal halide lamp 75 to 100 Lumen/Watt High pressure sodium vapor lamp 85 to 150 Lumen/Watt Low pressure sodium vapor lamp 100 to 200 Lumen/Watt Mercury vapor lamp 35 to 65 Lumen/Watt Luminous Efficiency Calculate Street Light Luminaire Watt Max. spacing/ height Ratio 3 3.5 4 Type of Luminiar Lamp Parameters Existing Lamp Type of Luminar: HPS Induction MH Lamp Wattage : (Watt) 118 55 85 Fixture Cost: $75 $200 $80 Fixture Labor Cost: $150 $150 $150 Lamp Cost: $43 $200 $111 Lamp Labor Cost: $100 $100 $100 Lamp Life: (Hr) 30000 60000 24000 Annual Operating Hours: (Hr) 4160 4160 4160 Energy Cost Per Kwh $0.15 $0.15 $0.15 CO2 Emission (Kg/KWH) 0.9 0.9 0.9 CO2 Emission per Annum (Kg/KWH) 441.8 205.9 318.2 Capital Cost: $268 $550 $341 Annual Energy Consumption (Kwh): 491 229 354 Annual Energy Costing $76 $35 $54 Annual Maintenance Cost: $20 $21 $37 Less Annual CO2 Emission (Kg/KWH) -235.9 -123.6 Diffential Capital Cost: -$282 -$73 Annual Energy Saving $40 $21 Annual Maintenance Saving -$0.97 -$16.74 Simple Payback Period: 7.2 Year 16.6 Year Lamp Replacement Pay Back Calculation of Lamp www.electricalnotes.wordpress.com, jiguparmar@yahoo.com Retrofit LED 55 $200 $150 $200 $100 60000 4160 $0.15 0.9 205.9 0.0 $550 $0 229 0 $35 $0 $21 $0 -235.9 -441.8 -$282 $0 $40 $0 -$0.97 $0.00 7.2 Year 0.0
Lamp Replacement Pay Back Calculation of Lamp www.electricalnotes.wordpress.com, jiguparmar@yahoo.com
Wave GuideThe first structure for guiding waves was proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1893, and was first experimentally tested by Oliver Lodge in 1894. The first mathematical analysis of electromagnetic waves in a metal cylinder was performed by Lord Rayleigh in 1897.[3] For sound waves, Lord Rayleigh published a full mathematical analysis of propagation modes in his seminal work, “The Theory of Sound”.[4] The study of dielectric waveguides (such as optical fibers, see below) began as early as the 1920s, by several people, most famous of which are Rayleigh, Sommerfeld and Debye.[5] Optical fiber began to receive special attention in the 1960s due to its importance to the communications industry.