Estudos Ingleses/ 1Ano Language Skills I

Group work by the following students:

lio do Rosrio
Rony Conceio
Valdir Monteiro
enilda Cru!
ANSWER 1:
"n affi# is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem (part of a word to for$ a new word%
&hey are !ound morphemes by definition' prefi#es and suffi#es $ay be separa!le a""i#es%
"ffi#ation is( thus( the linguistic process speakers use to for$ different words by
adding $orphe$es )affi#es* at the beginning )prefi#ation*( the $iddle )infi#ation* or
the end )suffi#ation* of words%
" prefi# is an ele$ent placed at the beginning of a word to ad+ust or ,ualify its $eaning( for
e#a$ple de-( non-( and re-% " suffi# is an ele$ent placed at the end of a word to for$ a
deri.ati.e( such as -ation( -fy( -ing( fre,uently one that con.erts the ste$ into another part of
speech%
/oth the prefi# and suffi# when applied to a root ha.e the ability to co$pletely change the
word%
More definitions0 e#a$ples:
ANSWER $:
Roots are the base ele$ents of a word that con.ey the basic $eaning of the word% 1o if you
take words that you use e.ery day( like the word reaction( you will notice that the root word
within the word react is the word act% 2hen si$plified further( you can easily see that:
%&he word act refers to so$ething that you do or how you perfor$ or beha.e%
%&he prefi# of the word reaction is si$ply re% &he prefi# in its si$plest for$ $eans back or again%
%&he suffi# of the word reaction is si$ply ion( and it3s this suffi# that can turn +ust about any word
into a noun%
1o when you look at the root of the word reaction and co$bine it with the $eanings of both
the prefi# and the suffi#( you can easily understand what the word $eans( which is to act in
response to so$ething%
" root word is a word that does not ha.e a prefi# or a suffi#% &he root word is the pri$ary
le#ical unit of a word( and of a word fa$ily( which carries the $ost significant aspects of
se$antic content and cannot be reduced into s$aller constituents%
1o$eti$es the ter$ 4root4 is also used to describe the word $inus its inflectional endings(
but with its le#ical endings in place% 5or e#a$ple( chatters has the inflectional root chatter(
but the le#ical root is chat%
More co$plicated inflection( as well as other processes( can obscure the root' for e#a$ple(
the root of mice is mouse )still a .alid word*( and the root of interrupt is( arguably( rupt(
which is not a word in 6nglish and only appears in deri.ational for$s )such as disrupt(
corrupt( rupture( etc%*% &he root rupt is written as if it were a word( but it7s not%
1o$e e#a$ples of root words can be found in our e.eryday language% &he root word
for bicycle would be cycle and the root word for transactions would be action% 2ords can
e.en ha.e two root words( such as schoolhouse%
ANSWER %:
/ases are $orphe$es that gi.e a word its $eaning( they are e#pressions to which
affi#es are attached to% &he base $orphe$e cat gi.es the word cats its $eaning: a
particular type of ani$al%
ANSWER &:
&here ha.e been consistent debates within the teaching co$$unity regarding the use of the
ter$s base and root%
%1o$e belie.e that a base word is a word that can stand alone%
%8thers belie.e that a root word is a word ele$ent that re,uires a prefi# or suffi# in order to be
considered a sensible word%
9espite the continuous debate that see$s to go on( the ter$s base and root are si$ply
synony$s for each other when it co$es to the notion of root words%
&he confusion $ay co$e fro$ the definition fre,uently used of a root word( where the ter$
4base4 is used in the definition% &his has caused people to use the word 4base4
interchangeably with the word 4root%4
/ase words e#ist on their own as a recogni!able word in the 6nglish language% 5or e#a$ple(
inspect is the base word of inspection( inspected( inspecting and inspector% Root words are
portions of a base word that do not stand alone and ha.e no $eaning by the$sel.es in the
6nglish language and are usually deri.ed fro$ Greek or :atin%
ANSWER ' ( ):
&here are two types of $orphe$es: free $orphe$es( and bound $orphe$es%
5ree $orphe$es are then further di.ided into two types: le#ical and functional $orphe$es%
/ound $orphe$es are also further di.ided into two categories: deri*ational and in"le+tional
$orphe$es%
%5ree $orphe$es can function independently as words )e%g% town( dog* and can appear with
other le#e$es )e%g% town hall( doghouse*%
%/ound $orphe$es appear only as parts of words( always in con+unction with
a root and so$eti$es with other bound $orphe$es% 5or e#a$ple( un- appears only
acco$panied by other $orphe$es to for$ a word% Most bound $orphe$es in
6nglish are affi#es( particularly prefi#es and suffi#es( e#a$ples of suffi#es are: tion(
ation( ible( ing( etc% /ound $orphe$es that are not affi#es are called cranberry
$orphe$es% /ound $orphe$es can be further classified as deri.ational or inflectional%
,-eri*ational morphemes( when co$bined with a root( change the se$antic $eaning
or part of speech or both( of the affected word( and often create new words% 5or
e#a$ple( in the word happiness( the addition of the bound $orphe$e -ness to the
root happy changes the word fro$ an ad+ecti.e )happy* to a noun )happiness*% ;n the
word unkind( un- functions as a deri.ational $orphe$e( for it in.erts the $eaning of
the word for$ed by the root kind%
&he prefi# and deri.ational $orphe$e un added to invited changes the $eaning of
the word% &hey used to deri.e new words% &hey $ay be prefi#es or suffi#es% &hey can
change the gra$$atical category of a word% &he .erb teach beco$es the noun teacher if we
add the deri.ational $orphe$e -er% 1o( the suffi# -er in $odern 6nglish can be an inflectional
$orphe$e as part of an ad+ecti.e and also a distinct deri.ational $orphe$e as part of a noun%
<ust because they look the sa$e )-er* doesn7t $ean they do the sa$e kind of work%
,In"le+tional morphemes $odify a .erb7s tense or a noun7s nu$ber without affecting the
word7s $eaning or class% 6#a$ples of applying inflectional $orphe$es to words are
adding -s to the root dog to for$ dogs and adding -ed to wait to for$ waited% &hese
$orphe$es can only be suffi#es% &he s in cats is an inflectional $orphe$e% &hey
create a change in the function of the word% 6#a$ple: the d in invited indicates past
tense% 6nglish has only se.en inflectional $orphe$es: -s )plural* and -s )possessi.e*
are noun inflections' -s ) =rd-person singular*( -ed ) past tense*( -en )past participle*(
and -ing )present participle* are .erb inflections' -er )co$parati.e* and est
)superlati.e* are ad+ecti.e and ad.erb inflections%
;nflectional $orphe$es ne.er change the gra$$atical category of a word% 5or e#a$ple(
both old and older are ad+ecti.es% &he -er inflection here si$ply creates a different .ersion of
the ad+ecti.e% 2hene.er there is a deri.ational suffi# and an inflectional suffi# attached to the
sa$e word( they always appear in that order% 5irst the deri.ational )-er* is attached to teach(
then the inflectional )-s* is added to produce teachers%