COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM

Primary components of the traffic system:

d (d d b l ) Road users (drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, passengers)
V hi l ( t k h hi l b ) Vehicles (passengers cars, trucks, heavy vehicles, buses)
Streets and Highways (horizontal and vertical alignment) Streets and Highways (horizontal and vertical alignment)
Traffic control devices Traffic control devices
The general environment The general environment
Notice:
The general environment has an impact on traffic operations but it is difficult to estimate.
Traffic engineers have little control over driver and vehicle characteristics, design of roadway systems
andtraffic controls is in the core of their professional practice
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
involved drivers pedestrians bicyclists passengers
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
involved - drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, passengers
bicyclists
pedestrians
drivers
HUMANS HUMANS
passengers
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
- Active Active part part or or traffic traffic system system
HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF
VIEW OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
pp yy
-- Human Human response response is is aa major major component component of of
planning planning and and design design of of transportation transportation
systems systems systems systems
-- Human Human beings beings have have a a wide wide range range of of
characteristics characteristics that that influence influence the the driving driving task task
( i i ( i i ti ti ti ti h i h i h i l h i l t ht t ht (vision, (vision, reaction reaction time time,, hearing hearing, , physical physical strenght strenght,,
personality) personality)
-- AA major major task task is is to to find find how how to to give give drivers drivers right right jj gg gg
iinformation nformationss in in a a clear clear and and effective effective way way with with
proper proper responses responses
-- Engineering Engineering designs designs generally generally accommodate accommodate the the -- Engineering Engineering designs designs generally generally accommodate accommodate the the
abilities abilities of of 85 85%% of of users users
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF
VIEW OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Which characteristics of drivers are most Which characteristics of drivers are most
important in transportation?
VISION VISIONand REACTION TIME REACTION TIME
N i Notice:
There are other important characteristic hearing (i.e. horns, sirens),
physical strenght (steering, braking not actual in passengers cars), physical strenght (steering, braking not actual in passengers cars),
personality or psychology of the driver (very difficult to quantify)
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
VISUAL FACTORS
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
VISUAL FACTORS
a. Visual acuity a. Visual acuity
(is the ability to see fine details of an object)
FIELDS OF VISION
static (observation of stationary objects)
- depends on brightness
- increases with an increase in illumination
- depends on contrast
- time of focus (0.5 to 1.0 second)
d i (d t ti f i bj t ) dynamic (detection of moving objects):
- clear vision cone 3 to 10
- fairly clear vision cone 10 to 12
- peripheral vision is the ability of people to
AFFECTS:
p p y p p
see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision
(160 ). Can see objects but no details and
color are clear.
PLACING OF PRAFFIC SIGNS (places, height, distances, design),
SPEED ESTIMATION (important for pedestrians on pedestrian crossings or drivers within iintersections)
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
VISUAL FACTORS
dd. Color vision: . Color vision:
(the ability to determine one color fromanother) (the ability to determine one color from another)
- Color blindness is the deficiency of this ability
- The eye is more sensitive to the combinations of black and white and black and
yellow yellow
cc. Glare recovery: . Glare recovery:
(the ability of a person to recover from the effects of glare after passing the light source)
F d k t li ht 3 d f li ht t d k 6 - From dark to light: 3 sec and from light to dark: 6 sec
dd. Depth perception: . Depth perception:
(the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance) (the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance)
- Very important for passing maneuvers in two-lane roads
- Traffic control devices are standardized to aid in distance estimation
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
VISUAL FACTORS VISUAL FACTORS
OTHER VISUAL FACTORS
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS
(PRT PERCEPTION REACTION TIME)
REACTION TIME INVOLVE 4 PHASES: REACTION TIME INVOLVE 4 PHASES:
Detection object enters the drivers field of vision
Identificaion driver acquires information about object
Decision driver analyzes the information about object
Response physical reaction of the driver
Design values: 1,5 s 2,5 s (which involves braking reactions)
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS
FACTORS AFFECTING THIS PROCESS
Environment: Urban vs. Rural, Night vs. Day, and Wet vs. Dry
Age
Physical Condition: Fatigue and Drugs/Alcohol
Medical condition
Visual acuityy
Ability to see (lighting conditions, presence of fog, snow, etc)
Complexity of situation (more complex = more time)
E t d i ill t i kl t it ti th Expectancy: drivers will react more quickly to situations they
expect to encounter as opposed to those that they do not expect
to encounter
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS
WALKING SPEEDS
Most of interactions between pedestrians and vehicles occur as pedestrians cross the
roads at intersections or mid block locations.
Pedestrian walking speed in pedestrian crossing is the most important factor in the
considerationof pedestrians in SIGNAL TIMING.
WALKING SPEEDS
Note that traffic lights are designed not only to allowed vehicles to pass through the
intersection but also to allowedpedestrian to cross.
Desing values could vary from 1 1,5 m/s.
15 m
Walking speed = 1,5 m/sec
Total time to cross the street =?
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS
ROAD USERS ROAD USERS
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS
GAP ACCEPTANCE OD THE PEDESTRIANS
Time intervals between vehicles arriving to the unsignalizedpedestrian crossing Time intervals between vehicles arriving to the unsignalized pedestrian crossing
and the behaviour of pedestrians in accepting them to cross through.
Desing values could vary from 35 50 m.
Note: a traffic light is designed not only to aloud vehicles to Note: a traffic light is designed not only to aloud vehicles to
pass through the intersection but also to aloud
pedestrian to cross.
If i il bl ithi i t ti If no gap is available within an intersection or on
street then alternatives arrangements such as
pedestrian signals may be considered.
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
VEHICLES VEHICLES
involved passengers cars trucks buses motorcycles
DESIGN VEHICLE
involved passengers cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles,
bicycles ALL TYPES OF VEHICLES
Design vehicles are used for setting up turning roadways, intersection curbs and lane
widths.
Desing vehicle is the largest vehicle which could Desing vehicle is the largest vehicle which could
operate on designed roadway.
and has three basic characteristics:
- Static characteristics:
- Weight
- Size
Turning radius - Turning radius
- Kinematic characteristics:
- Acceleration
- Dynamic characteristics:
P / i ht ti - Power/weight ratios
- Braking Distance
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
VEHICLES VEHICLES
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES
SIZE, WEIGHT
This characteristics depends on legislation in
each country (max sizes and weights of
vehicles)
Usually are vehicles divided into three or
four main categories:
- Passenger cars
B - Buses
- Trucks
- (special vehicles)
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
VEHICLES VEHICLES
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES
TURNING CHARACTERISTICS
LOW SPEED
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES
- NEEDED FOR ESTIMATING THE MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS
- Low speed turns are limited by the steering mechanism in vehicles
d b l 30 k /h - speeds below 30 km/h
HIGH SPEED
- NEEDED FOR ESTIMATING THE MINIMUM CURVE RADIUS
- High speed turns are limited by the dynamics of side friction between roadway
and tires, and by the superelevation
- speeds above 30 km/h
DISCOVER AUTOTURN
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES
VEHICLES VEHICLES
KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES
Critical characteristic express the ability of the vihicle to stop or decelerate
BRAKING AND DECELERATION, ACCELERATION
deceleration considered
,
a 2
2
n
V

B
D
Basic equation:
Derivedequation:
deceleration considered
as 1,7 - 2 m/s
2
acceleration considered
as 1,2 m/s
2
DB=
Vn or (Vi Vf)
Derivedequation:
where: v
n
is design speed [km/h], v
i
is initial speed and v
f
is final speed [km/h],
g
n
is normal gravitational acceleration 9,81 m/s
2
, a is acceleration rate m/s
2
f
v
is breaking force coefficient (wet pavement, tire profile 1,6 mm), f
v
is breaking force coefficient (wet pavement, tire profile 1,6 mm),
s is longitudinal slope [%],
D
B
is breaking distance,
v
nkm/h
130 120 110 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
f
v
0,32 0,34 0,36 0,40 0,43 0,46 0,51 0,56 0,62 0,68