IPTV

IPTV IPTV IPTV IPTV
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Internet Protocol television Internet Protocol television Internet Protocol television Internet Protocol television (IPTV IPTV IPTV IPTV) is a system through which television services are delivered
using the Internet protocol suite over a packetswitched network such as a !"# or the Internet,
instead of $eing delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and ca$le television
formats% &nlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the a$ility to stream the media in smaller $atches,
directly from the source% "s a result, a client media player can $egin playing the data (such as a
movie) $efore the entire file has $een transmitted% This is known as streaming media%
IPTV services may $e classified into three main groups'
!ive television, with or without interactivity related to the current TV show(
Timeshifted television' catchup TV (replays a TV show that was $roadcast hours or days
ago), startover TV (replays the current TV show from its $eginning)(
Video on demand (V)*)' $rowse a catalog of videos, not related to TV programming%
IPTV is distinguished from Internet television $y its ongoing standardi+ation process (e%g%,
,uropean Telecommunications -tandards Institute) and preferential deployment scenarios in
su$scri$er$ased telecommunications networks with highspeed access channels into enduser
premises via settop $o.es or other customerpremises e/uipment%
0ontents 0ontents 0ontents 0ontents
1 *efinition
2 3istory
2%1 Promise
4 5arkets
4%1 For hospitality
6 "rchitecture
6%1 ,lements
6%2 "rchitecture of a video server network
6%4 3ome networks
6%6 I5- architecture
7 Protocols
8 Via satellite
9 3y$rid IPTV
: "dvantages
:%1 ,conomics
:%2 Interactivity
:%4 Videoondemand
:%6 IPTV$ased converged services
IPTV Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http';;en%wikipedia%org;wiki;IPTV
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= !imitations
=%1 !atency
1< >andwidth re/uirements
11 Privacy implications
12 Vendors
14 -ervice $undling
16 ?egulation
17 -ee also
18 ?eferences
19 ,.ternal links
*efinition *efinition *efinition *efinition
3istorically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over
IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and a num$er of proprietary systems%
)ne official definition approved $y the International Telecommunication &nion focus group on
IPTV (IT&T F@ IPTV) is'
AIPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television;video;audio
;te.t;graphics;data delivered over IP $ased networks managed to provide the re/uired
level of /uality of service and e.perience, security, interactivity and relia$ility%A
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"nother more detailed definition of IPTV is the one given $y "lliance for Telecommunications
Industry -olutions ("TI-) IPTV ,.ploratory @roup on 2<<7'
AIPTV is defined as the secure and relia$le delivery to su$scri$ers of entertainment
video and related services% These services may include, for e.ample, !ive TV, Video )n
*emand (V)*) and Interactive TV (iTV)% These services are delivered across an access
agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio,
video and control signals% In contrast to video over the pu$lic Internet, with IPTV
deployments, network security and performance are tightly managed to ensure a
superior entertainment e.perience, resulting in a compelling $usiness environment for
content providers, advertisers and customers alike%A
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3istory 3istory 3istory 3istory
The term IPTV first appeared in 1==7 with the founding of Precept -oftware $y Dudith ,strin and
>ill 0arrico% Precept developed an Internet video product named IP;TV% IP;TV was a multicast
$ack$one (5>)#,) compati$le Windows and &ni.$ased application that transmitted single and
multisource audio and video traffic, ranging from low to *V* /uality, using $oth unicast and IP
multicast ?ealtime Transport Protocol (?TP) and ?eal time control protocol (?T0P)% The software
was written primarily $y -teve 0asner, Earl "uer$ach, and 0ha 0hee Euan% Precept was ac/uired
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$y 0isco -ystems in 1==:%
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0isco retains the IP;TV trademark%
Internet radio company "udio#et started the first continuous live we$casts with content from
WF""TV in Danuary 1==: and E0T&!P on Danuary 1<, 1==:%
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Eingston 0ommunications, a regional telecommunications operator in the &E, launched EIT
(Eingston Interactive Television), an IPTV over digital su$scri$er line (*-!) $road$and interactive
TV service in -eptem$er 1=== after conducting various TV and video on demand (Vo*) trials% The
operator added additional Vo* service in )cto$er 2<<1 with Fes TV, a Vo* content provider%
Eingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP Vo* over "*-!% In
2<<8, the EIT service was discontinued, su$scri$ers having declined from a peak of 1<,<<< to
6,<<<%
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In 1===, #>Tel (now known as >ell "liant) was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol
television over *-! in 0anada
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using the "lcatel 947< *-!"5 and middleware created $y
i5agic TV (owned $y #>TelGs parent company >runcor
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)% The service was marketed under the
$rand Vi$eVision in #ew >runswick, and later e.panded into #ova -cotia in early 2<<<
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after
the formation of "liant% i5agic TV was later sold to "lcatel%
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In 2<<2, -asktel was the second in 0anada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol (IP) video
over *-!, using the !ucent -tinger *-! platform%
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In 2<<8, it was the first #orth "merican
company to offer highdefinition television (3*TV) channels over an IPTV service%
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In 2<<4, Total "ccess #etworks Inc launched an IPTV service, consisting of 1<< free IPTV stations
worldwide%
In 2<<7, >red$ands$olaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in -weden% "s of
Danuary 2<<=, they are not the $iggest supplier any longer( Telia-onera, who launched their
service later now has more customers%
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In 2<<8, Ver+ion Fi)- launched its Fi)- product, IPTV service in the &nited -tates, comprising a
national head end and regional videoserving offices% Veri+on offered over 4<< channels in 11
cities with more to $e added in 2<<9 and $eyond% In 5arch 2<<=, Veri+on announced that Fi)-
had e.panded to 1<< or more highdefinition channels in every Fi)- market% Veri+on Fi)- !ineup
,.pands to 1<< or 5ore 3igh *efinition 0hannels in ,very Fi)- TV 5arket% While using Internet
protocols, Veri+on $uilt a private IP network e.clusively for video transport%
In 2<<9, TP@ $ecame the first internet service provider in "ustralia to launch IPTV%
0omplementary to its "*-!2H package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on
eligi$le plans and now offers over 67 local free to air channels and international channels% >y
2<1<, ii#et and Telstra launched IPTV services in conIunction to internet plans $ut with e.tra
fees%
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In 2<<:, PT0! launched IPTV under the $rand name of PT0! -mart TV% This service is availa$le in
7< maIor cities of the country offering 16< live channels and more than 7<< titles for V)* with
key features such as
Time-hift Television
Parental 0ontrol
,P@ (,lectronic Program @uide)
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V)* (Video on *emand)
#V)* (#ear Video on *emand)
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In 2<<=, the company JaapTVK came out with the IPTV receiver JaapTVK 3*1<<=#, a receiver
that could $ring live channels from all over the world% -uccessfully now in 2<14 (now at its fourth
generation model) it is still in the market as one of the leading $rands in the industry with
streaming of over 1,2<< live channels% Its wide success is accredited $y the strong impact it has in
the &nited -tates market%
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In 2<1<, 0entury!ink L after ac/uiring ,m$ar/ (2<<=) and Mwest (2<1<) L entered five &%-%
markets with an IPTV service called Prism%
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This was after successful test marketing in Florida%
In 2<11, T)T (Television )rgani+ation of Thailand) !aunched IPTV service over its "*-! service%
The offering has four tiers of service from a $asic platform of free over the air channels in Thai
language to a full slate of entertainment packages offering various international satellite networks
in Thai, ,nglish, French, Eorean, Indian and "ra$ic languages%
In 2<12, dT5ediaTV B4C (http';;www%dtmedia%tv) launched its IPTV service over the "*-! service
offered $y *irect Telecom to its customers% 0urrently they offer &E IPTV service to &E ,.pats all
over the world offering &E, ?ussian N @erman language FTV;FT" 0hannels% The IPTV service can
$e enIoyed on a TV using a -et Top >o.% &sers can also enIoy directly on mo$ile devices such as
the ipad, iphone and ipod from the $rowser without the need of installing "pps%
In 2<14, Vmedia (http';;www%vmedia%ca;pu$lish;news;post;V5ediaTV#ow"vaila$le
Throughout)ntario) launched its IPTV service over its 0a$le;*-! service% 0urrently they offer
IPTV within )ntario, 0anada with hopes to $e a$le to e.pand to all over 0anada%
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In 2<14 3ospitality IPTV !td launched )TT services for 6< live TV streaming channels throughout
"ustralia and #ew Jealand under a secure )TT delivery platform as an e.pansion of hugely
successful previous IPTV closed network platforms%
*uring the 2<16 Winter )lympics -hortest path $ridging (I,,, :<2%1a/) was used to deliver 48
IPTV 3* )lympic channels%
Promise Promise Promise Promise
The technology was hindered $y low $road$and penetration and $y the relatively high cost of
installing wiring capa$le of transporting IPTV content relia$ly in the customerGs home% 3owever,
residential IPTV was e.pected to grow as $road$and was availa$le to more than 2<< million
households worldwide in 2<<7%
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In *ecem$er 2<<=, the F00 $egan looking into using settop $o.es to make TVs with ca$le or
similar services into network video players% F00 5edia >ureau 0hief >ill !ake had said earlier that
TV and the Internet would soon $e the same, $ut only 97 percent of homes had computers, while
== percent had TV% " 2<<= #ielsen survey found == percent of video viewing was done on TV%
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5arkets 5arkets 5arkets 5arkets
The num$er of glo$al IPTV su$scri$ers was e.pected to grow from 2: million in 2<<= to :4 million
6 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
5ap of IPTV countries of the world%
0ountries where IPTV is availa$le in at least some parts of
the country
in 2<14% ,urope and "sia are the
leading territories in terms of the
overall num$er of su$scri$ers% >ut
in terms of service revenues, ,urope
and #orth "merica generate a larger
share of glo$al revenue, due to very
low average revenue per user
("?P&) in 0hina and India, the
fastest growing (and ultimately, the
$iggest markets) is "sia% The glo$al
IPTV market revenues are forecast to
grow from &-O12 $illion in 2<<= to
&-O4: $illion in 2<14%
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-ervices also launched in >osnia and
3er+egovina, >ulgaria, Pakistan,
0anada, 0roatia, !ithuania, ?epu$lic of 5oldova, 5acedonia, 5ontenegro, Poland, 5ongolia,
?omania, -er$ia, -lovenia,
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the #etherlands,
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@eorgia, @reece, *enmark, Finland, ,stonia,
0+ech ?epu$lic, -lovakia, 3ungary,
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#orway, -weden, Iceland, !ithuania, Turkey, 0olom$ia
and 0hile% The &nited Eingdom launched IPTV early and after a slow initial growth, in Fe$ruary
2<<= >T announced that it had reached 4=:,<<< su$scri$ers to its >T Vision service%
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0laro has
launched their own IPTV service called A0laro TVA% This service is availa$le in several countries in
which they operate, such as *ominican ?epu$lic, ,l -alvador, @uatemala, 3onduras, #icaragua%
IPTV is Iust $eginning to grow in 0entral and ,astern ,urope and !atin "merica, and now it is
growing in -outh "sian countries such as -ri !anka, Pakistan and especially India%
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$ut
significant plans e.ist in countries such as ?ussia% Ea+akhstan introduced
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its own IPTV services
$y the national provider Ea+akhtelecom D-0
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and content integrator "lacast under the Ai* TVA
$rand in two maIor cities "stana and "lmaty in 2<<= and is a$out to go nationwide starting 2<1<%
"ustralian I-P ii#et launched "ustraliaGs first IPTV with fetchtv%
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The first IPTV service to launch on the 0hinese mainland sells under the A>esTVA $rand and is
currently availa$le in the cities of -hanghai and 3ar$in%
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In India, IPTV was launched $y "irtel
and the government service provider 5T#! and >-#! through tie up with "E-3 and is availa$le in
most of the maIor cities of the country% 5eanwhile, &F @roup which is the franchise owner for &F)
movies in -outhern India plans to offer multiple host of services such as customerGs movies on
demand, shopping online, video conferencing, media player, elearning on their single IPTV set top
$o. $randed as ,magine%
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In -ri !anka, IPTV was launched $y -ri !anka Telecom (operated $y -!T Vision0om) in 2<<:,
under the $rand name of P,) TV% This service is availa$le in whole country%
In Pakistan, IPTV was launched $y PT0! in 2<<:, under the $rand name of -mart TV% This service
is availa$le in most maIor cities of the country%
In 5alaysia, various companies have attempted to launch IPTV services since 2<<7% Failed PayTV
provider 5iTV attempted to use an IPTVover&3F service $ut the service failed to take off%
3ypp%TV was supposed to use an IPTV$ased system, $ut not true IPTV as it does not provide a
settop $o. and re/uires users to view channels using a computer% True IPTV providers availa$le in
the country at the moment are Fine TV and *,TV% In M2 2<1<, Telekom 5alaysia launched IPTV
services through their fi$er to the home product &niFi in select areas% In "pril 2<1<, "stro $egan
testing IPTV services on TI5, dot0om >erhadGs highspeed fi$er to the home optical fi$re
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network% In *ecem$er 2<1<, "stro $egan trials with customers in highrise condominium $uildings
around the 5ont Eiara area% In "pril 2<11, "stro commercially launched its IPTV services under
the tag line AThe )ne and )nly !ine FouGll ,ver #eedA, a triple play offering in conIunction with
TI5, dot0om >erhad that provides all the "stro programming via IPTV, together with voice
telephone services and $road$and Internet access all through the same fi$re optic connection into
the customerGs home%
In Turkey, TT#,T launched IPTV services under the name IPtivi$u in 2<1<% It was availa$le in pilot
areas in the cities of Istan$ul, P+mir and "nkara% "s of 2<11, IPTV service is launched as a
largescale commercial service and widely availa$le across the country under the trademark
ATivi$u ,VA%
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-uperonline plans to provide IPTV under the different name AWe$TVA in 2<11%
TQrk Telekom started $uilding the fi$er optic su$structure for IPTV in late 2<<9%
In Iran, -hima (http';;www%-hima%ir) is the first IPTV service provider, launched its pilot in 2<11%
In -audi "ra$ia, 5"3,0 is offering 3ospitality TV (IPTV) powered $y #,V?)# with complete
design, installation and maintenance services%
For hospitality For hospitality For hospitality For hospitality
>esides targeting the homes, vendors target IPTV services to the hospitality sector% IPTV is a
natural progression from the payperview and video on demand offerings% -ome players such as
!ocatel, -electTV, V*", and Tivus have started offering IPTV to the hotels $efore moving into the
homes% In 2<14 !ocatel 0ompany launched the most comprehensively integrated IPTV platform
availa$le into new markets in "ustralia, Philippines, 5alaysia, Thailand, ,thiopia and -ri !anka%
"rchitecture "rchitecture "rchitecture "rchitecture
,lements ,lements ,lements ,lements
TV headend' where live TV channels are encoded, encrypted and delivered in the form of IP
multicast streams%
V)* platform' where ondemand video assets are stored and served when a user makes a
re/uest in the form of IP unicast stream%
Interactive portal' allows the user to navigate within the different IPTV services, such as the
V)* catalog%
*elivery network' the packet switched network that carries IP packets (unicast and
multicast)%
3ome gateway' the piece of e/uipment at the userGs home that terminates the access link
from the delivery network%
&serGs settop $o.' the piece of e/uipment at the userGs home that decodes and decrypts TV
and V)* content and displays it on the TV screen%
"rchitecture of a video server network "rchitecture of a video server network "rchitecture of a video server network "rchitecture of a video server network
*epending on the network architecture of the service provider, there are two main types of video
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0ommon name 0ommon name 0ommon name 0ommon name I,,, I,,, I,,, I,,, standard standard standard standard
3omePlug
3*P!0
1=<1
WiFi :<2%11a
:<2%11$
:<2%11g
:<2%11n
:<2%11ac
0ommon name 0ommon name 0ommon name 0ommon name IT&T IT&T IT&T IT&T recommendation recommendation recommendation recommendation
3omeP#" 2%< @%==71L4
3omeP#"
4%1;3ome@rid
@%==76
@%hn;3ome@rid @%==8< (P3F)
@%hn;3ome@rid @%==81 (*!!;5"0)
@%hn;3ome@rid @%==82 (5anagement
Plane)
@%hnmimo @%==84
@%hn;3ome@rid @%==86 (P-*
5anagement)
@%hnta @%==9<
@%c. @%==92
3ome networking 3ome networking 3ome networking 3ome networking standards standards standards standards
server architecture that can $e considered for IPTV
deployment' centrali+ed and distri$uted%
The centrali+ed architecture model is a relatively
simple and easy to manage solution% For e.ample,
as all contents are stored in centrali+ed servers, it
does not re/uire a comprehensive content
distri$ution system% 0entrali+ed architecture is
generally good for a network that provides relatively
small V)* service deployment, has ade/uate core
and edge $andwidth and has an efficient content
delivery network (0*#)%
*istri$uted architecture is Iust as scala$le as the
centrali+ed model, however it has $andwidth usage
advantages and inherent system management
features that are essential for managing a larger
server network% )perators who plan to deploy a
relatively large system should therefore consider
implementing a distri$uted architecture model right
from the start% *istri$uted architecture re/uires
intelligent and sophisticated content distri$ution
technologies to augment effective delivery of
multimedia contents over service providerGs
network%
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3ome networks 3ome networks 3ome networks 3ome networks
In many cases, the residential gateway that provides
connectivity with the Internet access network is not located close to the IPTV settop $o.% This
scenario $ecomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple
settop $o.es per su$scri$er%
#etworking technologies that take advantage of e.isting home wiring (such as power lines,
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phone lines or coa.ial ca$les
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) or of wireless hardware have $ecome common solutions for
this pro$lem, although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat
the growth in this market%
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In *ecem$er 2<<:, IT&T adopted ?ecommendation @%hn (also known as @%==8<), which is a
ne.tgeneration home networking standard that specifies a common P3F;5"0 that can operate
over any home wiring (power lines, phone lines or coa.ial ca$les)%
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*uring 2<12 I,0 will adopt
a prenorm for P)F networking at @iga$it speed% This pre standard will specify a P3F that operates
at an adapta$le $it rate $etween 1<< 5$it;s and 1 @$it;s depending on the link power $udget%
@roups such as the 5ultimedia over 0oa. "lliance, 3omePlug Powerline "lliance, 3ome Phoneline
#etworking "lliance, and Muasar "lliance (Plastic )ptical Fi$er)
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each advocate their own
technologies%
I5- architecture I5- architecture I5- architecture I5- architecture
There is a growing standardi+ation effort on the use of the 4@PP IP 5ultimedia -u$system (I5-)
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as an architecture for supporting IPTV services in carriers networks% >oth IT&T and ,T-I are
working on socalled AI5-$ased IPTVA standards (see e%g% ,T-I T- 1:2 <29
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)% 0arriers will $e
a$le to offer $oth voice and IPTV services over the same core infrastructure and the
implementation of services com$ining conventional TV services with telephony features (e%g% caller
I* on the TV screen) will $ecome straightforward%
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The 5ulti-ervice Forum recently conducted
interopera$ility of I5-$ased IPTV solutions during its @5I event in 2<<:%
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Protocols Protocols Protocols Protocols
IPTV covers $oth live TV (multicast) as well as stored videoondemand;Vo* (unicast)% Play$ack
re/uires a $road$and device connected to either a fi.ed or wireless IP network in the form of
either a standalone personal computer or limited em$edded )- device such as a smartphone,
touch screen ta$let, game console, connected TV or settop $o.% Video compression is provided
$y either a 3%284 or 3%286 derived codec, audio compressed via a 5*0T $ased codec and then
encapsulated in either an 5P,@ transport stream or ?TP packets or Flash Video packets for live or
Vo* streaming% IP multicasting allows for live data to $e sent to multiple receivers using a single
multicast group address% 3%286;5P,@6 "V0 is commonly used for internet streaming over higher
$it rate standards such as 3%281 and 3%284 which were more designed for I-*# video
conferencing% 3%282;5P,@1;2 is generally not used as the $andwidth re/uired would /uite easily
saturate a network which is why they are only used in single link $roadcast or storage
applications%
In standards$ased IPTV systems, the primary underlying protocols used are'
-ervice provider $ased streaming'
I@5P for su$scri$ing to a live multicast stream (TV channel) and for changing from
one live multicast stream to another (TV channel change)% IP multicast operates within
!"#s (including V!"#s) and across W"#s also% IP multicast is usually routed in the
network core $y Protocol Independent 5ulticast (PI5), setting up correct distri$ution
of multicast streams (TV channels) from their source all the way to the customers who
wants to view them, duplicating received packets as needed% )ndemand content uses
a negotiated unicast connection% ?TP over &*P or the lower overhead 3%222 transport
stream over T0P are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation%
We$ $ased unicast only live and Vo* streaming'
"do$e Flash Player prefers ?T5P over T0P with setup and control via either "5F or
R5! or D-)# transactions%
"pple i)- uses 3!- adaptive $itrate streaming over 3TTP with setup and control via an
em$edded 54& playlist file%
5icrosoft -ilverlight uses smooth streaming (adaptive $itrate streaming) over 3TTP
We$ $ased multicast live and unicast Vo* streaming'
I,TF recommends ?TP over &*P or T0P transports with setup and control using ?T-P
over T0P%
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0onnected TVs, game consoles, settop $o.s and network personal video recorders'
local network content uses &PnP "V for unicast via 3TTP over T0P or for multicast live
?TP over &*P%
We$ $ased content is provided through either inline We$ plugins or a Television
$roadcast $ased application that uses a middleware language such as 53,@7 that
triggers an event such as loading an inline We$ $rowser using an "do$e Flash Player
plugin%
" telecommunications company IPTV service is usually delivered over an investmentheavy walled
garden network%
!ocal IPTV, as used $y $usinesses for audio visual "V distri$ution on their company networks is
typically $ased on a mi.ture of'
0onventional TV reception e/uipment and IPTV encoders 1%
IPTV gateways that take $roadcast 5P,@ channels and IP wrap them to create multicast
streams%
2%
Via satellite Via satellite Via satellite Via satellite
"lthough IPTV and conventional satellite TV distri$ution have $een seen as complementary
technologies, they are likely to $e increasingly used together in hy$rid IPTV networks that deliver
the highest levels of performance and relia$ility% IPTV is largely neutral to the transmission
medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried $y satellite for Internet $ack$one trunking and
corporate V-"T networks%
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The use of satellite to carry IP is fundamental to overcoming the
greatest shortcoming of IPTV over terrestrial ca$les L the speed;$andwidth of the connection%
The copper twisted pair ca$ling that forms the last mile of the telephone and $road$and network
in many countries is not a$le to provide a si+ea$le proportion of the population with an IPTV
service that matches even e.isting terrestrial or satellite digital TV distri$ution% For a competitive
multichannel TV service, a connection speed of 2< 5$it;s is likely to $e re/uired, $ut unavaila$le
to most potential customers%
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The increasing popularity of high definition television (with twice
the data rate of -* video) increases connection speed re/uirements, or limits IPTV service /uality
and connection eligi$ility even further%
3owever, satellites are capa$le of delivering in e.cess of 1<< @$it;s via multispot $eam
technologies, making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing IPTV networks%
-atellite distri$ution can $e included in an IPTV network architecture in several ways% The simplest
to implement is an IPTVdirect to home (*T3) architecture, in which hy$rid *V>$road$and
settop $o.es in su$scri$er homes integrate satellite and IP reception to give nearinfinite
$andwidth with return channel capa$ilities% In such a system, many live TV channels may $e
multicast via satellite (IPencapsulated or as conventional *V> digital TV) with stored video
ondemand transmission via the $road$and connection% "r/ivaSs -atellite 5edia -olutions *ivision
suggests TIPTV works $est in a hy$rid format% For e.ample, you would use $road$and to receive
some content and satellite to receive other, such as live channelsU%
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3y$rid IPTV 3y$rid IPTV 3y$rid IPTV 3y$rid IPTV
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3y$rid IPTV refers to the com$ination of traditional $roadcast TV services and video delivered
over either managed IP networks or the pu$lic Internet% It is an increasing trend in $oth the
consumer and pay TV BoperatorC markets%
B71CB72CB74C
3y$rid IPTV has grown in popularity in recent years as a result of two maIor drivers% -ince the
emergence of online video aggregation sites, like FouTu$e and Vimeo in the mid2<<<s, traditional
pay TV operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their su$scri$ers with a means
of viewing Internet$ased video B$oth professional and usergeneratedC on their televisions% "t the
same time, specialist IP$ased operators Boften telecommunications providersC have looked for
ways to offer analogue and digital terrestrial services to their operations, without adding either
additional cost or comple.ity to their transmission operations% >andwidth is a valua$le asset for
operators, so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without
investing in additional network infrastructures%
" hy$rid settop allows content from a range of sources, including terrestrial $roadcast, satellite,
and ca$le, to $e $rought together with video delivered over the Internet via an ,thernet
connection on the device% This ena$les television viewers to access a greater variety of content on
their TV sets, without the need for a separate $o. for each service%
3y$rid IPTV settop $o.es also ena$le users to access a range of advanced interactive services,
such as V)* ; catchup TV, as well as Internet applications, including video telephony,
surveillance, gaming, shopping, egovernment accessed via a television set%
From a payTV operatorSs perspective, a hy$rid IPTV settop $o. gives them greater longterm
fle.i$ility $y ena$ling them to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers
re/uire, most often without the need to upgrade e/uipment or for an engineer to visit and
reconfigure or swap out the device% This minimises the cost of launching new services, increases
speed to market and limits disruption for consumers%
B76C
The 3y$rid >roadcast >road$and TV (3$$TV) consortium of industry companies is currently
promoting and esta$lishing an open ,uropean standard for hy$rid settop $o.es for the reception
of $roadcast and $road$and digital TV and multimedia applications with a single user interface%
B77C
These trends led to the development of 3y$rid >roadcast >road$and TV settop $o.es that
included $oth a $roadcast tuner and an Internet connection L usually an ,thernet port% The first
commercially availa$le hy$rid IPTV settop $o. was developed $y "dvanced *igital >roadcast, a
developer of digital television hardware and software, in 2<<7% The platform was developed for
-panish pay TV operator Telefonica,
B78C
and used as part of its 5ovistar TV service, launched to
su$scri$ers at the end of 2<<7%
"n alternative approach is the IPTV version of the 3eadend in the -ky ca$le TV solution% 3ere,
multiple TV channels are distri$uted via satellite to the I-P or IPTV providerSs point of presence
(P)P) for IPencapsulated distri$ution to individual su$scri$ers as re/uired $y each su$scri$er%
This can provide a huge selection of channels to su$scri$ers without over$urdening Internet
trunking to the P)P, and ena$les an IPTV service to $e offered to small or remote operators
outside the reach of terrestrial high speed $road$and connection% "n e.ample is a network
com$ining fi$re and satellite distri$ution via an -,- #ew -kies satellite of =7 channels to !atin
"merica and the 0ari$$ean, operated $y IPTV "mericas%
B79C
While the future development of IPTV pro$a$ly lies with a num$er of coe.isting architectures and
implementations, it is clear that $roadcasting of high $andwidth applications such as IPTV is
accomplished more efficiently and costeffectively using satellite
B7:C
and it is predicted that the
1< of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
maIority of glo$al IPTV growth will $e fuelled $y hy$rid networks%
B7=C
"dvantages "dvantages "dvantages "dvantages
The Internet protocol$ased platform offers significant advantages, including the a$ility to
integrate television with other IP$ased services like high speed Internet access and VoIP%
" switched IP network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality%
In a typical TV or satellite network, using $roadcast video technology, all the content constantly
flows downstream to each customer, and the customer switches the content at the settop $o.%
The customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms, ca$le or satellite company can
stuff into the TpipeU flowing into the home% " switched IP network works differently% 0ontent
remains in the network, and only the content the customer selects is sent into the customerSs
home% That frees up $andwidth, and the customerSs choice is less restricted $y the si+e of the
TpipeU into the home% This also implies that the customerGs privacy could $e compromised to a
greater e.tent than is possi$le with traditional TV or satellite networks% It may also provide a
means to hack into, or at least disrupt (see *enial of service) the private network%
,conomics ,conomics ,conomics ,conomics
The ca$le industryGs e.penditures of appro.imately O1 $illion per year are $ased on network
updates to accommodate higher data speeds% 5ost operators use 2L4 channels to support
ma.imum data speeds of 7< 5$it;s to 1<< 5$it;s% 3owever, $ecause video streams re/uire a high
$it rate for much longer periods of time, the e.penditures to support high amounts of video traffic
will $e much greater% This phenomenon is called persistency% *ata persistency is routinely 7V
while video persistency can easily reach 7<V% "s video traffic continues to grow, this means that
significantly more 05T- downstream channels will $e re/uired to carry this video content% >ased
on todayGs market, it is likely that industry e.penditures for 05T- e.pansion could e.ceed O2
$illion a year, virtually all of that e.penditure $eing driven $y video traffic% "doption of IPTV for
carrying the maIority of this traffic could save the industry appro.imately 97V of this capital
e.penditure%
B8<C
Interactivity Interactivity Interactivity Interactivity
"n IP$ased platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing e.perience
more interactive and personali+ed% The supplier may, for e.ample, include an interactive program
guide that allows viewers to search for content $y title or actorSs name, or a pictureinpicture
functionality that allows them to Tchannel surfU without leaving the program theySre watching%
Viewers may $e a$le to look up a playerSs stats while watching a sports game, or control the
camera angle% They also may $e a$le to access photos or music from their P0 on their television,
use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favorite show, or even adIust parental
controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while theySre away from
home%
In order that there can take place an interaction $etween the receiver and the transmitter, a
feed$ack channel is needed% *ue to this, terrestrial, satellite, and ca$le networks for television do
not allow interactivity% 3owever, interactivity with those networks can $e possi$le $y com$ining TV
networks with data networks such as the Internet or a mo$ile communication network%
Videoondemand Videoondemand Videoondemand Videoondemand
11 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
IPTV technology is $ringing videoondemand (Vo*) to television,
B81C
which permits a customer to
$rowse an online program or film catalog, to watch trailers and to then select a selected
recording% The playout of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customerGs TV or
P0%
Technically, when the customer selects the movie, a pointtopoint unicast connection is set up
$etween the customerGs decoder (settop $o. or P0) and the delivering streaming server% The
signalling for the trick play functionality (pause, slowmotion, wind;rewind etc%) is assured $y
?T-P (?eal Time -treaming Protocol)%
The most common codecs used for Vo* are 5P,@2, 5P,@6 and V01%
In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the Vo* content is usually encrypted% Whilst encryption of
satellite and ca$le TV $roadcasts is an old practice, with IPTV technology it can effectively $e
thought of as a form of *igital rights management% " film that is chosen, for e.ample, may $e
playa$le for 26 hours following payment, after which time it $ecomes unavaila$le%
IPTV$ased converged services IPTV$ased converged services IPTV$ased converged services IPTV$ased converged services
"nother advantage of an IP$ased network is the opportunity for integration and convergence%
This opportunity is amplified when using I5-$ased solutions%
B82C
0onverged services implies
interaction of e.isting services in a seamless manner to create new value added services% )ne
e.ample is onscreen 0aller I*, getting 0aller I* on a TV and the a$ility to handle it (send it to
voice mail, etc%)% IP$ased services will help to ena$le efforts to provide consumers anytime
anywhere access to content over their televisions, P0s and cell phones, and to integrate services
and content to tie them together% Within $usinesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to
run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services%
!imitations !imitations !imitations !imitations
IPTV is sensitive to packet loss and delays if the streamed data is unrelia$le% IPTV has strict
minimum speed re/uirements in order to facilitate the right num$er of frames per second to
deliver moving pictures% This means that the limited connection speed and $andwidth availa$le for
a large IPTV customer $ase can reduce the service /uality delivered%
"lthough a few countries have very highspeed $road$andena$led populations, such as -outh
Eorea with 8 million homes $enefiting from a minimum connection speed of 1<< 5$it;s, in other
countries (such as the &E) legacy networks struggle to provide 4L7 5$it;s
B84C
and so simultaneous
provision to the home of TV channels, V)IP and Internet access may not $e via$le% The lastmile
delivery for IPTV usually has a $andwidth restriction that only allows a small num$er of
simultaneous TV channel streams L typically from one to three L to $e delivered%
B86C
-treaming IPTV across wireless links within the home has proved trou$lesome( not due to
$andwidth limitations as many assume, $ut due to issues with multipath and reflections of the ?F
signal carrying the IP data packets% "n IPTV stream is sensitive to packets arriving at the right
time and in the right order% Improvements in wireless technology are now starting to provide
e/uipment to solve the pro$lem%
B87C
*ue to the limitations of wireless, most IPTV service providers today use wired home networking
technologies instead of wireless technologies like :<2%11% -ervice providers such as "TNT (which
makes e.tensive use of wireline home networking as part of its &Verse IPTV service) have
12 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
e.pressed support for the work done in this direction $y IT&T, which has adopted
?ecommendation @%hn (also known as @%==8<), which is a ne.tgeneration home networking
standard that specifies a common P3F;5"0 that can operate over any home wiring (power lines,
phone lines or coa.ial ca$les)%
B88CB89C
!atency !atency !atency !atency
The latency inherent in the use of satellite Internet is often held up as reason why satellites
cannot $e successfully used for IPTV, $ut in practice latency is not an important factor for IPTV% "n
IPTV service does not re/uire realtime transmission, as is the case with telephony or
videoconferencing services%
It is the latency of response to re/uests to change channel, display an ,P@, etc% that most affects
customersS perceived /uality of service, and these pro$lems affect satellite IPTV no more than
terrestrial IPTV% 0ommand latency pro$lems, faced $y terrestrial IPTV networks with insufficient
$andwidth as their customer $ase grows, may $e solved $y the high capacity of satellite
distri$ution%
-atellite distri$ution does suffer from latency L the time for the signal to travel up from the hu$ to
the satellite and $ack down to the user is around <%27 seconds, and cannot $e reduced% 3owever,
the effects of this delay are mitigated in reallife systems using data compression,
T0Pacceleration, and 3TTP prefetching%
B8:C
-atellite latency can $e detrimental to especially timesensitive applications such as online
gaming (although it only seriously affects the likes of firstperson shooters while many 55)@s
can operate well over satellite Internet
B8=C
), $ut IPTV is typically a simple. operation (oneway
transmission) and latency is not a critical factor for video transmission%
,.isting video transmission systems of $oth analogue and digital formats already introduce known
/uantifia$le delays% ,.isting *V> TV channels that simulcast $y $oth terrestrial and satellite
transmissions e.perience the same <%27second delay difference $etween the two services with no
detrimental effect, and it goes unnoticed $y viewers%
>andwidth re/uirements >andwidth re/uirements >andwidth re/uirements >andwidth re/uirements
*igital video is a com$ination of se/uence of digital images, and they are made up of pi.els or
picture elements% ,ach pi.el has two values, which are luminance and chrominance% !uminance is
representing intensity of the pi.el( chrominance represents the colour of the pi.el% Three $ytes
would $e used to represent the colour of the high /uality image for a true colour techni/ue% "
se/uence of images is creating the digital video, in that case, images are called as frames%
5ovies use 26 frames per second( however, the rate of the frames can change according to
territoriesG electrical systems so that there are different kinds of frame rates, for instance, #orth
"merica is using appro.imately 4< frames per second where the ,urope television frame rate is 27
frames per second% ,ach digital video has dimensions width and height( when referred to
analogue television, the dimension for -*TV is 92<W6:< pi.els, on the other hand, numerous
3*TV re/uires 1=2<W1<:< pi.els% 5oreover, whilst for -*TV, two $ytes (18 $its) is enough to
create the colour depth, 3*TV re/uires three $ytes (26 $its) to create the colour depth%
There$y, with a rate of 4< frames;second, the uncompressed data rate for -*TV $ecomes
4<W86<W6:<W18, in other words, 169,678,<<< $its per second% 5oreover, for 3*TV, at the same
14 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
>andwidth capacity for simultaneously two 3*TV streams, two
-* streams, additional to 3-* and voice
frame rate, uncompressed date rate
$ecomes 4<W1=2<W1<:<W26 or
1,6=2,==2,<<< $its per second% With
that simple calculation, it is o$vious
that without using a lossy
compression methods service
providerSs service delivery to the
su$scri$ers is limited%
There is no a$solute answer for the
$andwidth re/uirement for the IPTV
service $ecause the $andwidth
re/uirement is increasing due to the
devices inside the household% Thus,
currently compressed 3*TV content
can $e delivered at a data rate
$etween : and 1< 5$it;s, $ut if the
home of the consumer e/uipped with
several 3*TV outputs, this rate will
$e multiplied respectively%
The highspeed data transfer will increase the needed $andwidth for the viewer, at least 2 5$it;s
is needed to use we$$ased applications on the computer% "dditionally to that, 86 k$it;s is
re/uired to use landline telephone for the property% In minimal usage, to receive an IPTV
tripleplay service re/uires 14 5$it;s to process in a household%
Privacy implications Privacy implications Privacy implications Privacy implications
*ue to limitations in $andwidth, an IPTV channel is delivered to the user one at a time, as
opposed to the traditional multiple.ed delivery% 0hanging a channel re/uires re/uesting the
headend server to provide a different $roadcast stream, much like V)* (For V)* the stream is
delivered using unicast, for the normal TV signal multicast is used)% This could ena$le the service
provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for
each viewer( $roadcasters and advertisers could then understand their audience and programming
$etter with accurate data and targeted advertising%
In conIunction with regulatory differences $etween IPTV and ca$le TV, this tracking could pose a
threat to privacy according to critics%
B9<C
For IP multicast scenarios, since a particular multicast
group (TV channel) needs to $e re/uested $efore it can $e viewed, the same privacy concerns
apply%
Vendors Vendors Vendors Vendors
" small num$er of companies supply most current IPTV systems% -ome, such as 5ovistar TV, were
formed $y telecoms operators themselves, to minimise e.ternal costs, a tactic also used $y P00W
of 3ong Eong% -ome maIor telecoms vendors are also active in this space, nota$ly "lcatel!ucent
(sometimes working with 5ovistar TV), ,ricsson (nota$ly since ac/uiring Tand$erg Television),
#,0, "ccenture ("ccenture Video -olution), Thomson, 3uawei, and JT,, as are some IT houses,
led $y 5icrosoft% 0alifornia$ased &T-tarcom, Inc%, Tennessee$ased Worley 0onsulting,
Tokyo$ased The #ew 5edia @roup, 5alaysian$ased -electTV and )slo;#orway$ased -napTV
also offer endtoend networking infrastructure for IPTV$ased services, and 3ong Eong$ased
16 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
>#- !td% provides turnkey open platform IPTV technology solutions% @lo$al sales of IPTV systems
e.ceeded 2 $illion &-* in 2<<9%
3ospitality IPTV !td, having esta$lished many closed network IPTV systems, e.panded in 2<14 to
)TT delivery platforms for markets in #ew Jealand, "ustralia and "sia Pacific region, $ringing a
,uropean flair and sophistication to the delivery of )TT content%
@oogle Fi$er offers an IPTV service in Eansas 0ity, 5) and Eansas 0ity, E- which includes
@iga$itspeed internet and over 2=< channels via the fi$er optic network $eing $uilt out in E0E
and E05)%
5any of these IPTV solution vendors participated in the $iennial @lo$al
(http';;www%fiercetelecom%com;story;msfannouncesdetailsgmi2<<:;2<<:<=1<XcmpidY)T0
?--FT<) 5-F Interopera$ility 2<<: (@5I) event which was coordinated $y the 5ulti-ervice
Forum (5-F) at five sites worldwide from 2< to 41 )cto$er 2<<:% Test e/uipment vendors
including #etrounds, 0odenomicon, ,mpiri., I.ia, 5u *ynamics and -pirent Ioined solution
vendors such as the companies listed a$ove in one of the largest IPTV proving grounds ever
deployed%
-ervice $undling -ervice $undling -ervice $undling -ervice $undling
For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conIunction with video on demand and may $e
$undled with Internet services such as Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
telecommunications services% 0ommercial $undling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is sometimes
referred to in marketing as triple play service% When these three are offered with cellular service,
the com$ined service may $e referred to as /uadruple play%
?egulation ?egulation ?egulation ?egulation
3istorically, $roadcast television has $een regulated differently from telecommunications% "s IPTV
allows TV and Vo* to $e transmitted over IP networks, new regulatory issues arise%
B91C
Professor
,li 5% #oam highlights in his report ATV or #ot TV' Three -creens, )ne ?egulationXA some of the
key challenges with sector specific regulation that is $ecoming o$solete due to convergence in this
field%
B92C
-ee also -ee also -ee also -ee also
0omparison of streaming media systems
0omparison $etween )TT and IPTV
0omparison of video services
0ontent delivery network
@rid casting
Internet television
!ist of music streaming services
!ist of streaming media systems
P2PTV
17 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
Protection of >roadcasts and >roadcasting )rgani+ations Treaty
-oftware as a service
-treaming media
We$cast
We$ television
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18 of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
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49%
Z ZZ Z IPTV distri$ution using *-2 powerline networks (http';;$log%ds2%es;ds2$log;2<<=;<6;iptv
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IPTV over I5- (http';;isoc%nl;activ;2<<:-IP-I@standards)skarVan*eventer
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0ategories' *igital television Film and video technology Internet $roadcasting Internet radio
Internet television Video on demand services Television technology Television terminology
1= of 2< 24;<=;2<16 12'7:
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