LESSON 4

Analysing logic gates

Common terminology of logic gates

Logic gate : An electronic circuit with a
single output and one or more inputs .

Truth table : A table that summarises all the
possible input and output of a logic gate.

Boolean algebraic: A form of symbolic logic which provides a mathematical
procedure for manipulating logical relationships in symbolic form.


Number of possibilities inputs and outputs..

N = 2n
N = number of outputs
n = number of inputs

Types of logic gates

There are seven types of logic gates:
(a) NOT gate
(b) AND gate
(c) OR gate
(d) NAND gate
(e) NOR gate




















NOT gate

The symbol of for a NOT gate is:

The Boolean algebraic is:



The truth table is:

Input Output
A X
0 1
1 0

An equivalent circuit to a NOT gate:

Input Output
A X
Switch off Lights up
Switch on Goes off







AND gate

The symbol of for an AND gate is:

The Boolean algebraic is:



The truth table is:

Input Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1


An equivalent circuit to an AND gate:



Input Output
A B X
Switch off Switch off Goes off
Switch off Switch on Goes off
Switch on Switch off Goes off
Switch on Switch on Lights up








OR gate

The symbol of for an OR gate is:

The Boolean algebraic is:



The truth table is:

Input Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1


An equivalent circuit to an OR gate:



Input Output
A B X
Switch off Switch off Goes off
Switch off Switch on Lights up
Switch on Switch off Lights up
Switch on Switch on Lights up









NAND gate

The symbol of for an NAND gate is:

The Boolean algebraic is:



The truth table is:

Input Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR gate

The symbol of for an NOR gate is:

The Boolean algebraic is:



The truth table is:

Input Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0





Example 1

The figure shows a logic gate with inputs P and Q.

If the input P = 0011010 and the input S = 1100011 , what is the output X?

Solution


Example 2

The diagram shows two signals are connected to the inputs A and B of an OR gate.


Draw the output signal X.

Solution



Example 3

Work out the truth for the combination of logic gates in figure below.



Solution



Applications of Logic Gates in Control Systems

(1) Automatic Fan for cooling system


Light
Detector
Temperature
Detector
Fan
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

(2) Fire Alarm system



Smoke
Detector
Heat
Detector
Siren
0 0 Not activated
0 1 Activated
1 0 Activated
1 1 Activated

(3) Fire Control system









Input Output
Smoke
detector
Heat
detector
Fire
extinguisher
Fire
Alarm
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

(4) Automatic Heater


Input Output
Switch Temperature
detector
Light
detector

0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1

(5) Control system for street lights



Input Output
Switch Light sensor Street light
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 1






TUTORIAL 4



1 What is the possible number of outputs of a logic gate which has five inputs?

A 10 B 16
C 25 D 32
E 64

2 The diagram shows an electric circuit.

Which of the following symbol is equivalent to
the circuit above?


3 The diagram shows an electric circuit.


Which of the following logic gate is equivalent to
the circuit above?

A AND gate
B OR gate
C NAND gate
D NOR gate










4 The diagram shows a logic gate G whose truth table is a shown in the table below.



M N X
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

A AND gate B OR gate
C NAND gate D NOR gate

5 The circuit represents a Boolean algebraic principle with output Z.

Which of the Boolean algebraic expression represents the output Z?
__
A Z = X Y B Z = X Y
__ _____
C Z = X Y D Z = X Y

6 Which of the following is equivalent to a NOT gate?







7 The diagram shows a circuit containing three logic gates.


Which of the following logic gate is equivalent to the circuit above?

A OR gate B AND gate
C NOT gate D NAND gate

8 The diagram shows the combination three logic gates.


The truth table for the combination of three logic gates is as follows.
Input Output
P Q R
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

What is the gate X?

A AND B OR
C NAND D NOR

9 The diagram shows a circuit containing four NAND gates.

Which of the following logic gate is equivalent to the circuit above?

A OR gate B AND gate
C NOR gate D NAND gate


10 A NOR gate with input signals M = 01010101 and N = 011010100 . What is the output
signal of the logic gate.

A 01010101 B 10000010
C 01111101 D 01000000

11 The diagram shows a circuit containing three logic gates.

If the input signals P and Q are respectively 1001 and 1100 what is the output signal at X?

A 0001 B 0010
C 1010 D 1110

12 The diagram shows a logic gates circuit.

Which of the following truth table represents output R in the circuit?

A P Q R B

P Q R
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1

C P Q R D

P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0








13 The diagram shows a combination of three logic gates.


Which truth table is correct for the combination of three logic gates?

A P Q R B

P Q R
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

C P Q R D

P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1

14 The diagram shows the combination of four logic gates.

Which of the following is the correct truth table for output X?

A X Y Q B

X Y Q
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0

C X Y Q D

X Y Q
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1




15 The diagram shows a circuit containing two logic gates.

Which of the following is the correct truth table for output R?

A P Q R B

P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0

C P Q R D

X Y Q
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0

16 The diagram shows a circuit containing three logic gates.

Which of the following is the correct truth table for output R?

A P Q R B

P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

C P Q R D

X Y Q
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1






17 The diagram shows the combination of AND gate , OR gate and NOT gate.


Which of the following is the correct truth table for output C?

A A B C B

A B C
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1

C A B C D

A B C
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

18 The table shows a truth table for a combination of logic gates.
P Q R
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Which of the following is true to show a circuit according to the truth table above?

19 The figure shows a OR gate with input signals P and Q.


Which of the following is the output signal of the OR gate?


20 The figure shows a OR gate with input signals P and Q.

Which of the following is the output signal of the OR gate?



21 The diagram shows a logic gate circuit with input signals, K and L.



Which of the following output signals is produced by the logic gate circuit?





22 (a) The diagram shows a logic gate ,L with
input signals A and B.


(i) Name the logic gate L.

..
(ii) Draw the output signal C in the graph below.



(c) Later , logic gate L is connected to logic gates M and N as shown in the diagram
below.



(i) Complete the truth table below.

X Y Z
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 1

(ii) State the Boolean algebraic to relate X, Y and Z.

..........................................................
23 The diagram shows a circuit is used as a safety system in a house.


(a) Name logic gate R.

.............................................................................
(b) Using two switches , two dry cells and a bulb draw a circuit that equivalent to logic
gate S.










(c) The following truth table represents the logic gate in the figure above.
A B L M
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

(i) Complete the truth table above.

(ii) State the Boolean algebraic to relate L, A and B.

............................................................
(ii) What happen to door and the gate when the main switch is closed?

............................................................

............................................................
(iii) Give two methods to open the door and the gate simultaneously.

............................................................

............................................................

............................................................

............................................................
24 (a) Figure shows a circuit made up from a
combination of a few basic logic gates.



Figure (a)

(i) Based on the arrangement of the logic gates in the Figure (a) complete the truth
table below.

Input Output
K L M
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1



(ii) State a single logic gate which produced the same output as the output in (a)(i).

..
(b) Figure(b) shows a circuit diagram of a
vending machine . The vending machine accepts 10 sen coins, 20 sen coins and 50 sen coins.
Three light dependent resistors (LDR) , X , Y and Z are used to check the size of coins slotted in
the machine. The light sources of the slot machine where the coins are slotted are as shown in
Figure (c).


Figure (b)


Figure (c)

(i) Complete the truth table in the table below.

State of
LDR
Input Output
X Y Z K L M S
No
coin

0
10
sen

0
20
sen

Bright

Dark

Dark

0

1

1

0
50
sen

1

(ii) Name the gate that is probably in the black box.












25 The diagram shows a logic gate system is used in a factory to ensure the volume of paint
in containers is within the predetermined range.



The operation of the system is shown in the truth table below.

Volume
of the
paint
Input X Input Y Output Z
less
1
1 1
in the range 1 0 0
exceed 0

0 1
(a) (i) Name the detector used.

..
(ii) Explain why input X is 0 when the volume of the paint exceed.





..
(b) (i) Using two NOT gates and an AND
gate, draw a circuit to represent the truth table above.








(ii) State the Boolean algebraic to relate X, Y and Z.


26 Ali wishes to design a security system in his
house as shown in Figure (a). When a person crosses the infrared beam at night, the infrared sensor
will send a signal to a logic gate which then lights up a spotlight. The spotlight has a 240 V alternating
current (a.c.) supply and will only light up at night.

Figure (a)
The circuit that could help Ali to develop the security system is shown in Figure (b).

Figure (b)
(a) If the potential difference across resistor W is 2V, what is the potential difference across the
infrared sensor?

.
(b) Component X has a high resistance when the surroundings are dark and a low resistance in
bright surroundings.
Name the component X.

.
(c) Component S is a switch that connects the 240 V a.c. spotlight circuit.
(i) What type of switch is component S?

..
(ii) Why is component S necessary in the circuit?

..

..

..

..
(d) The following truth table shows the
operation of a logic gate in the circuit in Figure (b).

Key:

Dark high input logic1
surroundings voltage at P

Bright low input logic0
surroundings voltage at P

Person high input logic1
crossing voltage at Q
the path

Nobody low input logic0
crossing voltage at Q
the path

Switch S high input logic1
is ON voltage at R

Switch S low input logic0
is OFF voltage at R

Input P Output Q
Output
R
Surroundings Input
voltage
at P
Person
crossing
Input
voltage
at Q

Bright 0 No 0
Bright Yes
Dark No
Dark Yes
(i) Using the given key, complete the
truth table above.
(ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in Figure (a).

.
(iii) Sketch the symbol of the logic gate in (d) (ii).



27 A student wants to build s simple lift motor control system which operates using two
buttons, A and B, for a two-storey building.

A: Up button
B: Down button

The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons.
Figure (a) shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.

Figure (a)

Keys:

Buttons A and B: When pressed, logic 1
Not pressed, logic 0
X Output : Motor is activated,logic 1

(a) The table is a truth table which shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor.
Using the keys given, complete the table.

A B X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

(b) Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit?






(c) The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light
dependent resistor.
If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door
will close.
Figure (b) shows an electronic circuit for the control system of the lift door.

Figure (b)
(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received
by the light dependent resistor.

.

..
(ii) Complete the circuit in Figure (b), by drawing the resistor and the light
dependent resistor using the symbols given below.


(iii) Explain how the circuit functions.

..

..

..

..

50