Maxwell 3D - Generating Solutions

Topics: Maxwell 3D — Generating Solutions
Solve Solve
Solve Commands
Viewing the Model After you have defined your executive parameters and set up your solution with the Setup
Aborting a Solution Solution commands, choose Solve from the Executive Commands menu to generate a
Errors in Solutions solution for the problem. The software then computes the parameters you have defined.
Temporary Solver Windows
Viewing Solutions
During the solution process you can do the following:

• Monitor the adaptive solution process.
• View the convergence data of the solution using the Convergence and Profile
commands.
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Solve Solve Commands
Solve Commands
Solve/Nominal Problem Use the Solve commands to solve the nominal or parametric problem.
Solve/Variables Nominal Choose this to generate a solution for the nominal problem.
Viewing the Model Problem
Aborting a Solution Variables If you have purchased the Parametric Analysis module, choose this to
Errors in Solutions solve the parametric solutions defined with the Setup Solution/Vari-
Temporary Solver Windows ables command.
Viewing Solutions
Solve/Nominal Problem
Use this command to solve the nominal executive parameters of your model.
> To solve the executive parameters:
• Choose Solve/Nominal Problem.
The solver will now generate a solution for the executive parameters.
Solve/Variables
This is enabled only if you have:
• Purchased the Parametric Analysis module.
• Defined a parametric sweep with the Setup Solution/Variables command.
This command allows you to solve a parametric sweep that you have previously defined.
> To solve your parametric sweep:
• Choose Solve/Variables.
The solver will generate the parametric solution of your model.
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Solve Viewing the Model
Solve Commands
Viewing the Model The model is displayed by default when you solve the problem. Use the following buttons
Zoom In to modify the view of the model.
Zoom Out Zoom In Zooms in toward the object, expanding the view of the object.
Fit All
Zoom Out Zooms away from the object, shrinking the view of the model.
Visibility
Flat Shaded Fit All Fits the entire model in the view window.
Wireframe Visibility Displays parts of the model in the view window.
Aborting a Solution Flat Shaded Toggles with Wireframe. Shows the entire model as shaded.
Errors in Solutions Wireframe Toggles with Flat Shaded. Shows the entire model as wire framed.
Viewing Solutions Zoom In
Choose this button to zoom in toward the model.
Zoom Out
Choose this button to zoom away from the model.
Fit All
Choose this button to fit the entire model in the view window.
Visibility
Choose this button to display selected parts of the model in the view window.
Flat Shaded
Choose this button to display the model as a shaded set of objects. This command tog-
gles with Wireframe.
Wireframe
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Choose this button to display the model as a wire frame set of object. This command tog-
gles with Flat Shaded.
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Solve Aborting a Solution
Solve Commands
Viewing the Model Choose Abort to stop a solution. Keep in mind that any solutions that were completed
Aborting a Solution prior to the one that was aborted are still available. If you aborted the solution in the mid-
Errors in Solutions dle of a pass, the data for that pass is deleted.
Temporary Solver Win-
The solutions that are available are dependent upon when you aborted the sweep. For
dows
instance, if you stopped the solution while a post-processing macro was executing, the
Viewing Solutions
field or parameter solutions computed for that setup are still available.
If you choose Solve/Variables after aborting the solution, the Maxwell 3D resumes the
solution. The system computes fields and parameters and runs any post processor mac-
ros for the setup whose solution was aborted.
Errors in Solutions
If a problem occurs during any solution, that solution is aborted and an error message
appears.
Before continuing any parametric solution, change the value of the variable that caused
the problem. Solutions for parametric setups that were computed prior to the error are still
available.

During each pass of the solution process, a temporary icon representing a minimized win-
dow appears. This is a temporary solver window which displays the number of tetrahedra
being added to the mesh and any temporary solutions for the active pass.
Choose the minimized icon for the solver window to open the window and review the pass
data. When the pass has concluded, the window and icon vanish.
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Solve Viewing Solutions
Solve Commands
Viewing the Model After you have solved your problem, you can view any of the solutions. Choose one of the
Aborting a Solution following from the Executive Commands window.
Errors in Solutions Variables (Parametrics) Displays any defined parametric sweeps.
Model Displays your model.
Viewing Solutions
Variables Solutions Displays the solutions of force, torque, and any matrices.
Model Convergence Displays convergence information on the solution.
Solutions Profile Gives information about the adaptive passes and solutions.
Solutions/Force
Solutions/Torque Variables
Solutions/Matrix Choose Variables to display the solutions for any parametric sweeps.
Convergence
Profile Model
Choose Model to display the geometric model you just solved.
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Solve Solutions
Solve Commands
Viewing the Model Choose the Solutions commands to display the force, torque, or matrices of your prob-
Aborting a Solution lem.
Errors in Solutions > To view a solution:
Temporary Solver Windows 1. Choose Solutions. A pull-down menu appears.
Viewing Solutions 2. Choose the type of solution you wish to display.
Variables
Model A new window appears, displaying the selected solution.
Solutions Solutions/Force
Solutions/Force
Solutions/Torque Choose this to display the virtual and Lorentz force solutions.
Solutions/Matrix Solutions/Torque
Convergence
Profile Choose this to display the virtual and Lorentz torque solutions.
Solutions/Matrix
Choose this to display the matrix and coupling coefficient solutions.
> To view the matrix-related solutions:
1. Choose Solutions/Matrix. The matrix data appears.
2. Optionally, choose Coupling Coefficient from the Matrix pull-down menu to
observe the coupling coefficients of the solutions.
Convergence
Choose Convergence to display the convergence information of the solution.
Profile
Choose Profile to display information about the adaptive passes, CPU time used to com-
plete the pass, and details about the solution process.
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Topics: Maxwell 3D — Convergence
Convergence Convergence
Number of Passes
Convergence Criteria Choose Convergence from the Executive Commands window to see the convergence
Convergence Data information about your solutions. This command will display:
Convergence Display
Menu
• The number of completed adaptive passes and its stopping criteria.
• The energy, energy error, and the number of tetrahedra in each field solution.
• The results of any force, torque, frequency, or flow solutions.
> To view the convergence information:
1. Choose Convergence.
2. Move the horizontal scroll bar to view the convergence data.
When you choose Convergence from the Executive Commands window during or after a
solution, the Convergence Data window appears:
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Convergence Number of Passes
Number of Passes
Convergence Criteria The following fields indicate the solution status in terms of how many adaptive passes
Convergence Data (solve — error analysis — refine cycles) are completed.
Convergence Display Completed Displays the number of adaptive passes that have been completed.
Menu Remaining Displays the number of adaptive passes that have yet to be completed.
The total Number of Passes is set using the Setup Solution Options command.
Convergence Criteria
The maximum energy error is defined as:
N N–1
Max S –S
ij ij
where i and j cover all matrix entries.

The following fields show how close the solution is to meeting the convergence criteria
entered under Setup Solution Options.
Target Error Displays the target change in the S-parameters — the delta S you
would like to achieve for the solution, entered via the Setup Solution
Options command.
Energy Error Displays the maximum change in the S-parameters from the most
recent solution and the previous solution.
Delta Energy Displays the change in the total energy over the last two passes.
When the Delta Energy falls below the Target Error value, Maxwell 3D stops the adap-
tive solution process — even if the specified number of adaptive passes has not been
reached.
Go Back After a solution is complete, use the Energy Error value to determine if additional adap-
tive passes are needed to increase the accuracy of the solution. If the Energy Error value
is still declining from pass to pass, additional adaptive passes may increase the accuracy
Contents of the solution. If the Energy Error value has leveled off, additional adaptive passes will
not be useful.
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Convergence Convergence Data
Number of Passes
Convergence Criteria The system displays the following information for each solution:
Convergence Data Pass The adaptive pass number. Only displayed if an adaptive field solu-
Convergence Display tion was computed.
Menu Frequency The frequency at which the currents and fields oscillate. This is set
under Setup Solution Options.
Tetrahedra The number of triangular elements in the finite element mesh that
were used during the solution. Note that this may be different than
the total number of triangles. For example, at high frequencies the
current is concentrated on the surfaces of conductors, therefore the
interior triangles are not included in this triangle count.
Tot Energy (J) The total computed energy of the problem for this pass.
Energy Error The energy error for the pass.
Virtual Force The virtual force for the pass, in newtons.
Lorentz Force The Lorentz force for the pass, in newtons.
Virtual Torque The virtual torque for the pass, in newton-meters.
Lorentz Torque The lorentz torque for the pass, in newton-meters.
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Convergence Convergence Display Menu
Number of Passes
Convergence Criteria The Convergence Display menu allows you to view various aspects of the convergence
Convergence Data such as the plots of the convergence, error energy, tetrahedra per pass, and so forth.
Convergence Display If you have selected a magnetostatic or eddy current problem, a second menu appears. If
Menu you are solving a magnetostatic problem, the Magnetostatic pull-down menu appears.
Choose this to toggle between the Magnetostatic and DC Conduction solutions for the
problem. The DC conduction solution solves only for the conduction paths in the model.
If you solve an eddy current problem, the Eddy Current pull-down menu appears.
Choose this to toggle between the Eddy Current and DC Conduction solutions for the
problem.
> To view a convergence plot during or after a solution:
1. Choose Convergence from the Executive Commands window. The Convergence
Display menu appears.
2. Choose Convergence Display. A list of plots appear.
Table Displays the data in table format. This is the default.
Plot tetrahedra Displays a plot of the number of tetrahedra used in the
mesh per pass.
Plot Total Energy Displays a plot of the total energy per pass.
Plot Percent Error Energy Displays a plot of the percent energy error per pass.
Plot Virtual Force Displays a plot of the Virtual force.
Plot Virtual Torque Displays a plot of the Virtual torque.
Plot Lorentz Force Displays a plot of the lorentz force.
Plot Lorentz Torque Displays a plot of the lorentz torque.
3. Select the type of plot you wish to view.

The plot appears in the model window, replacing any tables or previous plots.
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Note: To plot the number of triangles you must have solved at least two passes. To
plot the maximum delta S, you must have solved at least three passes.
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Topics: Maxwell 3D — Profile
Profile Profile
Command/Info
Real Time and CPU Time Choose Profile from the Executive Commands window to display the detailed information
Memory Size about your adaptive solutions. The following window appears:
Number of Elements
Essentially, the profile data is a log of the tasks performed by Maxwell 3D during the solu-
tions, how long they took, and how much RAM/disk memory was required. For example,
the profile associated with an adaptive pass might look like this:
Command/Info
This lists the software module that performs a task during the solution process, and the
type of task that was performed. For example, mesh3d_adapt is the software module
Go Back that adaptively refines the mesh.
Real Time and CPU Time
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These indicate how much real time — that is, the amount of time that a clock would indi-
cate — and how much CPU time was required to perform the task.
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Topics: Maxwell 3D — Profile
Profile Memory Size
Command/Info
Real Time and CPU Time This field indicates how much RAM/virtual memory was required to complete the task.
Memory Size This memory is freed for other uses after the task is complete.
Number of Elements Number of Elements
This indicates how many of the matrix or tetrahedra elements in the mesh were used dur-
ing the solution. The resources needed to compute the solution grow with the number of
elements because equations must be solved in each element separately.
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Topics: Maxwell 3D — Parametric Solutions
Viewing Parametric Solu- Viewing Parametric Solutions
tions
Variables Choose Variables from the Executive Commands window to:
Model
Solutions
• View the parametric setups during the solution process.
Convergence
• View the final error energy, solution energy, and number of triangles for each
parametric solution.
Profile
View Fields After you have solved your parametric problem, you can view any of the solutions.
Variables Displays the parametric solutions.
Model Displays the model.
Solutions Displays the parametric solutions of force, torque, and any matrices.
Convergence Displays convergence information on the solution.
Profile Gives information about the adaptive passes and solutions.
View Fields Displays the saved fields.
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Viewing Parametric Solu- Variables
tions
> To see the parametric solutions:
Variables
Model
• Choose Variables. The parametric table appears as shown below.
Solutions
Convergence
Profile
View Fields
Choose Return to Nominal Problem to return to the Executive Commands window.
Model
> To view the geometric model for a parametric setup:
• Choose Model to display the model that was used in the parametric solution.
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Viewing Parametric Solu- Solutions
tions
Variables Choose Solutions to display the force, torque, or matrix solutions of your problem.
Model
> To view the executive parameter solutions for a parametric setup:
Solutions
1. Choose Variables to display the parametric spreadsheet.
Convergence
2. Select the parametric setup you wish to view.
Profile
3. Choose Solutions. A pull-down menu appears, allowing you to select a force,
View Fields
torque, or matrix solution.
4. Select the solution you wish to view.
The solution appears in the Executive Commands window.
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Viewing Parametric Solu- Convergence
tions
Variables Choose Convergence from the Executive Commands window to see the convergence
Model information about your parametric solutions. This command displays:
Solutions
Convergence
• The number of completed adaptive passes.
Profile
• The stopping criteria.
View Fields • The energy, energy error, and the number of tetrahedra in each field solution.
• The results of any force, torque, or matrix solutions.
> To view the convergence information:
3. Choose Convergence. The Convergence Display menu appears.
4. Choose Convergence Display. A list of plots appear for the selected setup.
Table Displays the data in table format. This is the default.
Plot tetrahedra Displays a plot of the number of tetrahedra used in the mesh
for the parametric setup.
Plot Total Energy Displays a plot of the total energy for the parametric setup.
Plot Percent Error Displays a plot of the percent energy error for the parametric
Energy setup.
Plot Virtual Force Displays a plot of the Virtual force for the parametric setup.
Plot Virtual Torque Displays a plot of the Virtual torque for the parametric setup.
Plot Lorentz Force Displays a plot of the lorentz force for the parametric setup.
Plot Lorentz Torque Displays a plot of the lorentz torque for the parametric setup.
5. Select the type of plot you wish to view.
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Viewing Parametric Solu- Profile
tions
Variables Choose Profile to display the detailed information about a selected parametric solution.
Model The information that appears
Solutions
> To view the profile:
Convergence
Profile
View Fields
3. Choose Profile.
4. Move the scroll bar to view the convergence data for the setup.
This command works in the same manner as the Profile command in the nominal prob-
lem.
View Fields
Choose View Fields to display the fields associated with a selected parametric setup.
You must have selected Save Fields when setting up the parametric table with the Setup
Solution/Variables command prior to solving.
> To view the fields:
2. Select the parametric setup you wish to view. You must have a saved field in the
setup.
3. Choose View Fields.
The Post Processor opens, plotting the fields for the setup in the new window. Choose
File/Exit from the Post Processor to exit.
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Topics: Maxwell 3D — Post Processor
3D Post Processor 3D Post Processor
Post Process/Nominal Prob-
lem Commands Choose Post Process to access Maxwell 3D’s Post Processor. Use it to:
Post Processor Tool Bar
Hotkeys
• Display shaded or wire frame views of the solved model.
Units
• Display contour, shaded, vector, value vs. distance, and animated plots of fields.
Post Processing • Compute derived quantities from the general field solution.
Post Processor Macros When you first select this command, only the Post Process/Nominal Problem subcom-
Predefined Surfaces, Vol- mand may be active. If you have purchased the Parametric Analysis module, you may
umes, and Lists perform a parametric sweep.
The Variables command becomes active only after a parametric sweep.
When you choose Post Process/Nominal Problem, the following window appears:
Go Back While using the Post Processor, the Executive Commands menu remains active. This
allows you to inspect material properties, boundary conditions, convergence information,
and so forth while viewing the field solution. If you exit Maxwell 3D while the Post Proces-
Contents sor is being used, the software gives you the option of continuing to view the field solution
even after you exit the program, or exiting from both modules.
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3D Post Processor Post Process/Nominal Problem Commands
Post Process/Nominal
Problem Commands Use these commands to modify, save, delete, or otherwise manipulate the field solutions
Post Processor Tool Bar of your model. The commands in the Post Processor are:
Hotkeys File Creates, opens, or saves your solutions.
Units
Edit Modifies, selects, renames, or recolors objects in your model.
Post Processing
Post Processor Macros View Modifies the display of your model.
Predefined Surfaces, Vol- Coordinates Defines new coordinates for your model.
umes, and Lists Geometry Creates, modifies, or deletes objects such as points, lines, cutplanes,
and faces in your model.
Data Edits or modifies functions. Displays solution information. Allows you to
perform calculations on your field solutions.
Plot Creates a plot; displays the finite element mesh; animates the fields of
your model; opens or saves your plot as 2D or 3D; modifies or deletes
the plot; toggles the visibility of the plot; and formats the axes or
graphs. Also defines a BH-curve for the plot.
Options Hides, shows, and sets preferences on the modeling region.
Window Cascades your view windows.
Help Accesses the online documentation and provides help on commands.
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3D Post Processor Post Processor Tool Bar
lem Commands The Post Processor’s tool bar acts as a short cut for executing commonly used com-
Post Processor Tool Bar mands. Click on the icon that you would like to view more information about.
Hotkeys
Units
Post Processing
Post Processor Macros
Predefined Surfaces, Vol- The tool bar works in the following way:
umes, and Lists > To execute a tool bar command in the Post Processor:
• Click the mouse on the icon whose command you wish to execute.
The tool bar command is executed.
> To view a short help message about a tool bar command in the Post Processor:
• Hold the left mouse button on the icon you wish to know more about. A description of
the command appears in the message bar.
The description disappears when you release the mouse button.
Hotkeys
Many commands in the Post Processor can be accessed using hotkeys — a single key (or
combination of keys) that acts as a short cut for executing the command. Hotkeys appear
next to the menu commands in each pull-down menu and can be executed at any time the
module is open, if no pull-down menus are displayed.
Units
All solutions generated by the solvers and calculated in the Data menu are given in SI
units.
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3D Post Processor Post Processing
lem Commands The Post Processor provides several tools for analyzing the results of your simulation.
Post Processor Tool Bar
Hotkeys
Geometries (Points, Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes)
Units Use the Geometry/Create commands to define points, lines, surfaces, volume boxes,
Post Processing and object lists. These geometries are used to plot fields and compute quantities from the
Geometries (Points, field solution. In addition, the Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined
Lines, Surfaces, and surfaces, volumes, and lists which include commonly used surfaces (such as the xy-
Volumes) plane) and volumes (such as the solution region). Use them to simplify calculations.
Plotting Common Field
Quantities Plotting Common Field Quantities
Saving and Reading Plots Use the Plot/Field command to plot basic field quantities such as the E-field, the H-field,
Calculating Derived Field or the electric potential and derived quantities such as energy or hysteresis loss.
Quantities
Plotting Derived Field The available quantities depend on which solver you selected. You can display a point
Quantities plot, 2D line plot (value vs. distance plot), 3D line plot, surface plots, volume plots, or ani-
Superimposing Field Solu- mated plots of the available field quantities. A volume plot of the B-field is shown below.
tions
Predefined Surfaces, Vol-
umes, and Lists
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3D Post Processor Saving and Reading Plots
lem Commands Any plot that you create in the Post Processor can be saved to a file using the Plot/Save
Post Processor Tool Bar As command. Saved plots can later be read into the Post Processor using the Plot/Open
Hotkeys command. This lets you preserve the graphical results of your analysis for future use. For
Units instance, you may want to compare plots of two models with slightly different dimensions
Post Processing to see where the areas of highest flux are located in the two models.
Geometries (Points, Lines, Calculating Derived Field Quantities
Surfaces, and Volumes)
Plotting Common Field As part of your analysis, use the Data/Calculator command to perform calculations on
Quantities the basic field solution. Field quantities are always given in SI units.
Saving and Reading Plotting Derived Field Quantities
Plots
Calculating Derived Quantities that have been derived from the original field solution can be plotted directly
Field Quantities from the calculator.
Plotting Derived Field
Quantities Superimposing Field Solutions
Superimposing Field In some cases, you must superimpose two field solutions to obtain the total solution for a
Solutions problem. For example, assume that you are modeling a two-source device. With one
Post Processor Macros source turned on, the field is tangential to a particular boundary; with the other source
Predefined Surfaces, Vol- turned on, the field is perpendicular to that same boundary. To fully model this problem,
umes, and Lists you need to superimpose the two solutions to obtain the field pattern on the boundary and
in the rest of problem region. This is done with the Data/Calculator commands.
> To superimpose field solutions, follow this general procedure:
1. Solve the problem with one source turned on and the other off.
2. Put this solution into the register. The register is the section of the field calculator
that displays the quantities you input.
3. Save the solution to a file using the Output/Write command.
4. Solve the problem again. This time, turn on the second field and turn off the first.
Go Back 5. Put this solution into the register.
6. Load in the first solution using the Input/Read command. Both solutions should
now be in the register.
Contents 7. Add the two registers.
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3D Post Processor Post Processor Macros
lem Commands Post processing macros are useful when performing a parametric sweep. Executing mac-
Post Processor Tool Bar ros during a parametric sweep enables you to solve for any quantity — such as trans-
Hotkeys former efficiency, energy density, and hysteresis loss — that can be computed using the
Units calculators. This allows you to compare the results of computations for the different values
Post Processing in the sweep.
Macros are recorded lists of commands that you can execute more than once. When you
Creating a Macro
execute them in any other project, they perform their recorded steps. This saves you from
Executing a Macro
repeating commands to achieve the same results.
Editing a Macro
A Macro Example Creating a Macro
umes, and Lists You can create the macro by either entering the commands in the command prompt or by
using the mouse, after you have started to record your macro.
> To create a macro in the Post Processor:
1. Choose View/Command Prompt. The command prompt window appears below
the project window.
2. Enter FileRecord “Filename.mcl” where Filename.mcl is the name of the macro
you wish to create. From this point forward, every step will be recorded into the
macro.
3. Create the calculations or plots of the parametric sweep that you wish to record.
You can create these by using the mouse or by entering the commands into the
command prompt. The commands that can be entered are listed in the Introduction
to the Macro Language guide.
4. When you have finished creating the steps you want to record, enter FileRecStop.
Your macro is now finished and has been recorded.
The macro is created and can be executed using the FileExec command at the command
prompt.
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3D Post Processor Executing a Macro
lem Commands You can execute the macro you have created in any project you wish. The macro creates
Post Processor Tool Bar the object with the settings saved in the macro.
Hotkeys > To execute a macro:
Units 1. Choose View/Command Prompt from the Post Processor menu bar. The
Post Processing command prompt window appears below the project window.
Post Processor Macros 2. Enter FileExec “Filename.mcl” where Filename.mcl is the name of the macro you
Creating a Macro wish to execute. The macro executes its recorded actions.
Executing a Macro
Editing a Macro You can execute any macro from the command prompt.
A Macro Example Editing a Macro
umes, and Lists You can edit a macro with any text editor. You can also make changes to a macro and
save it under a different file name. This allows you to run several macros in sequence,
each producing a slightly different result.
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3D Post Processor A Macro Example
lem Commands Creating a macro in the Post Processor is an extremely efficient method of setting up the
Post Processor Tool Bar computations and plots of your solved model. This macro is an example of how to create
Hotkeys a volume plot for the magnetic field of an eddy current problem.
Units > To create a macro in the Post Processor:
Post Processing 1. Choose View/Command Prompt. The command prompt appears below the
Post Processor Macros project window.
Creating a Macro 2. Enter FileRecord Testpost.mac at the command prompt. This records the macro
Executing a Macro under the name Testpost.mac.
Editing a Macro 3. Enter CreatePlot at the command prompt.
A Macro Example 4. Choose Mag H from the Plot Quantity field.
Predefined Surfaces, Vol- 5. Choose Volume -all- for the On Geometry field.
umes, and Lists 6. Enter 0 as the phase in the Phase field.
7. Choose OK. The Scalar Volume Plot window appears.
8. Choose OK. The plot begins generating.
9. Enter FileRecStop. The macro is recorded.
You can use a text editor to change any of the field values and save the macro under a dif-
ferent name. This allows you to quickly generate several macros, each with its own spe-
cific values. You can then execute these macros to produce new plots. For example, in the
above macro, you can change the phase value via a text editor and save each change
under a different macro. Later, you can execute these macros to see an array of plots,
each with a different phase value.
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3D Post Processor Predefined Surfaces, Volumes, and Lists
lem Commands To simplify your analysis, the Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined
Post Processor Tool Bar surfaces, volumes and object lists. Basically, you only need to define volumes, lists, and
Hotkeys surfaces that do not intersect one of the predefined planes, are not contained within an
Units existing geometric object, or include more than one object. Predefined geometries can be
Post Processing used like any other volume, surface, or list when plotting and performing calculations.
Post Processor Macros However, they cannot be deleted or (in most cases) modified. Use animated surfaces to
Predefined Surfaces, Vol- create animations in the plot menu.
umes, and Lists
Predefined Surfaces
Predefined Surfaces
Predefined Volumes The system automatically defines these surfaces:
and Object Lists
xy The xy-plane. The position of this plane can be modified.
yz The yz-plane. The position of this plane can be modified.
xz The xz-plane. The position of this plane can be modified.
Objectname The surface of a single geometric object. A surface is defined for
each object in the model.
Point1 An arbitrary point in space which can be modified.
AnimSurf xy The surface xy.
AnimSurf yz The surface yz.
AnimSurf xz The surface xz.
AnimSurf zrot The surface of the xy-plane rotation about the z-axis.
AnimSurf sphere The surface of a sphere.
AnimSurf cyl The surface of a cylinder.
AnimSurf cone The surface of a cone.
Predefined Volumes and Object Lists

Go Back The system automatically defines these volumes and lists:
-all- All geometric objects.
Contents Objectname The volume of a single geometric object. A volume is defined for each
object in the model.
Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Geometry Menu
Geometry Menu Geometry Menu
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create The commands on the Geometry menu let you define objects for plotting fields and per-
Geometry/Modify forming calculations. Use them to create, modify, or delete the following:
Geometry/Delete
• Points
• Lines and arcs
• Cutplanes
• External surfaces of objects
• Lists of objects
• Volume boxes
Creating a geometry is generally the first step in analyzing your field solution. Define the
volumes, surfaces, lines, or points on which you’d like to study the electric or magnetic
field in your model. Then, use them with the Plot and Data commands to plot fields or
compute derived quantities from the general field solution. The geometries that you cre-
ate in the Post Processor do not affect the geometric model — they are used for analysis
only.
When you choose Geometry from the menu bar, the following menu appears.
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Geometry Menu Geometry Commands
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create The commands on the Geometry menu are:
Geometry/Modify Create Defines the following for use in plotting and analyzing fields:
Geometry/Delete
Point A point in the modeling region.
Line A polyline, which can include straight segments, arcs,
and splines.
Arc An arc.
Cutplane A plane that cuts through the solution region.
Surface List The external surface of an object (or group of objects).
Faces List The faces of an object (or group of objects).
Object List A list of geometric objects.
Volume Box A box-shaped subvolume of the problem region.
Modify Modifies the following:
Point A point.
Line A polyline.
Cutplane A plane.
Faces List The face of an object.
Object List A list of geometric objects.
Delete Deletes points, lines, cutplanes, external surfaces, volume boxes, and
object lists.
In addition to the geometries described above, isosurfaces and points of maximum and
minimum field values can be defined using the Data/Calculator command.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use the Geometry/Create commands to define the following:
Geometry/Create/Point Point A point in the problem region.
Geometry/Create/Line
Line A polyline.
Geometry/Create/Arc
Geometry/Create/Cut- Arc An arc.
plane Cutplane A plane that cuts through the problem region.
Change the Plane’s Ori- Surface List The external surface of an object or group of objects.
gin Faces List The faces of an object or group of objects.
Change the Plane’s Object List A group of geometric objects.
Normal Volume Box A box-shaped subregion of the problem space.
Geometry/Create/Surface
List In general, you need to explicitly define points, lines, and volume boxes — the Post Pro-
Geometry/Create/Faces cessor does not automatically create these objects. However, you do not need to define
List cutplanes, object lists, and external faces unless the Post Processor’s predefined sur-
Geometry/Create/Object faces, volumes, and lists are not suitable for the analysis you’d like to perform.
List
Geometry/Create/Volume
Box
Geometry/Modify
Geometry/Delete
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Point
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to create a point object. These objects are used to plot and perform
Geometry/Create/Point computations on the field at any point within the solution region.
Geometry/Create/Line > To define a point:
Geometry/Create/Arc 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Point. The following fields appear in the side window:
Geometry/Create/Cut-
plane
Change the Plane’s Ori-
gin
Change the Plane’s
Normal
List
Geometry/Create/Faces
List
Geometry/Create/Object
List
Box
Geometry/Modify
Geometry/Delete
2. Enter the name of the point in the Name field.
3. A new point is initially located at (0,0,0). Specify its actual location as follows:
• Click the right mouse button on the point in the model where you wish to specify
the new point.
• Enter the point’s coordinates in the X, Y, and Z fields in the upper right corner of
the screen, then choose the OK button that’s directly beneath them.
• Click on the Dx, Dy, or Dz arrow buttons to move the point one grid interval in the
x, y, or z direction.
Go Back 4. Choose Set to set the coordinates in place.
5. Choose OK to define the point or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Line
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to create a polyline object. These objects are used to:
Geometry/Create/Point • Generate value vs. distance, arrow, or shaded plots of a field’s value on a line.
Geometry/Create/Line • Integrate and perform other computations on field quantities along a line.
Geometry/Create/Arc
Geometry/Create/Cut- Polylines can be made up of splines, arcs, and straight segments, and can be either
plane closed or open.
Change the Plane’s Ori- > To create a line:
gin 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Line.
Change the Plane’s 2. Enter the name of the line in the Creating field.
Normal 3. Select a Color for the line.
Geometry/Create/Surface 4. Click and hold Add Vert to add a vertex to the polyline. A submenu appears. You
List can also delete or move the vertex from this submenu.
Geometry/Create/Faces 5. Click and hold Straight to change the added polylines to arcs or splines.
List 6. Select a beginning point for your object. Choose Enter.
Geometry/Create/Object 7. Select the next point in your polyline. Choose Enter.
List 8. Repeat steps 4 through 7 until the object is complete.
Geometry/Create/Volume 9. Enter the number of points in the line in the Num points field, or accept the
Box default.
Geometry/Modify 10. Optionally, deselect Covered to create an open object.
Geometry/Delete 11. If necessary, choose Join Splines to join your sketched splines together. Choose
Split Splines to separate the splines.
12. If necessary, choose Close to close the region of your polyline. Choose Open to
create an opening in the polyline.
13. Choose Done to end the polyline.
This command is identical to the Lines/Polyline command in the modeler.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Arc
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to create an arc with its own axis.
Geometry/Create/Point > To create an arc:
Geometry/Create/Line 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Arc. New fields appear in the side window.
Geometry/Create/Arc 2. Select the Arc Axis for the arc and choose Enter.
Geometry/Create/Cut- 3. Enter the Radius of the arc.
plane 4. Use the mouse or the coordinates fields to define the start point of the arc and
Change the Plane’s Ori- choose Enter under Start Point. New fields appear in the side window.
gin 5. Enter the number of points in the arc in the Num points field. By default, this is set
Change the Plane’s to 1000.
Normal 6. Optionally, select Clockwise to create a clockwise arc. By default, the arc will be
Geometry/Create/Surface drawn in the counter-clockwise direction.
List 7. Enter the Angle of the arc. Angles are entered in degrees.
Geometry/Create/Faces 8. Optionally, select Num segments to define a number of segments for the arc. The
List greater the number of segments, the smoother the curve of the arc.
Geometry/Create/Object 9. Enter the Name of the arc.
List 10. Choose a Color for the arc.
Geometry/Create/Volume 11. Choose Enter.
Box
Geometry/Modify The arc appears in the modeling windows.
Geometry/Delete
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Cutplane
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to create a plane on which fields can be plotted and computations per-
Geometry/Create/Point formed. To define the plane, specify an origin and a normal vector.
Geometry/Create/Arc Note: The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces that
includes the xy-, yz-, and xz-cutplanes. You only need to create cutplanes
that do not lie on one of these predefined planes.
plane
Change the Plane’s > To define a cutplane:
Origin 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Cutplane. A set of new fields appears in the side
Change the Plane’s window.
Normal 2. Enter the name of the new plane in the Name field.
Geometry/Create/Surface 3. Initially, the cutplane’s origin is (0,0,0) and its normal vector points along the z-axis
List (that is, it’s identical to the xy-plane).
Geometry/Create/Faces • Use the Origin buttons to change the plane’s origin.
List
• Use the Normal buttons to change the plane’s normal.
4. Choose OK to create the cutplane or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
List
Geometry/Create/Volume The cutplane is created.
Box
Change the Plane’s Origin
Geometry/Modify
> To move the plane’s origin, do one (or both) of the following:
Geometry/Delete
• Use the arrow buttons beneath the Set button under Origin to move the origin one
grid interval in the direction of the plane’s normal vector.
• Specify the origin’s new coordinates. To do this:
a. Select a new point for the origin. Do one of the following:
• Click the right mouse button on the point where you wish to define the new
origin.
• Enter the origin’s coordinates in the X, Y, and Z fields in the top of the side
window, then choose the OK button that’s directly beneath them.
Go Back b. Choose Set to enter the origin’s coordinates.
c. Choose OK to accept the coordinates or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
Contents The system redraws the cutplane, locating it at the new origin.
Index
Geometry Menu Change the Plane’s Normal
Geometry Commands > To change the direction of the plane’s normal, do one (or both) of the following:
Geometry/Create • Click on the X, Y, or Z arrow buttons under Normal to rotate the vector one grid
Geometry/Create/Point interval around the x-, y-, or z-axis.
Geometry/Create/Line • Define the new direction of the normal by entering a point. To do this:
Geometry/Create/Arc a. Enter the point using the mouse or the X, Y, and Z fields as described under
Geometry/Create/Cut- change the plane’s origin. The post-processor automatically draws a line from
plane the origin to the point indicating the new direction of the normal vector.
Change the Plane’s Ori- b. Choose Set to enter the normal vector’s new direction.
gin c. Choose OK to accept the coordinates or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
Change the Plane’s
Normal The system redraws the cutplane with the normal vector pointing in the new direction.
List
List
List
Box
Geometry/Modify
Geometry/Delete
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Surface List
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to select the external surface of one or more geometric objects for use
Geometry/Create/Point in plotting fields or computing derived quantities from the field solution.
includes all geometric objects in the model. You only need to create surfaces
that consist of multiple objects.
plane
Change the Plane’s Ori- > To define an external surface:
gin 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Surface List. New fields appear in the side window.
Change the Plane’s 2. Select one of the following:
Normal
Geometry/Create/Sur- Objects Select this to define an external face that consists of the surface of a
face List single 2D or 3D object. A list of all objects appears.
Geometry/Create/Faces Object Select this to define an external face that consists of the surfaces of
List List multiple objects. A list of all object lists appears.
3. Select the object name or list.
List
4. Enter the name of the external surface in the Surface Name field.
5. Choose OK to define the surface or choose Cancel to cancel the command.
Box
Geometry/Modify An external face is created. The face appears in the geometry list when plotting the fields
Geometry/Delete of the objects.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Faces List
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to create a list of the faces of one or more geometric objects for use in
Geometry/Create/Point plotting fields or computing derived quantities from the field solution.
includes all geometric objects in the model. You only need to create surfaces
that consist of multiple objects.
plane
Change the Plane’s Ori- > To define an object face:
gin 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Faces List. New fields appear in the side window.
Change the Plane’s 2. Enter the Name for the faces list to create or accept the default.
Normal 3. Select the Objects you wish to include in the list.
Geometry/Create/Surface 4. Select the objects to be included in the list. Do one or all of the following:
List • Click on the object names listed under Objects.
List
• Click on the objects themselves to select them.
• Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Faces list.
You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.
List
5. Choose OK to accept the list or Cancel to cancel the definition.
Box The faces list is created and may now be used when creating plots.
Geometry/Modify
Geometry/Delete
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Object List
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to define a list of geometric objects. Object lists are treated as vol-
Geometry/Create/Point umes when you are plotting and performing calculations. Creating a list is not required for
Geometry/Create/Line analyzing a field solution. It is simply a convenient way to identify a group of objects for a
Geometry/Create/Arc plot or calculation. Objects in a list can still be treated as separate objects, and the same
Geometry/Create/Cut- object can be included in several different lists.
plane For example, suppose you want to plot the H-field on the surface formed by intersecting
Change the Plane’s Ori- the xy-plane with several objects. First, define a list of these objects. Then, when plotting
gin fields, select the list name under the On Geometry or In Volume fields. This tells the Post
Change the Plane’s Processor to only plot fields at the intersection of the plane with the objects in the list.
Normal
Geometry/Create/Surface Note: The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces, vol-
List umes, and lists. All geometric objects and the entire problem region are
Geometry/Create/Faces automatically defined as lists. You only need to create lists of more than one
List object.
List > To define an object list:
Geometry/Create/Volume 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Object List.
Box 2. Enter the list name in the Name field.
Geometry/Modify 3. Select the names of the objects to be included in the list. The selected objects are
Geometry/Delete also highlighted in the geometric model. Do one of the following to select them:
• Click on the objects themselves in the viewing window.
• Select the objects in the Objects list.
• Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Objects list and choose
Sel.
You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.
4. Choose OK to define the list or choose Cancel to cancel the command.
The object list appears as a valid geometry when you plot the fields of the model.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Create/Volume Box
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to create a box-shaped subvolume of the solution region. Volume
Geometry/Create/Point boxes are primarily used to analyze fields in areas of the problem space that are not occu-
Geometry/Create/Line pied by an object, or consist of parts of several objects.
Geometry/Create/Arc > To define a volume box:
Geometry/Create/Cut- 1. Choose Geometry/Create/Volume Box.
plane 2. Select the first corner of the volume.
Change the Plane’s Ori- 3. Choose Enter to accept this point or choose Cancel to ignore the action.
gin 4. Enter the dimensions of the box in the Enter Box Size fields. Alternatively, you can
Change the Plane’s click the mouse on the diagonal corner of the volume. The system draws a box
Normal indicating the size of the volume.
Geometry/Create/Surface 5. Enter the name of the volume box in the Name field.
List 6. Choose the color of the box by clicking on the colored square.
Geometry/Create/Faces 7. Choose Enter to accept this point or choose Cancel to ignore the action.
List
Geometry/Create/Object The volume box is created. The space within the volume box can be analyzed as a sepa-
List rate object.
Geometry/Create/Vol-
ume Box
Geometry/Modify
Geometry/Delete
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Modify
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use these command commands to modify the following:
Geometry/Modify Point A point in the solution region.
Geometry/Modify/Point
Line A polyline object.
Change the Point’s
Name Cutplane A plane that cuts through the solution region.
Change the Point’s Faces List A list of faces and surfaces
Location Object List A list of geometric objects.
Geometry/Modify/Line
Geometry/Modify/Cut- Note: External surfaces of objects and volume boxes cannot be modified once they
plane are created. The only predefined surfaces, volumes, and lists that can be
Geometry/Modify/Faces modified are the xy-, yz-, and xz-cutplanes.
List
Geometry/Modify/Object Geometry/Modify/Point
List
Use this command to:
Geometry/Delete
• Change the name and/or location of a point object.
• Recalculate and redisplay any field quantities that have been plotted or computed at
the point. To see how the field varies at different locations in the problem region, for
instance, you could move a point and recalculate fields several times.
> To modify a point:
1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Point. The Points fields appear in the side window.
2. Under Points, select the point to be modified.
3. Use the Name field to change the point’s name.
4. Use the Location fields to change the point’s location.
5. Choose Recalculate to recompute field quantities at the point’s new location.
6. To modify another point, repeat steps 2 through 5.
7. Choose Done to exit the command.
Go Back Change the Point’s Name
> To change the point’s name:
1. Enter the new name in the Name field.
Contents 2. Choose OK.
Index
Geometry Menu Change the Point’s Location
Geometry Commands > To change the point’s location:
Geometry/Create 1. Specify the new coordinates. Do one (or more) of the following:
Geometry/Modify • Click the right mouse button on the point’s new location.
Geometry/Modify/Point • Enter the new coordinates in the X, Y, and Z fields in the upper right corner of the
Change the Point’s screen, then choose the OK button that’s directly beneath them.
Name • Click on the Dx, Dy, or Dz arrow buttons to move the point one grid interval in the
Change the Point’s x, y, or z direction.
Location 2. Choose Set.
Geometry/Modify/Line
Geometry/Modify/Cut- The point moves to its new location.
plane Geometry/Modify/Line
Geometry/Modify/Faces
List Use this command to:
Geometry/Modify/Object • Modify a line by adding, deleting, or moving line segments, splines, and curves.
List
Geometry/Delete
• Recalculate any field quantities that have been plotted or computed on the line. This
updates their values using the modified line.
> To modify a line:
1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Line.
2. Select the line to be modified:
• Under Existing Lines, select the line you want to modify.
• Enter its name under Edit. Use wild cards to limit the lines that can be selected.
3. Choose OK to modify the line. Fields for editing a polyline appear.
4. To recompute fields along the line, choose Recalculate.
5. To change the line’s name, move or delete vertices, and add straight or curved
segments, follow the procedures under the Lines/Polyline command.
The line changes. The fields are recalculated for the new line.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Modify/Cutplane
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to:
Geometry/Modify • Change a cutplane’s origin or normal vector.
Geometry/Modify/Point • Recalculate any field quantities that have been plotted or computed on the plane. This
Change the Point’s gives their value at the plane’s new location, allowing you to see how they vary as you
Name move the plane through the solution region.
Change the Point’s > To modify a cutplane:
Location 1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Cutplane. The Cutplanes fields appear in the side
Geometry/Modify/Line window.
Geometry/Modify/Cut- 2. Under Cutplanes, select the plane you want to modify.
plane 3. Enter the plane’s new name in the Name field.
Geometry/Modify/Faces 4. Choose OK.
List 5. Use the Origin fields to change the plane’s origin.
Geometry/Modify/Object
List Note: You can move the origins of the predefined xy-, yz-, and xz-cutplanes in the
Geometry/Delete direction of their normal vectors. However, you cannot modify the normal
vectors associated with these planes.
6. Use the Normal fields to change the plane’s normal.

7. Choose Recalculate to recompute field quantities at the plane’s new location.
8. To modify another plane, repeat steps 2 through 6.
9. Choose Done to exit the command.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Modify/Faces List
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Modify • Change the objects contained within the faces list.
Geometry/Modify/Point • Recompute any quantities that have been plotted or computed in the objects in the list.
Change the Point’s > To modify an object list:
Name 1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Faces List. The Faces Lists fields appear.
Change the Point’s 2. Enter the new list Name.
Location 3. Choose the OK button to the right of the Name field.
Geometry/Modify/Line 4. Select the objects to be included in the list. Do one or all of the following:
Geometry/Modify/Cut- • Click on the object names listed under Objects.
plane • Click on the objects themselves to select them.
Geometry/Modify/Faces • Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Faces list.
List You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.
Geometry/Modify/Object 5. Choose OK to define the list or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
List 6. Choose Recalculate to recompute the fields in the modified object list.
Geometry/Delete 7. Choose Done to return to the Post Processor screen.
The field quantities are recomputed for the new list.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Modify/Object List
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Modify • Add objects to or delete objects from an object list.
Geometry/Modify/Point • Recompute any quantities that have been plotted or computed in the objects in the list.
Change the Point’s > To modify an object list:
Name 1. Choose Geometry/Modify/Object List. The Object Lists fields appear.
Change the Point’s 2. Enter the new list name.
Location 3. Choose the OK button to the right of the Name field.
Geometry/Modify/Line 4. Select the objects to be included in the list. Do one or both of the following:
Geometry/Modify/Cut- • Click on the object names listed under Objects.
plane • Click on the objects themselves to select them.
Geometry/Modify/Faces • Enter the name of the object in the blank field below the Objects list.
List You may choose Desel at any time to remove the objects from the list.
Geometry/Modify/ 5. Choose OK to define the list or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
Object List 6. Choose Recalculate to recompute the fields in the modified object list.
Geometry/Delete 7. Choose Done to return to the Post Processor screen.
The field quantities are recomputed for the new list.
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Index
Geometry Menu Geometry/Delete
Geometry Commands
Geometry/Create Use this command to delete the following:
Geometry/Modify
Geometry/Delete
• Points, lines, and cutplanes.
• Volume boxes.
• External surfaces.
• Object lists.
You can only delete geometries that you’ve created. Predefined object lists, cutplanes,
and external faces cannot be deleted.
> To delete a geometry:
1. Choose Geometry/Delete. The following window appears. The names and types
of geometries that you have created are listed.
2. Select the items to be deleted. The Delete field at the beginning of the line
automatically changes to Yes. To keep the item, click on it again. The Delete field
changes back to No.
Go Back Warning: Only select the points, lines, cutplanes, boxes, surfaces, or object lists that
you want to delete! Deleted geometries cannot be undeleted.
Contents
3. Choose OK to delete the selected items.
Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Data Menu
Data Menu Data Menu
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Use the commands on the Data menu to:
Data/Functions
Data/Calculator
• Define and edit math functions.
Data/Solution Info
• Modify the values of constant math functions, enabling you to change values used in
plots and computations without recalculating them.
• Access the field calculator. Use the calculator to compute derived quantities from the
general electric or magnetic field solution; read and write field quantities to files, locate
maximum and minimum field values, and perform other operations on the field
solution.
• View information on the field solution, such as the number of tetrahedra and maximum
and minimum tetrahedra volumes.
• For magnetostatic problems, define the solution type.
With the Geometry and Plot commands, the Data commands provide a set of powerful
post processing tools that enable you to analyze the field solution. When you choose
Data from the menu bar, the following menu appears:
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Index
Data Menu Data Commands
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type The commands on the Data menu are:
Data/Functions Set Solution Sets the solution type as Magnetostatic or Conduction.
Data/Calculator Type
Data/Solution Info Functions Creates functions for use in analyzing the field solution.
Edit Lets you define new functions and edit existing ones.
Modify Lets you change the values of constant functions and
recompute any calculations that use these functions.
Calculator Accesses the field calculator, which enables you to perform computa-
tions using basic field quantities.
Solution Info Displays various types of information about the field solution, such as
the type of solution that was computed, the number of tetrahedra, and
the maximum and minimum volumes of the tetrahedra inside individual
objects.
Data/Set Solution Type

Magnetostatic problems only.
Choose this command to select the solution type to post process in the data calculator. By
default, Magnetostatic is selected as the solution type.
> To select the solution type for magnetostatic problems:
1. Choose Data/Set Solution Type. The Solution Type window appears.
2. Do one of the following:
• Select Magnetostatic to post process the magnetostatic solutions.
• Select Conduction to post process the conduction solutions for the problem.
3. Choose OK to accept the solution type or Cancel to ignore the settings.
Go Back The window closes and you return to the 3D Post Processor.
Contents
Index
Data Menu Data/Functions
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Use the Data/Functions commands to create and modify math functions for use in ana-
Data/Functions lyzing the results of a field simulation. The following commands are available:
Data/Functions/Edit Edit Lets you define new variables and functions, and edit existing ones.
Common Functions
Modify Lets you modify a variable’s value and redo any computations that use it.
Data/Functions/Modify
This lets you immediately see the effect of your changes.
Modifying a Variable
Data/Calculator Data/Functions/Edit
Data/Solution Info
Choose Data/Functions/Edit to:
• Calculate new values for mathematical expressions, and update values of variables
already assigned mathematical expressions.
• Maintain a list of commonly used functions and variables.
Common Functions
The following legal functions may be used to define mathematical expressions:
Basic /, +, -, *, % (modulus), ** (exponentiation), - (Unary minus), << (left
Functions shift), >> right shift, == (equals), != (not equals), > (greater than), <
(less than), >= (greater than equals), <= (less than equals), & (bit-
wise and), | (bitwise or), ^ (bitwise xor), ~ (1’s compliment), && (logi-
cal and), II (logical or), ! (factorial)
Trigonometric Sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, sinh, cosh, tanh
expressions
Intrinsic if, sign (returns the sign of an argument), abs, exp, pow, ln (natural
functions log), log (log to the base 10), lg (log to the base 2), sqrt, floor, ceil,
round, rand (returns a random number between 0 and 1), deg, rad
These function names are reserved and may not be used as variable names.
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Index
Data Menu Data/Functions/Modify
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Choose Data/Functions/Modify to do the following:
Data/Functions • Change a variable’s numerical value.
Data/Functions/Edit • Recompute any calculations that use that variable.
Common Functions
Data/Functions/Modify Note: This command can only be used to modify variables that have been
Modifying a Variable assigned constant values. It cannot be used to change the values of the pre-
Data/Calculator defined variables X, Y, Z, PHI, R, RHO, and THETA, or any function whose
Data/Solution Info value is given by a mathematical expression instead of a constant. Use the
Data/Functions/Edit command to modify these variables and functions.
Modifying a Variable
> To modify the value of a variable:
1. Choose Data/Functions/Modify.
2. Under Variables, select the variable you wish to modify. All variables that were
assigned a constant value using the Data/Functions/Edit command are listed.
3. Change the variable’s value using one or both of the following methods:
• Explicitly specify a new value and range for the variable:
a. Enter new values for the following:
Max The maximum numerical value that can be assigned to the variable
when using the scroll bars. Initially, this is equal to the variable’s cur-
rent value.
Min The minimum numerical value that can be assigned to the variable
when using the scroll bars. Initially, this is equal to zero.
Val The variable’s current numerical value.
b. Choose Set to accept these values.
• Use the scroll bar to change the variable’s value to any number between its
Go Back minimum and maximum values (which are set using the Max and Min fields as
described above). The Val field displays the variable’s current value.
4. Choose Recalculate to recompute any calculations that use the variable whose
Contents value you change.
Index
Data Menu Data/Calculator
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Choose Data/Calculator to access the field calculator. The following window appears. To
Data/Functions view more information on a command or screen area, click on it below.
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations
The Calculator Stack
Registers
Stack Commands
Name
Degrees
Radians
Input
General
Scalar
Vector
Output
Data/Solution Info
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Index
Data Menu Data Calculations
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type The calculator does not actually do the operations until a value is needed or is forced for a
Data/Functions result. This makes it more efficient, saving computing resources and time. Consider the
Data/Calculator following field calculator example:
Data Calculations Phi, Phi, +
The Calculator Stack Point, Plot
Registers
Stack Commands The operation Phi +Phi is calculated only once, at Point, when the Plot command on the
Name field calculator is executed. The result of this is that you can do all the calculations without
Degrees regard to data storage of all the calculated points of the field. It is generally easier to do all
Radians the calculations first, then plot the results.
Input Calculations are always presented in SI units.
General
Scalar The Calculator Stack
Vector
Output The calculator is made up of a stack of registers, each of which can hold:
Data/Solution Info • Field quantities such as the H-field or E-field.
• Functional or constant scalars and vectors.
• Geometries — points, lines, surfaces, or volumes — on which a field quantity is to be
evaluated.
To perform a computation on the field solution, you must first load a basic field quantity
into a register on the stack. Once a quantity is loaded into a register, it can be:
• Manipulated using mathematical operations such as curls, gradients, cross products,
divergences, and dot products.
• Integrated over lines, surfaces, or subvolumes of the solution region — either
predefined surfaces, volumes, and lists, or lines, surfaces, and volumes that were
defined using the Geometry/Create commands.
Go Back • Plotted on a point, line, surface, or volume. Plotting derived quantities directly from the
calculator lets you bypass the Plot/Field command.
• Exported to a file, allowing you to superimpose saved solutions.
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Index
Data Menu Registers
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Calculator registers hold field quantities, numbers, vectors, and geometries. No registers
Data/Functions are created until you load something into the calculator; therefore, this part of the window
Data/Calculator is initially blank. As items are loaded into the calculator, it creates new registers to hold
Data Calculations them.
The Calculator Stack Each register is labeled with its contents as follows:
Registers
Vec Vector quantities, which have both direction and magnitude at each point in
Stack Commands
space. The x-, y-, and z-components of these quantities are stored in the
Name
register.
Degrees
Radians Scl Scalar quantities, which have a magnitude only.
Input Cvc Complex vector quantities.
General Csc Complex scalar quantities.
Scalar Pnt Points.
Vector Lin Lines.
Output Srf Surfaces.
Data/Solution Info
Vol Volumes.
When examining calculator registers, keep the following in mind:

• To move or delete calculator registers, use the stack commands.
• To save a register to a disk file, use the Write command.
• To load a previously-saved register into the calculator, use the Read command.
Enlarging the Register Display Area
> If there are too many registers to fit into the display area, do one of the following:
• Use the scroll bars to view the hidden registers.
• Enlarge the calculator window using the window’s borders or its maximize button.
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Contents
Index
Data Menu Stack Commands
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Use these commands to manipulate the registers in the calculator stack.
Data/Functions Push
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations Reloads the quantity in the top register onto the top of the stack, creating a new register.
The Calculator Stack The contents of the top two registers are identical.
Registers Pop
Stack Commands
Name Deletes the top register from the stack.
Degrees RlDn
Radians
Input Rolls the bottom register to the top of the stack, moving the other registers down the
General stack.
Scalar RlUp
Vector
Output Rolls the top register to the bottom of the stack, moving the other registers up the stack.
Data/Solution Info Exch
Exchanges the top two registers in the stack.
Clear
Clears the contents of the stack.
Undo
Use this command to undo the effect of the last operation you performed on the contents
of the top register. Successive Undo commands act on any previous operations.
Note: You cannot undo a simple operation such as loading a field quantity, con-
stant, function, or geometry into the calculator. Instead, use the Pop or Clear
Go Back commands to delete these items from the calculator stack.
Contents
Index
Data Menu Name
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type This command changes the name of the quantity in the top register of the stack. It
Data/Functions replaces the calculator’s representation of the quantity.
Data/Calculator > To change the name of the quantity in the top register:
Data Calculations 1. Enter the new name in the Name field.
The Calculator Stack 2. Choose Enter.
Registers
Degrees
Stack Commands
Name Choose this to enter angles in degrees.
Degrees
Radians Radians
Input Choose this to enter angles in radians.
General
Scalar Input
Vector
Use these commands to load the following onto the top of the calculator stack:
Output
Data/Solution Info • Field quantities such as E and H and simple derived quantities such as energy
density.
• Geometries such as cutplanes, points, lines, and volumes.
• Predefined constants such as π, ε0, and conversion factors between various units of
measurement.
• Vector and scalar constants, including complex numbers for eddy current problems.
• Vector and scalar math functions.
• Previously-saved calculator registers containing field quantities.
These quantities can be manipulated using the stack commands, general commands,
scalar commands, and vector commands. The results of these calculations can then be
examined using the output commands.
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Index
Data Menu Qty
Data Commands Loads a field quantity into the top register of the calculator. The available quantities are:
Data/Functions Electrostatic Field Quantities
Data/Calculator phi The electric scalar potential, φ.
Data Calculations E The DC electric field, E(x,y,z).
The Calculator Stack
D The DC electric flux density, D(x,y,z).
Registers
Stack Commands Magnetostatic Field Quantities
Name
H The DC magnetic field, H(x,y,z).
Degrees
Radians B The DC magnetic flux density, B(x,y,z).
Input J The DC current density, J(x,y,z).
General Energy The magnetic energy density. To find the magnetic field energy, integrate
Scalar this quantity over a volume.
Vector Coenergy The magnetic coenergy density. To find the magnetic coenergy, integrate
Output this quantity over a volume.
Data/Solution Info Appenergy The apparent energy in nonlinear materials equal to half the area under
the BH-curve at a given point.
Eddy Current (AC Magnetic) Field Quantities

B The AC magnetic flux density, B(x,y,z,t).
H The AC magnetic field, H(x,y,z,t).
J The AC current density, J(x,y,z,t).
Energy The average magnetic energy density. To find the average magnetic field
energy, integrate this quantity over a volume.
Hysteresis The hysteresis loss density. To find the hysteresis loss, integrate this
Loss quantity over a volume. Hysteresis loss is non-zero if the model has
materials with an imaginary permeability.
Go Back Ohmic The ohmic loss density. To find the ohmic loss, integrate this quantity over
Loss a volume.
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Index
Data Menu Geom
Data Commands Loads a geometry into the top register of the calculator. Do this to:
Data/Functions • Find the value of derived field quantities on any point, line, surface, or volume.
Data/Calculator • Plot quantities directly from the calculator, bypassing the Plot/Field command.
Data Calculations • Display a previously-defined isosurface, maximum or minimum field point using the
The Calculator Stack Draw command.
Registers
The following types of geometries are available:
Stack Commands
Name Point A point defined via the Geometry/Create/Point, Max/Position, or Min/
Degrees Position commands.
Radians Line A line defined via the Geometry/Create/Line command.
Input Surface A surface such as:
General • A plane defined via the Geometry/Create/Cutplane command.
Scalar • An object surface defined via the Geometry/Create/External
Vector Face command.
Output • A predefined surface.
Data/Solution Info • An isosurface defined via the Iso command.
Volume A volume such as:
• A box defined via the Geometry/Create/Volume Box
command.
• A group of several objects defined via the Geometry/Create/
Object List command.
• A predefined volume or object list.
> To load a geometry into the calculator:
1. Choose the Geom button. The menu explained above appears.
2. Choose a geometry type. A list of all available geometries appears.
3. Select the geometry.
4. Choose OK to load the geometry into the calculator or choose Cancel to cancel
Go Back the action.
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Index
Data Menu Const
Data Commands Loads one of these predefined constants into the top register of the calculator:
Data/Functions pi π
Data/Calculator Epsi0 The permittivity of free space, ε0 = 8.85418782 x 10–12 C2/Nm2.
Data Calculations Mu0 The permeability of free space, µ0 = 4π x 10–7 Wb/Am
The Calculator Stack c The speed of light in vacuum, c = 2.99792458 x 108 m/s.
Registers Frequency The frequency at which the problem was solved.
Stack Commands
Conversion A conversion factor between units of measurement.
Name
Constants > To enter a conversion constant into the calculator:
Degrees
1. Choose Const/Conversion Constant. The following screen
Radians
appears.
Input
General
Scalar
Vector
Output
Data/Solution Info
2. Select the quantity whose units are to be converted.

3. Select the units to convert from (the current units).
4. Select the units to convert to (the new units).
5. Choose OK to load the conversion factor or choose Cancel
Go Back to stop the operation.
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Index
Data Menu Num
Data Commands Enters one of the following into the top register of the calculator:
Data/Functions Scalar A scalar constant.
Data/Calculator > To enter a constant scalar number:
Data Calculations 1. Choose Num/Scalar.
The Calculator Stack 2. Enter the scalar value.
Registers 3. Choose OK to load the number into the top register or
Stack Commands choose Cancel to stop the operation.
Name Vector A vector constant.
Degrees > To enter a constant vector:
Radians 1. Choose Num/Vector.
Input 2. Enter the x-, y-, and z-components of the vector.
General 3. Choose OK to load the vector into the top register or choose
Scalar Cancel to stop the operation.
Vector Complex (Eddy Current.) A complex constant. Complex constants are entered in
Output the form C=A+jB, where A represents the real part of the constant and
Data/Solution Info B represents the imaginary part.
> To enter a complex number into the calculator:
1. Choose Num/Complex.
2. Enter the real and imaginary components of the number.
3. Choose OK to load the number into the top register or
choose Cancel to stop the operation.
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Index
Data Menu Func
Data Commands Enters one of the following into the top register of the calculator:
Data/Functions Scalar A scalar function.
Data/Calculator > To enter a function:
Data Calculations 1. Choose Func/Scalar. The Function Name field appears:
The Calculator Stack 2. Select the function from the menu.
Registers 3. Choose OK to load the functional scalar into the top register
Stack Commands or choose Cancel to stop the operation.
Name Vector A vector function, in which the values of the vector’s x-, y-, and z-com-
Degrees ponents are given by functions.
Radians > To enter a functional vector:
Input 1. Choose Func/Vector. The X, Y, and Z fields appear.
General 2. For each component of the vector, select the function from
Scalar the menu.
Vector 3. Choose OK to load the functional vector into the top register
Output or choose Cancel to stop the operation.
Data/Solution Info
Note: Be aware of the following:
• The predefined variables X, Y, Z, RHO, THETA, and PHI and any
functions that you created using the Data/Functions/Edit command
can be used to define functional scalar and vector quantities.
• Use the Data/Functions/Modify command to change the value
assigned to a constant function and compute new results for any
calculations that use it.
Any functions you use must be defined using the Data/Functions/Edit command prior to
using this operation.
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Index
Data Menu Read
Data Commands Reads a register into the calculator from a disk file. Use this command to:
Data/Functions • Load registers that you saved during an earlier post-processing session via the Write
Data/Calculator command.
Data Calculations • Superimpose field solutions from different models.
The Calculator Stack > To load a register into the calculator:
Registers 1. Choose Read.
Stack Commands 2. Use the file browser to select the register file (*.reg extension).
Name 3. Choose OK.
Degrees
The contents of the file appear in the top register of the calculator. The name and direc-
Radians
tory path of the register file is listed next to the register’s contents.
Input
General
Scalar
Vector
Output
Data/Solution Info
Go Back
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Index
Data Menu General
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Use these commands to perform operations on both vector and scalar quantities.
Data/Functions + (Add)
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations Adds the quantities in the top two registers of the calculator.
The Calculator Stack – (Subtract)
Registers
Stack Commands Subtracts the quantity in the top register from the quantity in the second register. The two
Name registers must hold the same type of quantity (both scalar or both vector). You cannot sub-
Degrees tract a scalar from a vector (or vice versa).
Radians * (Multiply)
Input
General Multiplies the quantity in the top register by the quantity in the second register. One of the
Scalar two registers must contain a scalar value; the other register can be either a scalar or a
Vector vector.
Output / (Divide)
Data/Solution Info
Divides the quantity in the second register by the quantity in the top register. The second
register must contain a scalar value; the top register can be either a scalar or a vector.
Neg
Changes the sign of the quantity in the top register.
Abs
Takes the absolute value of the quantity in the top register.
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Index
Data Menu Cmplx
Data Commands Eddy Current
Data/Functions These commands perform operations on a complex quantity in the top register. Complex
Data/Calculator quantities are indicated by a C at the beginning of the register label. They can be repre-
Data Calculations sented in terms of real and imaginary components, or in terms of magnitude and phase:
jφ
The Calculator Stack C = A + jB = Me
Registers
Stack Commands where:
Name • A is the real part of the complex number.
Degrees • B is the imaginary part of the complex number.
Radians • M is its magnitude, which is equal to A 2 + B 2 .
Input • φ is its phase, which is equal to atan(B/A).
General
Scalar Eddy current fields are time-dependent, complex quantities. They can be expressed in
Vector terms of their magnitude and phase, or in phasor notation:
Output M ( x, y, z, t ) = M ( x, y, z )e
jwt
= M ( x, y, z ) cos ( ωt + θ )
Data/Solution Info
where:
• ω is the angular frequency at which the magnetic field and source currents are
oscillating, which is equal to 2πf (where f is the frequency). The phase of an eddy
current field quantity is equal to ωt.
• θ is the phase angle — the offset from a cosine wave that peaks at ωt=0.
The Cmplx commands let you do the following:
Real
Takes the real part of the complex quantity (A).
Go Back Imag
Takes the imaginary part of the complex quantity (B).
Contents CmplxMag
Takes the magnitude of the complex quantity (M).
Index
Data Menu CmplxPhase
Data Commands Takes the phase of the complex quantity (φ).
Data/Functions CmplxR
Data/Calculator Converts the real scalar of the top register to the real part of a complex number.
Data Calculations
The Calculator Stack CmplxI
Registers Converts the real scalar of the top register to the imaginary part of a complex number.
Stack Commands
Name Conj
Degrees Takes the complex conjugate of the quantity in the top register. If a complex number is
Radians given by C = A + jB, its complex conjugate is given by C* = A – jB.
Input
General AtPhase
Scalar Lets you specify the phase angle, ωt, at which an AC magnetic field quantity is evaluated.
Vector These quantities can be represented in the form:
Output
Data/Solution Info A ( x, y, z, t ) = A ( x, y, z ) cos ( ωt + θ )
Entering the phase angle lets you compute the real part of the field’s magnitude at differ-
ent points in its cycle.
> To enter a value for the phase angle:
1. Select whether the angle is entered in degrees or radians.
2. Choose Qty to load a complex field quantity onto the stack.
3. Choose Num/Scalar to load the phase angle onto the stack.
4. Choose Cmplx/AtPhase to find the field value at the specified phase angle.
See the discussion of phasor notation for more information on representing AC magnetic
field quantities.
Smooth
Go Back
Smooths the quantity in the top register. Due to the numerical solution technique used,
field values are not always continuous across the boundaries of the individual elements
Contents that make up the finite-element mesh. Smoothing adjusts the values to be continuous. In
general, use smoothing before plotting a quantity.
Index
Data Menu Domain
Data Commands This limits a calculation to the volume you specify. This operation requires the top two
Data/Set Solution Type entries of the stack to be a volume geometry and a numeric field quantity. You will be
Data/Functions alerted of the error if these criteria are not met.
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations > To do this:
The Calculator Stack 1. Load the field quantity into the top register, and perform any necessary operations
Registers on it.
Stack Commands 2. Load the volume using the Geom/Volume command.
Name 3. Choose Domain.
Degrees The Domain command is often used to limit a calculation or plot to the intersection of a
Radians surface and an object or group of objects. For instance, to compute the current induced in
Input the passive coil of a transformer, you could integrate the normal component of the current
General density over a cross-section of the passive coil:
Scalar
Vector
Output
I Passive = ∫ J • n̂ dΩ
Ω
Data/Solution Info
> To compute the induced current:
1. Use the Geometry/Create/Cutplane command to define a plane that cuts through
the cross-section of the coil.
2. Access the calculator, and use the Qty command to load J into the top register.
3. Take the real part of J at the desired phase via the Cmplx/AtPhase command.
4. Load the passive coil onto the stack via the Geom/Volume command.
5. Choose Domain to limit evaluation of the integral to the intersection of the plane
and passive coil — that is, the cross-section of the coil.
6. Load the plane into the top register via the Geom/Surface command.
7. Take the normal component of J on the plane via the Normal command.
8. Take the integral over the plane via the ∫ command.
9. Choose Eval to evaluate the integral and compute the induced current.
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Index
Data Menu Scalar
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Use these commands to perform operations on scalar quantities.
Data/Functions Vec?
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations Makes the scalar quantity in the top register...
The Calculator Stack VecX ... The x-component of a vector.
Registers VecY ... The y-component of a vector.
Stack Commands VecZ ... The z-component of a vector.
Name
Degrees 1/x (Inverse)
Radians
Takes the inverse of the scalar quantity in the top register.
Input
General Power
Scalar
Raises a scalar quantity to the power you specify.
Vector
Output > To raise a scalar quantity to a power:
Data/Solution Info 1. Enter the quantity into the calculator.
2. Enter the exponent to which it is to be raised into the calculator.
3. Choose Power.
The results are displayed in the top register.
(Square Root)
Takes the square root of the quantity in the top register.
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Index
Data Menu Trig
Data Commands Performs one of the following trigonometric operations on the value in the top register of
Data/Set Solution Type the calculator stack. Note that the Atan2 function uses the top two registers of the stack:
Data/Functions
Data/Calculator Sin Takes the sine value.
Data Calculations Cos Takes the cosine value.
The Calculator Stack Tan Takes the tangential value.
Registers Asin Takes the arcsine value.
Stack Commands Acos Takes the arccosine value.
Name
Atan Takes the arctangent value and returns an angle between -90 and 90
Degrees
degrees.
Radians
Input Atan2 Takes the ratio of the second item over the first item in the calcuator stack
General and returns an angle between -180 and 180 degrees.
Scalar d/d? (Partial Derivative)
Vector
Output Takes the partial derivative of the quantity in the top register...
Data/Solution Info d/dx ... With respect to x.
d/dy ... With respect to y.
d/dz ... With respect to z.
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Index
Data Menu ∫ (Integral)
Data Commands Takes the integral of a scalar quantity over a volume, surface, or line. The top register
Data/Set Solution Type must contain a geometry and the second register must contain the scalar quantity to be
Data/Functions integrated.
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations > To perform an integration:
The Calculator Stack 1. Load a quantity into the top register of the calculator, and perform any required
Registers operations on it.
Stack Commands 2. Use one of the Geom commands to load the line, surface, or volume over which
Name the quantity is to be integrated.
Degrees
Radians Note: If you computed the tangent or normal of the quantity to be integrated (via
Input the Tangent or Normal commands), you do not have to load a geometry
General onto the calculator stack. The Post Processor integrates the quantity over
Scalar the line on which you computed its tangent, or the surface on which you
Vector computed its normal.
Output
Data/Solution Info
3. Choose the ∫ command to integrate the scalar quantity over the geometry.
To find the numerical results of an integration, use the Eval command.
∇ (Gradient)
Takes the gradient of the scalar quantity in the top register.
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Index
Data Menu Iso
Data Commands Use this command to create an isosurface — a three-dimensional surface at which the
Data/Set Solution Type magnitude of a scalar field quantity is a single, constant value. Once generated, an isos-
Data/Functions urface can be used in plots and calculations like any other surface.
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations > To create an isosurface:
The Calculator Stack 1. Load a field quantity into the top register of the calculator, and perform any
Registers required operations on it. The result of your calculations must be a scalar quantity.
Stack Commands 2. Load a constant into the top register using the Num/Scalar command.
Name 3. Choose Iso.
Degrees To display an isosurface, use the Draw command. To improve its appearance, use the
Radians Smooth command to “smooth out” mesh-based discontinuities in the field quantity before
Input generating the isosurface.
General
Scalar
Vector
Note: To view isosurfaces associated with different values of a field quantity, use
the Func/Scalar command to load a constant function onto the stack instead
Output of a number. Then, after generating and drawing the isosurface, use the
Data/Solution Info Data/Functions/Modify command to change the function’s numerical value
and re-display the isosurface.
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Index
Data Menu Max
Data Commands Computes the maximum of a scalar field quantity on a line, surface, or volume. Two
Data/Set Solution Type options are available:
Data/Functions
Data/Calculator Value Finds the magnitude of the maximum value of the field.
Data Calculations Position Finds the point where the maximum field value occurs. You can then:
The Calculator Stack • Plot the maximum field at the point via the Plot command.
Registers • Plot field quantities at the point via the Plot/Field command.
Stack Commands • Load the point into the calculator via the Geom/Point command.
Name • Change the point’s location via the Geometry/Modify/Point
Degrees command.
Radians Using the Max/Position command to define a point has the same
Input effect as using the Geometry/Create/Point command.
General
Scalar > To compute the maximum field value:
Vector 1. Load a field quantity into the calculator, and perform any necessary operations on
Output it. Keep the following in mind:
Data/Solution Info • You cannot find the maximum value of a vector quantity. Therefore, make sure that
the result is a scalar.
• Before computing the maximum value of an eddy current field quantity, you must
find the real part of the quantity using the Cmplx/Real or Cmplx/AtPhase
commands.
2. Load a point, line, or volume into the calculator using one of the Geom commands.
• Choose Max/Value to compute the maximum field value on the geometry.
• Choose Max/Position to identify the point at which this value occurs.
Use the Eval command to display the actual maximum field value or the coordinates of
the point where it occurs.
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Index
Data Menu Min
Data Commands Computes the minimum of a scalar field quantity on a line, surface, or volume. Two
Data/Set Solution Type options are available:
Data/Functions
Data/Calculator Value Finds the magnitude of the minimum value of the field.
Data Calculations Position Finds the point where the minimum field value occurs. You can then:
The Calculator Stack • Plot the minimum field value at the point via the Plot command.
Registers • Plot basic field quantities at the point via the Plot/Field
Stack Commands command.
Name • Load the point into the calculator via the Geom/Point command.
Degrees • Change the point’s location via the Geometry/Modify/Point
Radians command.
Input Using the Min/Position command to define a point has the same effect
General as using the Geometry/Create/Point command.
Scalar
Vector These commands operate in the same way as the Max commands. Use the Eval com-
Output mand to display the actual minimum field value or the coordinates of the point where it
Data/Solution Info occurs.
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Index
Data Menu Vector
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Use these commands to perform operations on vector quantities.
Data/Functions Scal?
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations Replaces the vector in the top register with a scalar quantity whose value is given by...
The Calculator Stack ScalarX ... The x-component of the vector.
Registers ScalarY ... The y-component of the vector.
Stack Commands ScalarZ ... The z-component of the vector.
Name
Degrees Matl
Radians
Multiplies or divides the vector field quantity in the top register by a material property. At
Input
each tetrahedron, the field quantity is multiplied or divided by the value of the selected
General
material property — taking the different material attributes of each object into account.
Scalar
Vector > To multiply or divide a vector quantity by a material property:
Output 1. Choose Matl. The Material Operation window appears.
Data/Solution Info 2. Select a material property. Available properties are listed under:
• Electrostatic Properties
• Eddy Current Properties
• Magnetostatic Properties
If only one material property is available, the system automatically loads it.
3. Select an operation — Multiply or Divide.
4. Choose OK to multiply or divide the field quantity by a material property.
Choose Cancel to stop the operation.
Electrostatic Properties
The only available material property is Permittivity (epsi) — the relative permittivity, εr.
Eddy Current Properties
Go Back Available material properties are:
Permeability (mu) The relative permeability, µr.
Contents Conductivity (cond) The conductivity, σ.
Index
Data Menu Magnetostatic Properties
Data Commands Available material properties are:
Data/Functions Permeability (mu) The relative permeability, µr.
Data/Calculator Diff Permeability (diff mu) The differential permeability.
Data Calculations • For linear materials, this equals the relative
The Calculator Stack permeability.
Registers • For nonlinear materials, this equals the
Stack Commands instantaneous slope of the BH-curve.
Name The two cases are shown below.
Degrees B dB
Radians = Instantaneous slope of a nonlinear BH-curve
dH
Input
General
Scalar
Vector µr = Slope of a linear BH-curve
Output
Data/Solution Info
H
Conductivity (cond) The conductivity, σ.
Mag
Takes the magnitude of the vector quantity in the top register.
Dot
Takes the dot product of the vector quantities in the top two registers.
Cross
Go Back
Takes the cross product of the vector quantities in the top two registers (second register
cross top register).
Contents
Divg
Index Takes the divergence of the vector quantity in the top register.

Data Menu Curl
Data Commands Takes the curl of the vector quantity in the top register.
Data/Functions Tangent
Data/Calculator Computes the tangential component of a vector quantity along a line. The positive direc-
Data Calculations tion of the component is in the positive x, y, and, z directions as defined by the global
The Calculator Stack coordinate system.
Registers
Vector quantity
Stack Commands
Name Line
Degrees
Magnitude
Radians
Input
General
Scalar
Vector Tangential Component
Output
Data/Solution Info > To take the tangent of a vector:
1. Load a vector quantity into the top register.
2. Load a line into the top register using the Geom/Line command.
3. Choose Tangent.
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Index
Data Menu Normal
Data Commands Computes the normal component of a vector quantity on a surface such as a cutplane or
Data/Set Solution Type object surface. The positive direction for a cutplane is defined by the normal point. The
Data/Functions positive direction for a closed object is inwards. This is the equivalent of taking the dot
Data/Calculator product of the quantity with the surface’s unit normal vector:
Data Calculations
The Calculator Stack Normal = A ( x, y, z ) • n̂
Registers
Stack Commands Vector quantity
Name A(x,y,z)
Degrees
Radians
Input
Normal Component Magnitude
General
Scalar
Vector
Output
Surface
Data/Solution Info
> To take the normal of a vector:

1. Load a vector quantity into the top register.
2. Load a surface into the top register using the Geom/Surface command.
3. Choose Normal.
Unit Vec
Computes the normal and tangent unit vectors in the line on the top register of the stack.
Normal
Computes the unit normal vector of a cutplane or an object’s surface in the top register of
the calculator stack. The positive direction for a cutplane is defined by the normal point.
Go Back The positive direction for a closed object is inwards.
Tangent
Contents
Computes the unit tangential vector along the line in the top register of the calculator
stack. The positive direction is in the positive x, y, and z directions as defined by the global
Index coordinate axes.

Data Menu Output
Data Commands Draw
Data/Functions Draws the geometry in the top register. Use this command to display geometries that are
Data/Calculator defined via the calculator (such as isosurfaces and maximum or minimum points) and the
Data Calculations Geometry/Create commands (such as cutplanes and volume boxes).
The Calculator Stack > To display a geometry:
Registers 1. Load a geometry into the top register using one of the Geom commands or define
Stack Commands it using the Iso, Max, or Min commands.
Name 2. Choose Draw. The calculator disappears and the following window appears:
Degrees
Radians
Input
General
Scalar
Vector
Output
Data/Solution Info
3. Enter the plot name in the Name field.

4. Enter a transparency factor between zero and one hundred percent in the
Transparency field. This determines whether items that are behind the geometry
or already plotted on it are visible. A transparency of zero creates a completely
opaque plot; a transparency of 100% creates a completely transparent plot.
5. Choose the color in which the geometry is drawn.
6. Choose OK to draw the geometry or choose Cancel to stop the operation.
Go Back The Post Processor treats drawn geometries just like field plots. Use the Plot/Modify
command to change their appearance. Use the Plot/Visibility command to make them
invisible. Use the Plot/Delete command to delete them.
Contents
Index
Data Menu Plot
Data Commands Plots the contents of a calculator register on a point, line, surface, or volume.
Data/Functions > To plot field quantities directly from the calculator:
Data/Calculator 1. Load a numeric field quantity into the top register of the calculator, and perform
Data Calculations any required operations on it. Keep the following in mind:
The Calculator Stack • Prior to plotting eddy current field quantities, you must take the real part of the
Registers quantity using the Cmplx/Real or Cmplx/AtPhase commands.
Stack Commands • To improve the appearance of surface and volume plots, use the Smooth
Name command to “smooth out” mesh-based discontinuities in the quantity to be plotted.
Degrees 2. Use one of the Geom commands to load the point, line, surface, or volume on
Radians which the quantity is to be plotted into the top register. Alternatively, define the
Input geometry using the Iso, Max, or Min commands.
General 3. Choose Plot. At this point, a window appears that allows you to control the plot’s
Scalar appearance. Select one of the following for an explanation of the plot attributes:
Vector • Scalar Surface and Volume Plots
Output • Vector Surface Plots
Data/Solution Info • Scalar 3D Line Plots
• Vector 3D Line Plots
• Scalar Point Plots
• Vector Point Plots
4. Set the appropriate plot attributes.
5. Choose OK to plot the quantity or choose Cancel to cancel the operation.
Note: As an alternative, use the Plot/Field command to plot basic field quantities
such as the E-field or H-field and simple derived quantities such as energy.
Go Back
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Index
Data Menu Anim
Data Commands Animates the plot of the geometry in the top register of the stack. Animated plots from the
Data/Set Solution Type field calculator function only when the top two registers in the stack contain both a geom-
Data/Functions etry and a numeric quantity.
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations > To animate the geometry:
The Calculator Stack 1. Load a geometry and a numeric quantity into the calculator stack. Make certain
Registers that the geometry is in the top register.
Stack Commands 2. Choose Anim from the field calculator. The Set the Animation Plot Variables
Name window appears.
Degrees 3. Select the variable you wish to vary during the animation.
Radians 4. Enter the Start value of the variable.
Input 5. Enter the Stop value of the variable.
General 6. In the Delta field, enter the value of the steps you wish to have in the animation.
Scalar For example, if you define your Start value as 0, the Stop value as 5, and the
Vector Delta value as 1, the animation will show frames for each value from 0 to 5.
Output 7. Select Make movie to create a movie for the animation from the frames you just
Data/Solution Info created.
8. Choose OK to accept the variable setup. A scalar geometry window appears.
9. Specify the settings you wish to assign for the animated plot.
10. Choose OK. The Animation Plots window appears.
11. Create any additional frames you wish to add to the movie.
12. Choose Make Movie to play the movie of the animation.
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Data Menu 2D Plot
Data Commands This generates a “value vs. distance” plot of the contents of a calculator register. The
Data/Set Solution Type quantity to be plotted must be a scalar.
Data/Functions
Data/Calculator > To generate a value vs. distance plot:
Data Calculations 1. Load a field quantity into the top register of the calculator, and perform any
The Calculator Stack required operations on it. Keep in mind:
Registers • You can only generate a value vs. distance plot of a scalar quantity.
Stack Commands • Prior to plotting AC magnetic field quantities, you must take the real part of the
Name quantity using the Cmplx/Real or Cmplx/AtPhase commands.
Degrees 2. Use the Geom/Line command to load the line on which the quantity is to be
Radians plotted into the top register.
Input 3. Choose 2D Plot. A window appears that allows you to control the appearance of a
General scalar 2D line plot.
Scalar 4. Set the appropriate plot attributes.
Vector 5. Choose OK to plot the quantity or choose Cancel to cancel the operation.
Output
Data/Solution Info Note: As an alternative, use the Plot/Field command to generate “value vs. dis-
tance” plots of basic field quantities such as the magnitude of the H-field or
derived quantities such as energy.
Value
This computes the value of a field quantity at a point. Use it to find:
• The magnitude of a scalar field quantity at that point.
• The x-, y-, and z-components of a vector field quantity at that point.
> To find the value of a field quantity at a point:
1. Load the field quantity into the top register, and perform the operations on it.
2. Load the appropriate point into the calculator using the Geom/Point command.
3. Choose Value.
Go Back To view the numerical results of this operation, use the Eval command.
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Index
Data Menu Eval
Data Commands Numerically evaluates and displays the results of calculator operations such as integra-
Data/Set Solution Type tions, maximum or minimum field computations, field values at points, and so forth. The
Data/Functions quantity to be evaluated must be in the top register. The Eval command computes the
Data/Calculator numerical results of the operation, which replace the contents of the register.
Data Calculations
The Calculator Stack For instance, to find the magnetic field energy, U, in a subregion of the problem space,
Registers you must numerically evaluate the following integral for that volume:
Stack Commands 1
U = --- ∫ B • H dV
Name 2
V
Degrees
Radians > To do this:
Input 1. Load B and H into the calculator using the Qty command.
General 2. Take their dot product using the Dot command.
Scalar 3. Load the volume using the Geom/Volume command.
Vector 4. Take the integral of B • H over the volume using the ∫ command.
Output 5. Evaluate the integral using the Eval command.
Data/Solution Info 6. Enter a 2 into the top register using the Num/Scalar command.
7. Choose / to divide the results of the integration by two, obtaining the energy.
Write
This saves the contents of the top register to a disk file. Use this command to:
• Save registers for use during a later post-processing session. They can be loaded
back into the calculator via the Read command.
• Save a field quantity to be superimposed on a field solution from a different model.
> To save a register:
1. Choose Write.
2. Optionally, in cases where a constant value resides in the top register of the
calculator, the Constant entry name window appears, asking you to enter a name
for the constant. In these cases, enter a name for the value and choose OK.
Go Back 3. Use the file browser to specify the register’s file name and directory path. A *.reg
extension is automatically assigned to register files.
The contents of the file are then saved to the file you specified.
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Data Menu Export
Data Commands Exports the field quantity in the top register to a file, mapping it to a grid of points. Use this
Data/Set Solution Type command to save field quantities in a format that can be read by other modeling or post-
Data/Functions processing software packages. Two options are available:
Data/Calculator
Data Calculations To File Maps the field quantity to a customized grid of points. Before using this
The Calculator Stack command, you must create a file containing the points.
Registers To Grid Maps the field quantity to a three-dimensional cartesian grid. You spec-
Stack Commands ify the dimensions and spacing of the grid in the x, y, and z directions.
Name
Degrees Export/To File
Radians Maps the quantity in the top register to a customized grid of points.
Input
General > To export a field quantity to a customized grid:
Scalar 1. Create a file containing the grid points.
Vector 2. Load the quantity into the top register, and perform any operations on it.
Output 3. Choose Export/To File. The following window appears.
Data/Solution Info
4. In the Points File Name field, enter the name of the file containing the points on
which the field is to be mapped. Alternatively, you can type the name of the file and
click on the file icon. Use the file browser to find the point file (*.pts extension).
5. Enter the name of the file in which the field quantity is to be saved in the Output
File Name field. Again, you can use the file icon to enter the file name. Use the file
Go Back browser to specify the file name and directory path. A *.reg extension is
automatically assigned to these files.
6. Choose OK to map the field quantity to the specified grid and save or choose
Contents Cancel to cancel the action.
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Data Menu Export/To Grid
Data Commands Maps the quantity in the top register to a three-dimensional cartesian grid.
Data/Functions > To export to a grid:
Data/Calculator 1. Load the field quantity into the top register of the calculator, and perform any
Data Calculations required operations on it.
The Calculator Stack 2. Choose Export/To Grid. The following window appears.
Registers
Stack Commands
Name
Degrees
Radians
Input
General
Scalar
Vector
Output
Data/Solution Info
3. For each grid dimension (X, Y, and Z), enter the following:
Minimum The minimum x-, y-, or z-coordinate of the grid.
Maximum The maximum x-, y-, or z-coordinate of the grid.
Spacing The distance between grid points.
4. Enter the name of the file in which the field quantity is to be saved in the Output
File Name field. Alternatively, you can type the name of the file and click on the file
icon. Use the file browser to specify the file name and directory path. A *.reg
extension is automatically assigned to these files.
5. Choose OK to export the file or choose Cancel to cancel the action.
Go Back The field quantity is then mapped to the grid and saved to the file you specified.
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Data Menu Data/Solution Info
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type Choose Data/Solution Info to view the following information about the field solution:
Data/Functions
Data/Calculator
• The type of solution that was computed (electrostatic, magnetostatic, or eddy current).
Data/Solution Info
• The size of the finite element mesh and the solution region.
Type • The volume of each object.
Mesh Size • The number, minimum volume and maximum volume of tetrahedra in each object.
Region Extents The following window appears when you choose this command. Click on the fields that
Object Name you would like to view more information about:
Tetrahedra
Total Volume
Min Tet Volume
Max Tet Volume
Go Back
After you have chosen this command to view the solution information, choose OK to close
Contents the window.
Index
Data Menu Type
Data Commands
Data/Set Solution Type The type of field solution that was computed for the model (Electrostatic, Magneto-
Data/Functions static, or Eddy Current).
Data/Calculator Mesh Size
Data/Solution Info
Type The number of tetrahedra in the finite element mesh.
Mesh Size Region Extents
Region Extents
Object Name The coordinates of the upper-left and lower-right corners of the solution region.
Tetrahedra
Total Volume Object Name
Min Tet Volume The name of each object in the model, including the background object.
Max Tet Volume
Note: The background object does not appear in this list if it was excluded from the
solution region or defined as non-existent.
Tetrahedra
The number of tetrahedra in each object.
Total Volume
The volume of each object.
Min Tet Volume
The volume of the smallest tetrahedron in each object.
Max Tet Volume
The volume of the largest tetrahedron in each object.
Go Back
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Plot Menu
Plot Menu Plot Menu
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Use the commands on the Plot menu to:
Plot/Field
Plot/Animation
• Display shaded or wireframe views of the model’s finite element mesh.
Plot/BH Curves
• Display animated, contour, shaded, vector, and value vs. distance plots.
Plot/Open • Change a plot’s visibility, color, range of plotted values, scale, and other attributes.
Plot/Save As • Load plots from files and save plots to files.
Plot/Modify • Display BH-curves for nonlinear materials.
Plot/Visibility • If a value vs. distance or BH-curve plot is displayed:
Plot/Delete • View the x- and y-coordinates of points you click on.
Plot/Show Coordinates • Change the axis labels, line thickness, grid settings, and other plot attributes.
Plot/Format
When you choose Plot from the menu bar, the following menu appears:
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Plot Menu Plot Commands
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh The commands on the Plot menu are:
Plot/Field Mesh Displays wireframe or shaded views of the finite element mesh.
Plot/Animation
Field Plots common field quantities such as E and H and simple
Plot/BH Curves
derived quantities such as energy.
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As Animation Creates an animated plot of a field quantity.
Plot/Modify BH Curves (Nonlinear magnetostatic problems.) Plots the BH-curves of the
Plot/Visibility nonlinear materials in your problem, allowing you to see mag-
Plot/Delete netic saturation levels in these materials.
Plot/Show Coordinates Open Loads a plot from a file.
Plot/Format Save As Saves a plot to a file.
Modify (Cutplane, rectangle, point, 3D line, and volume plots.) Changes
a plot’s color, shading, scaling, arrow type, and other attributes.
Visibility (Cutplane, rectangle, point, 3D line, and volume plots.) Specifies
whether plots are visible or invisible.
Delete (Cutplane, rectangle, point, 3D line, and volume plots.) Deletes
plots.
Show Coordinates (2D line and BH-curve plots.) Displays the x- and y-coordinates
of the points you click on, allowing you to view the plotted values
at those points.
Format (2D line and BH-curve plots.) Changes the plot’s scale, axis
labels, range of plotted values, grid settings, line thickness and
style, marker types, and graph visibility.
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Plot Menu Plot/Mesh
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Choose Plot/Mesh to display the finite element mesh inside the objects you select.
Plot/Field
> To display the mesh:
Plot/Animation
1. Select the objects using one of the selection commands.
Plot/BH Curves
2. Choose Plot/Mesh. The Mesh Plot window appears:
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
Plot/Visibility
Plot/Delete
Plot/Show Coordinates
Plot/Format
3. Enter the plot name in the Name field.

4. Enter a Scale Factor between zero and 100 percent. The mesh tetrahedra are
drawn at this percentage of their original size. For instance, a scale factor of 80
draws the tetrahedra at 80% of their original size.
5. Enter a Transparency between zero and 100 percent. This determines whether
things that are behind the objects or already plotted on them are visible. A
transparency of zero creates a completely opaque mesh plot; a transparency of
100 percent creates a completely transparent mesh plot.
• Select Wire Frame to draw the mesh in wire frame form.
• Select Hidden Line to draw the mesh as a hidden line plot.
• Select Shaded to draw shaded tetrahedra.
7. Optionally, select Surface Only to only draw the faces of tetrahedra that lie on
Go Back object surfaces. Deselect it to draw all tetrahedra inside the selected objects.
8. Choose OK to draw the mesh or Cancel to stop the operation.
Contents The Post Processor treats mesh plots like any other type of plot. Use the Plot/Modify
command to change their appearance. Use the Plot/Visibility command to make them
Index invisible. Use the Plot/Delete command to delete them.

Plot Menu Plot/Field
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Choose Plot/Field to plot basic field quantities such as E and H, and simple derived
Plot/Field quantities such as energy. These quantities can be plotted on points, lines, surfaces, and
Create the Geometry volumes.
Plot Quantity
> To plot field quantities:
On Geometry
1. Before you begin, create the geometry on which fields are to be plotted.
In Volume
2. Choose Plot/Field. A window similar to the following one appears. For details
2D Line Plot
about a field, click on its name.
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots
Vector Surface Plots
Scalar 3D Line Plots
Vector 3D Line Plots
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open 3. Select the plot quantity, the geometry, and the volume in which fields are plotted.
Plot/Save As 4. (Scalar field quantity on a line.) Select whether a 2D or 3D line plot is drawn.
Plot/Modify 5. (Eddy current.) Enter the phase angle at which the quantity is plotted.
6. Choose OK. A window appears with fields that control the plot’s appearance.
7. Set the plot attributes. Click below to view the attributes for each plot type:
• Scalar Surface and Volume Plots • Scalar 2D Line Plots
• Vector Surface Plots • Scalar Point Plots
Go Back • Scalar 3D Line Plots • Vector Point Plots
• Vector 3D Line Plots
The field quantity is then plotted on the geometry you selected.
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Plot Menu Create the Geometry
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh The first step in plotting fields is to create a point, line, surface, or volume for the plot.
Plot/Field Keep the following in mind:
Create the Geometry • The Post Processor automatically creates a set of predefined surfaces, volumes, and
Plot Quantity lists which includes surfaces such as the xy-, yz-, and xz-planes and the outside
On Geometry surfaces of objects, and volumes such as the insides of objects and the solution
In Volume region. Use them whenever possible to simplify your analysis.
2D Line Plot • Use the Geometry/Create commands to create the following:
3D Line Plot • Points
Phase • Lines
Phase Animation • Any surfaces, volumes, or lists that the Post Processor has not already defined
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots (such as planes other than the xy-, yz-, and xz-planes, lists of multiple objects, and
Vector Surface Plots volume boxes).
• Use the Data/Calculator command to define points of maximum and minimum field
values and isosurfaces on which fields are to be plotted.
Scalar Point Plots Plot Quantity
Vector Point Plots
Select the field quantity to be plotted. In Eddy Current problems, some magnitudes and
Plot Options
vectors are given by AtPhase or CmplxMag, where AtPhase refers to the instantaneous
Plot/Animation
magnitude and CmplxMag refers to the total complex magnitude over the field. The avail-
Plot/BH Curves
able quantities are listed as follow.
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As Electrostatic Field Quantities
Plot/Modify
Select one of the following:
Mag E The magnitude of the electric field, |E|(x,y,z).
Mag D The magnitude of the electric flux density, |D|(x,y,z).
Voltage The electric potential, φ(x,y,z).
Go Back E Vector The electric field, E(x,y,z).
D Vector The electric flux density, D(x,y,z).
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Plot Menu Magnetostatic Field Quantities
Plot Commands Select one of the following:
Plot/Mesh
Plot/Field B Vector The magnetic flux density, B(x,y,z).
Create the Geometry H Vector The magnetic field, H(x,y,z).
Plot Quantity J Vector The current density, J(x,y,z).
On Geometry Mag B The magnitude of the magnetic flux density, |B|(x,y,z).
In Volume Mag H The magnitude of the magnetic field, |H|(x,y,z).
2D Line Plot
Mag J The magnitude of the current density, |J|(x,y,z).
3D Line Plot
Phase Energy The magnetic field energy density.
Phase Animation Coenergy The magnetic coenergy density.
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots Appenergy The apparent energy density.
Scalar 3D Line Plots Eddy Current Field Quantities
Vector 3D Line Plots Select one of the following:
Mag H (AtPhase) The instantaneous magnitude of the field at ωt, |H|(x,y,z,t).
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots Mag B (AtPhase) The instantaneous magnitude of the flux density at ωt, |B|.
Plot Options Mag J (AtPhase) The instantaneous magnitude of the current density at ωt,
Plot/Animation |J|(x,y,z,t).
Plot/BH Curves Mag H (CmplxMag) The complex magnitude of the magnetic field, |H|(x,y,z).
Plot/Open Mag B (CmplxMag) The complex magnitude of the flux density, |B|(x,y,z).
Plot/Save As Mag J (CmplxMag) The complex magnitude of the current density, |J|(x,y,z).
Plot/Modify H Vector (AtPhase) The instantaneous magnetic field at ωt, H(x,y,z,t).
B Vector (AtPhase) The instantaneous magnetic flux density at ωt, B(x,y,z,t).
J Vector(AtPhase) The instantaneous current density at ωt, J(x,y,z,t).
H Vector (CmplxMag) The magnetic field vector, H(x,y,z).
B Vector (CmplxMag) The magnetic flux density vector, B(x,y,z).
Go Back J Vector (CmplxMag) The current density vector, J(x,y,z).
Energy The average magnetic field energy density.
Contents Ohmic Loss The average ohmic loss density.
Hysteresis Loss The average hysteresis loss density.
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Plot Menu On Geometry
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Select the point, line, surface, or volume on which the field is to be plotted. Geometries
Plot/Field include those created via the Geometry/Create commands, all predefined surfaces, vol-
Create the Geometry umes, and lists, all points of maximum and minimum field values, and any isosurfaces.
Plot Quantity In Volume
On Geometry
In Volume Select the region (volume) in which fields are to be plotted. This lets you limit plots to the
2D Line Plot intersection of a volume with the selected point, surface, or line. It does not apply if you
3D Line Plot selected a volume under On Geometry. For instance, to plot fields on the intersection of
Phase the xz-plane and the object coil, select coil under In Volume. To plot fields on the entire
Phase Animation xz-plane, select -all-.
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots 2D Line Plot
Scalar 3D Line Plots Draws a “value vs. distance” plot of the field quantity on the line.
Scalar 2D Line Plots 3D Line Plot
Scalar Point Plots Plots the field quantity directly on the line. Scalar quantities are plotted as shaded lines;
Vector Point Plots vector quantities are plotted as arrows based on the line.
Plot Options
Plot/Animation Phase
Plot/BH Curves
(Eddy Current.) The phase angle, ωt, at which an AC magnetic field quantity is plotted. AC
Plot/Open
quantities can be represented as:
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify A ( x, y, z, t ) = A ( x, y, z ) cos ( ωt + θ )
where:
• ω is the angular frequency at which the magnetic field and source currents oscillate,
which is equal to 2πf (where f is the solution frequency).
• θ is the phase angle — the offset from a cosine wave that peaks at ωt=0.
Go Back
Phase Animation
Contents (Eddy Current.) Animates the plot with respect to the phase of the plotted field.
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Plot Menu Scalar Surface and Volume Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a surface plot or volume plot of a scalar field quantity, the following window
Plot/Field appears. Note that some of these fields do not appear for volume plots.
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
Go Back
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Plot Menu Vector Surface Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a surface plot of a vector field quantity, the following window appears.
Plot/Field Click on one of the fields below to see a description of it:
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
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Plot Menu Scalar 3D Line Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a 3D line plot of a scalar field quantity, the following window appears. Click
Plot/Field on one of the fields below to see a description of it:
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
Go Back
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Plot Menu Vector 3D Line Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a 3D line plot of a vector field quantity, the following window appears. Click
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
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Plot Menu Scalar 2D Line Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a 2D line plot (value vs. distance plot) of a scalar field quantity, the follow-
Plot/Field ing window appears. Click on one of the fields below to see a description of it:
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
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Plot Menu Scalar Point Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a point plot of a scalar field quantity, the following window appears. Click
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
Go Back
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Plot Menu Vector Point Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh If you generate a point plot of a vector field quantity, the following window appears. Click
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity
On Geometry
In Volume
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot
Phase
Phase Animation
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
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Plot Menu Plot Options
Plot Commands Name
Plot/Mesh
Plot/Field This is the name of the plot, which appears in the color key.
Create the Geometry Show Color Key
Plot Quantity
On Geometry Select this to display the plot’s color key (shown below). The color key displays the range
In Volume of field values that were plotted, and shows which field values correspond to the colors on
2D Line Plot the plot. It automatically updates if you change the color map type or plot scale. Mesh
3D Line Plot plots, surface drawings, and animated plots do not have color keys.
Phase
Phase Animation Plot name
Scalar Point Plots Range of plotted
Vector Point Plots Color map field values.
Plot Options
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
Moving the Color Key

To move the color key, click on it and drag it to the new location.
Modifying a Plot with the Color Key
Go Back Using the color key to modify a plot’s appearance has the same effect as executing the
Plot/Modify command.
Contents > To modify a plot’s appearance via the color key:
• Double-click on the color key. A window appears, allowing you to change the plot’s
Index attributes.

Plot Menu Filled
Plot Commands If a scalar field quantity is plotted on a surface, the simulator draws contour lines at the
Plot/Mesh various field values. The Filled field lets you toggle between shaded (filled) and contour
Plot/Field (unfilled) plots.
Create the Geometry
Plot Quantity • Select Filled to display a shaded plot. The Post Processor fills in the area between
On Geometry contours with the color corresponding to the field value.
In Volume • Deselect Filled to display a contour plot. The Post Processor leaves the area between
2D Line Plot plot contours blank.
3D Line Plot Plot Scale
Phase
Phase Animation These fields control how field quantities are scaled on the plot.
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots Auto Scale
Scalar 3D Line Plots Choose this to plot the full range of field values on the selected surface, cutplane, or vol-
Vector 3D Line Plots ume.
Scalar 2D Line Plots Use Limits
Scalar Point Plots
Vector Point Plots Choose this to plot only the field values within the range you specify.
Plot Options Maximum Enter the highest field value to be plotted.
Plot/Animation Minimum Enter the lowest field value to be plotted.
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open Field values above or below these values are plotted in the colors assigned to the Maxi-
Plot/Save As mum or Minimum limits.
Plot/Modify Divisions
This is the number of divisions between the maximum and minimum plotted values — that
is, the number of contours on the plot.
Linear
Go Back Select this to plot field values on a linear scale.
Logarithmic
Contents
Select this to plot field values on a logarithmic scale.
Index
Plot Menu Color Map Type
Plot Commands These options control the color of the plot.
Plot/Mesh
Plot/Field Ramp
Create the Geometry This plots field quantities in a single color.
Plot Quantity
On Geometry > To specify a single color for a plot:
In Volume 1. Choose Ramp.
2D Line Plot 2. Choose the plot color from the color palette.
3D Line Plot The color you selected appears next to Ramp. When fields are plotted, its shade corre-
Phase sponds to the field value.
Phase Animation
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots Spectrum
Vector Surface Plots This plots field quantities in multiple colors.
Vector 3D Line Plots > To select a spectrum color:
Scalar 2D Line Plots 1. Choose Spectrum.
Scalar Point Plots 2. Select a spectrum color from the menu.
Vector Point Plots The Post Processor assigns one of the colors from the selected spectrum to each field
Plot Options value that’s plotted.
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves Color Block
Plot/Open This assigns a color to the plot.
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify > To specify a color:
1. Click on the color block. An array of colors appears.
2. Choose the new color for the plot.
The plot changes to the new color.
Value
Go Back
For a point plot, select this to display the value of the field quantity at the point.
Contents • If a scalar field quantity is being plotted, its magnitude is displayed.

• If a vector field quantity is being plotted, the magnitudes of its x-, y-, and z-
components are displayed.
Index
Plot Menu Marker
Plot Commands For scalar point plots, select this to plot the field quantity using a marker.
Plot/Mesh
Plot/Field Marker Options
Create the Geometry If you create a point plot of a scalar field quantity, use these fields to control the plot’s
Plot Quantity appearance.
On Geometry
In Volume Type
2D Line Plot Select the type of marker that’s drawn at the point. Choose one of these shapes:
3D Line Plot
Phase Sphere
Phase Animation Box
Scalar Surf/Vol Plots Tetrahedron
Vector Surface Plots Octahedron
Scalar 3D Line Plots Size
Scalar 2D Line Plots The size of the marker in the model’s units of measurement.
Scalar Point Plots Map Size
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options Scales the size of the marker to the magnitude of the quantity being plotted.
Plot/Animation Map Color
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open Assigns a color to the marker according to the magnitude of the quantity being plotted.
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify Note: You must select either Map Size, Map Color, or both. An error message
appears if neither is selected.
Arrow
For a vector point plot, select Arrow to plot the field quantity at the point as an arrow. If
Go Back this field is not selected, the values of the vector’s x-, y-, and z-components are displayed.
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Index
Plot Menu Arrow Options
Plot Commands If an arrow plot of a vector quantity is being drawn, use these fields to specify the plot’s
Plot/Mesh appearance.
Plot/Field
Create the Geometry Type
Plot Quantity Controls how the plot’s arrows are displayed. Choose one of the following:
On Geometry
In Volume 2D Draws two-dimensional, flat arrows.
2D Line Plot 3D Draws three-dimensional, rounded arrows.
3D Line Plot
Phase Size
Phase Animation The length of the arrows in the model’s units. In general, accept the default.
Vector Surface Plots Map Size
Scalar 3D Line Plots Scales the size of the arrows to the magnitude of the field quantity being plotted.
Scalar 2D Line Plots Map Color
Scalar Point Plots Assigns colors to arrows according to the magnitude of the field quantity being plotted.
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options Note: You must select either Map Size, Map Color, or both. An error message
Plot/Animation appears if neither is selected.
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As Spacing
Plot/Modify The Post Processor plots arrows on a grid that is superimposed on the surface, line, or
volume you selected for the plot. Enter the distance between arrows (grid points) in the
Spacing field. In general, accept the default.
Num Points
This is the number of data points at which a field quantity is plotted on a 2D line or BH-
Go Back curve plot. In general, accept the default.
Color
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This is the color of the plotted quantity on a 2D line plot or BH-curve plot. To specify the
color, choose the color from the palette. The selected color then appears next to Color.
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Plot Menu Marker
Plot Commands This is the type of marker used to indicate data points on a 2D line plot or BH-curve plot.
Plot/Mesh Available only if Show Markers is selected.
Plot/Field
Create the Geometry > To specify the type of marker for a 2D line plot:
Plot Quantity 1. Choose Marker. A palette of marker shapes appears.
On Geometry 2. Select the shape you prefer.
In Volume The new marker shape then appears next to Marker.
2D Line Plot
3D Line Plot Width
Phase This is the width of the plotted line. In 2D line plots and BH-curve plots, this option is avail-
Phase Animation able only if Show Line is selected.
Vector Surface Plots > To specify the line width:
Scalar 3D Line Plots 1. Choose Line. A palette of line widths appears.
Vector 3D Line Plots 2. Select the width you prefer.
Scalar 2D Line Plots Style
Scalar Point Plots
This is the type of line that’s plotted. Available only if Show Line is selected.
Vector Point Plots
Plot Options > To specify the line style:
Plot/Animation 1. Choose Style. A palette of line styles appears.
Plot/BH Curves 2. Select the style you prefer.
Plot/Open Show Markers
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify Select this to display markers at data points on a 2D line plot or BH-curve plot.
Show Line
Select this to display the plotted quantity as a line.
Add to Current Plot
Go Back If an additional field quantity is being plotted, select this to add it to the current 2D line
plot. If Add to Current Plot is not selected, a new plot is created.
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Plot Menu Plot/Animation
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Choose Plot/Animation to:
Plot/Field
Plot/Animation
• Create an animated plot.
Creating an Animated Plot
• Edit an animated plot by moving, inserting, or deleting individual frames of the plot.
Displaying an Animated • Play a plot’s entire animation sequence or step through it one frame at a time.
Plot (Plot Control Panel) An animated plot is created frame by frame, in
Plot Animation Variables much the same way as an animated cartoon. To
Editing an Animated Plot create an animated plot, you take pictures of the
Making Movies individual field, mesh, or surface plots that you
Tips and Hints For Gener- want to include in the animation — just as an ani-
ating Animated Plots mator takes pictures of the individual drawings
Cutplanes - Taking Pic- that make up a cartoon. Each snapshot of an ordi-
tures nary plot is a frame of the animated plot. Display-
Changing the Views ing the frames in sequence creates the animation.
Plot/BH Curves > Click on one of the following to see more
Plot/Open information about animated plots:
Plot/Save As • Creating an Animated Plot
Plot/Modify • Displaying an Animated Plot (Plot Control
Plot/Visibility Panel)
Plot/Delete • Editing an Animated Plot
Plot/Show Coordinates • Making Movies
Plot/Format • Tips and Hints For Generating Animated
Plots
While the Animation Plots window is displayed,
you can access other commands in the Post Pro-
cessor. This lets you modify the plots that become
frames in the animation without having to exit the
Plot/Animation command.
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Plot Menu Creating an Animated Plot
Plot Commands > To create an animated plot:
Plot/Mesh 1. Use the Plot/Mesh, Plot/Field, or Data/Calculator commands to generate the plot
Plot/Field that serves as the first frame of the animation. Click here to see tips and hints for
Plot/Animation generating animated plots.
Creating an Animated 2. Choose Plot/Animation. The Animation Plots window appears. You may wish to
Plot move this window away from the center of the screen to minimize any confusion
Displaying an Animated when new plots and windows appear.
Plot (Plot Control Panel) 3. Optionally, specify a new name for the plot:
Plot Animation Variables a. Enter a name for the plot in the Name field.
Editing an Animated Plot b. Choose OK.
Making Movies 4. To add the currently displayed plot to the animation, choose Add.
Tips and Hints For Gener- 5. To create the next frame of the animation, modify the field or mesh plot as
ating Animated Plots necessary.
Cutplanes - Taking Pic-
tures Note: To better view the field or mesh plot, resize the Post Processor window so
Changing the Views that you can move the Animation Plot window off to the side.
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to continue adding frames to the animated plot.
Plot/Save As
7. When you are finished, choose Done.
Plot/Modify
Plot/Visibility Displaying an Animated Plot (Plot Control Panel)
Plot/Delete
The Animation Plots window includes a control panel that is used to display the currently
selected animated plot. You can play the animation sequence forward or backward, or
Plot/Format
step through it one frame at a time. Click on a button to view more information about it.
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Plot Menu Plot Animation Variables
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh When you create a plot using one of the geometries with an anim prefix, the following win-
Plot/Field dow appears:
Plot/Animation
Displaying an Animated
Plot (Plot Control Panel)
Plot Animation Variables
Editing an Animated Plot
Making Movies
Tips and Hints For Gener-
ating Animated Plots
tures
Changing the Views
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify Use this window to create animated plots and movies.
Plot/Visibility
Plot/Delete > To create a plot from this window:
Plot/Show Coordinates 1. Select the plot animation variable from the Variable list.
Plot/Format 2. Enter the number of the frame you wish to start the animation with in the Start
field.
3. Enter the number of the frame you wish to end the animation with in the Stop field.
4. Enter the number of increments you want in the animation in the Delta field.
5. Select Make Movie to create an animated movie from the plots.
6. Choose OK to accept the variable data or Cancel to cancel the plot animation.
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Plot Menu Animation Variables
Plot Commands The following variables appear in the Variables pull-down menu and may be varied in the
Plot/Mesh animation:
Plot/Field
Plot/Animation XPOS The x position.
Creating an Animated Plot YPOS The y position.
Displaying an Animated ZPOS The z position.
Plot (Plot Control Panel) XANGLE The z rotation.
Plot Animation Variables ANSx A user-defined function variable specified in either the Material Man-
Editing an Animated Plot ager or the 3D Boundary/Source Manager.
Making Movies
SPHRADIUS The radius of a sphere.
Tips and Hints For Gener-
ating Animated Plots CYLRADIUS The radius of a cylinder.
Cutplanes - Taking Pic- PHASE The phase.
tures CONEANGLE The base angle of the cone.
Changing the Views
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
Plot/Visibility
Plot/Delete
Plot/Format
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Plot Menu Editing an Animated Plot
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh After an animated plot is complete, you can rearrange, insert, or delete individual frames.
Plot/Field > To edit an animated plot:
Plot/Animation 1. Do one of the following:
Creating an Animated Plot • Choose Plot/Animation.
Displaying an Animated • Choose Plot/Modify.
Plot (Plot Control Panel) The Animation Plots window appears.
Plot Animation Variables 2. Select the name of the plot to be edited. (A plot is automatically selected if you
Editing an Animated Plot used the Plot/Modify command to edit the plot.)
Making Movies 3. To specify a new name for the plot:
Tips and Hints For Gener- a. Enter a name for the plot in the Name field.
ating Animated Plots b. Choose OK.
Cutplanes - Taking Pic- 4. Under Frame List, select the frame you wish to use.
tures 5. Use the following commands to edit the frames in the plot:
Changing the Views
Add Takes a snapshot of the currently displayed field, mesh, or surface plot,
Plot/BH Curves
and includes it as a new frame in the animated plot.
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As Insert Adds a copy of the selected frame to the plot.
Plot/Modify Delete Deletes the selected frame.
Plot/Visibility Move Up Moves the selected frame up one frame in the list.
Plot/Delete Move Down Moves the selected frame down one frame in the list.
Plot/Show Coordinates Show Displays the selected frame.
Plot/Format
Making Movies
Choose Make Movie to create a replaying movie from a series of animated plots.
> To create a movie from the frames in the animation:
1. Create a list of frames you wish to animate in the Animation Plots window.
2. Choose Make Movie. The Post Processor creates pixmaps then plays the movie.
Go Back 3. Select a speed at which to play the animation. Choose Stop to stop the movie.
4. Choose Animation panel to return to the Animation Plots window or Done to
Contents exit.
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Plot Menu Tips and Hints For Generating Animated Plots
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh This section is included to help you create animated plots. It is not intended to be an
Plot/Field exhaustive list of techniques for generating animations. Use your creativity to decide the
Plot/Animation most suitable animation for your plots.
Creating an Animated Plot When generating your animated plots, there are a few things to consider.
Displaying an Animated
Plot (Plot Control Panel) Space
Plot Animation Variables The size of your object is important to your animation. Generating an animated plot for a
Editing an Animated Plot small object will often require zooming in toward the object which may cause you to ignore
Making Movies other objects outside the range of the zoom. You can change or rotate your view to collect
Tips and Hints For Gen- the objects in a narrow region and then zoom in toward the region. This change of view
erating Animated Plots eliminates the chance of ignoring objects you wish to observe in the animation.
tures Speed
Changing the Views The speed of the animation depends entirely on the memory of your system and the num-
Plot/BH Curves ber of objects in the animation. The more complex your animation is, the longer it takes to
Plot/Open redraw each frame.
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify Color Spectrum
Plot/Visibility The spectrum of your plots is determined in the Plot/Mesh or Plot/Field steps. Animated
Plot/Delete plots do not have color keys so you cannot change your plot spectrum during the anima-
Plot/Show Coordinates tion.
Plot/Format
When creating your plot, you may wish to set your Spectrum type to Temperature. This
generally displays the array of results more clearly than other types.
Cutplanes - Taking Pictures
Cutplanes from the Geometry/Create/Cutplane command can be used to show a cross-
section of fields in a model. Once you have created your cutplanes, use the Plot/Field
Go Back command to plot the fields on the planes. Animating these cutplanes in sequence shows
the distribution of fields across the planes.
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Plot Menu Changing the Views
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Changing the view of the animation is often necessary to observe objects that are
Plot/Field obscured by other parts of your model.
Plot/Animation Rotating Views
Displaying an Animated Rotating the view of the model may make it easier to observe all the changes in the ani-
Plot (Plot Control Panel) mation.
Plot Animation Variables > To change the view of your model:
Editing an Animated Plot 1. Press and hold the CRTL key. The cursor changes to a curved arrow.
Making Movies 2. Click and hold the left mouse button.
Tips and Hints For Gener- 3. Move the mouse in the direction you wish to turn the model.
ating Animated Plots 4. Release the mouse button and CRTL key.
tures The animation screen displays the frames in the new rotated position.
Changing the Views Zooming In and Out
Plot/BH Curves > To zoom toward or away from your model:
Plot/Open 1. Click and hold the right mouse button to obtain the menu:
Plot/Save As 2. Choose Zoom. A magnifying glass icon appears.
Plot/Modify 3. Click and hold the left mouse button.
Plot/Visibility 4. Move the icon toward the top of the screen to zoom toward the model. Move the
Plot/Delete icon toward the bottom of the screen to zoom away from the model.
Plot/Format The animation screen displays the frames in the new zoomed position.
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Plot Menu Plot/BH Curves
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Magnetostatic problems with nonlinear materials
Plot/Field In some materials, B and H are not linearly dependent. The relationship between the B-
Plot/Animation field and the H-field in these materials is specified using a BH-curve. Choose Plot/BH
Plot/BH Curves Curves to display the BH-curves associated with any nonlinear materials that are used in
Plot/Open the model.
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify > To display BH-curves:
Plot/Visibility 1. Choose Plot/BH Curves. A window appears listing all objects that are assigned
Plot/Delete nonlinear materials, and the nonlinear materials that are assigned to them.
Plot/Show Coordinates 2. Select the object(s) whose BH-curve you wish to view.
Plot/Format 3. Choose OK.
The BH-curves associated with the objects you selected then appear as shown below.
Note: Keep the following in mind when plotting BH-curves:

• Use the Plot/Format commands to modify the plot’s appearance.
• Use the Plot/Show Coordinates command to find the B and H
values associated with specific points on a BH-curve.
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Plot Menu Plot/Open
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Use the Plot/Open commands to load plots into the Post Processor that were previously
Plot/Field saved to a file using the Plot/Save As command.
Plot/Animation 2D Plot Opens a 2D line (value vs. distance) plot file.
Plot/BH Curves
3D Plot Opens a point, 3D line, surface, or volume plot file.
Plot/Open
Plot/Open/2D Plot Plot/Open/2D Plot
Plot/Open/3D Plot
Plot/Save As Choose Plot/Open/2D Plot to load a previously saved 2D line plot (*.dat extension) into
Plot/Modify the 3D Post Processor. You can also load plots from PlotData or any other Maxwell soft-
Plot/Visibility ware package that saves plots in this format.
Plot/Delete
> To load a 2D line plot into the Post Processor:
1. Choose Plot/Open/2D Plot.
Plot/Format
2. Use the file browser to select the plot file you wish to open.
3. Choose OK.
The 2D plot then opens and appears.
Plot/Open/3D Plot
Choose Plot/Open/3D Plot to load a previously saved point, 3D line, surface, or volume
plot (*.dsp extension) into the Post Processor.
> To load a 3D plot into the Post Processor:
1. Choose Plot/Open/3D Plot.
2. Use the file browser to select the plot file you wish to open.
3. Choose OK.
The 3D plot then opens and appears.
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Plot Menu Plot/Save As
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Use the Plot/Save As commands to save plots to a file.
Plot/Field 2D Plot Saves a 2D line (value vs. distance) plot to a file.
Plot/Animation
3D Plot Saves a point, 3D line, surface, or volume plot to a file.
Plot/BH Curves
Plot/Open These plots can later be loaded into the Post Processor using Plot/Open.
Plot/Save As
Plot/Save As/2D Plot Plot/Save As/2D Plot
Plot/Save As/3D Plot
Use this command to save a 2D line plot to a file.
Plot/Modify
Plot/Visibility > To save a 2D line plot:
Plot/Delete 1. Select the 2D line plot to be saved as the active plot window.
Plot/Show Coordinates 2. Choose Plot/Save As/2D Plot.
Plot/Format 3. Use the file browser to select the file name and directory path. 2D line plots are
automatically saved with a *.dat extension.
4. Choose OK. The plot is then saved.
Note that saved 2D line plots can be read into PlotData or any other Maxwell software
package that can read plot files in this format.
Plot/Save As/3D Plot
Use this command to save a point, 3D line, surface, or volume plot to a file.
> To save a 3D plot:
1. Choose Plot/Save As/3D Plot.
2. If more than one plot has been drawn, a window appears listing all available plots.
Select a plot and choose OK.
3. Enter the name of the plot file in the Name field. Use the file browser to specify the
name and directory path. Point, 3D line, surface, and volume plots are
automatically saved with a *.dsp extension.
Go Back 4. Specify the file format. Choose one of the following:
Binary Saves the plot in binary format, which takes up less disk space.
Contents ASCII Saves the plot in ASCII format.
5. Choose OK. The plot is then saved.

Index
Plot Menu Plot/Modify
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Choose Plot/Modify to change the appearance of a mesh, point, 3D line, surface, vol-
Plot/Field ume, or animated plot. The specific attributes that you can change depend on the type of
Plot/Animation plot that you are modifying.
Plot/BH Curves
> To modify an existing plot:
Plot/Open
Plot/Save As
Plot/Modify
• Choose Plot/Modify.
Plot/Visibility • Double-click on the plot’s color key. (Note that animated and mesh plots do not
Plot/Delete have color keys.)
Plot/Show Coordinates 2. If more than one plot has been drawn, a window appears listing all available plots.
Plot/Format Highlight a plot and choose OK. A window displaying its attributes then appears.
3. Change the plot attributes. Click below to see an explanation of the attributes for
each type of plot:
• Scalar Surface and Volume Plots • Scalar 2D Line Plots
• Vector Surface Plots • Scalar Point Plots
• Scalar 3D Line Plots • Vector Point Plots
• Vector 3D Line Plots • Surface Drawings
• Animated Plots • Mesh Plots
4. Choose OK or Done to modify the plot.
Note: You cannot use this command to modify the appearance of 2D line or BH-
curve plots. Instead, use the Plot/Format commands.
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Plot Menu Plot/Visibility
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Choose Plot/Visibility to specify whether a point, 3D line, surface, volume, or animated
Plot/Field plot is visible or invisible. Although they do not appear on screen, invisible plots are still
Plot/Animation stored in memory. They can be made visible again at any time.
Plot/BH Curves
> To change the visibility of a plot:
Plot/Open
1. Choose Plot/Visibility.
Plot/Save As
2. To make a plot invisible, click on its name. The plot disappears and its Visibility
Plot/Modify
field automatically changes to No.
Plot/Visibility
3. To make a plot visible, click on its name again. The plot reappears and its
Plot/Delete
Visibility field automatically changes to Yes.
4. Choose OK to exit.
Plot/Format
Note: You cannot use this command to make 2D line or BH-curve plots invisible.
Instead, reduce them to icons with the minimize button on the plot window.
Plot/Delete
Choose Plot/Delete to delete a point, 3D line, surface, volume, or animated plot from the
Post Processor. This frees up the memory that was used by that plot. Note that you can-
not delete 2D line or BH-curve plots with this command.
> To delete a plot:
1. Choose Plot/Delete.
2. Select a plot to be deleted. The Delete field for that plot automatically changes to
No. To deselect a plot, click on its name again. Its Delete field automatically
changes to Yes.
3. Choose OK to delete the selected plots or choose Cancel to cancel the command.
The selected plot is deleted.
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Warning: Once plots are deleted, they cannot be restored unless you had previously
Contents used the Plot/Save As command to save the plot to a file, it can be reloaded
with the Plot/Open command.
Index
Plot Menu Plot/Show Coordinates
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Use the Plot/Show Coordinates command to display the coordinates of points on a 2D
Plot/Field line or BH-curve plot.
Plot/Animation
Plot/BH Curves
• For 2D line plots, this finds:
Plot/Open
• The distance of the selected point from the beginning of the line (the x-coordinate).
Plot/Save As • The magnitude of the plotted field quantity at the selected point (the y-coordinate).
Plot/Modify • For BH-curve plots, this gives you an accurate measure of the B and H values at
Plot/Visibility various points on the curve, helping you to analyze saturation levels in nonlinear
Plot/Delete materials. Use it to find:
Plot/Show Coordinates • The value of the H-field at the selected point (the x-coordinate).
Plot/Format • The value of the B-field at the selected point (the y-coordinate).
> To display the x- and y-coordinates of points on a plot:
1. Plot the data of the problem. To get a closer view of the plot, zoom in on it with the
View/Zoom In command or the Zoom command on the right mouse button menu.
2. Choose Plot/Show Coordinates.
3. Move the mouse the point on the plot whose coordinates you wish to see.
4. Click the left mouse button. A window appears showing the coordinates of the
chosen point. The point is marked with a square if you selected a data point, or a
cross if you did not.
5. Optionally, select Marker 2 and select an additional point whose coordinates you
wish to view.
6. To view the coordinates of additional points, repeat steps 3 though 5.
7. Choose Hide to hide the coordinates window or Done to end the command.
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Plot Menu Plot/Format
Plot Commands
Plot/Mesh Use the Plot/Format commands to modify the appearance of a 2D line or BH-curve plot
Plot/Field as follows:
Plot/Animation Axes Specifies axis scales, labels, plot headings, and the minimum and maximum
Plot/BH Curves signal values to be plotted. Also sets the axis tick mark and grid settings.
Plot/Open
Graphs Specifies the color, line thickness, and line style of a previously plotted line.
Plot/Save As
Also determines the type of markers displayed at solution data points, and
Plot/Modify
whether the graph is visible on the plot.
Plot/Visibility
Plot/Delete Plot/Format/Axes
Plot/Format If a 2D line or BH-curve plot is displayed, use the Plot/Format/Axes command to change:
Plot/Format/Axes
Plot/Format/Graphs
• The scale of the x- and y-axes.
• The tick marks drawn on the x- and y-axes, and the number and type to be drawn.
• Whether a grid is drawn on the major tick marks, minor tick marks, or both.
• The minimum and maximum data values that are displayed on the axes.
• The plot heading and labels on the x- and y-axes.
This command is identical to the Plot/Format Axes command in the PlotData utility.
Plot/Format/Graphs
If a 2D line or BH-curve plot is displayed, use the Plot/Format/Graphs command to
change:
• The plot’s line color, width, and style.
• Whether markers are used to indicate data points.
• The type of symbol that marks data points.
• Whether the graph is visible on the plot.
Go Back This command is identical to the Plot/Format Graphs command in the PlotData utility.
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Post Processing Parametrics
Parametrics Parametrics
Nominal and Parametric
Models If you have purchased the 3D Parametrics option for the Maxwell 3D and completed a
General Procedure parametric sweep, the Post Process/Variables option is highlighted and active.
Setting Up A Parametric
The 3D Parametrics module allows you to:
Solution
Generating a Solution • Identify and modify the source, materials setup, and frequency of your solved model.
Post Processing a Paramet- • Use macros in the data calculator to compute and define other quantities.
ric Solution • Perform a parametric sweep.
Batch Processing
Batch Mode for Worksta- Using parametric analysis, you can compute:
tions • Static electric fields, forces, torques, and capacitances due to voltage distributions
Batch Mode for Windows and charges.
• Static magnetic fields, forces, torques, and inductances due to DC currents, static
external magnetic fields, and permanent magnets. Fields can be simulated in
structures that contain linear and nonlinear materials.
• Time-varying magnetic fields, forces, torques, and impedances due to AC currents
and oscillating external magnetic fields.
The software’s generalized, finite element based field solvers enable you to simulate elec-
tric and magnetic fields in virtually any type of device. You are expected to draw the struc-
ture and specify all relevant material characteristics, boundary conditions and sources,
and any special quantities to be computed (such as forces and torques). The software
then generates the necessary field solutions and computes the requested quantities of
interest. You can then view and analyze the fields in the device using the software’s post-
processing features.
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Index
Parametrics Nominal and Parametric Models
Models To perform a parametric analysis on your model, you must create a nominal model. A
General Procedure nominal model is created like any other 3D model, save that the design parameters that
Setting Up A Parametric will be changed during a parametric sweep must be defined as variables while you are
Solution assigning material properties, setting the boundary conditions and sources, and specify-
Generating a Solution ing your executive parameters. Any dimensions that you plan to vary must be defined
Post Processing a Paramet- using geometric constraints.
ric Solution
The nominal model’s field and executive parameters are computed independently of para-
Batch Processing
metric solutions. When computing the final solutions, the simulator uses the original val-
Batch Mode for Worksta-
ues for all variables that were set during the creation of the model and ignores any values
tions
that may have been specified during a parametric sweep.
Batch Mode for Windows
The parametric model consists of a series of variations on the nominal model. In it, the
variables defined for the model are assigned the values you specified while setting up the
parametrics sweep. The number of variations that can be defined in a parametric model is
limited only by your computing resources.
Each variant on the nominal model is known as a “parametric setup.” It represents the
model that results when you set one or more of the variables you defined when creating
the model with different values. During the solution process, field and executive parameter
solutions are computed for each setup. Post-processing macros are executed using the
results of the setup’s field solution. You can then compare the results obtained for each
setup to determine how each design changes affects the model’s performance.
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Index
Parametrics General Procedure
Models Setting up a problem for variable solution is similar to creating a basic nominal problem.
General Procedure The concept is to set all the values you wish to change during parametric solving to vari-
Setting Up A Parametric ables. Follow this general procedure to set up a parametric model and perform a paramet-
Solution ric analysis.
Generating a Solution
> To set up a model for parametric analysis:
Post Processing a Paramet-
1. Create your geometric model in the modeler. You may employ macros to define
ric Solution
any object or series of objects in the model which you may want to vary.
Batch Processing
2. Define the functional material properties of the objects in your model with the
Setup Materials commands. Define each material to will be varied during the
tions
parametric sweep as a function with a constant value. The constant value is used
during the nominal solution.
3. Assign boundary and source values to your model with the Setup Boundaries/
Sources commands. Define each boundary or source property to be varied during
the parametric sweep as a function with a constant value. The constant value is
used during the nominal solution.
4. Set up your Executive Parameter force and torque computations as well as any
matrix entries.
5. Enter the field and parameter solutions options with the Setup Solution/Options
and Setup Solution/Variables commands.
6. Set up your parametric sweeps.
7. Solve the Nominal Problem and Variables.
8. View and plot parametric solution results. Analyze nominal and parametric field
solutions. Field solutions are given in SI units.
9. View Convergence and Profile statistics.
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Index
Parametrics Setting Up A Parametric Solution
Models After completing the model, assigning the materials, boundaries, and sources, you will
General Procedure want to set up a solution for a specific parameter or set of parameters.
> To set up a model’s parametric solution:
Solution
1. Choose Setup Solution/Variables.
2. Choose Variables/Add to select the variables such as frequency, geometric
constraints, material properties, or boundary/source values that will be assigned
ric Solution
new values during the parametric sweep.
Batch Processing
3. Choose OK to accept those variables into the sweep.
4. Define the solutions to perform during a parametric sweep. To add solutions to the
tions
sweep, you can either specify the range of values using the Data/Sweep
command or you can add the solutions using the Edit/Insert Row command.
5. Choose File/Save to save your changes.
6. Choose File/Exit to exit.
At this point, your parametric setup is complete.
To generate a parametric solution, choose Solve/Variables from the Executive Com-
mands menu. A solution is generated for each parametric setup that’s been defined for
your model.
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Parametrics Post Processing a Parametric Solution
Models After you have completed the solution process, follow these guidelines to view the results
General Procedure of your variables.
> To view, analyze, and plot the results of your parametric solution follow this general
Solution
procedure:
1. Choose Post Processor/Variables. The Post Process Variables screen appears,
Post Processing a Para-
listing all the parametric setups and data ranges. Use the scroll bar to view the
metric Solution
results that do not fit in the window.
Batch Processing
2. Choose Variables/View to display the list of variables used in the setups.
3. Choose Data/Sort to arrange the data rows in ascending or descending order
tions
according to your specified data values.
4. Choose Plot/Field to create a new plot.
5. Select the data you wish you plot.
6. Choose Plot/Save As to save the plot.
To generate a solution for the nominal problem using the Maxwell Batch Utility, follow the
procedure under Batch Mode for Windows.
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Parametrics Batch Processing
Models As an alternative to running the Maxwell 3D interactively, you can use the software’s batch
General Procedure processing feature to conduct a parametric analysis.
> In order for the batch mode to work properly, do the following for each model:
Solution
1. Select the type of field to be computed.
2. Create a model, define the materials, and set up the boundaries. While doing this,
define all variables (such as the geometric constraints or boundary values) that
ric Solution
you want to use during the parametric sweep.
Batch Processing
3. Enter the solution parameters for both the nominal problem and the parametric
sweep.
tions
Batch Mode for Windows To use post processing macros during a batch solution, generate a nominal solution for
the problem and define the macros before running the batch job.
Batch Mode for Workstations
To run the software in batch mode on a workstation, enter one of the following commands
at the UNIX prompt:
• To generate a solution for the nominal problem, enter:
mfs -batch projectname
• To generate a solution for the parametric sweep, enter:
mfs -batch variables projectname
where projectname is the name and directory path of the Maxwell 3D project that you
wish to solve. Use a script to generate batch solution for multiple projects.
Errors in parametric solutions
If problems occur during the parametric solution, the solution for that parametric setup is
aborted. However, the Maxwell 3D continues to generate solutions for the project’s other
Go Back setups. Even though one or more solutions may be invalid, you will not lose the results
from the rest of the parametrics sweep. All solution errors are recorded in the batch log
Contents file.
Index
Parametrics Batch Mode for Windows
Models To generate batch solutions in the Windows version of the software, do one or more of the
General Procedure following:
Setting Up A Parametric • To generate a solution for the nominal problem using the Windows command shell,
Solution enter the following at the command prompt:
Generating a Solution path\m3dfs -batch projectname
ric Solution • To generate a solution for the parametric problem using the Windows command shell,
Batch Processing enter the following at the command prompt:
Batch Mode for Worksta- path\m3dfs -batch variables projectname
tions
where path is the drive and directory path where the Maxwell 3D executables are installed
Batch Mode for Win-
(for example c:\win32app\maxwell) and projectname is the drive, directory path, and name
dows
of the Maxwell 3D project that you wish to solve.
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Parametrics Post Processor
Parametrics Post Proces- Parametrics Post Processor
sor
Parametrics Post Processor Choose Post Process/Variables to:
Commands
Parametric Setup • Plot variable values against solutions, error, number of tetrahedra, and so on. This
Parametrics Post Processor allows you to graphically display the results of the parametric solutions.
Tool Bar • Display the following information for each parametric solution:
Variables Plot Menu • Parameters that were varied during the parametric solution.
Plot/New • The energy, energy error, and number of tetrahedra in the finite element mesh.
Plot/Open • The output of any macros that were executed during the solution process.
Plot/Close
This command is active only if you have purchased the Parametric Analysis module and
Plot/Save As
you have conducted a parametric sweep. When you choose Post Process/Variables, the
Plot/Create Composite
following window appears:
Plot
Plot/Add Graphs
Plot/Format
Plot/Format/Axes
Plot/Format/Graphs
Plot/Zoom In
Plot/Zoom Out
Plot/Fit All
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Parametrics Post Processor Parametrics Post Processor Commands
Parametrics Post Proces-
sor Commands After you have completed the solutions for the variable sweep using the Solve/Variables
Parametric Setup command, you can use the following commands to modify, save, delete, or otherwise
Parametrics Post Proces- manipulate the variables solutions of your model.
sor Tool Bar
Variables Plot Menu
Parametric Setup
Plot/New The following command menus are available in the Post Processor/Variables module
Plot/Open and allow you to setup the parametric table.
Plot/Close
File Opens, closes, saves, and creates your data table.
Plot/Save As
Plot/Create Composite Edit Cuts, copies, pastes, inserts, or deletes rows of data in the data table.
Plot Variables Adds, deletes, views, and animates variables from the table.
Plot/Add Graphs Data Fills, sweeps, and sorts rows of data.
Plot/Show Coordinates Plot Creates, opens, closes, or saves a plot; adds a graph to your plot;
Plot/Format shows the coordinates of your plot; formats the axes or graphs; zooms
Plot/Format/Axes in toward or out from the model.
Plot/Format/Graphs Window Cascades your view windows so you can observe them stacked upon
Plot/Zoom In one another.
Plot/Zoom Out Help Accesses the online documentation.
Plot/Fit All
Parametrics Post Processor Tool Bar
The tool bar provides access to a few of the more commonly used commands. Click on
any of the icons below to see a detailed explanation of the command):
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Parametrics Post Processor Variables Plot Menu
Parametrics Post Processor
Commands The following commands are available in the Post Processor/Variables Plot menu:
Parametric Setup New Draws a new plot from the data given in the data table.
Open Reads in a previously saved plot from a disk file.
Tool Bar
Variables Plot Menu Close Removes an existing plot from the screen.
Plot/New Save As Saves a plot to a disk file.
Plot/Open Create Creates composite plots by allowing you to plot more than one quantity
Plot/Close Composite on a set of axes.
Plot/Save As Plot
Plot/Create Composite Add Graphs Adds another graph to an existing plot.
Plot Show Displays the coordinates of points on the plot.
Plot/Add Graphs Coordinates
Plot/Show Coordinates Format Changes the appearance of the axes and graphs on a plot.
Plot/Format Zoom In Zooms into an area of the plot, rescaling the axes to magnify the view.
Plot/Format/Axes Zoom Out Zooms out of an area of the plot, rescaling the axes to shrink the view.
Plot/Format/Graphs Fit All Redraws and rescales the plot so that it fills the entire plot window.
Plot/Zoom In
Plot/Zoom Out
Plot/Fit All
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Parametrics Post Processor Plot/New
Commands Use this command to draw a plot of parametric solution results. You can plot:
Parametric Setup • The value of any variable in the sweep.
Parametrics Post Processor • Solution information, such as energy, error energy, and number of tetrahedra in the
Tool Bar mesh.
Variables Plot Menu • Results of parametric solutions, such as force, torque, capacitance, and so forth.
Plot/New
Plot/Open Any set of parametric solution data can be plotted against any other set of solution data.
Plot/Close You can create as many plots as you need. Each plot is independent of other plots and
Plot/Save As appears in its own window plot.
Plot/Create Composite > To create a new plot:
Plot 1. Select the rows in the parametric solution that contain the data you wish to plot. If
Plot/Add Graphs no rows are selected, the solution data in all rows is plotted. Note that at least two
Plot/Show Coordinates rows of data must be plotted.
Plot/Format 2. Choose Plot/New. A pop-up window appears. The items that can be plotted are
Plot/Format/Axes listed under Abscissa and Ordinate.
Plot/Format/Graphs 3. Under Ordinate, select the data that will serve as the x-axis of the plot.
Plot/Zoom In 4. Under Abscissa, select the data that will serve as the y-axis of the plot. You can
Plot/Zoom Out select more than one type of data to be plotted against the abscissa.
Plot/Fit All 5. Select the plot type as either Polar or Cartesian.
6. For a Cartesian plot, do the following:
a. Set the X Scale and Y Scale of the axes. Linear specifies a linear scale for the
axes. Log specifies a logarithmic scale for the axes.
b. Optionally, set the Data Scaling as either a factor of 10*Log or 20*Log.
7. For a Polar plot, set the units of angular measurement. Click on the field next to
Angle Units to specify the units of angular measurement, then choose the desired
unit.
8. Enter the degree of interpolation in the Interpolation Order field. This number
Go Back smooths the curve. Specify an interpolation order between -1 and 12. Higher order
interpolants tend to oscillate in an uncontrolled manner. By default, this field is set
to -1, which does not smooth the curve.
Contents 9. Select whether to plot the value as a Family of Curves.
10. Choose OK.
Index The selected data is then plotted.

Parametrics Post Processor Plot/Open
Commands Use this command to open and view plots that have been previously saved to files.
Parametric Setup > To open a file:
Parametrics Post Processor 1. Choose Plot/Open. A file browser appears.
Tool Bar 2. Use the file browser to select the plot you wish to open.
Variables Plot Menu 3. Choose OK to open the file or Cancel to cancel the action.
Plot/New
Plot/Open The plot appears in a new active view window.
Plot/Close Plot/Close
Plot/Save As
Plot/Create Composite Use this command to close or delete a plot. The plot will be deleted only if it has not been
Plot previously saved.
Plot/Add Graphs > To close a plot:
Plot/Show Coordinates 1. Select the desired plot window as the active window.
Plot/Format 2. Choose Plot/Close.
Plot/Format/Axes
Plot/Format/Graphs The plot vanishes from the screen.
Plot/Zoom In Plot/Save As
Plot/Zoom Out
Plot/Fit All Use this command to save a plot to a file. After your plot is saved, you can later read the
plot back into the Post Processor or into the PlotData utility in the Utilities panel.
> To save a plot:
1. Choose Plot/Save As. A file browser appears.
2. Enter the name you wish to save the plot as.
3. Choose OK.
Your plot is now saved as a file.
Plot/Create Composite Plot
Go Back Choose Plot/Create Composite Plot to plot a series of values on the same plot.
> To plot a series of values:
Contents 1. Choose Plot/New or Plot/Open to create the base plot.
2. Choose Plot/Create Composite Plot. A file browser appears.
Index 3. Use the browser to select the plot to incorporate and choose OK.

Parametrics Post Processor Plot/Add Graphs
Commands Use this command to:
Parametric Setup • Add new data to an existing plot. New data is automatically plotted against the
Parametrics Post Processor abscissa you selected when creating a plot.
Tool Bar • Change the title of an existing plot.
Variables Plot Menu • Specify how the newly plotted data is to be interpolated, or “smoothed.”
Plot/New > To add or modify a graph:
Plot/Open 1. Select the rows in the parametric solution that contain the data you wish to plot. If
Plot/Close no rows are selected, the solution data in all rows is plotted.
Plot/Save As 2. Select the desired plot window as the active window.
Plot/Create Composite 3. Choose Plot/Add Graphs. A pop-up window appears.
Plot 4. Enter a new title for the plot, or leave the default name.
Plot/Add Graphs 5. Select the data to be plotted under Ordinate. You can select more than one type of
Plot/Show Coordinates data to be added to the plot.
Plot/Format 6. Enter the degree of interpolation in the Interpolation Order field. This number
Plot/Format/Axes smooths the curve. Specify an interpolation order between -1 and 12. Higher order
Plot/Format/Graphs interpolants tend to oscillate in an uncontrolled manner. By default, this field is set
Plot/Zoom In to -1, which does not smooth the curve.
Plot/Zoom Out 7. Choose OK.
Plot/Fit All
The graph now displays the new plot.
Use this command to display the coordinates of points on the plot.
> To view the coordinates:
1. Plot the desired data.
2. Choose Plot/Show Coordinates.
3. Move the mouse to the desired point on the plot.
Go Back 4. Click the left mouse button. The coordinates of the point appear in a pop-up
window.
5. To view the coordinates of any other points, repeat steps 3 and 4.
Contents 6. Click the right mouse button to exit.
Index
Parametrics Post Processor Plot/Format
Commands Use this command to modify the appearance of the plot axes and plotted data.
Parametric Setup Plot/Format/Axes
Tool Bar Use this command to modify:
Variables Plot Menu • The scale of the axes.
Plot/New • The number of tick marks on the axes, and whether they are displayed.
Plot/Open • The minimum and maximum data values that are displayed on the axes.
Plot/Close • Whether a grid is drawn on the major or minor tick marks.
Plot/Save As > To modify the axes:
Plot/Create Composite 1. Choose Plot/Format/Axes.
Plot 2. Enter the name of the heading.
Plot/Add Graphs 3. Enter the X Label in its field. This is the abscissa.
Plot/Show Coordinates 4. Enter the Y Label in its field. This is the ordinate.
Plot/Format 5. Enter the minimum and maximum values of the x-coordinate in the Xmin and
Plot/Format/Axes Xmax fields. This specifies the range of x values shown on your plot.
Plot/Format/Graphs 6. Enter the minimum and maximum values of the y-coordinate in the Ymin and
Plot/Zoom In Ymax fields. This specifies the range of y values shown on your plot.
Plot/Zoom Out 7. Select Major Grids or Minor Grids to toggle the grids at the major or minor tick
Plot/Fit All marks. By default, these buttons are turned off. Be aware that when these settings
are turned on, the points of the plots become difficult to identify.
8. Select Major Ticks or Minor Ticks to toggle the mark the values of the ticks on the
axes. By default, these buttons are active.
9. Select Show Legends to toggle the pop-up window that displays the legend of the
plot lines. By default, this is active.
10. Choose Show Axes to toggle the grid line that marks the x- and y-axes. By default
this is active.
11. Choose OK to accept the changes to the axes or Cancel to cancel the action
Go Back This command is identical to the Plot/Format Axes command in the PlotData section.
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Index
Parametrics Post Processor Plot/Format/Graphs
Parametrics Post Processor Use this command to modify:
Commands
Parametric Setup • Line color, width, and style of a graph.
Parametrics Post Processor • Whether markers are used to indicate data points of your graph.
Tool Bar • The symbol that marks the data points of your graph.
Variables Plot Menu • Whether the graph is visible.
Plot/New
Plot/Open This command changes any line or marker format.
Plot/Close > To modify the style in your graph:
Plot/Save As 1. Choose Plot/Format/Graph. A pop-up window appears.
Plot/Create Composite 2. Select the name of the graph you wish to modify. The name appears in the field
Plot below the scroll bar.
Plot/Add Graphs 3. Choose Color. A palette of colors appears.
Plot/Show Coordinates 4. Select the color you want to define as the color of the graph.
Plot/Format 5. Choose Width. An array of width settings appears.
Plot/Format/Axes 6. Select the width of the marker you prefer for the graph.
Plot/Format/Graphs 7. Choose Marker. An array of symbols appears.
Plot/Zoom In 8. Select the symbol you prefer for the graph.
Plot/Zoom Out 9. Choose Style. An array of styles appears for the graph.
Plot/Fit All 10. Select the style you prefer for the graph.
11. Select Show Markers to toggle the markers on and off. By default, these are on.
12. Choose Show Line to toggle the lines on and off. By default, these are on.
13. Choose OK to make the changes to the graph or Cancel to cancel the action.
This command is identical to the Plot/Format Graphs command in the PlotData section.
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Parametrics Post Processor Plot/Zoom In
Commands Use this command to zoom in on a region of the active plot window, magnifying the view.
Parametric Setup > To zoom in on a plot:
Parametrics Post Processor 1. Select the desired plot window as the active window.
Tool Bar 2. Choose Plot/Zoom In.
Variables Plot Menu 3. Select a point at one corner of the region that is to be zoomed.
Plot/New 4. Select a point in the diagonal corner.
Plot/Open
Plot/Close The plot expands to fit the entire window.
Plot/Save As Plot/Zoom Out
Plot/Create Composite
Plot Use this command to zoom out on the field of view.
Plot/Add Graphs > To zoom out of a plot:
Plot/Show Coordinates 1. Select the desired plot window as the active window.
Plot/Format 2. Choose Plot/Zoom Out.
Plot/Format/Axes 3. Select a point at one corner of the region that is to be zoomed.
Plot/Format/Graphs 4. Select a point in the diagonal corner.
Plot/Zoom In
Plot/Zoom Out The plot shrinks to fill the plot window
Plot/Fit All Plot/Fit All
Use this command to redraw the plot so that it fits entirely within the plot window.
> To fit the plot within a window:
1. Select the desired plot window as the active window.
2. Choose Plot/Fit All.
The plot reappears to fit within the plot window.
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Executive Parameters Macros
Executive Parameters Executive Parameters Macros
Macros
Post Process/Create Exec- Before creating the executive parameters macros, you must add the Create Executive
utive Parameters Macro Parameters Macros window into the Maxwell 3D Executive Commands interface from
Creating Executive Parame- the command line.
ters Macros
> To add the window to the interface from the command prompt:
Clearing Macro Quantities
• Enter the following at the command prompt:
m3dfs -create_post_macros ~projectname &
where projectname is the path and name of the project with the .pjt extension.
The window can now be accessed from the Post Process commands.
Post Process/Create Executive Parameters Macro

Choose Post Process/Create Executive Parameters Macro to create post processing
macros to solve for the forces, torques, and matrices on the model. When you choose
Post Process/Create Executive Parameters Macro, the following window appears:
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Executive Parameters Mac- Creating Executive Parameters Macros
ros
Post Process/Create Execu- Use the Create Executive Parameters Macros window to create the executive parame-
tive Parameters Macro ters macros.
Creating Executive Param-
> To create a macro:
eters Macros
1. Select the Solution Type of the macro:
Clearing Macro Quantities
Virtual Force Select this to define the quantity as a virtual force.
Virtual Torque Select this to define the quantity as a virtual torque.
Matrix Select this to define the quantity as a capacitance or inductance
matrix.
2. Select the axis (X, Y, or Z) for which the macro will define the solution type.
3. For Virtual Force or Virtual Torque solutions, select the Group to which the
values will be assigned.
4. For Matrix solutions, select the values for the Row and Column of the quantity.
5. Enter the Parameter Name for the quantity. Each name for the quantities must be
unique.
6. Choose Add Selection to add the selected quantity to the group. The selection
appears in the Selected Quantities list. Optionally, you may choose Remove
Selection to remove any unwanted quantity from the list. To do this:
a. Select the quantity to remove from the macro.
b. Choose Remove Selection. The selected quantity vanishes from the list.
7. Repeat steps 2 through 6 until you have finished adding all the quantities for the
macro.
8. Enter the Selection Database Name. This is the database file in which the macro
is stored. A .udb extension is automatically appended to the filename.
9. Choose OK to accept the macro information or Cancel to cancel the action.
Created macros can be executed using the File/Macro command in the 3D Post Proces-
Go Back sor, or from the 3D Post Processor command prompt window.
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Index
Executive Parameters Mac- Clearing Macro Quantities
ros
Post Process/Create Execu- You can remove all quantities from the selected Group at any time.
tive Parameters Macro > To clear the Selected Quantities list:
Creating Executive Param- • Choose Clear Selections.
eters Macros
Clearing Macro Quanti- The Selected Quantities list is cleared of all defined values.
ties
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Script Commands
Maxwell 3D Script Com- Maxwell 3D Script Commands
mands
Script Command Conven- This section describes the Maxwell scripting language formats that are specific to Max-
tions well 3D and listed in the Introduction to the Ansoft Macro Language guide. Be aware that
not all the script commands are available in every software module — the module where
each command is available is listed in its description.
Script commands are the basic components of macros. A macro is a saved series of
script commands, which can be repeatedly executed to create objects or set up calcula-
tions.
These commands are entered at the command prompt which appears in the command
prompt window.
> To enter a script command:
1. Choose View/Command Prompt. The command prompt window appears at the
bottom of the window.
2. Enter the script command at the command prompt. You may enter more than one
script command with any associated arguments at each prompt. For example, to
create a cylinder, you need the cyl script command and its arguments of base
center, radius, height, and the name of the cylinder you want to create. In this
instance, you could type the following to create a cylinder whose base center was
at the origin:
cyl [0,0,0] 2 50 100 “coppercyl”
3. Choose Enter to enter the command.
In the above instance, the object named coppercyl has a radius of 50 and a height of 100.
The 2 refers to the cylinder axis, which in this case is the z-axis.
> To see a list of script commands available in the module you are working in:
• Enter help commands at the command prompt. A list of all available commands
appears. Beside each command is a brief explanation of it.
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Script Commands
Maxwell 3D Script Com- Script Command Conventions
mands
Script Command Con- Script commands are often followed with arguments that further define their functions.
ventions These arguments fall into one of the following eight categories.
long An integer (sometimes listed in a carat bracket in the syntax line). Inte-
ger numbers require no brackets when entering these values in a script
command.
double A double precision floating point number. Again, no quotes are required
for these values.
“string” A string is a single character sequence that must be enclosed in quota-
tion marks. File names, object names, and expressions are always
entered with quotation marks.
<x, y> 2D vectors are always entered with carat brackets. The components in
the brackets must be separated with commas.
[x,y] 2D positions are always entered with square brackets. The components
in the brackets must be separated with commas.
<x, y, z> Like 2D vectors, 3D vectors are always entered with carat brackets.
The components in the brackets must be separated with commas.
[x, y, z] Like 2D positions, 3D positions are always entered with square brack-
ets. The components in the brackets must be separated with commas.
{“string list”} Braces are used to enclose a series of strings in the script commands.
A string list will resemble {“String1” “String2” “String3”}. No commas
separate the strings.
Note that both long and double values are offset with carat brackets (<, >) in the syntax
lines. These are not to be confused with vector syntax which have components in their
arguments.
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Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Technical Notes
Technical Notes Technical Notes
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis This section provides background information on Maxwell 3D. Essentially, it is a descrip-
Tetrahedra tion of the software that is not directly tied to the user interface. It includes:
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy
• A list of the software modules that make up Maxwell 3D.
Mesh Refinement
• A discussion of finite element analysis.
Electrostatics • Descriptions of Maxwell 3D’s electric and magnetic field solvers. The following topics
Theory are included for each solver:
Electric Field Energy
Capacitance Matrix Eddy Current
Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Lorentz Force (AC Magnetics)
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force ■ Theory ■ Theory ■ Theory
Virtual Torque ■ Electric Field Energy ■ Magnetic Field Energy ■ Magnetic Field Energy
■ Capacitance Matrix ■ Magnetic Coenergy ■ Hysteresis Loss
■ Lorentz Force ■ Lorentz Force ■ Ohmic Loss
■ Lorentz Torque ■ Lorentz Torque ■ Impedance Matrix
■ Virtual Force ■ Virtual Force ■ AC Inductance and
■ Virtual Torque ■ Virtual Torque Resistance
■ Lorentz Force
■ Lorentz Torque
■ Virtual Force
■ Virtual Torque
■ Average Force
■ Phasor Notation
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Index
Technical Notes Software Modules
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis Maxwell 3D consists of these software modules:
Tetrahedra Executive Controls the Maxwell 3D’s program flow and launches other modules
Size of Mesh Versus as required. Also lets you choose a field solver, enter solution criteria,
Accuracy specify whether quantities like force, torque, and capacitance are com-
Mesh Refinement puted, start or stop field solutions, and view information about com-
Electrostatics pleted solutions.
Theory
3D Modeler A drawing package that lets you create a three-dimensional geometric
model of the structure in which fields are computed.
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force Materials Allows you to define materials, enter their electromagnetic characteris-
Lorentz Torque Manager tics, and assign them to objects in a model. Also contains a database
Virtual Force of pre-defined materials that are available to all models.
Virtual Torque Boundary/ Defines electromagnetic sources (such as currents, voltages, and
Source charges) and boundary conditions modeling the field behavior at
Manager object interfaces and the edges of the solution region.
Solution OptionsSpecifies a model’s finite element mesh. Defines parametric options.
Electrostatic Computes the static electric field in a structure due to DC voltages and
Solver static charges. Capacitance, energy, force, and torque can also be
computed.
Magnetostatic Computes the static magnetic field in a structure due to DC currents,
Solver external fields, and permanent magnets. Structures may contain both
nonlinear and linear materials. Inductance, energy, coenergy, force,
and torque can also be computed.
Eddy Current Computes the oscillating magnetic field in a structure due to AC cur-
Solver rents and external fields, taking into account all eddy current effects
(including skin effects). Impedance, energy, ohmic loss, hysteresis
loss, force and torque can also be computed.
Go Back Post Processor Allows you to plot field quantities, view the finite element mesh, and
numerically analyze the field solution.
Parametrics Lets you define and perform parametric sweeps — solutions in which
Contents Post Processor you specify a range of values for one or more variables in your model
(such as a functional material property or source).
Index
Technical Notes Finite Element Analysis
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis To represent an electric or magnetic field over a large, irregularly-shaped region, Maxwell
Tetrahedra 3D divides the region into many tetrahedra (pyramid-shaped sub-regions). The field in
Size of Mesh Versus each tetrahedron (element) is represented with a separate polynomial. This collection of
Accuracy tetrahedra is referred to as the finite element mesh — or more simply, the mesh. A mesh
Mesh Refinement is automatically generated for each model prior to computing a field solution.
Electrostatics
The finite element mesh that was generated for a model of a coil and an asymmetric plate
Theory
is shown below. To enable you to see the mesh more easily, only the tetrahedra inside the
coil and plate are displayed. In the actual model, the entire solution region is subdivided
Capacitance Matrix
into tetrahedra.
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
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Index
Technical Notes Tetrahedra
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis A single tetrahedron is shown below. To obtain a precise description of the field, the sys-
Tetrahedra tem must size each tetrahedron so that it is small enough for the field to be adequately
Size of Mesh Versus interpolated from the nodal values.
Accuracy
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics
Theory The value of a vector field at a
Electric Field Energy location within a tetrahedron can
Capacitance Matrix be interpolated from the field’s
Lorentz Force nodal values.
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque • The electrostatic field solver stores the value of the electric potential at each
tetrahedron vertex (node) and at the midpoint of all edges. The potential inside each
tetrahedron is then interpolated from these nodal values using a second-order
polynomial approximation function.
• The magnetostatic field solver divides the H-field into a homogenous and particular
solution. For the homogenous solution of H, the system stores a scalar potential at
each node. For the particular solution, the system stores the components of H that are
tangential to the tetrahedra edges.
• The eddy current field solver also divides the solution into two parts (real and
imaginary). For objects in which eddy currents occur, the system computes H(t)
directly from source currents and applied magnetic fields and stores it at each node.
For other objects, the system computes H(t) from the magnetic scalar potential and
stores it at each node.
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Index
Technical Notes Size of Mesh Versus Accuracy
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis There is a trade-off between the size of the mesh, the desired level of accuracy, and the
Tetrahedra amount of available computing resources.
Size of Mesh Versus The accuracy of the solution depends on how small each of the individual elements (tetra-
Accuracy hedra) are. Solutions based on meshes using thousands of elements are more accurate
Mesh Refinement than solutions based on coarse meshes using relatively few elements. To generate a pre-
Electrostatics cise description of a field quantity in higher field-gradient regions within the problem
Theory space, each element must occupy a region that is small enough for the field to be ade-
Electric Field Energy quately interpolated from the nodal values.
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force However, generating a field solution involves inverting a matrix with approximately as
Lorentz Torque many elements as there are tetrahedra nodes. For meshes with a large number of ele-
Virtual Force ments, such an inversion requires a significant amount of computing power and memory.
Virtual Torque Therefore, it is desirable to use a mesh fine enough to obtain an accurate field solution but
not so fine that it overwhelms the available computer memory and processing power.
To produce the optimal mesh, Maxwell 3D uses an iterative process in which the mesh is
automatically refined in critical regions. First, it generates a solution based on a coarse
initial mesh. Then, it refines the mesh in areas of high error density and generates a new
solution. When selected parameters converge to within a desired limit, the system breaks
out of the adaptive loop.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Mesh Refinement
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis The optimal mesh for a structure is one that contains enough tetrahedra to accurately rep-
Tetrahedra resent a field solution but not so many that the available computing resources are over-
Size of Mesh Versus whelmed. The initial mesh that is generated for a structure (especially an unseeded
Accuracy mesh) is rarely the optimal one. The mesh has to be refined; that is, the geometry has to
Mesh Refinement be broken down into more tetrahedra.
Electrostatics However, to make the most of the available computing resources, refinement of the mesh
Theory must be done in an intelligent fashion. For example, during the solution of a magnetostatic
Electric Field Energy problem, a mesh that contains 5000 separate elements forces the system to use approxi-
Capacitance Matrix mately 12 to 18 megabytes of memory. Therefore, it is important to make sure that the tet-
Lorentz Force rahedra are placed wisely. There are two ways to accomplish this:
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force • Adaptive mesh refinement. During the solution process, the Maxwell 3D iteratively
Virtual Torque refines the mesh in regions where the energy error is high. This allows the simulator to
target mesh refinement to the areas that need it, optimizing your computing resources.
• Manual mesh refinement. You specify where the mesh is to be refined, either by
seeding a structure to add points to a new mesh, or explicitly adding tetrahedra to an
existing mesh. This is useful when you know where critical, high-error areas (such as
air gaps or discontinuities in a core) are located. Manual mesh refinement may also be
required if the region of interest is located in low field gradient zones.
You can combine these methods to refine a model’s finite element mesh. For instance,
you could seed the mesh in a structure’s air gap to generate a denser mesh in that region,
then allow the simulator’s adaptive solution process to further refine the mesh in other
high-error areas.
Use the Setup Solution/Options command to set up both adaptive and manual mesh
refinements.
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Contents
Index
Technical Notes Electrostatics
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis The electrostatic field simulator computes static electric fields that are due to stationary
Tetrahedra charge distributions, applied potentials, or both. The quantity for which the electrostatic
Size of Mesh Versus field simulator solves is the scalar electric potential, φ; the electric field, E, and the electric
Accuracy flux density, D, are automatically computed from the potential. Derived quantities such as
Mesh Refinement the following are calculated from the basic field quantities:
Electrostatics
Theory
• The electric field energy.
User Input
• Capacitance.
Conductors • The virtual force.
When to Use the Elec- • The virtual torque.
trostatic Field Simulator Theory
Initial Conditions
Steady State Conditions The electrostatic field simulator solves for the electric potential, φ, in this field equation:
Time Constant ∇ ⋅ ( ε r ε 0 ∇φ ) = – ρ
Solution Process
Electric Field Energy where:
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force • φ(x,y,z) is the electric potential.
Lorentz Torque • εr (x,y,z) is the relative permittivity. It can be different for each material and may even
Virtual Force vary within a single object.
Virtual Torque • ε0 is the permittivity of free space, 8.854 x 10–12 F/m.
• ρ(x,y,z) is the charge density.
This equation is derived from Gauss’s Law, which indicates that the net electric flux pass-
ing through any closed surface is equal to the net positive charge enclosed by that sur-
face. In differential form, Gauss’s Law is:
∇⋅D = ρ
Go Back where D(x,y,z) is the electric flux density. Since D = εrε0E and, in a static field, E = –∇φ,
the equation involving the potential is obtained from Gauss’s Law by substituting –εrε0∇φ
for D. After the solution for the potential is generated, the system automatically computes
Contents the E-field and D-field using these relationships.
Index
Technical Notes User Input
Software Modules Before the electrostatic field simulator can solve the potential equation:
Finite Element Analysis
Tetrahedra ∇ ⋅ ( ε r ε 0 ∇φ ) = – ρ
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy you must specify:
Mesh Refinement • The relative permittivity, εr, of each object in the model. The system assumes that
Electrostatics each object is a single material.
Theory • Net charges, if any, on each object.
User Input • Any known voltages. (Note that the voltage is equal to the electric potential.)
Conductors • The behavior of the E-field along boundaries bordering the edge of the problem
When to Use the Elec- region. For example, if a boundary represents a plane of even symmetry, you may
trostatic Field Simulator want the field to be tangential to that boundary.
Initial Conditions
Steady State Conditions Only after you specify the necessary information can the simulator solve for the potential
Time Constant throughout the problem region.
Solution Process Conductors
Capacitance Matrix Because the problem is assumed to be static, each separate conductor is assumed to be
Lorentz Force at a single potential. Therefore, no E-field exists in any conductor. If an electric field did
Lorentz Torque exist inside a conductor, current would flow — and the problem would not be electrostatic.
Virtual Force Therefore, the electrostatic simulator assumes that charges have already flowed to the
Virtual Torque outside of the conductor and have arranged themselves in such a way as to cancel out
the electric field inside the conductor.
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Contents
Index
Technical Notes When to Use the Electrostatic Field Simulator
Software Modules An electrostatic solution is applicable in the time interval after potential is applied to good
Finite Element Analysis conductors (and after charges have had time to align themselves), but before leakage cur-
Tetrahedra rent begins to flow in insulators. The difference between the initial electric field (as ana-
Size of Mesh Versus lyzed by the electrostatic field simulator) and the electric field after leakage current begins
Accuracy to flow becomes clear when you compare the initial conditions and steady state condi-
Mesh Refinement tions of a simple problem such as the parallel plate capacitor shown below. The time con-
Electrostatics stant associated with each material in the problem also determines when to use the
Theory electrostatic field simulator.
User Input
Conductors
When to Use the Elec-
trostatic Field Simula-
tor
Initial Conditions Use the Electrostatic field
σ1 , ε1 Use the Magnetostatic field
Steady State Conditions simulator... V simulator...
Time Constant σ2 , ε2
Solution Process
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque t=0 t >> 0
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque E1 E1
E2 E2
E2 = (ε1/ε2) E1 E2 = (σ1/σ2) E1
Go Back Equipotential contours of φ
before current starts to flow
Equipotential contours of
after current in the
φ
in the dielectric. dielectric reaches steady

state.
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Initial Conditions
Software Modules Assume that the switch establishing the potential across two parallel plates closes at t=0.
Finite Element Analysis In general, the time required to charge the plates (so that the voltage difference can be
Tetrahedra supported by the realignment of charges) is determined by the time constant of the exter-
Size of Mesh Versus nal energizing circuit. Assume that the parallel plates are good conductors and that the
Accuracy charging time constant is near zero; that is, the conducting plates are charged instanta-
Mesh Refinement neously.
Electrostatics
Theory However, it will take a while for leakage current in the dielectric to flow and reach steady
User Input state. Therefore, at t=0 there will be an electric field in the dielectric, but no current and no
Conductors free charges. Consequently, the relationship that must be satisfied everywhere, including
When to Use the Elec- at the interface of the two dielectrics, is:
trostatic Field Simulator ∇⋅D = ρ = 0
Initial Conditions
Steady State Conditions or, equivalently:
Time Constant ∇ ⋅ εE = 0 ( – ρ )
Solution Process
At the interface between the two dielectrics, this relationship implies that:
Capacitance Matrix ε 1 E n1 = ε 2 E n2
Lorentz Force
where En1 is the normal component of the electric field on one side of the boundary and
Lorentz Torque
En2 is the normal component on the other side. If these two quantities were not equal, it
Virtual Force
would imply that a net charge has already built up along the interface. Therefore, for elec-
Virtual Torque
trostatic problems:
ε1
E n1 = ----- E n2
ε1
This relationship implies that at t=0, before leakage current starts to flow in the two dielec-
trics, the electric field in each material is determined entirely by the permittivity of the
dielectrics. Use the electrostatic field simulator to solve for φ(x,y,z) in such a case.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Steady State Conditions
Software Modules After leakage current starts to flow in the dielectric, charges accumulate at the boundaries
Finite Element Analysis of the two dielectrics and the free charge, ρ, is no longer zero. The relationship now is:
Tetrahedra
Size of Mesh Versus ∂ρ
∇ ⋅ J = – ------ = 0
Accuracy ∂t
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics or, since J =σE (where σ is the conductivity of the dielectric):
Theory ∇ ⋅ σE = 0
User Input
Conductors At the interface of the two dielectrics, this relationship implies that:
When to Use the Elec- σ 1 E n1 = σ 2 E n2
trostatic Field Simulator
Initial Conditions and therefore,
Steady State Condi- σ2
tions E n1 = ------ E n2
σ1
Time Constant
Solution Process In this case, the solution depends on the conductivity, σ, of the materials rather than on
Electric Field Energy their permittivity, ε. To analyze such a problem, use the conduction solver that is embed-
Capacitance Matrix ded in the magnetostatic field simulator.
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
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Contents
Index
Technical Notes Time Constant
Software Modules The time constant that determines how long it takes current to reach steady state is:
Finite Element Analysis
ε
Tetrahedra τ = ---
σ
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy
Time constants vary depending on the material.
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics • In good conductors such as steel (ε=8.854 x 10–12 F/m and σ=107 S/m), the time
Theory constant τ = 8.854 x 10–19 seconds and steady state conditions are reached almost
User Input instantly.
Conductors • In good insulators such as fused quartz (ε=3.78 x10–22 F/m and σ=10–17 S/m), the
When to Use the Elec- time constant is on the order of 105 seconds and there is a significant period before
trostatic Field Simulator leakage currents reach steady state.
Initial Conditions • In vacuum (σ = 0), the time constant is infinite and no leakage current ever flows.
Steady State Conditions
Time Constant Most materials fall somewhere between these extremes.
Solution Process
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Solution Process
Software Modules Maxwell 3D’s electrostatic solver computes and stores the value of the electric potential at
Finite Element Analysis the vertices and midpoints of the edges of each tetrahedron in the finite element mesh. It
Tetrahedra solves for the electric field using the relationship:
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy E = – ∇φ
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics After E is calculated, it writes out solution files and performs an error analysis. In an adap-
Theory tive analysis, it refines the tetrahedra with the highest error, and continues solving until the
User Input stopping criterion is met. In a non-adaptive solution, the process stops.
Conductors
When to Use the Elec- Start solution process
trostatic Field Simulator
Initial Conditions
Steady State Conditions
Solve for electric field (E)
Time Constant
Solution Process
Capacitance Matrix Write solution files
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque Refine mesh
Virtual Force Perform error analysis
Virtual Torque
Stopping criteria No
satisfied?
Yes
Finish solution process
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Electric Field Energy
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis The energy, U, that is stored in a static electric field is given by:
Tetrahedra 1
Size of Mesh Versus U = ---
2 ∫ E • D dVol
Vol
Accuracy
Mesh Refinement where:
Electrostatics
Theory • E is the electric field.
Electric Field Energy • D is the electric flux density.
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Capacitance Matrix
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis Capacitance matrices can be expressed in terms of charge and voltage, or current and
Tetrahedra time-varying voltage. The units of capacitance are farads.
Size of Mesh Versus Capacitance in Terms of Charge and Voltage
Accuracy
Mesh Refinement A capacitance matrix represents the charge coupling within a group of conductors — that
Electrostatics is, the relationship between their charges and voltages. Given a ground reference for the
Theory three conductors below, the net charge on each object is:
Electric Field Energy Q 1 = C 10 V 1 + C 12 ( V 1 – V 2 ) + C 13 ( V 1 – V 3 )
Capacitance Matrix
Capacitance in Terms Q 2 = C 20 V 2 + C 12 ( V 2 – V 1 ) + C 23 ( V 2 – V 3 )
of Charge and Volt- Q 3 = C 30 V 3 + C 13 ( V 3 – V 1 ) + C 23 ( V 3 – V 2 )
age
Capacitance in Terms of (C21)
C10 C20
Current and Time Vary- C12
ing Voltage
Conductor Conductor
Matrix Elements 1 2
Solution Process
Lumped Capacitance
Lorentz Force C13 C23
Conductor
Lorentz Torque (C31) 3 (C32)
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque C30
This can be expressed in matrix form as:
Q1 C 10 + C 12 + C 13 – C 12 – C 13 V1
Q2 = – C 12 C 20 + C 12 + C 23 – C 23 V2
Go Back Q3 – C 13 – C 23 C 30 + C 13 + C 23 V3
The capacitance matrix above gives the relationship between Q and V for the three con-
Contents ductors and ground. An n-conductor device would have an n x n capacitance matrix.
Index
Technical Notes Capacitance in Terms of Current and Time Varying Voltage
Software Modules A capacitance matrix can also represent the relationship between currents and time vary-
Finite Element Analysis ing voltages in a system of conductors. Given the three transmission lines shown below,
Tetrahedra the currents caused by the time varying voltage source on each line are given by:
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy
i1 C 10 + C 12 + C 13 – C 12 – C 13 dV 1 ⁄ dt
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics i2 = – C 12 C 20 + C 12 + C 23 – C 23 dV 2 ⁄ dt
Theory i3 – C 13 – C 23 C 30 + C 13 + C 23 dV 3 ⁄ dt
Capacitance Matrix
Capacitance in Terms of Line 1 i1
Charge and Voltage dV 1
Capacitance in Terms dt
of Current and Time Line 2 i2
Varying Voltage dV 2
Matrix Elements dt
Solution Process
Lumped Capacitance dV 3 Line 3 i3
Lorentz Force dt
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
If dV2 / dt and dV3 / dt are set to zero, this relationship becomes:
Virtual Torque
i1 dV 1 C 10 + C 12 + C 13
--------- dV
dt = ---------1
i2 = C – C 12
0 dt
i3 – C 13
0
This gives the currents that are induced on Line 2 and Line 3 when a time varying voltage
Go Back source is applied to Line 1 — that is, the capacitive coupling between the three lines, or
the short circuit capacitance.
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Matrix Elements
Software Modules If one volt is applied to Conductor 1 and zero volts are applied to the other two conduc-
Finite Element Analysis tors, the capacitance matrix becomes:
Tetrahedra
Size of Mesh Versus Q1 1 C 10 + C 12 + C 13
Accuracy Q2 = C 0 = – C 12
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics Q3 0 – C 13
Theory
Electric Field Energy Diagonal Elements
Capacitance Matrix These terms (such as C(1,1)) are the sum of all capacitances from one conductor to all
Capacitance in Terms of other conductors. These terms represent the self-capacitance of the conductors. Each is
Charge and Voltage numerically equal to the charge on a conductor when one volt is applied to that conductor
Capacitance in Terms of and the other conductors (including ground) are set to zero volts. For instance, C(1,1) =
Current and Time Vary- C10 + C12 + C13. This term is equal to the charge on Conductor 1 when it is set to one volt
ing Voltage and the other conductors are set to zero volts.
Matrix Elements
Solution Process Off-Diagonal Elements
Lumped Capacitance The terms in each column (such as C(1,2) , C(1,3)) are numerically equal to the charges
Lorentz Force induced on other conductors in the system when one volt is applied to a single conductor.
Lorentz Torque For instance, in column one of the capacitance matrix shown above, C(1,2) is equal to –
Virtual Force C12. This is equal to the charge induced on Conductor 2 when one volt is applied to Con-
Virtual Torque ductor 1 and zero volts are applied to Conductor 2.
The off-diagonal terms are simply the negative values of the capacitances between the
corresponding conductors (the mutual capacitances). In column one of the example
capacitance matrix, the off-diagonal terms represent the capacitances between Conduc-
tor 1 and the other two conductors; in column two, the terms represent the capacitance
between Conductor 2 and the other conductors; and so forth.
Symmetry
Go Back
Note that the capacitance matrix is symmetric about the diagonal. This indicates that the
mutual effects between any two objects are identical. For instance, C(1,3), the capacitance
Contents between Conductor 1 and Conductor 3 (C13), is equal to C(3,1), the capacitance between
Conductor 3 and Conductor 1.
Index
Technical Notes Solution Process
Software Modules To solve for the capacitance matrix, the electrostatic solver generates a single field solu-
Finite Element Analysis tion. The system computes each entry of the capacitance matrix using the relationship:
Tetrahedra
Size of Mesh Versus C = ∫ E • D dΩ
Accuracy
Electrostatics D = εE
Theory
Electric Field Energy The contributions of each conductor to the capacitance matrix are modeled using numeri-
Capacitance Matrix cal matrix manipulation techniques. Conductors are assigned voltages as follows:
Capacitance in Terms of
Charge and Voltage
• Signal Line conductors are set to one volt.
• Ground conductors are set to zero volts.
Current and Time Vary- • Voltages of conductors that were not included in the capacitance matrix are not reset,
ing Voltage and give incorrect capacitance solution results.
Matrix Elements
Solution Process Warning: You must make certain that the voltages are not set, or are set as floating
voltages in order to achieve accurate results for capacitance.
Lumped Capacitance
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Lumped Capacitance
Software Modules Lumped capacitance is essentially the result of a 1x1 capacitance matrix. It is used to cal-
Finite Element Analysis culate the electric field energy, U, from the E-field and D-field. Since the energy can also
Tetrahedra be expressed as:
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy 1 2
U = --- CV
Mesh Refinement 2
Electrostatics
the capacitance is:
Theory
Electric Field Energy 2U
Capacitance Matrix C = -------2
V
Charge and Voltage Maxwell 3D assumes that the problem is set up so that:
Current and Time Vary- • One conductor (or group of conductors) is set to +1 volt.
ing Voltage • Another conductor (or group of conductors) is set to zero volts.
Matrix Elements • All other conductors are floating.
Solution Process
Thus, the lumped capacitance between all conductors set to one volt and all those set to
Lumped Capacitance
zero volts is simply 2U.
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force Warning: The lumped capacitance computation is invalid if you assigned voltages
other than +1V or 0V to the conductors in your model.
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Lorentz Force
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis The component of the Lorentz force due to current in an electric field is:
Tetrahedra
Size of Mesh Versus
F = ∫ qE dVol
Vol
Accuracy
Electrostatics
Theory • q is the charge.
Electric Field Energy • E is the electric field.
Capacitance Matrix When the Lorentz force is computed for a set of objects, the system calculates this inte-
Lorentz Force gral individually for each object. The result is the force on each object in the x, y, and z
Lorentz Torque directions.
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque Warning: The Lorentz force does not compute the correct force on objects that are
assigned materials with a relative permeability greater than one (that is,
materials where µ ≠ µ 0 ). To find the force on these objects, use virtual force.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Lorentz Torque
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis The system uses Lorentz forces to compute the torque around the x-, y-, and z-axes. The
Tetrahedra Lorentz torque is given by the following equation:
Size of Mesh Versus
Accuracy
T = ∫ 〈 qr × E〉 dVol
Vol
Mesh Refinement
Electrostatics
where:
Theory
Electric Field Energy • r is the displacement vector from the axis of rotation.
Capacitance Matrix • q is the charge.
Lorentz Force • E is the electric field.
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force This integral is computed for the x-, y-, and z-axes, giving the net torque on the object(s)
Virtual Torque about each axis of rotation.
Warning: The Lorentz torque does not compute the correct torque on objects that are
materials where µ ≠ µ 0 ). To find the torque on these objects, use virtual
torque.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Virtual Force
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis To compute the virtual force on an object, the electrostatic field simulator uses the princi-
Tetrahedra ple of virtual work. In the structure shown below, the force on the bottom plate (plate B) in
Size of Mesh Versus the direction of the displacement, x, is given by the following relationship:
Accuracy dU ( v, x )
Mesh Refinement F B = ---------------------
dx V = Cons tan tP otential
Electrostatics
Theory
Electric Field Energy where U is the electric field energy.
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force A +q
Virtual Torque +++++++++++++++++++++++++
V
D, E FB
x
B –q
Unlike the classical virtual work method, the plate is not actually moved during the numer-
ical process of the force computation. Instead, only the tetrahedra that lie along the out-
side surface of the object are virtually distorted. U and its derivative, dU/dx, are calculated
from a single field solution using finite element interpolation functions.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Technical Notes Virtual Torque
Software Modules
Finite Element Analysis Similar to the virtual force calculation, the system uses virtual work principles to compute
Tetrahedra the torque on an object. In the structure shown below, the virtual torque on the bottom
Size of Mesh Versus plate (plate B) about the axis of rotation is given by the following relationship:
Accuracy dU ( v, θ )
Mesh Refinement T B = ---------------------
dθ V = Cons tan tP otential
Electrostatics
Theory where U is the electric field energy.
Capacitance Matrix
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force A
Virtual Torque
V
D, E FB
Axis of Rotation
θ TB
B
Unlike the classical virtual work method, the plate is not actually rotated during the
numerical process of the torque computation. Instead, only the tetrahedra that lie along
the outside surface of the object are virtually distorted. U and its derivative, dU/dθ, are
calculated from a single field solution using finite element interpolation functions.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Magnetostatics
Theory
Conduction Current The magnetostatic field simulator computes static magnetic fields. The source of the
Solution static magnetic field can be:
Current Density
Static Magnetic Field
• The DC current or current density in conductors. If it is given voltage drops or total
currents in a current path, the system performs a conduction simulation to compute
Solution
the current density throughout the conduction path.
Boundary Conditions
Solution Process
• An external magnetic field represented through boundary conditions.
Magnetic Field Energy • A permanent magnet.
Magnetic Coenergy The magnetostatic field simulator solves for the magnetic field, H. The magnetic flux den-
Inductance Matrix sity, B, is automatically computed from H. Derived quantities such as the following are cal-
Inductance in Terms of culated from the basic field quantities:
Flux Linkage and Cur-
rent • The magnetic field energy.
Inductance in Terms of • The magnetic coenergy.
Voltage and Time-Vary- • Inductance (inductance matrix).
ing Current • Force (Lorentz force and virtual force).
Matrix Elements • Torque (Lorentz torque and virtual torque).
Solution Process
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Theory
Theory
Conduction Current The system computes the static magnetic field in two steps:
Solution 1. First the system performs a conduction current solution. To simulate the model’s
Current Density current flow, it computes the current density, J, arising from DC currents inside
Static Magnetic Field conductors. (If the current density is explicitly specified, the system skips this step.)
Solution 2. Next, the system performs a static magnetic field solution. It computes the model’s
Boundary Conditions H-field using the current density as a source. External fields specified in the form of
Solution Process boundary conditions also serve as sources.
Magnetic Field Energy
Magnetic Coenergy Both steps are largely invisible to you. This section describes the equations that are being
Inductance Matrix solved in each case.
Inductance in Terms of Conduction Current Solution
rent Before the field simulator attempts to compute magnetic fields, it does the following:
Inductance in Terms of • Computes surface currents for perfect conductors. No fields penetrate these objects.
Voltage and Time-Vary- • Computes the current density in all non-perfect conductors. Current can be defined:
ing Current • By specifying the voltage across a conductor.
Matrix Elements • By specifying the current flowing through a conductor.
Solution Process • By explicitly defining the current density inside a conductor.
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque Maxwell 3D does not compute the current density in non-conductors or conductors where
Virtual Force a current density is explicitly specified.
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Current Density
Theory Objects that have been identified as perfect or non-perfect conductors are included in the
Conduction Current conduction simulation. The current density, J, is proportional to the electric field that is
Solution established due to a potential difference.
Current Density
Static Magnetic Field J = σE = – σ∇φ
Solution where:
Boundary Conditions
Solution Process • E is the electric field.
Magnetic Field Energy • σ is the conductivity of the material in siemens/meter.
Magnetic Coenergy • φ is the electric potential.
Inductance Matrix Under steady state conditions, the amount of charge leaving any infinitesimally small
Inductance in Terms of region must equal the charge flowing into that region. That is, the charge density, ρ(x,y,z),
Flux Linkage and Cur- in any region does not change with time:
rent
∂ρ
Inductance in Terms of ∇⋅J = = 0
Voltage and Time-Vary- ∂t
ing Current Because –σ∇φ = J, the equation expressed in terms of the electric potential, φ, is:
Matrix Elements
∇ ⋅ ( σ∇φ ) = 0
Solution Process
Lorentz Force This is the equation that is solved in the first step of the simulation.
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Static Magnetic Field Solution
Theory After computing the current density, the magnetostatic field solver computes the magnetic
Conduction Current field using Ampere’s Law and Maxwell’s equation describing the continuity of flux:
Solution
Current Density ∇×H = J
Static Magnetic Field ∇⋅B = 0
Solution
where:
Boundary Conditions
Solution Process • H(x,y,z) is the magnetic field.
Magnetic Field Energy • B(x,y,z) is the magnetic flux density.
Magnetic Coenergy • J(x,y,z) is the current density field that was previously computed.
Inductance Matrix
Inductance in Terms of The magnetic flux density is computed using the relationship:
Flux Linkage and Cur- B = µr µ0 H
rent
Inductance in Terms of where:
Voltage and Time-Vary- • µr(x,y,z) is the relative permeability.
ing Current • µ0 is the permeability of free space, which is equal to 4π x 10–7 H/m.
Matrix Elements
Solution Process The simulator uses the previously computed current density and magnetic fields defined
Lorentz Force through boundary conditions as input to the magnetic field computation.
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Boundary Conditions
Theory The behavior of the H-field at the edges of the problem space is controlled through
Conduction Current boundary conditions. You can define the magnetic field to be:
Solution
Current Density • Tangential to an odd or even symmetry boundary, indicating that no flux is crossing
Static Magnetic Field the boundary — that is, its normal components are equal to zero.
Solution • Normal to the boundary (a magnetic field boundary with a tangential component of
Boundary Conditions zero), indicating that all flux is either entering or exiting the boundary.
Solution Process • Neither tangential nor normal (a value boundary with non-zero tangential
Magnetic Field Energy components), allowing you to model the effects of an external field. The software
Magnetic Coenergy automatically figures out the component of the field that is tangential to each surface
Inductance Matrix and uses it as the boundary condition. The normal component of the field at each
Inductance in Terms of surface is left as an unknown — but if all boundaries have been set properly, the
Flux Linkage and Cur- results will come out as desired. However, you must be careful when explicitly
rent specifying the value of the H-field along boundaries, since it is possible to set up a
Inductance in Terms of problem that violates Ampere’s Law.
Voltage and Time-Vary-
You can also simulate the following via boundaries:
ing Current
Matrix Elements • A thin sheet of perfectly insulating material between conductors (an insulating
Solution Process boundary).
Lorentz Force • A periodic structure where the H-field on one surface matches the magnitude and
Lorentz Torque direction of the H-field on another surface (a master and slave matching boundary,
Virtual Force which can lie at an oblique angle to the surface).
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Solution Process
Theory The magnetostatic solver first simulates the conduction current, J, in all conductors. To do
Conduction Current this, it solves for J, computes the solution error, and compares it to the conduction percent
Solution error. If the error is greater, it refines the mesh in the tetrahedra with the highest error, and
Current Density starts another conduction solution using the refined mesh.
Solution It then computes the magnetic field, H, at the vertices and midpoints of the edges of each
Boundary Conditions tetrahedron in the finite element mesh, using the conduction current as input. If nonlinear
Solution Process materials are present, it computes the field using the Newton-Raphson method, which
Magnetic Field Energy uses the slope of the BH-curve to compute a linear approximation of the nonlinear solu-
Magnetic Coenergy tion. This approximation is then substituted into the nonlinear solution for H.
Inductance Matrix The solver writes the completed solution to a file and performs an error analysis. In an
Inductance in Terms of adaptive analysis, it refines the tetrahedra with the highest error, and continues solving
Flux Linkage and Cur- until the stopping criterion is met. In a non-adaptive solution, the process stops.
rent
Inductance in Terms of Start solution process
ing Current
Matrix Elements Solve for magnetic
Solve for conduction
Solution Process current (J) field (H); write solution
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Perform error analysis Refine mesh Perform error analysis Refine mesh
Virtual Torque
Error criterion
No Stopping No
satisfied? criterion satisfied
?
Yes Yes
Go Back Solution finished
Conduction current solution process Magnetic field solution process

Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Magnetic Field Energy
Theory
Conduction Current The energy stored in a static magnetic field is given by the following:
Solution • In linear materials, the energy is:
Current Density
1
Solution
U = ---
2 ∫ B • H dVol
Vol
Boundary Conditions • In nonlinear materials, the energy is:
Solution Process
Magnetic Field Energy U = ∫ dB • H dVol
Magnetic Coenergy Vol
Inductance Matrix where:
Inductance in Terms of
Flux Linkage and Cur- • H is the magnetic field.
rent • B is the magnetic flux density.
The magnetic field energy is related to the magnetic coenergy as shown below. Energy is
equal to the area above the BH-curve, and coenergy is equal to the shaded blue area
ing Current
below the BH-curve.
Matrix Elements
Solution Process B B Energy
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque Energy
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Coenergy Coenergy
H H
In linear materials: In nonlinear materials:
• µ is constant. • µ varies according to BH-curve.
Go Back • Energy is equal to coenergy. • Energy is less than coenergy.
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Magnetic Coenergy
Theory
Conduction Current The magnetic coenergy of a system is given by the following:
Solution • In linear materials, the coenergy is:
Current Density
1
Solution
W = ---
2 ∫ B • H dVol
Vol
Boundary Conditions • In nonlinear materials, the coenergy is:
Solution Process
Magnetic Coenergy
W = ∫ B • dH dVol
Vol
Inductance Matrix
Inductance in Terms of where:
Flux Linkage and Cur- • H is the magnetic field.
rent • B is the magnetic flux density.
Voltage and Time-Vary- The coenergy is related to the magnetic field energy.
ing Current
Matrix Elements
Solution Process
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Inductance Matrix
Theory
Conduction Current Inductance matrices can be expressed in terms of flux linkage and current, or in terms of
Solution voltage and time-varying current. Inductance values are given in henries.
Current Density Inductance in Terms of Flux Linkage and Current
Solution An inductance matrix represents the magnetic flux linkage between current loops. Given
Boundary Conditions the three current loops below, the relationship between induced flux and currents is:
Solution Process λ 1 = L 11 i 1 + L 12 i 2 + L 13 i 3
Magnetic Coenergy λ 2 = L 21 i 1 + L 22 i 2 + L 23 i 3
Inductance Matrix
λ 3 = L 31 i 1 + L 32 i 2 + L 33 i 3
Inductance in Terms
of Flux Linkage and L11
L12 (L21)
Current
Inductance in Terms of i1 ∆V1
Voltage and Time-Vary- L22
ing Current L13 (L31)
Matrix Elements i2 ∆V2
Solution Process
Lorentz Force L23 (L32)
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
i3 ∆V3
Virtual Torque L33
λ1 L 11 L 12 L 13 i 1
λ 2 = L 21 L 22 L 23 i 2
Go Back λ3 L 31 L 32 L 33 i 3
The inductance matrix above gives the relationship between λ and i for the three indepen-
Contents dent current loops. A device with n current loops would have an n×n inductance matrix.
Index
Magnetostatics Inductance in Terms of Voltage and Time-Varying Current
Theory An inductance matrix can also represent the relationship between voltage and current
Conduction Current fluctuations in a system. Given the three independent transmission lines shown below, the
Solution voltage changes caused by the time varying current source on each line are given by:
Current Density
Static Magnetic Field ∆V 1 L 11 L 12 L 13 di 1 ⁄ dt
Solution
∆V 2 = L 21 L 22 L 23 di 2 ⁄ dt
Boundary Conditions
Solution Process ∆V 3 L 31 L 32 L 33 di 3 ⁄ dt
Magnetic Coenergy ∆V1
Inductance Matrix di 1 RL
Line 1
Inductance in Terms of dt
∆V2
rent Line 2 di 2
RL
Inductance in Terms of dt
ing Current di 3 ∆V3
Matrix Elements Line 3 RL
dt
Solution Process
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque The inductance matrix above gives the relationship between ∆V and dI/dt for the three
Virtual Force transmission lines. If di2/dt and di3/dt are set to zero, this relationship becomes:
Virtual Torque di
∆V 1 ------1- L 11
dt = di 1
∆V 2 = L L 12 -------
0 dt
∆V 3 L 13
0
This gives the voltage changes that are induced on Lines 2 and 3 when a time-varying
Go Back current source is applied to Line 1 — that is, the inductive coupling between the three
loops.
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Matrix Elements
Theory If one amp is applied to Current Loop 1 and zero amps is applied to the other two loops,
Conduction Current the inductance matrix becomes:
Solution
Current Density λ1 1 L 11
λ2 = L 0 = L 12
Solution
Boundary Conditions λ3 0 L 13
Solution Process
Magnetic Field Energy Diagonal Elements
Magnetic Coenergy
Inductance Matrix Terms such as L11 represent the self-inductance of each current loop. Self-inductance is
Inductance in Terms of numerically equal to the flux linkage in a current loop when one amp is flowing in it, and
Flux Linkage and Cur- no current is flowing in the other loops. For example, L11 is equal to the flux in Current
rent Loop 1 when one amp is flowing in that current loop, and no current is flowing in the other
Inductance in Terms of loops.
Voltage and Time-Vary- Off-Diagonal Elements
ing Current
Matrix Elements Terms such as L12 and L13 represent the mutual inductances between the current loops.
Solution Process Mutual inductance is numerically equal to the flux linkage in a current loop when one amp
Lorentz Force is flowing through another loop, and no current is flowing anywhere else. For example, L12
Lorentz Torque is equal to the flux linkage in Loop1 when one amp is applied to Loop 2 and no current is
Virtual Force flowing in the other loops.
Virtual Torque Symmetry
Note that the inductance matrix is symmetric about the diagonal. This indicates that the
mutual effects between any two loops are identical. For instance, L13, the inductance
between Current Loop 1 and Current Loop 3, is equal to the inductance between Current
Loop 3 and Current Loop 1.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Solution Process
Theory To solve for the inductance matrix, the magnetostatic solver generates a single field solu-
Conduction Current tion. The system computes each entry of the inductance matrix using the following rela-
Solution tionships:
Current Density
1 2 1
Static Magnetic Field U = --- LI = --- ∫ H • B dΩ
Solution 2 2
Boundary Conditions
But, assuming that the current, i, is one ampere:
Solution Process
Magnetic Coenergy
L = ∫ H • B dΩ
Inductance Matrix where:
Flux Linkage and Cur- B = µH
rent Each conductor in the matrix is assumed to be part of an independent current loop. The
Inductance in Terms of contributions of each loop to the inductance matrix are modeled using numerical matrix
Voltage and Time-Vary- manipulation techniques.
ing Current
Matrix Elements Warning: Inductance is valid for different current levels in linear and nonlinear models:
Solution Process • In models containing only linear materials, the system assumes that
Lorentz Force one amp of current flows through each loop. The inductance matrix
Lorentz Torque that is computed for these models is valid for all current levels.
Virtual Force • In models containing nonlinear materials, the system uses the
Virtual Torque currents you specified when setting up boundaries and sources. The
inductance matrix that is computed for these models is valid only for
these current levels.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Lorentz Force
Theory
Conduction Current The component of the Lorentz force due to current in a magnetic field is:
Solution
Current Density
F = ∫ J × B dVol
Vol
Solution where:
Boundary Conditions
Solution Process • J is the current density.
Magnetic Field Energy • B is the magnetic flux density.
Magnetic Coenergy When the Lorentz force is computed for a set of objects, the system calculates this inte-
Inductance Matrix gral individually for each object. The result is the force on each object in the x, y, and z
Inductance in Terms of directions.
rent Warning: The Lorentz force does not compute the correct force on objects that are
Inductance in Terms of assigned materials with a relative permeability greater than one (that is,
Voltage and Time-Vary- materials where µ ≠ µ 0 ). To find the force on these objects, use virtual force.
ing Current
Matrix Elements
Solution Process
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Lorentz Torque
Theory
Conduction Current The system uses Lorentz forces to compute the torque around the x-, y-, and z-axes. The
Solution Lorentz torque is given by the following equation:
Current Density
T = ∫ r × ( J × B )dVol
Vol
Solution
Boundary Conditions
where:
Solution Process
Magnetic Field Energy • r is the displacement vector from the axis of rotation.
Magnetic Coenergy • J is the current density.
Inductance Matrix • B is the magnetic flux density.
Flux Linkage and Cur- This integral is computed for the x-, y-, and z-axes, giving the net torque on the object(s)
rent about each axis of rotation.
Voltage and Time-Vary- Warning: The Lorentz torque does not compute the correct torque on objects that are
ing Current
materials where µ ≠ µ 0 ). To find the torque on these objects, use virtual
Matrix Elements
torque.
Solution Process
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Virtual Force
Theory
Conduction Current To compute the virtual force on an object, the system uses the principle of virtual work. In
Solution the structure shown below, the force on the plate in the direction of the displacement, s, is
Current Density given by the following relationship:
Solution dW ( s, i )
F plate = ---------------------
Boundary Conditions ds i = Constant
Solution Process
Magnetic Field Energy where W(s,i) is the magnetic coenergy of the system. The current, i, is held constant.
Magnetic Coenergy
Inductance Matrix i
rent
ing Current
Matrix Elements
Solution Process
FPlate
Lorentz Force
Core
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force s
Virtual Torque
Plate
Unlike the classical virtual work method, the plate is not actually moved during the force
computation. Instead, only the tetrahedra that lie along the outside surface of the object
are virtually distorted. Thus, the force computation only requires one field solution.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Magnetostatics Virtual Torque
Theory
Conduction Current Similar to the virtual force calculation, the system uses virtual work principles to compute
Solution the torque on an object. In the structure shown below, the torque on Object B about the
Current Density axis of rotation is given by the following relationship:
Solution dW ( θ, i )
T B = ---------------------
Boundary Conditions dθ i = Constant
Solution Process
where W(θ, i) is the magnetic coenergy of the system. The current, i, is held constant.
Magnetic Coenergy
Inductance Matrix
i A
rent
ing Current Axis of rotation
Matrix Elements θ
Solution Process TB
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque B
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque i
Go Back Unlike the classical virtual work method, Object B is not actually rotated during the force
computation. Instead, only the tetrahedra that lie along the outside surface of the object
are virtually distorted. Thus, the change in the system’s coenergy (and therefore the vir-
Contents tual torque) is given by the change in the coenergy of these tetrahedra.
Index
Eddy Current Eddy Current
Theory
Skin Depth The eddy current field simulator computes time-varying magnetic fields that arise from:
Hysteresis Loss
• AC currents.
Ohmic Loss
• External time-varying magnetic fields (represented by boundary conditions).
Impedance Matrix The quantities for which the magnetic field simulator solves are the magnetic field, H, and
AC Inductance and Resis- the current distribution, J; the magnetic flux density, B, is automatically calculated from
tance the H-field. Derived quantities such as the following can be calculated from these basic
Lorentz Force field quantities:
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
• The skin depth of induced currents in conductors.
Virtual Torque • The magnetic field energy.
Average Force • The hysteresis loss.
Phasor Notation • The ohmic loss.
• The impedance (impedance matrix).
• Force (Lorentz force and virtual force).
• Torque (Lorentz torque and virtual torque).
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Theory
Theory
Phasors The following sections outline the theories and equations behind the solutions.
Sources Phasors
AC Magnetic Fields
Solution Process The eddy current field simulator assumes that the magnetic field has the form:
Skin Depth H ( x, y, z, t ) = H ( x, y, z ) cos ( ωt + θ ( x, y, z ) )
Hysteresis Loss where:
Ohmic Loss • H(x,y,z) is a vector field quantity that has a magnitude and direction at each point in
Impedance Matrix space.
AC Inductance and Resis- • ω is the angular frequency of the field simulation, which is equal to 2πf. (f is the
tance frequency at which source currents and voltages oscillate during the solution).
Lorentz Force • θ(x,y,z) is the offset from a cosine wave that peaks at ωt=0.
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force Because all quantities are oscillating at the same frequency, the two quantities of interest
Virtual Torque are H(x,y,z) and θ(x,y,z). Therefore, the magnetic field (and all other time-varying quanti-
Average Force ties) are stored as phasors, which can be visualized as a magnitude and phase or as a
Phasor Notation complex quantity.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Sources
Theory This section lists the types of available eddy current sources.
Phasors
Sources AC Currents
AC Magnetic Fields To define currents to serve as a source of AC magnetic fields, you can:
Solution Process
Skin Depth • Define the current flowing through conductors.
Magnetic Field Energy • Explicitly set the current density in conductors.
Hysteresis Loss
Specify the magnitude and phase of the peak AC current or current density (not the RMS
Ohmic Loss
current or current density). Note that voltages cannot be used as input.
Impedance Matrix
AC Inductance and Resis- Boundary Conditions
tance
The magnetic field at the edge of the problem region also serves as a source. You can
Lorentz Force
define it to be:
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force • Tangential to the surface (a Neumann boundary), indicating that no flux is crossing the
Virtual Torque boundary.
Average Force • Normal to the boundary (a magnetic field boundary with tangential components of
Phasor Notation zero), indicating that all flux along the boundary is either entering or exiting the
problem space.
• Neither tangential nor normal (a value boundary with non-zero tangential
components), allowing you to model the effects of an external field. The software
automatically figures out the component of the field that is tangential to each surface
and uses it as the boundary condition. The normal component of the field at each
surface is left as an unknown — but if all boundaries have been set properly, the
results will come out as desired.
You can also simulate the following via boundaries:
• The effects of induced currents in conductors (an impedance boundary), when the
skin depth of the conductor is very small.
Go Back • Thin sheets of perfectly insulating material between conductors (an insulating
boundary).
Contents • Periodic structures where the H-field on one surface matches the magnitude and
direction of the H-field on another surface (master and slave matching boundaries).
Index If appropriate, specify both a magnitude and phase when entering boundary conditions.

Eddy Current AC Magnetic Fields
Theory After you specify all AC current sources and all necessary boundary conditions, the eddy
Phasors current field simulator computes the magnetic field using these equations:
Sources
AC Magnetic Fields ∇×H = J
Solution Process
and
Skin Depth
Magnetic Field Energy ∂B
∇×E = –
Hysteresis Loss ∂t
Ohmic Loss
Impedance Matrix where:
AC Inductance and Resis- • H is the magnetic field.
tance • J is the current density field. It is related to the induced electric field, E, by J=σE.
Lorentz Force • σ is the conductivity.
Lorentz Torque • E is the electric field.
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
• B is the magnetic flux density, computed using the relationship:
Average Force B = µ0 µr H
Phasor Notation • µr is the relative permeability.
• µ0 is the permeability of free space.
All time-varying quantities are treated as phasors.
Note: The full relationship between H and J is given by the equation:

∂
∇×H = J + εE
∂t
∂
where εE is the displacement current.
∂t
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Solution Process
Theory To solve for the magnetic field, H(t), the solver divides the model into two regions:
Phasors
Sources • In conductors where eddy currents occur, H(t) is computed directly from source
AC Magnetic Fields currents and applied magnetic fields:
∇×  --- ∇×H  + jωµH = 0
Solution Process 1
Skin Depth σ 
• In the rest of the model, H(t) is computed from the magnetic scalar potential, φ:
Hysteresis Loss
Ohmic Loss ∇•( µ ∇φ ) = 0
Impedance Matrix Directly solving for H(t) requires more computing resources than using the magnetic
AC Inductance and Resis- potential, so this is done only in regions where the magnetic potential cannot be used.
tance
Lorentz Force The solver combines the solutions and solves for the magnetic field. H(t) is forced to be
Lorentz Torque continuous on the boundaries, producing a continuous field solution throughout the
Virtual Force model. It then saves the completed solution to a file and performs an error analysis. In an
Virtual Torque adaptive analysis, it refines the tetrahedra with the highest error and continues solving
Average Force
Phasor Notation
More
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current until the stopping criterion is met. In a non-adaptive solution, the process stops.
Theory
Phasors
Sources Solve DC conduction
AC Magnetic Fields passes and then
Solution Process start solution process
Skin Depth
Magnetic Field Energy Write solution files
Hysteresis Loss
Yes Eddy currents
Ohmic Loss
computed in object?
Impedance Matrix
Perform error analysis
AC Inductance and Resis- No
tance
Lorentz Force H is computed H is computed
Solution No
Lorentz Torque directly using φ Refine mesh
criterion satisfied
Virtual Force ?
Virtual Torque Yes
Average Force Combine and solve
Solution finished
Phasor Notation
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Skin Depth
Theory
Skin Depth Induced currents allow magnetic fields to penetrate conductors only to a certain depth,
Magnetic Field Energy which is approximated by the formula:
Hysteresis Loss 2
Ohmic Loss δ = -------------------- (in meters)
ωσµ 0 µ r
Impedance Matrix
AC Inductance and Resis-
where:
tance
Lorentz Force • ω is the angular frequency, which is equal to 2πf. (f is the frequency at which source
Lorentz Torque currents and voltages oscillate during the solution.
Virtual Force • σ is the conductor’s conductivity in siemens/meter.
Virtual Torque • µr is the conductor’s relative permeability.
Average Force • µ0 is the permeability of free space, which is equal to 4π x 10–7 H/m.
Phasor Notation
Currents will be concentrated near the surface of the conductor, decaying rapidly past the
skin depth. As the formula above indicates, the skin depth gets smaller as the frequency
increases.
Note: Due to the skin concentration of current, AC inductances and resistances

are not equal to their DC equivalents. This affects the inductance and resis-
tance values computed during impedance computations.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Magnetic Field Energy
Theory
Skin Depth The AC magnetic field energy is given by:
1
Magnetic Field Energy U AV = --- ∫ B • H∗ dV
Hysteresis Loss 4
V
Ohmic Loss
tance
• B is the magnetic flux density.
Lorentz Force • H is the magnetic field.
Lorentz Torque This represents the average energy over time, not the instantaneous energy at a specific
Virtual Force point in the cycle.
Virtual Torque
Average Force Hysteresis Loss
Phasor Notation Hysteresis loss is given by:
1
U = – ∫ ωIm --- ( B • H∗ ) dVol
2
Vol
where:
• B is the magnetic flux density.
• H* is the complex conjugate of the magnetic field, H.
• ω is the angular frequency, equal to 2πf (where f is the solution frequency).
Hysteresis loss applies if the structure includes materials with an imaginary permeability.
Otherwise, it is equal to zero.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Ohmic Loss
Theory
Skin Depth Ohmic loss is given by:
J • J∗
Hysteresis Loss
P = ∫ --------------- dVol
2σ
(Watts)
Vol
Ohmic Loss
tance • J is the current density.
Lorentz Force • J* is the complex conjugate of the current density.
Lorentz Torque • σ is the conductivity in siemens/meter.
Virtual Force Ohmic loss is used to compute the power loss in a structure (P=I2R).
Virtual Torque
Average Force For impedance boundaries, ohmic loss is given by:
Phasor Notation ωµ 0 µ
P = ----------------r ∫ H t • H t∗ ds (Watts)
8σ
Sur
where:
• ω is the angular frequency, which is equal to 2πf. (f is the frequency at which source
currents and voltages oscillate during the solution.
• σ is the conductor’s conductivity in siemens/meter.
• µr is the conductor’s relative permeability.
• µ0 is the permeability of free space, which is equal to 4π x 10–7 H/m.
• Ht is the tangential component of H on the impedance boundary.
• Ht* is the complex conjugate tangential component of H on the impedance boundary.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Impedance Matrix
Theory
Skin Depth An impedance matrix gives the relationship between AC voltages and AC currents for
Magnetic Field Energy multiple conductors. In the current loops below, the voltage and current in each loop is:
Hysteresis Loss ∆V 1 = I 1 R 1 + I 1 jωL 11 + I 2 jωL 12
Ohmic Loss
Impedance Matrix ∆V 2 = I 2 R 2 + I 2 jωL 22 + I 1 jωL 12
Matrix Elements
Solution Process I1 R1 L1
Line Impedance
Loop 1 ω + ∆V1 –
tance
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force R12 R2 L2 L12
Virtual Torque I2
Average Force
Phasor Notation + ∆V2 –
Loop 2 ω
∆V 1 Z 11 Z 12 I 1
=
∆V 2 Z 12 Z 22 I 2
where:
• ∆Vi and Ii are phasors.
• Z11 = R1 + jωL11 (the self-impedance of Loop 1).
Go Back • Z12 = R12+ jωL12 (the mutual impedance between Loops 1 and 2).
• Z22 = R2 + jωL22 (the self-impedance of Loop 2).
Contents A device with n current loops would have an n×n impedance matrix.
Index
Eddy Current Matrix Elements
Theory All impedances are complex numbers in the form:
Skin Depth
Magnetic Field Energy Z = R + jωL
Hysteresis Loss
where:
Ohmic Loss
Impedance Matrix • ω is the angular frequency of the AC voltages and currents, which is equal to 2πf
Matrix Elements (where f is the solution frequency).
Solution Process • R is the resistance, given in ohms.
Line Impedance • L is the inductance, given in henries.
tance If one amp flows in Loop 1 and zero amps in Loop 2, the impedance matrix becomes:
Lorentz Force ∆V 1 1 = Z 11
Lorentz Torque = Z
Virtual Force ∆V 2 0 Z 12
Virtual Torque
Average Force Diagonal Elements
Phasor Notation The self-impedance of Loop 1 is given by Z11 = R1 + jωL11.
• R1 represents the internal resistance of the current loop.
• L11 represents the self-inductance of the loop. The jωL11 term represents the inductive
reactance of the loop — the apparent AC inductance due to the loop’s self inductance.
Off-Diagonal Elements
The mutual impedance between Loops 1 and 2 is given by Z12 =R12+ jωL12.
• R12 represents the mutual resistance of a neighboring conductor as seen from the
source conductor.
• L12 represents the mutual inductance between the loops. The jωL12 term represents
the inductive reactance between the loops — the apparent AC inductance due to the
mutual inductance.
Go Back
Symmetry
Contents Note that the impedance matrix is symmetric about the diagonal. This indicates that the
mutual effects between any two loops are identical.
Index
Eddy Current Solution Process
Theory The simulator divides the impedance matrix computation into two parts, as shown below.
Skin Depth
Magnetic Field Energy Set conductor i to 1 amp;
Hysteresis Loss all other conductors to 0 amps
Ohmic Loss
Impedance Matrix
Matrix Elements For conductors 1 to n,
Solution Process Solve for Li
where 1 < i < n
Line Impedance
tance
Solve for Ri
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque Compute impedance from
Average Force Ln and Rn solutions
Phasor Notation
The solver generates a field solution for each conductor in the matrix. Each conductor is
assumed to be part of an independent current loop. In the first solution, the current in the
first conductor is set to one amp; currents in the other conductors are set to zero. This is
done by imposing current sources on the conductors. In the second solution, the current
in the second conductor is set to one amp and all other conductors are set to zero amps,
and so forth. Objects that are not included in the impedance matrix are not affected.
Using the field solution as input, the simulator performs inductance and resistance com-
putations. When it finishes solving for the inductance and resistance, the simulator com-
bines them to form the impedance matrix, using the relationship:
More
Z i = R i + jωL i
Go Back Inductance
The inductance solution for an impedance computation is similar to a magnetostatic
Contents inductance solution. The system computes the following for each matrix entry:
Index
L ij = ∫ Bi • H j∗ dΩ

Eddy Current where:
Theory • B is the magnetic flux density.
Skin Depth
• H* is the complex conjugate of the magnetic field.
Hysteresis Loss Resistance
Ohmic Loss To find the resistance, the system computes the ohmic loss, P, for each loop:
Impedance Matrix 1
Matrix Elements P = ------ ∫ J • J∗ dΩ
2σ
Solution Process
Line Impedance where J is the current density. Ohmic loss can also be expressed in terms of resistance
AC Inductance and Resis- and total current, P=RIRMS2, where:
tance I Peak
Lorentz Force I RMS = -----------
-
Lorentz Torque 2
Virtual Force
The resistance, therefore, is:
Virtual Torque
1
Average Force ------ ∫ J • J∗ dΩ J • J∗ dΩ
Phasor Notation P
R = -------------
- =
2σ
---------------------------------
- = ∫--------------------------
-
I 2RMS I 2RMS σI Peak
2
To solve this, the system computes the conduction current, J, for each conductor. Each
subsolution, Ji, represents the contribution of a current loop toward the matrix. After it
solves for J for all conductors, the system computes the resistance matrix.
Note: Since all current loops are assumed to be independent, an impedance

matrix only contains terms for their internal resistance (or self-resistance). It
does not include terms for the mutual resistances between loops.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Line Impedance
Theory Line impedance is represented by a 1x1 impedance matrix. That is to say, the line imped-
Skin Depth ance is the impedance of a single current loop given by:
Z = R + jωL
Hysteresis Loss
Ohmic Loss where:
Impedance Matrix
Matrix Elements • ω is the angular frequency of the AC voltages and currents, which is equal to 2πf
Solution Process (where f is the solution frequency).
Line Impedance • R is the self-resistance of the loop.
AC Inductance and Resis- • L is the self-inductance of the loop.
tance
R L
Lorentz Force I
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
ω = 2πf
Virtual Torque
Average Force
Phasor Notation
The inductance and resistance components of line impedance are computed separately.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current AC Inductance and Resistance
Theory
Skin Depth The inductances and resistances computed during an impedance solution are different
Magnetic Field Energy from those computed for the equivalent DC case, as shown below. The darker blue area
Hysteresis Loss represents the cross-section of the current flowing in the conductors.
Ohmic Loss
Impedance Matrix Skin
AC Inductance and depth
Resistance
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque J J
Average Force
Phasor Notation
R R
DC: J is uniformly distributed AC: J is concentrated near the
throughout the conductor. surface and decays exponentially
toward the conductor’s center.
The current density, J, in the DC case (the conductor on the left) is evenly distributed
throughout the cross-section of the conductor. The current density in the AC case (the
conductor on the right) is distributed close to the surface due to skin concentration of cur-
rents. Since the area through which current can flow is smaller, it follows that the resis-
tance to the current flow is higher in the impedance matrix than in the equivalent DC case.
In the DC example, no eddy currents occur. The magnetic field created by the current
Go Back flowing through the conductor is static. In the AC example, the oscillating magnetic field
induces currents in other conductors in the model. These induced currents affect the com-
putation of inductance for the impedance matrix, causing it to be slightly different than the
Contents equivalent DC inductance.
Index
Eddy Current Lorentz Force
Theory
Skin Depth The Lorentz force represents the average force on an object (or group of objects) due to
Magnetic Field Energy currents in a time-varying magnetic field. Lorentz force is given by:
Hysteresis Loss
Ohmic Loss
F(t ) = ∫ J ( t ) × B ( t ) dVol
Vol
Impedance Matrix
AC Inductance and Resis- where:
tance • J(t) is the current density.
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
• B(t) is the magnetic flux density.
Virtual Force The average force is found by integrating the instantaneous force:
Virtual Torque 2π 2π
= ------ ∫ F Inst dωt = ------ ∫  J ( t ) × B ( t ) dVol dωt
Average Force 1 1
Phasor Notation
F AV
2π 2π  ∫ 
0 0 Vol
When the Lorentz force is computed for a set of objects, the system calculates this inte-
gral individually for each object. The result is the average force on each object in the x, y,
and z directions.
Warning: The Lorentz force does not compute the correct average force on objects
that are assigned materials with a relative permeability greater than one (that
is, materials where µ ≠ µ 0 ). To find the force on these objects, use virtual
force.
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Contents
Index
Eddy Current Lorentz Torque
Theory
Skin Depth The Lorentz torque represents the average torque on an object or group of objects due to
Magnetic Field Energy currents in a time-varying magnetic field. The Lorentz torque is given by:
Hysteresis Loss
Ohmic Loss
T (t) = ∫ r × [ J ( t ) × B ( t ) ]dVol
Vol
Impedance Matrix
where:
tance
Lorentz Force • r is the displacement vector from the axis of rotation.
Lorentz Torque • J(t) is the current density.
Virtual Force • B(t) is the magnetic flux density.
Virtual Torque
Average Force The average torque is found by integrating the instantaneous torque:
Phasor Notation 2π 2π
= ------ ∫ T Inst dωt = ------ ∫  ∫ r × [ J ( t ) × B ( t ) ]dVol dωt
1 1
T AV
2π 2π 
0 0 Vol
This integral is computed for the x-, y- and z-axes, giving the average torque on the
object(s) about each axis of rotation.
Warning: The Lorentz torque does not compute the correct average torque on objects
that are assigned materials with a relative permeability greater than one (that
is, materials where µ ≠ µ 0 ). To find the torque on these objects, use virtual
torque.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Virtual Force
Theory
Skin Depth Virtual force in an eddy current problem is computed the same way as the magnetostatic
Magnetic Field Energy virtual force. The only difference is that the average force over time is computed — not the
Hysteresis Loss net (instantaneous) force at a given time. The average virtual force is found by integrating
Ohmic Loss the instantaneous force:
Impedance Matrix 2π 2π
dW ( s, i )
= ------ ∫ F Inst dωt = ------ ∫  ---------------------  dωt
AC Inductance and Resis- 1 1
F AV
tance 2π 2π  ds 
0 0
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque Virtual Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque Virtual torque in an eddy current problem is computed the same way as the magnetostatic
Average Force virtual torque. The only difference is that the average torque over time is computed — not
Phasor Notation the net torque at a given time. The average torque is found by integrating the instanta-
neous torque:
2π 2π
 dW ( θ, i )
---------------------  dωt
1 1
T AV = ------ ∫ T Inst dωt = ------ ∫
2π 2π  dθ 
0 0
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Average Force
Theory
Skin Depth The Lorentz force and virtual force computed for an eddy current model represent the
Magnetic Field Energy average force, not the instantaneous force at a specific point in the AC magnetic field’s
Hysteresis Loss cycle. Similarly, the Lorentz torque and virtual torque represent the average torque over
Ohmic Loss time, since these torque computations make use of the time-averaged force. The differ-
Impedance Matrix ence between the time-averaged (or DC) force, AC force, and instantaneous force is
AC Inductance and Resis- shown below:
tance
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Average Force
Phasor Notation
Force oscillates at twice the frequency of the source current and magnetic field:
1
f F = ------ = 2 f S
TF
More where:
• fF is the frequency of the force.
Go Back • fS is the frequency of the source current and magnetic field.
• TF is the period of the force.
Contents The time-averaged (or DC) force, AC force, and instantaneous force can be determined
Index
Eddy Current by:
Theory 1 °
Skin Depth F DC = --- ∫ Re J × B* dV
2
Hysteresis Loss 1
Ohmic Loss F AC = --- ∫ Re J × B dV
2
Impedance Matrix
AC Inductance and Resis- F INST = F DC + F AC
tance
Lorentz Force The AC force, FAC must be evaluated at a particular phase (=ωt) in order to determine its
Lorentz Torque magnitude at an instant in time.
Virtual Force
Virtual Torque
Average Force
Phasor Notation
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Phasor Notation
Theory
Skin Depth Time varying quantities that have the form:
Magnetic Field Energy F ( t ) = F m cos ( ωt + θ )
Hysteresis Loss
Ohmic Loss can be represented as rotating phasors in the complex plane. Using Euler’s formula:
jα
Impedance Matrix e = cos α + j sin α
AC Inductance and Resis- j( ωt + θ )
tance If α = ωt+θ, F(t) equals the real portion of e :
Lorentz Force j( ωt + θ )
F(t ) = ℜ[Fme ] = ℜ [ F m ( cos ( ωt + θ ) + j sin ( ω t + θ ) ) ] = F m cos ( ωt + θ )
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force Each time-varying quantity has the form F m e jθ e jωt . The F m e jθ component is a complex
Virtual Torque constant that can be represented by a stationary phasor in the complex plane. The
Average Force e jωt component is a complex number that depends on t, and can be represented as a
Phasor Notation rotating phasor in the complex plane. The phasor’s projection on the real axis oscillates
Real and Imaginary sinusoidally. It reaches a peak when parallel with the real axis, and crosses zero when
Components parallel with the imaginary axis. Therefore, a phasor with θ=90° represents a quantity that
peaks 90 degrees after a phasor with θ=0°.
Imaginary
Phasor rotating at an
angular frequency of ω
ωt
θ
Real
Fm cos(ωt+θ)
Go Back
Contents
Index
Eddy Current Real and Imaginary Components
Theory In general, you must enter a magnitude and phase for all AC voltages, currents, and other
Skin Depth boundary or source quantities. But if the magnitude and phase angle of a quantity are
Magnetic Field Energy functions of position, specify the functions in terms of real and imaginary components
Hysteresis Loss (x+jy). The “x+jy” description of a phasor indicates that the phasor is the sum of two com-
Ohmic Loss ponents — a sinusoid that peaks at ωt=0° and a sinusoid that peaks at ωt=90°.
Impedance Matrix
AC Inductance and Resis- • The “x” component of the phasor is the real component and is represented by a
tance phasor that lies on the real axis of the complex plane.
Lorentz Force • The “y” component is the imaginary component and is represented by a phasor that
Lorentz Torque lies on the j-axis of the complex plane.
Virtual Force
The real and imaginary components of a three phase system are shown below.
Virtual Torque
Imaginary
Average Force
Phasor Notation
Real and Imaginary
Am
Components Imaginary y
component
θ
Real
x
Real component
More They are related to the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid in this way:
Go Back Am e
jθ
= x + jy = A m ( cos θ + j sin θ )
Contents
2 2
Am = x +y
Index
Eddy Current
Theory y
Skin Depth θ = atan --
x
Hysteresis Loss
Ohmic Loss where the real and imaginary components are:
Impedance Matrix
tance Re = A m cos θ
Lorentz Force
Lorentz Torque
Virtual Force Im = A m sin θ
Virtual Torque
Average Force
Phasor Notation
Real and Imaginary
Components
Go Back
Contents
Index
Topics: Maxwell 3D — Glossary
Glossary Glossary
Tool Bar Icons
The following section describes some of the more common terms used in the online doc-
umentation. An explanation of the icons in the tool bar is also included.
3D Boundary/Source This module allows you to assign boundary conditions and
Manager sources to object faces, planes of symmetry, edges of the
problem region, or objects in the model.
3D Modeler This module allows you to draw the objects in your model.
3D Post Processor This module allows you to analyze the data, compute derived
quantities, and plot the fields of your solved model.
anisotropic This type of conductivity is dependent on the direction of the
conductivity magnetic field in anisotropic materials.
anisotropic materials Anisotropic materials are materials that depend on the direc-
tion of the magnetic field. In anisotropic materials, the permit-
tivity and conductivity are tensors.
anisotropic Permeability is dependent on the direction of the magnetic
permeability field in anisotropic materials. Anisotropic permeability refers
to the permeability in anisotropic materials.
anisotropic Permittivity is dependent on the direction of the magnetic field
permittivity in anisotropic materials. Anisotropic permittivity refers to the
permittivity in anisotropic materials.
BH-curve In nonlinear materials, when a material has a permeability
that varies with the flux density, a BH-curve is used to
describe the material’s nonlinear behavior. The B refers to the
magnetic flux density. The H refers to the magnetic field
intensity.
More
branch terminals A branch terminal is a 2D object that coincides with the exact
cross-section of the conduction path of a 3D object.
Go Back capacitance Capacitance is the measure of a material’s ability to store
charge and voltage energy.
cascaded windows Cascaded windows are a series of view windows stacked on
Contents top of each other. This is useful when you wish to pay partic-
ular attention to one window as opposed to others.
Index
Glossary coil terminals A coil terminal is any 2D object that coincides with the inner
Tool Bar Icons cross-section of a conduction path in a 3D object.
command prompt This refers to the blank field in the command window in which
you enter script commands with the keyboard. This saves you
from using the mouse to select commands from the menu bar
or icons.
conduction path The conduction path is the path that current travels in a con-
ductor.
conductivity This material property represents a how easily electrons
move in through material. This can be expressed as a mathe-
matical relationship where conductivity is the ratio of the cur-
rent density to the electric field.
conductor A conductor is an object in which charges move freely. Con-
ductors have non-zero conductivity.
current density This refers to any terminal used to specify the current density
terminals of an object.
current position This refers to the blinking cursor in the active view window
marker which represents the active point. This point appears in the
coordinates fields in the side window.
cutplane A cutplane is any plane that cuts through the model. Cut
planes can cut through the model at any angle and may be
moved to a new position to observe a difference in plotted
fields.
Dirichlet boundary This is a boundary refers to any surface on which the tangen-
tial component of the field is known and set to a specific, con-
stant value. When you specify a known value for the field
More along a surface, that surface becomes a Dirichlet boundary.
These are also known as value boundaries.
eddy current The eddy current field simulator computes time-varying mag-
Go Back netic fields that arise from AC currents in conductors and
time-varying external fields represented by boundary condi-
Contents tions.
Index
Glossary eddy effect The eddy effect is the method in which magnetic fields pene-
Tool Bar Icons trate a conductor and induce eddy currents in it.
electric coercivity This refers to the electric field that exists when the electric
flux is zero.
electric retentivity The electric retentivity refers to the value of the electric flux
density when the electric field is zero.
electric flux By Gauss’s Law, the electric flux passing through a closed
surface of an object is equal to the net positive charge
enclosed by that surface.
electric susceptibility This material property refers to a material’s ability to become
polarized.
Executive This module allows you to set up the force, torque, and matrix
Parameters calculations to be solved with the Solve/Nominal Problem or
Solve/Variables command.
finite element This refers to the method of breaking down the tetrahedra of
analysis the finite element mesh in order to more accurately solve the
problem.
finite element mesh The Maxwell 3D solves problems by breaking down the prob-
lem region into thousands of tetrahedra. The field in each tet-
rahedron is represented with a separate equation. This
collection of tetrahedra is called the finite element mesh.
floating boundaries In electrostatics, floating boundaries are similar to Dirichlet
boundaries in that the entire surface is at a single potential,
except that you need not specify the potential as a known a
value. This is used to model conductors at unknown poten-
tials.
More floating conductor Floating conductors are conductors at which the potential is
unknown.
Go Back grid plane The grid plane is plane in which the cartesian or polar grid
points appear. The two axes lying on the grid appear as
densely dotted lines. The axis perpendicular to this line
Contents appears as a dash-dot line.
Index
Glossary hotkeys Hotkeys are keystroke combinations that execute more com-
Tool Bar Icons plex commands without the need for accessing the com-
mands in the menu bars or tool bar icons.
imaginary This material property refers to the imaginary component of
permeability the permeability of a material. See permeability.
imaginary anisotropic This material property refers to the imaginary component of
relative permeability the anisotropic relative permeability of an object. See aniso-
tropic permeability.
imaginary relative This material property refers to the imaginary component of
permeability the relative permeability of a material. See relative perme-
ability.
impedance This refers to the total resistance of a circuit to the current
flow.
inductance This property refers to the production of a current in a circuit
by varying the magnetic field.
insulating boundaries An insulating boundary defines an area where the current will
not pass between touching conductors.
insulator An insulator is a material that does not easily transport
charge.
isotropic materials Isotropic materials are materials whose conductivity and per-
meability are independent of the direction and orientations of
the magnetic field.
line impedance The line impedance of an object is the impedance of a single
current loop in a conductor.
LMB This is an acronym for the left mouse button. The left mouse
button is used to choose commands and select points, sur-
More
faces, and objects.
Lorentz force The Lorentz force is the force on an object due to the currents
Go Back in the magnetic field.
Lorentz torque The Lorentz torque is the torque of an object due to the cur-
rents in a magnetic field.
Contents lumped capacitance Lumped capacitance is the capacitance between two con-
ductors or groups of conductors.
Index
Glossary macros A macro is a saved series of script commands which can be
Tool Bar Icons executed repeatedly to create identical objects or calculations
in several different projects. Macros are created, saved, and
executed by entering the commands through the command
prompt window.
magnetic coercivity This refers to the magnetic field that exists when the mag-
netic flux is zero.
magnetic flux The magnetic flux is the total of all the lines of force in a mag-
netic field.
magnetic retentivity In nonlinear materials, the magnetic retentivity (or rema-
nence) refers to the value of the magnetic flux density when
the magnetic field is zero.
magnetic The magnetic susceptibility is a measure of the ability of the
susceptibility material to become magnetized.
master boundaries In matching boundaries, both the master and slave surfaces
of an object must be equal in magnitude and direction. In the
case of magnetostatic or eddy current models, the directions
may be opposite.
matching boundaries These boundary conditions force the field solution at one sur-
face to match the magnitude and direction (or the negative of
the direction) of the field solution at another surface.
Material Manager This module allows you to assign material properties to the
objects you have created in the 3D Modeler. You may also
derive new materials from existing materials in the database.
Meshmaker The Meshmaker allows you to seed, create, and refine the
finite element mesh in your model.
More mesh refinement This refers to the process of breaking down the tetrahedra of
the finite element mesh, thus allowing for a more accurate
field solution as each tetrahedra is computed.
Go Back
model A model is a series of geometric objects grouped together in
one file. The file will have an .sm3 extension if the model was
Contents created with the 3D Modeler or an .sm2 extension if it was
created with the 2D Modeler.
Index
Glossary natural boundary In electrostatics, this is the basic boundary condition which
Tool Bar Icons states that the normal component of the D field varies by the
amount of charge density on the surface. In magnetostatic
and eddy current problems, this condition states that the nor-
mal and tangential components of the B field and H Field are
continuous.
Neumann boundary The magnetic flux is prevented from crossing the Neumann
boundary.
nodes Nodes are the tetrahedra vertices.
nonlinear materials Nonlinear materials are materials in which the magnetic flux
density varies nonlinearly with the magnetic field.
outer terminals An outer terminal is any 2D object that lies on a surface sep-
arating a 3D object from the edge of the problem region.
Outer terminals can be faces of 2D objects.
parametric analysis This refers to the analysis of the parametric table with the
Post Process/Variables command.
parametric solutions After you have created your parametric sweep with the Setup
Solution/Variables command, you can use the Solve com-
mand to generate your parametric solutions.
paste buffer When you cut or copy an object, such as with the Edit com-
mands, the object is stored in the paste buffer. The paste
buffer itself is an area of resident memory that is erased and
replaced with the newest item that has been cut or copied.
perfect conductor Perfect conductors are idealized materials in which the con-
ductivity of the material is assumed to be infinite.
permanent magnets Permanent magnets are any materials that generate magnetic
More flux due to permanent magnetic dipoles in those materials.
permeability The permeability of an object is a mathematical quantity
Go Back which refers to the ratio of a the total field to the magnetic
field.
permittivity Permittivity refers to how easily current passes through a
Contents material.
Index
Glossary phasors Phasors are time-varying quantities which rotate at an angu-
Tool Bar Icons lar frequency.
pitch In material assignment, the pitch is the rotation of the vector
or function about the y-axis.
polyline A polyline is an object composed of one or more straight or
curved line segments.
post processing Post processing solved models allows you to plot the fields,
calculate data, and create or modify existing geometries.
problem region This refers to the region where the data is calculated in the
final solution. Objects outside the problem region are ignored
when the final solution is calculated.
relative permeability The relative permeability of a material is a dimensionless
value that relates the magnetic flux density (B-field) to the
magnetic field (H-field).
relative permittivity The relative permittivity is a quantity that relates the permittiv-
ity of a material to the permittivity of free space.
resistance Resistance is a material’s inability to easily conduct current.
RMB This is an acronym for the right mouse button.
RMBM This is an acronym for the right mouse button menu. This
menu becomes visible when you hold the right mouse button
down while the cursor is in a view window. Depending on the
module you are in, you may use this menu to select or dese-
lect objects, or accept or cancel selections or values.
roll In material assignment, the roll is the rotation of the vector or
function about the x-axis.
More script commands These are the commands you enter at the command prompt.
Script commands allow you to execute numerous actions
without the need for using the mouse to access commands
Go Back from the menu bar to tool bar icons.
section This refers to the Surfaces/Section command which creates
a cross-section of 3D objects with the XY, YZ, or XZ planes.
Contents seeding Seeding refers to the process of adding points to your finite
element mesh to create a finer one.
Index
Glossary self-inductance The self-inductance of a material is the inductance associ-
Tool Bar Icons ated with a current distribution by virtue of its own flux link-
age.
skin depth The skin depth of a material is the distance at which induced
currents allow magnetic fields to penetrate.
slave boundary In matching boundaries, both the master and slave surfaces
of an object must be equal in magnitude and direction. In the
case of magnetostatic or eddy current models, the directions
may be opposite.
solver The solver module allows you to select the problem type you
wish to create from electrostatic, magnetostatic, or eddy cur-
rent problems.
solver residual The solver residual is the difference between the actual solu-
tion of the problem and the result when the solution is substi-
tuted back into the problem and re-solved.
stitch This refers to the Surfaces/Stitch command. Stitching is the
joining of two of more sheet objects to form a larger object.
superposition Superposition is the combination of field solutions in the Post
Processor.
surface A surface is all the faces of an object.
sweep Sweep can refer to two different topics:
• In the 3D Modeler, sweeping a face or object
along a path or vector creates a new 3D object.
The object you sweep need not be orthogonal to
the path or vector.
• In the Executive Parameters module, a
More parametric sweep refers a series of variables.
symmetry boundary Symmetry boundaries model the planes of symmetry in a
Go Back problem.
terminal A terminal is any 2D exact cross-section of the conduction
path of a 3D object which acts as a source for the model.
Contents
Index
Glossary tile window Tile windows are view windows which are placed beside each
Tool Bar Icons other as opposed to stacked on top of each other as in the
case of cascaded windows.
tool bar The tool bar is the location of the icons which can be used to
shortcut commands.
value boundary See Dirichlet boundary.
vector functions Vector functions are functions that determine whether the
magnitude and direction of vector material properties are
constant or functional.
view windows In the 3D Modeler, view windows are the windows in which
you create your model. In other modules, the view window
gives a 3D view of the model. Depending on the module you
are in, you can assign materials to objects, specify boundary
conditions, set up any executive parameters, or post process
data or fields in the model.
virtual force Virtual force is the force acting on an object in a specific
direction.
virtual objects Virtual objects are dummy objects used to make the tetrahe-
dra in the finite element mesh more accurate by reducing the
difference in magnitude of the sizes of the objects.
virtual torque Virtual torque is the torque on an object around a specific
axis.
visibility Visibility refers to whether or not an object is displayed. You
can toggle the visibility of an object using the Edit/Visibility
commands or the visibility icon.
yaw In material assignment, the yaw is the rotation of the vector or
function about the z-axis.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Glossary Tool Bar Icons
Tool Bar Icons
The following tool bar icons appear in several modules throughout the Maxwell 3D.
This is the File/New icon. Choose this to create a new model or mesh in your
project.
This is the File/Open icon. Choose this to open a saved project.
This is the File/Save icon. Choose this to save your model, settings, boundaries,
. xecutive parameters, mesh, and solutions.
e
This is the View/Zoom In icon. Choose this to zoom in on your model.
This is the View/Zoom Out icon. Choose this to expand the view of your model.
This is the View/Fit All icon. Choose this to fit the entire model in the view window.
This is the Edit/Undo icon. Choose this to undo your last action.
This is the Edit/Redo icon. Choose this to redo the last action to cancelled with the
Edit/Undo command or icon. This icon does not duplicate an action or command. It
merely cancels the effect of the Edit/Undo command.
The previous icons are the most commonly used and appear in nearly every module.
More
Go Back
Contents
Index
Glossary
Tool Bar Icons
This is the View/Coordinate System/Hide icon. Choose this icon to toggle the
display of the coordinate system.
This is the Coordinates/Move Origin icon. Choose this icon to move the origin.
This is the View/Grid Plane/Hide icon. Choose this icon to toggle the visibility
of the grid plane on and off.
This is the View/Grid Plane/XZ icon. Choose this to set the grid plane in the current
view to XZ.
This is the View/Render icon. Toggle this icon to view the model in either shaded
or wire frame display.
This is the Edit/Deselect All icon. Choose this icon to deselect any selected items.
This is the Edit/Clear icon. Choose this icon to delete all selected items.
This is the Edit/Visibility/By Item icon. Choose this to hide or show any selected
objects.
This icon toggles the visibility of the problem region on and off.
This is the Edit/Attributes/Recolor icon. Choose this to specify new colors in your
model.
More
This is the Edit/Attributes/By Clicking icon. Choose this to modify the attributes of
the object you click on.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Glossary
Tool Bar Icons
This is the Solids/Box icon. Choose this icon to draw a box.
This is the Solids/Cylinder icon. Choose this icon to draw a cylinder.
This is the Lines/Polylines icon. Choose this icon to sketch a polyline.
This is the Options/Region/Fit All icon. Choose this to make the problem region
contain all the objects in the model.
This is the Help/On Context command. Choose this icon prior to another command
to learn what that command or icon does.
This is the Model/Functions icon. Choose this icon to define the functions to be
used in the 3D Boundary Manager.
This is the Edit/Select/Faces Intersection icon. Choose this icon to select the
intersection of two faces between two bodies.
This is the Data/Fill icon from the Setup Solutions/Variables tool bar. Choose this
icon to fill the selected cells in the parametric table with a pattern of data.
More
This is the Data/Sort icon from the Setup Solutions/Variables tool bar. Choose
Go Back this icon to sort rows containing a range of data in the parametric table.
Contents
Index
Glossary
Tool Bar Icons
This is the Data/Calculator icon from the Post Processor tool bar. Choose this
icon to access the field calculator.
This is the Edit/Select icon. Choose this to select items.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Topics: Ansoft Macro Editor
Macro Editor Macro Editor
Defining Macros in the
Macro Editor Use the Ansoft Macro Editor to create or edit macros.
Macro Editor Tool Bar
When you choose File/Macro/Edit Macro from the File menu, the following window
Macro Editor Commands
appears:
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Defining Macros in the Macro Editor
Macro Editor Use the following general procedure to create or edit a macro in the Ansoft Macro Editor.
> To create or edit a macro:
1. Choose File/Macro/Edit Macro to access the Ansoft Macro Editor.
2. Choose File/New or File/Open to create or edit a macro file. Macro files have a
.mac file extension. You automatically enter Assign Parameter mode and access
the Create New Macro File window. This is the window in which the macro is
written.
You can also enter this mode using the View/Assign Parameter Mode command,
which allows you to review the macro and define any parameters.
3. Choose Edit/All Parameters to specify the parameters of the macro.
4. Choose View/Edit Mode to enter Edit mode and enter new text for the macro file.
5. Choose Edit/Command Parameters to specify parameters.
6. Choose Edit/Add Database Export Macro to generate macro code that creates a
database and writes it to a disk file.
7. Choose File/Save to save the macro
The macro is now defined.

Use the tool bar in the Macro Editor as a shortcut to executing commands. Click on one of
the following icons for more information on the command it represents:
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Macro Editor Commands
Macro Editor The following menus are accessible from the Macro Editor:
Macro Editor Tool Bar File Creates, opens, saves, and closes macros.
Edit Edits and defines command parameters, adds database export macros,
Macro Editor Edit Com-
and allows you to add new commands to the macro.
mands
Search Commands Search Finds and replaces expressions used in the macros.
Macro Editor View Com- View Defines the viewing modes, allowing you to assign parameters or edit the
mands macro file. Also displays the parameters of the macro.
Help Accesses the online documentation.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Macro Editor Edit Commands
Macro Editor Use the Edit commands in the Macro Editor to do the following:
Macro Editor Tool Bar All Parameters Allows you to edit all the parameters
Macro Editor Commands Command Parameters Allows you to edit the macro.
Macro Editor Edit Com- Database Export Macro Creates an export database macro.
mands Add New Commands Adds a new command to the macro.
Edit/All Parameters
Cut Cuts selected macro text and stores it in the paste buffer.
Edit/Command Param-
eters Copy Copies selected macro text and stores it in the paste
Edit/Database Export buffer.
Macro Paste Pastes selected text to the macro.
Edit/Add New Com- GoTo Line Advances to the selected line number.
mands Comment Comments a line in the macro.
Edit/Cut Uncomment Uncomments a line in the macro.
Edit/Copy
Edit/Paste Edit/All Parameters
Edit/GoTo Line
Choose this command to access the expression evaluator and define the expressions
Edit/Comment
used in the macro.
Edit/Uncomment
Search Commands > To define an expression for a macro:
Macro Editor View Com- 1. Choose Edit/All Parameters. The expression evaluator appears.
mands 2. Enter the name of the new parameter in the field to the left of the equals sign.
3. Enter its corresponding value in the field to the right of the equals sign.
4. Choose Add to add the expression to the table.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to continue adding values to the table.
6. Choose Done.
The expression evaluator vanishes.
Edit/Command Parameters
Go Back
Choose this command to enter Edit mode and define the macro.
Contents > To enter Edit mode:
• Choose Edit/Command Parameters.
Index
Macro Editor Edit/Database Export Macro
Defining Macros in the Macro Use the Edit/Database Export Macro commands to do the following:
Editor
Macro Editor Tool Bar Add Create database macros.
Macro Editor Commands Edit Edit existing database macros.
Macro Editor Edit Com- Delete Delete existing database macros.
mands
Edit/All Parameters Edit/Database Export Macro/Add
Edit/Command Parame- Choose this command to create a database export macro. This command allows you to
ters define the numbers of rows and columns for a data table to be read by a macro.
Edit/Database Export
Macro > To create the database export macro:
Edit/Add New Com- 1. Choose Edit/Database Export Macro/Add. The following window appears:
mands
Edit/Cut
Edit/Copy
Edit/Paste
Edit/GoTo Line
Edit/Comment
Edit/Uncomment
Search Commands
Macro Editor View Com-
mands
More
Go Back 2. Enter the Number of rows in the data table.

3. Enter the Number of columns in the data table.
4. Choose Set. The table expands to the number of defined rows and columns.
Contents 5. Select Current or End as the Add location: Current adds the newly defined rows
and columns to the current cursor position in the macro. End appends the new
Index data table to the end of the macro.

Macro Editor 6. Optionally, select Add comments to add any notes to macro file. When selected,
Defining Macros in the this option automatically adds a comment in the macro to explain the command.
Macro Editor Otherwise, the commented lines are left out.
Macro Editor Tool Bar 7. Optionally, select Use database with Optimetrics to use the database with an
Macro Editor Commands Optimetrics project.
Macro Editor Edit Com- 8. Enter the Database name or choose Browse and use the file browser that
mands appears to locate and select the file to use. The created database export code is
Edit/All Parameters automatically appended to the macro file. The database file name is assigned a
Edit/Command Parame- .udb extension.
ters 9. Enter the values of the cells in the data table. Note that string values must be
Edit/Database Export entered in quotes.
Macro 10. Choose OK to accept the data table or Cancel to cancel the action.
Edit/Add New Com- The database export macro is generated in the Ansoft Macro Editor window.
mands
Edit/Cut Edit/Database Export Macro/Edit
Edit/Copy Choose this command to edit an existing database macro. Note that the macro must exist
Edit/Paste before you can edit it.
Edit/GoTo Line
Edit/Comment > To edit a database macro:
Edit/Uncomment 1. Choose Edit/Database Export Macro/Edit. The Select Database Name window
Search Commands appears.
Macro Editor View Com- 2. Select the macro to edit and choose OK. The Export Database Macro window
mands appears.
3. Make any corrections and modifications to the macro and choose OK to accept the
changes.
Edit/Database Export Macro/Delete
Choose this command to delete an existing database macro. Note that the macro must
exist before you can delete it.
> To delete a database macro:
Go Back 1. Choose Edit/Database Export Macro/Delete. The Select Database Name
window appears.
Contents 2. Select the macro you want to edit and choose OK.
The macro file is deleted.
Index
Macro Editor Edit/Add New Commands
Defining Macros in the Use this command to add a new command to the macro.
Macro Editor
Macro Editor Tool Bar > To add new commands to the macro:
Macro Editor Commands 1. Choose Edit/Command Parameters to place the macro in Edit mode.
Macro Editor Edit Com- 2. Choose Edit/Add New Commands. The Add Geometry Macro Step 1 window
mands appears.
Edit/All Parameters 3. Select the macro command you want to use from the list in the left side of the
Edit/Command Parame- window.
ters 4. Select the Add Location at which to place the new command. Current places the
Edit/Database Export new command at the current place in the macro. End places the new command at
Macro the end of the macro.
Edit/Add New Com- 5. Choose Next to move to the Add Geometry Macro Step 2 window to define the
mands values associated with the macro command. When you move on to this or any
Edit/Cut subsequent windows, Prev becomes active, allowing you to return to any
Edit/Copy previously defined pages.
Edit/Paste 6. Define any relevant data associated with the macro command in the Add
Edit/GoTo Line Geometry Macro Step 2 window. This window typically displays an empty field
Edit/Comment that allow you to define values, vectors, components, and similar definitions.
Edit/Uncomment 7. Choose Next. The Add Geometry Macro Step 3 window appears, displaying the
Search Commands macro line that you have just added.
Macro Editor View Com- 8. Choose Finish.
mands The window closes and the line is now added to the macro.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Edit/Cut
Defining Macros in the Use this command to remove text from the macro window and store it in the paste buffer.
Macro Editor
Macro Editor Tool Bar > To cut text from the active view window:
Macro Editor Commands 1. Select the text to cut using the mouse.
Macro Editor Edit Com- 2. Choose Edit/Cut. The selected text is removed from the screen and placed in the
mands paste buffer.
Edit/All Parameters Text that has been cut may be pasted back into the active window using the Edit/Paste
Edit/Command Parame- command. The text currently stored in the paste buffer is replaced by the next selection
ters that is cut or copied into the buffer.
Macro Edit/Copy
Edit/Add New Com- Use this command to copy the selected text into the paste buffer. The selected text is not
mands deleted.
Edit/Cut
Edit/Copy > To copy text into the paste buffer:
Edit/Paste 1. Select the items by using one of the Edit/Select commands.
Edit/GoTo Line 2. Choose Edit/Copy. The items are copied into the paste buffer.
Edit/Comment Text that has been copied may be pasted into the active window using the Edit/Paste
Edit/Uncomment command. The text currently stored in the paste buffer is replaced by the next selection
Search Commands that is cut or copied.
mands
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Edit/Paste
Defining Macros in the Choose this command to copy the contents of the paste buffer to the active macro. Any
Macro Editor text in the paste buffer can be pasted repeatedly.
Macro Editor Commands The Edit/Paste command only pastes the text that was placed in the paste buffer by the
Macro Editor Edit Com- most recent Edit/Cut or Edit/Copy command. Each time Edit/Cut or Edit/Copy is cho-
mands sen, the buffer is overwritten with new text.
Edit/All Parameters > To paste the text to the macro:
Edit/Command Parame- 1. Select the text to paste.
ters 2. Choose Edit/Cut or Edit/Copy to place the text in the paste buffer.
Edit/Database Export 3. Select the macro window into which the text is to be pasted.
Macro 4. Choose Edit/Paste.
Edit/Add New Com-
Edit/GoTo Line
mands
Edit/Cut Choose this command to locate a particular line to view or edit. This command is active
Edit/Copy only when you are in edit mode.
Edit/Paste
> To locate a line:
Edit/GoTo Line
1. Choose Edit/GoTo Line. The Go To Line window appears.
Edit/Comment
2. Enter the number of the line to edit in the Line No field.
Edit/Uncomment
3. Choose OK.
Search Commands
Macro Editor View Com- A cursor appears at the beginning of the selected macro line.
mands
Edit/Comment
Choose this command to comment out a line in the macro. The commands stored in com-
mented lines are not executed.
> To comment out a line:
1. Select the line in the macro to comment out.
2. Choose Edit/Comment. A # symbol appears as the first character of the
Go Back commented line.
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Edit/Uncomment
Defining Macros in the Choose this command to uncomment a line in a macro. Commented lines are denoted by
Macro Editor a # symbol as their first character.
Macro Editor Commands > To uncomment a line:
Macro Editor Edit Com- 1. Select the commented line to uncomment.
mands 2. Choose Edit/Uncomment.
Edit/All Parameters The line is uncommented and will now be read during the macro execution.
Edit/Command Parame-
ters
Macro
Edit/Add New Com-
mands
Edit/Cut
Edit/Copy
Edit/Paste
Edit/GoTo Line
Edit/Comment
Edit/Uncomment
Search Commands
mands
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Search Commands
Macro Editor Use the Search commands in the Macro Editor to do the following:
Macro Editor Tool Bar Find Locates the selected text.
Macro Editor Commands Replace Replaces selected text with new text.
mands Search/Find
Search Commands Choose this command to find selected text in the macro.
Search/Find
Search/Replace > To locate selected text:
Macro Editor View Com- 1. Choose Search/Find. The Find window appears.
mands 2. Enter the text to search for in the Find text field.
3. Optionally, select Case sensitive to search for only matching cases of the entered
text. For example, select this option to search for “Box” instead of “box”.
4. Select Up or Down as the direction in which to search, relative to the position of
the cursor.
5. Choose Find Next to find the selected text or Done to exit the window.
Search/Replace
Choose this command to replace selected text with new text.
> To replace selected text:
1. Choose Search/Replace. The Replace window appears.
2. Enter the text to search for in the Find text field.
3. Enter the new text in the Replace with field.
4. Optionally, select Case sensitive to search for only matching cases of the entered
text. For example, select this option to search for “Box” instead of “box”.
5. Select Up or Down as the direction in which to search, relative to the position of
the cursor.
6. Choose Find Next to find the selected text.
Go Back 7. Once the selected text is located, do one of the following:
• Choose Replace to replace the text with the new text.
Contents • Choose Replace All to replace all instances of the selected text with the new text.
8. Choose Done to exit the window when you are finished.
Index
Macro Editor Macro Editor View Commands
Macro Editor Use the View commands in the Macro Editor to do the following:
Macro Editor Tool Bar Edit Mode Places the editor in Edit mode, allowing you to edit the macro.
Macro Editor Commands Assign Parameter Places the editor in Assign Parameter mode, allowing you to
Macro Editor Edit Com- Mode define the parameters of the macro.
mands All Parameters Displays the list of defined parameters.
Search Commands Fit Preview Displays the previewed geometry.
Clear Preview Clears the previewed geometry.
mands
View/Edit Mode Options Defines the geometry options for the previewed model.
View/Assign Parame-
View/Edit Mode
ter Mode
View/All Parameters Choose this command to place the Macro Editor in “Edit” mode, which allows you to edit
View/Fit Preview the macro.
View/Clear Preview
> To enter Edit mode:
View/Options
• Choose View/Edit Mode.
Now you may edit the macro.
View/Assign Parameter Mode
Choose this command to place the Macro Editor in “Assign Parameter” mode, which
allows you to define the parameters of the macro.
> To enter Assign Parameter mode:
• Choose View/Assign Parameter Mode.
Go Back
Contents
Index
Macro Editor Assign Parameter Mode
Defining Macros in the Assign parameter mode allows you to define the macro parameters for any line in the
Macro Editor macro that can be interpreted by the software as a parameter.
Macro Editor Commands For example, selecting any macro lines containing variable parameters such as Box, or
Macro Editor Edit Com- Circle displays a panel in the window. Each dimension of the object can be modified
mands accordingly.
Search Commands > To modify the parameters in a macro:
Macro Editor View Com- 1. Choose View/Assign Parameter Mode. The Create New Macro File window
mands displays two new windows. The left window (macro window) displays the macro
View/Edit Mode itself. The right window (parameter window) displays any parameters that may be
View/Assign Parame- modified.
ter Mode 2. Select the line in the macro whose parameters you wish to modify. The parameter
View/All Parameters window displays all values that can be modified for that line. If you select a line that
View/Fit Preview cannot be edited in this mode, the following message appears.
View/Clear Preview
View/Options No description for command.
You may only edit parameters in Edit mode.
3. Modify any values in the parameter window.
4. Choose Accept to accept the changes or Cancel to retain the original values.
5. Choose File/Save to save the macro.
The macro is now defined and saved.
View/All Parameters
Choose this command to access the expression evaluator that displays the currently
defined parameters of the macro.
> To view the list of parameters:
1. Choose View/All Parameters The expression evaluator appears, listing the
Go Back parameters.
2. When you are finished, choose Done to close the expression evaluator and return
to the Macro Editor.
Contents
Index
Macro Editor View/Fit Preview
Defining Macros in the Use this command to preview the geometry.
Macro Editor
Macro Editor Tool Bar > To preview the geometry:
Macro Editor Commands • Choose View/Fit Preview.
The previewed geometry appears.
mands
Search Commands View/Clear Preview
Use this command to clear the previewed geometry.
mands
View/Edit Mode > To clear the previewed geometry:
View/Assign Parameter • Choose View/Clear Preview.
Mode
The previewed geometry vanishes.
View/All Parameters
View/Fit Preview View/Options
View/Clear Preview
Use this command to define the color, line width, and line style for the preview objects in
View/Options
the macro editor.
> To define the macro options:
1. Choose View/Options. The Options window appears.
2. Choose the Color square. A palette of 16 colors appears. Select a new color for
the preview objects. Once selected, the palette vanishes, and you return to the
Options window.
3. Choose the Width square. A palette of four different line widths appears. Select a
new width for the objects. Once selected, the palette vanishes, and you return to
the Options window.
4. Choose the Style square. A palette of five different line styles appears. Select a
new style for the objects. Once selected, the palette vanishes, and you return to
the Options window.
5. Choose OK to accept the options or Cancel to close the window and retain the
Go Back initial settings.
Contents
Index
Thumbtabs: Maxwell 3D — Index
A B C A axes
for BH-curves
torque about
D E F Adaptive Analysis
adaptive pass
completed and remaining
G H I viewing number of
adaptive passes, specifying number of
J K L Ampere’s Law
and superposition
violating
M N O animation
changing views
creating
P Q R cutplanes
displaying
S T U editing animations
tips and hints
animation variables
V W X anisotropy
conductivity
Y Z # imaginary relative permeability
permeability
permittivity
Ansoft Macro Editor
arc
Arrange commands
Mirror
Go Back Move
Rotate
Scale
Contents aspect ratio, method of calculation
assign parameter mode
assigning parameters in macros
Index Attributes
average force
Maxwell Online Help System Index-1 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

A B C B and magnetic flux

and symmetry planes (eddy current)
background object
and symmetry planes (electrostatic)
and solution region
D E F default material for
and symmetry planes (magnetostatic)
between two dielectrics
definition of
default outer boundaries (electrostatic)
G H I excluding from model
default outer boundaries (magnetostatic)
batch processing
defining
batch log files
J K L batch script files
defining functional boundaries and sources
Dirichlet (eddy current)
parametric solutions
Dirichlet (electrostatic)
M N O workstations (UNIX)
Dirichlet (magnetostatic)
BH-curve
eddy current
adding points to
edges of problem regions
P Q R axis settings for
electrostatic
changing appearance of
floating (electrostatic)
deleting
S T U displaying coordinates of
functions of position
general procedure for assigning
entering
impedance (eddy current)
V W X exporting
insulating (eddy current)
file formats for
insulating (magnetostatic)
for permanent magnets
Y Z # importing
magnetostatic
matching (eddy current)
importing from a file
matching (electrostatic)
magnetic coercivity of
matching (magnetostatic)
magnetic retentivity of
modeling periodic surfaces (eddy current)
modifying B and H values
modeling periodic surfaces (magnetostatic)
saving
modifying after solution has been generated
units for
Go Back boundaries, clearing boundaries and sources
natural (eddy current)
natural (electrostatic)
boundaries, outside problem space
natural (magnetostatic)
boundary conditions
Contents and behavior of magnetic fields (eddy cur-
Neumann (eddy current)
Neumann (electrostatic)
rent)
Neumann (magnetostatic)
and behavior of magnetic fields (magneto-
Index statics)
picking objects, surfaces, or boundaries
selecting existing boundaries and sources

A B C selecting objects and surfaces C

simulating eddy currents
calculator
simulating insulating sheets (eddy current)
displaying output
D E F simulating insulating sheets (magnetostatic)
entering values and geometries
summary of (eddy current)
general operations
summary of (electrostatic)
G H I summary of (magnetostatic)
naming quantities
scalar operations
used as input to eddy current simulation
stacks
J K L when to use, matching (electrostatic)
vector operations
when to use, matching (magnetostatic)
capacitance
boundary conditions and sources
M N O eddy current
in terms of charges and voltages
in terms of currents and time-varying
electrostatic
voltages
magnetostatic
P Q R Boundary Manager
lumped
matrix
see Setup Boundaries/Sources commands
short circuit
S T U selecting with mouse
charge
tool bar
and capacitance
boundary regions, toggling
V W X Boundary/Source Manager commands
net
charge density
buffer, paste
charge density, surface
Y Z # copying objects and text from
closing files
copying objects and text to
coenergy
and virtual force
and virtual torque
coil terminals
invalid terminals
using 2D objects
Go Back colors
color palette
of geometric objects
Contents of text (workstation)
shading
user-defined
Index command window

A B C script commands Control Panel

complex numbers convergence, in solution process
expressing as phasors convergence data
D E F in calculator registers completed adaptive passes
phasor notation for error energy
real and imaginary components frequency
G H I computing resources number of triangles
conduction accuracy remaining adaptive passes
J K L conduction current solutions convergence data menu
conduction paths coordinate systems
conduction paths and divergence coordinate system, local, moving objects in
M N O conduction simulation coordinates
and steady state conditions absolute
mesh refinement during deleting
P Q R percent error and error analysis modifying
specifying accuracy of moving object coordinate systems
S T U versus electrostatic simulation positions
conductivity relative
and current density (eddy current) rotated
V W X and current density (magnetostatic) rotating
and perfect conductors saving
Y Z # and skin depth setting coordinates on an object
anisotropic setting global coordinates
conductors setting local coordinates
and non-conductors Coordinates commands
charge on floating conductors Delete
current flow in Global
floating Local
Go Back in eddy current problems Rotated
in electrostatic problems Save Current CS
modeling as thin traces Set Object CS
Contents modeling thin conductors in electrostatic Unrotated
problems Coordinates/Set Current CS commands
skin depth in Move Origin
Index contiguous rule, Dirichlet boundaries Rotate X
contour plots Rotate Y

A B C Rotate Z eddy currents

Use Object CS inductance and time-varying currents
copying items inductance in terms of flux linkage
D E F CPU time insulating boundaries in magnetostatic
viewing for solution tasks problems
vs. real time leakage
G H I current density magnitude of
and conductivity phase of
J K L and electric field return path
and violating zero divergence law specifying total current
conductors (magnetostatic) steady state
M N O DC (magnetostatic)
defining via mathematical functions
divergence of
P Q R eddy current
eddy current sources
S T U forcing to be uniform
in Ampere’s Law
terminals (eddy current)
V W X terminals (magnetostatic)
zero divergence
Y Z # current density terminal
current loops
and coil terminals
and inductance
current path
currents
AC
Go Back and capacitance
and eddy current field simulation
and insulating boundaries (eddy current)
Contents and insulating boundaries (magnetostatic)
and Lorentz force
and Lorentz force (electrostatic)
Index and Lorentz torque
and virtual force

A B C D duplicating items
data calculations
Data commands
D E F Calculator
Functions
G H I Set Solution Type
Solution Info
database export macros
J K L Data/Functions commands
Edit
M N O Modify
default outer boundaries
electrostatic
P Q R magnetostatic
defining functions in materials
deleting items
S T U deleting macros
derived materials
V W X adding
deleting
inheritance of properties
Y Z # deselecting items
dielectrics, specifying charge in
differences between PC and UNIX software
versions
dimension limits
Dirichlet boundaries
and Ampere’s Law
Go Back contiguous rule
eddy current
electrostatic
Contents magnetostatic
using to model external magnetic fields
Divergence
Index divergence

A B C E Show All
Uncomment
eddy current field simulation
Undelete
boundary conditions
D E F magnetic field energy
Undo
Visibility
solution process
editing macros
G H I theory
Edit/Attributes commands
eddy currents
By Clicking
and skin depth
J K L computing in conductors
Color
Name
effect on AC inductance
Recolor
M N O modeling with impedance boundaries
Show Orientation
simulating via boundary conditions
Edit/Duplicate commands
simulation of
Along Line
P Q R eddy effect
Around Axis
behavior
Mirror
setting
S T U turning on
Edit/Select commands
By Name
Edit commands
By Volume
V W X Add Database Export Macro
Faces Intersection
Add New Commands
Edit/Visibility commands
All Parameters
Y Z # Clear
By Item
Hide Selection
Clear Boundary/Source
Toggle Region
Command Parameters
electric coercivity
Comment
electric currents, and Lorentz torque
Copy
electric field
Delete Rows
and capacitance
Deselect
Go Back Deselect All Faces
behavior at outside boundaries
behavior at surfaces between dielectrics
Duplicate
behavior in perfect conductors
GoTo Line
Contents Insert Rows
behavior on Dirichlet boundaries
behavior on natural boundaries
Paste
behavior on Neumann boundaries
Select
Index Select All
displaying
relationship to potential

A B C electric field energy executive parameters macros

electric flux density executive parameters macros, creating
and capacitance executive parameters quantities, deleting in
D E F and Lorentz force macros
and Lorentz torque exporting ACIS 1.7 files
behavior at surfaces exporting ACIS 2.1 files
G H I electric potential exporting ACIS 3.0 files
and current flow exporting animations
J K L and floating conductors exporting files
and non-floating conductors exporting .sld files
modeling conductors at unknown potentials exporting .sm2 files
M N O voltage exporting .sm3 files
electric retentivity expressions, mathematical
electrostatic field simulation
P Q R electric field energy
initial electric field
S T U solution process
steady state conditions
theory
V W X versus conduction field simulation
electrostatic surface potential
Y Z # energy
and lumped capacitance
and virtual force (electrostatic)
and virtual torque (electrostatic)
excluded objects
executing macros
executive module
Go Back executive parameters
capacitance matrices and geometric models
force and geometric models
Contents geometric models for executive parameters
impedance and geometric models
inductance and geometric models
Index macros
torque and geometric models

A B C F Old 3D Modeler
2D Modeler File
faces list
File/Macro commands
field quantities
D E F calculating
Delete
Edit Macro
deriving
Execute
G H I field references
Promote
field simulation
Start Recording
eddy current (AC magnetic)
J K L electrostatic
Stop Recording
File/Print commands
magnetostatic
Active View
M N O field solutions
Project
specifying criteria for solutions
fillet
superimposing
fine mesh
P Q R field sources
finite element analysis
Fields
mesh
file browser
S T U File commands
mesh refinement
tetrahedra
Apply Changes
finite element mesh
V W X Close
and complexity of geometric model
Exit
current mesh
Export
Y Z # Export Animation
initial mesh
interpolation inside tetrahedra
Import
manual mesh refinement
Macro
nodal values
Open
refining
Print
seeding the mesh
Print Setup
significance of
Revert
Go Back Save
size of
sizing limits
Save As
specifying a starting mesh
file extensions
Contents File/Export commands
Fit All
floating boundaries
ACIS Ver 1.7 File
force
ACIS Ver 2.1 File
Index ACIS Ver 3.0 File
Lorentz (eddy current)
Lorentz (electroostatic)

A B C Lorentz (magnetostatic) G
virtual (eddy current)
Gauss’s Law
virtual (electrostatic)
geometric models
D E F virtual (magnetostatic)
background objects
force solutions
creating objects
Format (Plot command)
G H I frequency
defining current loops
displaying objects
and impedance matrix
displaying orientation
J K L and line impedance
initializing drawing units
and skin depth
levels of detail
convergence data
M N O effects on impedance and admittance com-
model complexity and mesh size
modifying a solved model
putations
nominal and parametric
specifying for field solutions
P Q R Functions command
opening and saving model files
overlapping objects
planning the geometric model
S T U saving
sizing limits
V W X sizing the problem region
solution analysis
symmetry
Y Z # taking advantage of periodicity (electrostat-
ic)
taking advantage of periodicity (magneto-
static)
virtual objects
Geometry commands
Create
Go Back Delete
Modify
Geometry/Create commands
Contents Cutplane
Faces List
Line
Index Object List

A B C Point H
Surface List
help
Volume Box
active regions on graphics
D E F Geometry/Modify commands
button commands
Faces List
document title
Line
G H I Object List
help window functions
hotkeys
Point
links
J K L glossary of terms
menu bar
grid planes
selecting text
grid settings
M N O topics lists
using online help and documentation
Help commands
P Q R About Help
Contents
Index
S T U On Context
On Maxwell 3D
V W X On Module
Shortcuts
hotkeys
Y Z # and the mouse
macro editor
Meshmaker
mouse
3D Boundary Manager
3D Modeler
Go Back 3D Post Processor
hysteresis loss
Contents
Index

A B C I initial mesh
insulating boundaries
icons
and current terminals
imaginary permeability
D E F imaginary quantities, representing with phasors
and voltage terminals
eddy current
imaginary relative permeability
magnetostatic
G H I imaginary relative permeability, anisotropic
use to model perfectly insulating sheets
impedance
isotropic materials
and AC inductance
J K L and AC resistance
and AC self-inductance
M N O and AC self-resistance
and frequency
and time-varying currents
P Q R and time-varying voltages
in eddy current problems
line
S T U matrix
impedance boundaries
V W X and AC current sources
and magnetic field in conductors
approximation of eddy currents on
Y Z # induced currents on
skin depth
when to use
importing files
induced current, computing
inductance
AC vs. DC
Go Back and impedance
and terminals
in terms of magnetic flux and currents
Contents in terms of voltages and time-varying
currents
matrix
Index open circuit

A B C J K
J vector keystrokes and menus
D E F
G H I
J K L
M N O
P Q R
S T U
V W X
Y Z #
Go Back
Contents
Index

A B C L M
line impedance theory macro editor
linear materials defining macros
D E F Lines commands hotkeys
Circle tool bar
G H I Point macro editor commands
Polyline macro editor Edit commands
Rectangle macro editor View commands
J K L locating text in macros macro parameters
logs of solution tasks macros
M N O Lorentz force adding new commands
and current assigning parameters
and electric flux density (electrostatic) cease recording
P Q R and magnetic flux density (eddy current) commenting out lines
and magnetic flux density (magnetostatic) creating a modeler macro
frequency of creating a Post Processor macro
S T U instantaneous database export macros
theory (eddy current) deleting
V W X theory (electrostatic) editing
theory (magnetostatic) editing a modeler macro
time average of editing parameters
Y Z # Lorentz force (electrostatic) examples in Post Processor
Lorentz torque executing
and current executing a modeler macro
and electric flux density executing in Post Processor
and Lorentz force executive parameters
and magnetic flux density locating lines
instantaneous locating text
Go Back theory (eddy current) modeler macro example
theory (electrostatic) modeler macros
theory (magnetostatic) post processing
Contents time-averaged value of promoting
Lorentz torque (electrostatic) recording
lumped capacitance uncommenting lines
Index theory magnetic coenergy

A B C magnetic coercivity and symmetry planes

in nonlinear materials magnetic flux density
in permanent magnets and eddy current simulation
D E F relationship to permeability, magnetization, and Lorentz force
and magnetic retentivity and Lorentz torque
magnetic field and magnetic field
G H I and magnetic coercivity and magnetic retentivity
behavior inside perfect conductors and permeability
J K L behavior on odd symmetry boundaries in nonlinear materials
eddy effect behavior relationship to magnetization
relationship to magnetization units
M N O units magnetic losses
magnetic field energy magnetic moment
magnetic field simulation magnetic retentivity
P Q R magnetic coenergy in nonlinear materials
static magnetic field solutions in permanent magnets
S T U static magnetic fields magnetic susceptibility
magnetic fields magnetization
AC as a vector function
V W X and boundary conditions direction of
and eddy current simulation relationship to permeability, magnetic coer-
Y Z # and eddy currents civity and retentivity
and frequency magnetostatic field simulation
behavior at boundary boundary conditions
DC boundary conditions and behavior
eddy current conduction current solutions
expressed as phasors conductors and current density
frequency of magnetic field energy
Go Back homogenous solution solution process
in Ampere’s Law theory
particular solution making movies from plots
Contents phase of Manual Mesh
setting tangential components of matching boundaries
magnetic flux and excluded objects
Index and inductance eddy current
and Neumann boundaries magnetostatic

A B C material characteristics anisotropic permeability

anisotropic materials anisotropic permittivity
assigning anisotropic relative permeability
D E F defaults conductivity
dependencies between electrostatic materi- imaginary permeability
al characteristics relative permeability
G H I dependencies between magnetostatic mate- relative permittivity
rial characteristics material characteristics, electrostatic
J K L derived (inheritance) anisotropic permittivity
editable conductivity
functional and vector dependent and independent material char-
M N O functional material properties acteristics
isotropic relative permittivity
linear material characteristics, functional
P Q R need for assigning materials to objects and parametric analysis
nonlinear materials dependent and independent material prop-
S T U of background object erties
perfect conductors identifying functional and constant proper-
material characteristics, AC conduction ties
V W X anisotropic conductivity vector functions
anisotropic permittivity material characteristics, magnetostatic
Y Z # conductivity anisotropic permeability
relative permittivity dependent and independent material char-
material characteristics, DC conduction acteristics
anisotropic conductivity magnetic coercivity
conductivity magnetic retentivity
material characteristics, eddy axial magnetization
anisotropic conductivity nonlinear permeability
Go Back anisotropic permeability relative permeability
anisotropic permittivity material database
conductivity changing characteristics of local materials
Contents imaginary permeability deleting derived materials
relative permeability deleting materials from local database
relative permittivity material database, global
Index material characteristics, eddy current material database, local
anisotropic conductivity adding materials to

A B C deleting derived materials solution process

materials matrices, impedance
adding to local material database and inductance
D E F changing properties of and resistance
deleting from local database diagonal terms in
linear effect of frequency on
G H I local vs. global matrix elements
lossy monitoring the solution
J K L nonlinear mutual impedance
underiving off-diagonal terms in
Materials Manager self-impedance
M N O adding materials to database setting sources during solution
assigning materials to objects setup
material attributes solution process
P Q R materials database symmetry
modifying material assignments theory
S T U math functions matrices, inductance
defining and current loops
used to define material properties and perfect conductors
V W X mathematical functions coil terminals
defining computing from simulated magnetic field
Y Z # deleting diagonal terms in
modifying mutual inductance
modifying (in the 3D Modeler) off-diagonal terms in
matrices outer terminals
effect of frequency on planning geometric model for
setting up self-inductance
matrices, capacitance setting sources during solution
Go Back computing from simulated electric field setup
diagonal terms in solution process
modeling thin (2D) conductors theory
Contents mutual capacitance Matrix
off-diagonal terms in matrix solutions
self-capacitance Max D
Index setting sources during solutions maximum delta S
setup and solution accuracy

A B C current mutual capacitance

stopping criteria mutual impedance
target mutual inductance
D E F Maxwell Control Panel
Maxwell 3D
executive commands
G H I Maxwell 3D Field Simulator
setting up a 3D model
J K L software modules
measuring distances between objects
memory and solutions
M N O menus and keystrokes
mesh
size of
P Q R size vs. accuracy
Mesh commands
S T U Delete
Display Parameters
Make
V W X Mesh Info
Show Mesh
Y Z # mesh refinement — see refinement
Meshmaker hotkeys
Meshmaker menu commands
Min D
Mirror
Model commands
Functions
Go Back Pick Terminals
Set Eddy Effect
Show Conduction Paths
Contents Units Preferences
Verify Conduction Paths
modeler
Index mouse hotkeys
Move (Arrange command)

A B C N O
natural boundaries objects
eddy current acting on portions of
D E F electrostatic arcs
magnetostatic assigning materials to
G H I net charges attributes of
Neumann boundaries background in the problem region
behavior of D-field on boxes
J K L behavior of E-field on changing sheets objects to polylines
default outer boundaries (electrostatic) changing the scale
M N O default outer boundaries (magnetostatic) circles
eddy current colors of
electrostatic complex shapes
P Q R magnetostatic copying
New (Window command) copying between projects
Next Behind command covering open ends
S T U nodes (finite element mesh) covering open surfaces
nonlinear materials creating object lists
V W X adding to database creating sheet objects
entering BH-curves for cylinders
relationship of B and H in deselecting
Y Z # nonlinear permanent magnets display options
number of passes excluded in model
excluding from model
helixes
intersecting
making larger or smaller
mirroring
Go Back modifying object lists
moving
names
Contents names of
non-model
point
Index polylines

A B C reading in P
rectangles
Parameters
reshaping
parametric analysis
D E F rotating
creating a parametric sweep
saving
of material properties
selecting multiple objects
G H I selecting objects contained in other objects
post processing a parametric solutions
setting up a parametric solution
simple shapes
Parametric Analysis module
J K L temporary
parametric setup
used in final model
entering and revising data values
odd symmetry boundaries
M N O behavior of magnetic field
tool bar commands
Parametric Solution Options
in magnetostatic models
parametric solutions
relationship to value boundaries
P Q R ohmic loss, formula
post processing
viewing
Open
parametrics
S T U open circuit inductance
batch processing
opening files
setting up and solving parametric models
opening model files, Maxwell 2D Field Simulator
V W X Options command (Materials Manager)
hotkeys
Options commands
Parametrics Post Processor hotkeys
Y Z # Check Overlap
Paste
Default Color
perfect conductors
Preferences
and field solutions
Region
defining
Selection Color
use of terminals
Units
perfectly insulating surfaces, modeling via
Options/Region commands
boundaries
Go Back Define
periodicity
Fit All
taking advantage of (electrostatic)
Hide
taking advantage of (magnetostatic)
Contents Show
permanent magnets
Verify
linear vs. nonlinear
orientation, displaying
magnetic coercivity
Index origin, moving
magnetic retentivity

A B C magnetization scalar point plots

nonlinear scalar surface and volume plots
permanent magnets, nonlinear scalar 2D line plots
D E F permeability scalar 3D line plots
anisotropic specifying plot options
anisotropic imaginary vector point plots
G H I nonlinear vector surface plots
of free space vector 3D line plots
J K L relative plotting (fields)
permittivity contour plots
anisotropic vector plots
M N O of free space plotting (signals), formatting
phase animation Plot/Format commands
phase, specifying for Dirichlet boundaries Axes
P Q R phasors Graphs
notation for Plot/Open commands
S T U real and imaginary components 2D Plot
used to express current 3D Plot
used to express voltage Plot/Save As commands
V W X phi, electric potential 2D Plot
pitch 3D Plot
Y Z # Plot commands points, displaying spline control
Animation points, displaying vertex points
BH Curves polar plots
Delete polarization
Field as a vector function
Format relationship to permittivity, electric retentivity
Mesh and coercivity
Go Back Modify polyline
Open Post Processor
Save As creating geometries
Contents Show Coordinates defining geometries
Visibility hotkeys
plots plot quantity
Index formatting plotting field quantities
saving and reading tool bar

A B C uses Q
Post Process/Create Executive Parameters
quantities, derived
Macro
D E F Post Process/Nominal Problem commands
Post Process/Variables commands
Post Process/Variables Plot commands
G H I Add Graphs
Close
J K L Fit All
Format
New
M N O Open
Save As
Show Coordinates
P Q R Zoom In
Zoom Out
S T U Post Process/Variables Plot/Format commands
Axes
Graphs
V W X Post Process/Variables tool bar
printing
Y Z # defining print settings on PC
printing the active view window
projects
printing the screen
problem region
default size
excluded objects
Go Back optimal size of
promoting macros
Contents
Index

A B C R relationship to polarization, electric coercivi-

ty and electric retentivity
Recolor
replacing macro text
recording macros
D E F Refine commands
resistance
AC vs. DC
Box
and impedance
G H I Object
in eddy current problems
Object Face
resistance boundaries, and excluded objects
refinement
J K L adaptive
right mouse button menu commands
Next Behind
general procedure for adaptive refinement
Pan
M N O manual
Position
need for
Rotate
specifying percentage of
Select
P Q R strategy
Zoom
Refine/Box commands
right mouse button (RMB) menu
By Length
S T U By Volume
hotkeys
using
Refine/Object commands
roll
V W X By Length
Rotate (Arrange command)
By Volume
rotating objects
Refine/Object Face commands
Y Z # By Length
By Skin Depth
By Triangle Area
By Volume
registers, and superposition
relative permeability
and skin depth
Go Back imaginary
imaginary (anisotropic)
relationship to magnetization, magnetic re-
Contents tentivity and magnetic coercivity
relative permittivity
and object interfaces
Index entering

A B C S self-inductance
setting up solutions
Save
deleting rows of data
Save Fields
D E F saving files
inserting rows of data
Setup Boundaries/Sources — see Boundary
saving files in read-only mode
Manager
G H I Scale Selection
Setup Executive Parameters
scaling, object dimensions
Setup Executive Parameters commands
screen windows
J K L entering values and names
Force
Matrix
side window
Select Matrix Entries
M N O script commands
Torque
Search commands
Setup Executive Parameters tool bar
Find
Setup Materials — see Materials Manager
P Q R Replace
Setup Solution/Options
Seed commands
Setup Solution/Variables commands
Box
S T U Delete
Setup Solution/Variables Data commands
Fill
Delete All
Sort
V W X Object Face
Sweep
Save
short circuit capacitance
Seeding Info
Y Z # Seed/Box commands
Show Coordinates (Plot command)
simulation
By Length
conduction (magnetostatic)
By Volume
static electric field
Seed/Object commands
sizing limits
By Length
skin depth
By Volume
and conductivity
Select commands
Go Back All Objects
and eddy currents
and frequency
By Area
and impedance boundaries
By Name
Contents selecting items
and magnetic field
and permeability
selecting matrix entries
effect on AC resistance
self-capacitance
Index self-impedance
formula for computing
impedance and skin depth

A B C modeling via impedance boundaries in eddy eddy current

current problems electrostatic
snaps magnetostatic
D E F selecting snaps solving
types of snaps accuracy of conduction current solution
Solids commands adaptive analysis
G H I Box adaptive solutions
Cover Surfaces for fields and parameters
J K L Cylinder nominal problem
Helix non-adaptive solutions
Sweep parametrics problems
M N O solution monitoring area stopping criterion
solutions suggested values for obtaining solutions
aborting sources
P Q R accuracy defining
and computing resources eddy current
S T U and conduction accuracy electrostatic
and Maxwell’s Equations magnetostatic
determining convergence of sources and references
V W X eddy current field solution eddy current
electrostatic field solution electrostatic
Y Z # errors magnetostatic
general procedure for generating sources, eddy current
magnetostatic field solution current
setting sources to compute capacitance current density
setting sources to compute impedance sources, electrostatic
setting sources to compute inductance charge
Solve commands charge density
Go Back Nominal Problem floating conductors
Variables sources, functional, general procedure for
Solver defining
Contents Eddy Current sources, magnetostatic
Electrostatic current
Magnetostatic current density
Index solver residual voltage
solvers status bar

A B C steady state T
and conduction simulation
tangency
currents
technical notes
D E F steady state conditions, electrostatic
temporary windows
stopping criteria
terminals
adaptive passes
G H I maximum delta S
and insulating boundaries
coil
superposition
creating terminals
J K L avoiding violating Ampere’s Law with
current
of solutions
current density
surface charge density
M N O surfaces
used to specify AC current
voltage
acting on portions of
text
changing sheet objects to polyline objects
P Q R connecting
attributes of
color of
detaching faces of objects
copying
S T U Surfaces commands
copying between projects
Connect
time
Cover Outlines
V W X Detach Faces
real vs. CPU
viewing for solution tasks
Section
time constant
Y Z # Stitch
for steady state currents
Uncover Faces
in electrostatic problems
Sweep
time-varying quantities
symmetry boundaries
real and imaginary components
behavior of magnetic field on
representing with phasors
in magnetostatic models
tool bar icons
symmetry planes
tool bars
Go Back and eddy current models
torque
and electrostatic models
Lorentz (eddy current)
and magnetostatic models
Lorentz (electrostatic)
Contents Lorentz (magnetostatic)
virtual (eddy current)
virtual (electrostatic)
Index virtual (magnetostatic)

A B C torque solutions U
triangles, viewing for solution
undeleting items
tutorial, 3D Modeler
underiving materials
D E F units
dala calculator
G H I in the 3D modeler
in the 3d Post Processor
modeling
J K L post processor field quantities
types
M N O units, specifying in BH-curves
P Q R
S T U
V W X
Y Z #
Go Back
Contents
Index

A B C V rendering
setting object visibility
value boundaries, relationship to odd symmetry
zooming in
boundaries
D E F Variables commands
zooming out
viewing solutions
Add
convergence
G H I Delete
executive parameters
View
profile of adaptive solutions
variations in screen displays and commands
J K L vector functions
viewing the model
View/Coordinate System commands
defining
Hide
M N O radial
Large
specifying vector components
Positive Only
tangential
Show
P Q R vector material properties
Small
vector material properties, vector functions
Two Sided
vector plots
S T U View commands
View/Grid Plane commands
Hide
All Parameters
Show
V W X Assign Parameter Mode
XY
Coordinate System
XZ
Edit Mode
Y Z # Fit All
YZ
View/Render commands
Fit Selection
Flat Shaded
Grid Plane
Smooth Shaded
Render
Wire frame
Reset Standard Views
virtual force
Revert to Factory Defaults
and current
Save Module Preferences
Go Back Setup Grid
and energy
and magnetic coenergy
Status Bar
and virtual work (electrostatic)
Toggle Boundary Visualization
Contents Zoom In
and virtual work (magnetostatic)
instantaneous
Zoom Out
theory (eddy current)
view windows
Index viewing models
theory (electrostatic)
theory (magnetostatic)

A B C time-averaged value of W
virtual objects, and aspect ratio
Window commands
virtual torque
Cascade
D E F and energy
Close
and magnetic coenergy
New
and virtual force (electrostatic)
G H I and virtual force (magnetostatic)
Tile
windows
instantaneous
changing the field of view
J K L theory (eddy current)
closing
theory (electrostatic)
creating
theory (magnetostatic)
M N O time-averaged value of
drawing objects in
virtual work
and force (electrostatic)
P Q R and force (magnetostatic)
and torque (electrostatic)
S T U and torque (magnetostatic)
voltage drop (magnetostatic)
voltages
V W X and capacitance
and inductance
Y Z # applied
at boundaries
in electrostatic problems
on perfect conductors
time-varying
Go Back
Contents
Index

A B C X Y
XY grid plane yaw
xyz coordinates YZ grid plane
D E F XZ grid plane
G H I
J K L
M N O
P Q R
S T U
V W X
Y Z #
Go Back
Contents
Index

A B C Z Numerics
zero divergence 2D objects
zooming as coil terminals
D E F general use of
in capacitance matrix
G H I model
sweeping to form solids
using as thin solids
J K L 3D Boundary Manager hotkeys
3D Modeler
M N O format, saving 2D Modeler files in
hotkeys
menu commands
P Q R 3D Post Processor hotkeys
S T U
V W X
Y Z #
Go Back
Contents
Index

Maxwell 3D - Generating Solutions

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Topics: Maxwell 3D — Generating Solutions

During the solution process you can do the following:

Temporary Solver Windows

where i and j cover all matrix entries.

3. Select the type of plot you wish to view.

Choose Return to Nominal Problem to return to the Executive Commands window.

5. Select the type of plot you wish to view.

Predefined Volumes and Object Lists

6. Use the Normal fields to change the plane’s normal.

Data/Set Solution Type

When examining calculator registers, keep the following in mind:

Eddy Current (AC Magnetic) Field Quantities

2. Select the quantity whose units are to be converted.

Maxwell Online Help System 473 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

> To take the normal of a vector:

Maxwell Online Help System 475 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

3. Enter the plot name in the Name field.

3. Enter the plot name in the Name field.

Maxwell Online Help System 487 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Moving the Color Key

Maxwell Online Help System 499 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Contents • If a scalar field quantity is being plotted, its magnitude is displayed.

Note: Keep the following in mind when plotting BH-curves:

5. Choose OK. The plot is then saved.

Maxwell Online Help System 529 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System 530 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Post Process/Create Executive Parameters Macro

in the dielectric. dielectric reaches steady

This can be expressed in matrix form as:

Conduction current solution process Magnetic field solution process

This can be expressed in matrix form as:

Maxwell Online Help System 581 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Note: The full relationship between H and J is given by the equation:

Note: Due to the skin concentration of current, AC inductances and resistances

This can be expressed in matrix form as:

Maxwell Online Help System 590 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Note: Since all current loops are assumed to be independent, an impedance

This is the View/Zoom In icon. Choose this to zoom in on your model.

This is the Solids/Box icon. Choose this icon to draw a box.

This is the Solids/Cylinder icon. Choose this icon to draw a cylinder.

This is the Lines/Polylines icon. Choose this icon to sketch a polyline.

This is the Edit/Select icon. Choose this to select items.

Macro Editor Tool Bar

Go Back 2. Enter the Number of rows in the data table.

Maxwell Online Help System 619 Copyright © 1998-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-1 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

A B C B and magnetic flux

Maxwell Online Help System Index-2 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

A B C selecting objects and surfaces C

Maxwell Online Help System Index-3 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

A B C script commands Control Panel

Maxwell Online Help System Index-4 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

A B C Rotate Z eddy currents

Maxwell Online Help System Index-5 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-6 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-7 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

A B C electric field energy executive parameters macros

Maxwell Online Help System Index-8 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-9 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-10 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-11 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation

Maxwell Online Help System Index-12 Copyright © 1995-2000 Ansoft Corporation