Short questions and answers

EE1251 Electrical Machines II

1. Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with
rotating
field system type
!he following are the principal ad"antages of the rotating field
system type
construction of Synchronous machines#
$ !he relati"ely small amount of power% a&out 2'%
required
for field system "ia slip(rings and
&rushes.
$ )or the same air gap dimensions% which is normally
decided
&y the *+, rating% more space is a"aila&le in the
stator part
of the machine for pro"iding more insulation to the
system
of conductors% especially for machines rated for
11*+ or
a&o"e.
$ Insulation to stationary system of conductors is
not
su&-ected to mechanical stresses due to centrifugal
action.
$ Stationary system of conductors can easily &e
&raced to
pre"ent deformation.
$ It is easy to pro"ide cooling arrangement for a
stationary
system of conductors.
$ )irm stationary connection &etween e.ternal circuit
and
system of conductors ena&le he machine to handle
large
amount of "olt(ampere as high as 5//M+,.



2. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an
,ltenator.
)requency of emf induced in an ,lternator%f %e.pressed in cycles per
second or
0z% is gi"en &y the following
equation
) 1 2345612/ 0z%
Where 3( 4um&er of poles
4(Speed in rpm
7. 0ow are alternators classified
,ccording to type of field system
$ Stationary field system type
$ 8otating field system type

,ccording to shape of field system $ Salient pole type $ Smooth cylindrical type
9. 4ame the types of ,lternator &ased on their rotor
construction.
,lternators can &e classified into the following two types according
to its rotor construction $ Smooth cylindrical type alternator $ Salient pole alternator
5. Why do cylindrical ,lternators operate with steam
tur&ines
Steam tur&ines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency
only at high
speeds. !he high speed operation of rotors tends to increase
mechanical losses
and so the rotors should ha"e a smooth e.ternal surface. 0ence%
smooth
cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large a.ial length
are used for
Synchronous generators dri"en &y steam tur&ines with either 2 or 9
poles.

:. Which type of Synchronous generators are used in 0ydro(electric plants
and why
,s the speed of operation is low for hydro tur&ines use din 0ydro(
electric
plants% salient pole type Synchronous generators are used. !hese
allow &etter
"entilation and also ha"e other ad"antages o"er smooth cylindrical
type rotor.
;. What are the ad"antages of salient pole type construction used for
Synchronous
machines

,d"antages of salient(pole type construction
are #
$ !hey allow &etter "entilation
$ !he pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap
length
increases from the pole center to the pole tips so
that the
flu. distri&ution in the air(gap is sinusoidal in
shape which
will help the machine to generate sinusoidal
emf
$ <ue to the "aria&le reluctance the machine
de"elops
additional reluctance power which is independent
of
e.citation

=. Why is the stator core of ,lternator
laminated
!he stator core of ,lternator is laminated to reduce eddy
current loss.
>. 0ow does electrical degree differ from mechanical
degree
Mechanical degree is the unit for accounting the angle &etween two
points
&ased on their mechanical or physical
placement.
Electrical degree is used to account the angle &etween two points in
rotating
electrical machines. Since all electrical machines operate with
the help of
magnetic fields% the electrical degree is accounted with
reference to the
magnetic field. 1=/ electrical degree is accounted as the angle
&etween ad-acent 4orth and South poles.
1/. What is the relation &etween electrical degree and mechanical
degree
2?0)W@A)<? B0C@00 0 <DB 30)E<DA)<? B0C@00 3 <@0
@0?<W0B W8 8D0 <D8WE0@ EF
the num&er of poles 3% the electrical machine has% as gi"en &y the
following equation
0 73
11. What is distri&uted winding
When coil(sides &elonging to each phase are housed or distri&uted
in more
than one slot under each pole region then the winding is called
distri&uted
winding
, full pitch coil has width of coil otherwise called coil(span as
1=/G
#E0@0 ( angle &etween ad-acent slots in electrical degree and
.1
1%2%7H

12. Why is short pitch winding preferred o"er full(pitch
winding
,d"antages
$ Wa"eform of the emf can &e appro.imately made to a
sine
wa"e and distorting harmonics can &e reduced or
totally
eliminated.
$ Ionductor material % copper % is sa"ed in the &ac* and
front
end connections due to less coil(
span.
$ )ractional slot winding with fractional num&er
of
slots6phase can &e used which in turn reduces the
tooth
ripples.
$ Mechanical strength of the coil is
increased.
17. Write down the formula for distri&ution
factor.
Ed 1 sin2m 3 +AD 8@ .dn 1 sin2mn 3 sin2n

m1 num&er of slots6 pole6 phase

<DC?0 E0WJ00D <BM<)0DW +?8W+ AD 0?0)W@A)
<? B0C@00
n 1 order of harmonic
19. <efine winding factor.

!he winding factor Ed is defined as the ratio of phasor
addition of emf
induced in all the coils &elonging to each phase winding to their
arithmetic
addition.
15. Why are ,lternators rated in *+, and not in
*W
!he continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the
power the
machine or apparatus can deli"er for a continuous period so that
the losses
incurred in the machine gi"es rise to a steady temperature rise not
e.ceeding the
limit prescri&ed &y the insulation
class.
,part from the constant loss incurred in ,lternators is the copper
loss% occurring
in the 7 Kphase winding which depends on I2 8% the square of the current
deli"ered
&y the generator. ,s the current is directly related to apparent K
power deli"ered
&y the generator % the ,lternators ha"e only their apparent
power in +,6*+,6M+, as their power rating.
1:. What are the causes of changes in "oltage in ,lternators when
loaded
+ariations in terminal "oltage in ,lternators on load condition are
due to the following three causes#
$ +oltage "ariation due to the resistance of the
winding% 8
$ +oltage "ariation due to the lea*age reactance of
the
winding% Lt
$ +oltage "ariation due to the armature reaction
effect% La
1;. What is meant &y armature reaction in
,lternators
!he interaction &etween flu. set up &y the current carrying
armature
)8DBL)W8@+ a and the main fie?B I?LMm is defined as the
armature reaction.
1=. What do you mean &y synchronous reactance

Synchronous reactance L s1 2Ll N La5
!he "alue of lea*age reactance Ll is constant for a machine
&ased on its
construction. La depends on saturating condition of the machine.
It is the
addition of La % which represent the armature reaction effect
&etween two
synchronously acting magnetic fields that ma*es the total reactance
La to &e
called syncheornous reactance.

1>. What is meant &y synchronous impedance of an
,lternator
!he comple. addition of resistance% 8 and synchronous reactance % -Ls
can &e
represented together &y a single comple. impedance Js called
synchronous
impedance.
In comple. form Js 1 28 N -Ls 5
In polar form Js 1 O Js O P
Where O Js O 1 Q52 N L2s 5
,nd W<D(1 2Ls 685
2/. What is meant &y load angle of an
,lternator
!he phase angle introduced &etween the induced emf phasor% E and
terminal
"oltage phasor % @ during the load condition of an ,lternator is
called load
angle.

21. @pon what factors does the load angle
depend
;E0 3<CDAWLB0 8I ?8<B <DC?0 AD)@0<+0+ JAWE AD)@0<+0 AD
?8<B5L@WE0@ WE0 ?8<B
angle is positi"e during generator operation and negati"e during
motor
operation.
22. ,n ,lternator is found to ha"e its terminal "oltage on load condition
more than
that on no load. What is the nature of the load
connected
!he nature of the load is of leading power factor % load consisting of
resistance and capaciti"e reactance.
27. <efine the term "oltage regulation of
,lternator.
!he "oltage regulation of an ,lternator is defined as the change in
terminal
"oltage from no(load to load condition e.pressed as a fraction or
percentage of
terminal "oltage at load condition R the speed and e.citation
conditions remaining same.
+oltage regulation in percentage % @83 1 M2OEO(O@O56O@O
S. 1//
29. What is the necessity for predetermination of "oltage
regulation
Most of the ,lternators are manufactured with large power rating %
hundreds
of *W or MW% and also with large "oltage rating upto 77*+. )or
,lternators
of such power and "oltage ratings conducting load test is not
possi&le. 0ence
other indirect methods of testing are used and the performance li*e
"oltage
regulation then can &e predetermined at any desired load currents
and power
factors.

25. 4ame the "arious methods for predetermining the "oltage regulation of
7(phase
,lternator.

!he following are the three methods which are used to
predetermine the
"oltage regulation of smooth cylindrical type
,lternators
$ Synchronous impedance 6 EM) method
$ ,mpere(turn 6 MM) method
$ 3otier 6 J3) method
2:. 0ow synchronous impedance is calculated from ?II and SII

Synchronous impedance is calculated from ?II and SII as
OJsO 1 E/6Isc2for same If5
, compromised "alue of Js is normally estimated &y ta*ing the ratio of
2E/6Isc5
at normal field current Ifn. , normal field current Ifn is one which gi"es
rated "oltage
@r on open circuit.
OJsO 1 @r6Iscn
2;. What are the ad"antages and disad"antages of estimating the "oltage
regulation of
an ,lternator &y EM) method

,d"antages#
$ Simple no load tests 2for o&taining ?II and SII5 are to
&e
conducted
$ Ialculation procedure is much simpler
<isad"antages#
$ !he "alue of "oltage regulation o&tained &y this
method is
always higher than the actual "alue

2=. Why is the synchronous impedance method of estimating "oltage
regulation considered as pessimistic method
Iompared to other methods% the "alue of "oltage regulation o&tained
&y the
synchronous impedance method is always higher than the actual "alue
and
therefore this method is called the pessimistic
method.
2>. In what way does the ampere(turn method differ from synchronous
impedance method
!he ampere(turn 6MM) method is the con"erse of the EM) method in
the
sense that instead of ha"ing the phasor addition of "arious
"oltage
drops6EM)s% here the phasor addition of MM) required for the "oltage
drops
are carried out. )urther the effect of saturation is also
ta*en care of.
7/. What are the test data required for predetermining the "oltage
regulation of an
,lternator &y MM) method

<ata required for MM) method are #
$ Effecti"e resistance per phase of the 7(phase
winding 8
$ ?pen circuit characteristic 2?II5 at rated
speed6frequency
$ Short circuit characteristic 2SII5 at rated
speed6frequency
71. Why is the MM) method of estimating the "oltage regulation considered
as the
optimistic method

Iompared to the EM) method% MM) method% in"ol"es more num&er of
comple. calculation steps. )urther the ?II is referred twice and
SII is
referred once while predetermining the "oltage regulation for
each load
condition. 8eference of ?II ta*es care of saturation effect. ,s
this method
require more effort% the final result is "ery close to the actual
"alue. 0ence this
method is called optimistic method.

72. State the condition to &e satisfied &efore connecting two alternators
in parallel
!he following are the three conditions to &e satisfied &y
synchronizing the
additional ,lternator with the e.isting one or the common &us(
&ars.
$ !he terminal "oltage magnitude of the incoming
,lternator
must &e made equal to the e.isting ,lternator or the
&us(&ar
"oltage magnitude.
$ !he phase sequence of the incoming ,lternator
"oltage
must &e similar to the &us(&ar
"oltage.
$ !he frequency of the incoming ,lternator "oltage must
&e
the same as the &us(&ar "oltage.

77. 0ow do the synchronizing lamps indicate the correctness of phase
sequence
&etween e.isting and incoming ,lternators

!he correctness of the phase sequence can &e chec*ed &y loo*ing at
the three
sets of lamps connected across the 7(pole of the synchronizing
switch. If the
lamps grow &right and dar* in unison it is an indication of the
correctness of
the phase sequence. If on the other hand% they &ecome &right and
dar* one
after the other% connections to any two machine terminals ha"e
to &e
interchanged after shutting down the
machine.
79. What are the ad"antages and disad"antages of three dar* lamps
method of synchronizing ,d"antages#
$ !he synchronous switch using lamps is
ine.pensi"e
$ Ihec*ing for correctness of the phase sequence can
&e
o&tained in a simple manner which is essential
especially
when the ,lternator is connected for the first time
or for
fresh operation after disconnection
<isad"antages#
$ !he rate of flic*ering of the lamps only
indicates the
frequency difference &etween the &us(&ar and the
incoming
,lternator. !he frequency of the incoming ,lternator
in
relation to the &us(&ar frequency is not
a"aila&le.
75. 0ow synchronoscope is used for synchronizing
,lternators
Synchronoscope can &e used for permanently connected ,lternators where
the
correctness of phase sequence is already chec*ed &y other
means.
Synchronoscope is capa&le of rotating in &oth directions. !he rate
of rotation
of the pointer indicates the amount of frequency difference
&etween the
,lternators. !he direction of rotation indicates whether incoming
,lternator
frequency is higher or lower than the e.isting ,lternator. !he !3S!
switch is
closed to synchronise the incoming ,lternator when the pointer faces
the top
thic* line mar*ing.

7:. Why synchronous generators are to &e constructed with more
synchronous
reactance and negligi&le resistance

!he presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will
resist or
oppose their synchronous operation. More reactance in the
generators can
cause good reaction &etween the two and help the generators to
remain in
synchronism in spite of any distur&ance occurring in any one of the
generators.
7;. Aist the factors that affect the load sharing in parallel
operating generators
!he total acti"e and reacti"e power deli"ered to the load% connected
across the
common &us(&ars% are shared among Synchronous generators% operating
in
parallel% &ased on the following three
factors
$ 3rime(mo"er characteristic6input
$ E.citation le"el and
$ 3ercentage synchronous impedance and its 86L
ratio
7=. 0ow does the change in prime mo"er input affect the load
sharing
,n increase in prime(mo"er input to a particular generator causes
the acti"e(
power shared &y it to increase and a corresponding decrease in
acti"e(power
shared &y other generators. !he change in reacti"e power sharing
is less
apprecia&le. !he frequency of the &us(&ar "oltage will also su&-ected
to slight increase in "alue.
7>. 0ow does change in e.citation affects the load
sharing
!he decrease in e.citation in one generator causes the reacti"e
power shared
&y it to decrease and a corresponding increase in reacti"e(power
shared &y
other generators. !he change in acti"e(power sharing is less
apprecia&le.
!here will &e a slight decrease in terminal "oltage
magnitude also.
9/. What steps are to &e ta*en &efore disconnecting one ,lternator from
parallel
operation

!he following steps are to &e ta*en &efore disconnecting one
,lternator from
parallel operation
$ !he prime(mo"er input of the outgoing generator has to
&e
decreased and that of other generators has to &e
increased
and &y this the entire acti"e(power deli"ered &y
the
outgoing generator is transferred to other
generators.
$ !he e.citation of the outgoing generator has to &e
decreased
and that of other generators ha"e to &e increased and
&y this
the entire reacti"e(power deli"ered &y the
outgoing
generator is transferred to other
generators.
$ ,fter ensuring the current deli"ered &y the
outgoing
generator is zero% it has to &e disconnected from
parallel
operation.

91. What is meant &y infinite &us(
&ars
!he source or supply lines with non("aria&le "oltage and frequency
are called
infinite &us(&ars. !he source lines are said to ha"e zero source
impedance and
infinite rotational
inertia.
92. 0ow does increase in e.citation of the ,lternator connected to
infinite &us(&ars
affect this operation

Increase in e.citation le"el of the synchronous generator will
effecti"ely
increase the reacti"e component of the current supplied &y the
generator and
hence the acti"e power deli"ered.

97. In what respect does a 1(phase Induction motor differ from a 7(phase
Induction
motor

Ionstruction wise a plain 1(phase Induction motor is more or less
similar to a
7(phase squirrel(cage Induction motor e.cept that its stator is
pro"ided with
only 1(phase winding.

99. What are the inherent characteristics of plain 1(phase
Induction motor
, plain 1(phase Induction motor is not used in practice due to the
following inherent characteristics
$ , plain 1(phase Induction motor does not ha"e any starting
torque
$ 0owe"er% if the rotor is initially gi"en a starting torque% &y
some means%
the motor can pic* up its speed in a direction at which the
initial torque is
gi"en and deli"er the required
output.
95. 4ame the two different theories with which principle of 1(phase
induction motors
are e.plained.

!he two different theories are
$ <ou&le re"ol"ing field theory
$ Iross field theory
9:. State dou&le re"ol"ing field
theory.
<ou&le re"ol"ing theory% formulated &y )errari% states that a single
pulsating
3<CD0WA)TIA0?BT3T<+TAW+T3<MA3L3TU<?L0T)<DTE0T@0+8?U0BTADW8TWJ8T@8W<
WADCT
3<CD0WA)TIA0?B+T8IT3
T<+TWE0A@T3<CDAWLB0T@8W<WADCTADT8SS8+AW0TBA@0)WA8DT<WT
synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the pulsating
field.
9;. 4ame any four types of 1(phase induction
motors.
Vased on the method of starting arrangement pro"ided% the 1(phase
Induction
motors are classified as follows
2i5 Split(phase motor
2ii5 Iapacitor start motor
2iii5 Iapacitor start and run motor
2i"5 Shaded pole motor
2"5 8epulsion start Induction run motor

9=. Why are centrifugal switches pro"ided on many 1(phase Induction
motors
Ientrifugal switches are pro"ided on many 1(phase Induction
motors to
disconnect the starting 6 au.iliary winding from the supply when
the motor
reaches a&out ;/' of its synchronous speed.

9>. 0ow is the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor &e
re"ersed
!he direction of rotation can &e re"ersed &y interchanging the
terminals of
either the main winding or the starting
winding.
5/. State the principle of 7 phase
IM
While starting% rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the
re"ol"ing magnetic
field and so an emf is induced in them &y electromagnetic induction. !his
induced
emf produces a current if the circuit is closed. !his current opposes
the cause &y
AenzWs law and hence the rotor starts re"ol"ing in the same direction as
that of the magnetic field.
51. Induction motor can run at synchronous speed !rue or false
E.plain .
4o% if the speed of induction motor is 4s then the relati"e speed
&etween the
rotating flu. and the rotor will &e zero and so no torque is
produced.
52. ,n induction motor is generally analogous
to
It is analogous to a winding rotating transformer with its secondary
circuit closedW .

57. Ian the starting torque of of a slip ring induction motor &eing
increased
Ues. It can &e increased &y adding resistances to the
rotor.
59. What would happen if a 7 phase induction motor is switched on with
one phase
disconnected

!he motor is li*ely to &urn .

55. What happens if the air gap flu. density in an induction motor
increases
!he increase in air gap flu. increases iron loss and hence efficiency
decreases.
5:. State the ad"antages of s*ewing

It reduces humming and hence quite running of motor is
achie"ed.
It reduces magnetic loc*ing of the stator and
rotor.
:; State the condition at which the starting torque de"eloped in a slip(
ring induction
motor is ma.imum.

When
821L2
:= What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on
starting current
and starting torque

!he additional e.ternal resistance reduces the rotor
current and hence
the current drawn from the supply.
It impro"es the starting torque de"eloped &y impro"ing the power factor
in high
proportion to the decrease in rotor
current.
:= What is slip of an induction motor
!he slip speed e.pressed as the ratio of synchronous speed is defined
as slip.
3ercentage slip
S14s(464sX1//
:> 0ow the magnitude of rotor emf is related to the slip in
an I M
8otor circuit emf per
phase E2r1SE2
;/ 0ow the frequency of rotor emf is related to the slip in
an I M
)requency of rotor emf6current
fr1Sfs
;1 What is the normal "alue of slip of an I M operating at
full load

7 ( 5'
;2 Why is not possi&le for the rotor speed of an I M to &e equal to the
speed of its rotating magnetic field
!he machine will not &e a&le to de"elop any mechanical torque
to run as a
motor.

;7 State the condition at which the torque de"eloped in a 7 phase
induction motor is
ma.imum.

When
821SL2
;9. What are the ad"antages of slip(ring I M o"er cage
I M
2i5 8otor circuit is accessi&le for e.ternal
connection.
2ii5 Vy adding e.ternal resistance to the rotor circuit the
starting current is
reduced with the added ad"antage of impro"ing starting
torque.
2iii5 ,dditional speed control methods can &e employed
with the
accessi&ility in the rotor
circuit.
;5. What are the losses occurring in an I M and on what factors do they
depend
Magnetic losses
Wi
Electrical losses
Wcu
Mechanical losses
Wm
)or I M operating in normal condition 2with constant "oltage and
frequency5
magnetic and mechanical losses remain constant whereas electrical
losses
"ary in square proportion to the
current.
;:. What care should &e ta*en at the time of construction to reduce
eddy current
losses in I M

Ma*e the resistance of the core &ody as large as
possi&le.!his is
achie"ed &y laminating the stator core%stac*ed and re"etted at right
angles to
the path of eddy current.!he laminations are insulated from each
other &y thin
coat of "arnish.

;;. Why is there not apprecia&le magnetic losses in the rotor core of
Induction
motors


,lthough the rotor core is also su&-ected to magnetic flu. re"ersals
and since
the frequency of flu. re"ersals in the rotor% fr 1 Sfs% is "ery
small% the iron loss
incurred in the rotor core is negligi&ly
small.
;=. What is meant &y synchronous watt

With the power input to the motor 3i% after the losses in the
stator winding.
Wcu1 and stator core% Wi% are met with% the remaining power is
transferred to
the rotor &y the rotating magnetic field as power input to the
rotor 3ir 3ir 1 3i Kwau1 ( Wi
!he power input to the rotor 3ir is transferred from
the stator
to the rotor &y rotating magnetic field which
rotates at
synchronous speed 4s. !orque !d is de"eloped in the
rotor as
a result of 3ir and the equation for 3ir can
alternati"ely &e
e.pressed as
3ir 1s6:/5. !d W
?r !d 1 3ir Syn. W

;>. 0ow does the shaft torque differ from the torque de"eloped in 7(phase
Induction
motor

!he mechanical power de"eloped 3d causes the rotor to rotate at a
speed 4r
due to the torque !d de"eloped in the rotor . !herefore% equation for
3r can &e
written as
3d 1r!d 6 :/
!he remaining power% after the mechanical losses Wm are met with%
a"aila&le
in the shaft as mechanical power output
3o
3o 1 3d K Wm
!he mechanical power output 3o% which is less than 3d is a"aila&le in
the shaft
running at a speed of 4r and with a shaft torque !. !herefore the
shaft torque
2!5 is slightly less than the torque de"eloped
!d%
3d 1r! 6 :/
Wm 1 3d K 3o Y1r2!d K !5S 6 :/

=/. 4ame the tests to &e conducted for predetermining the performance of
7(phase
induction machine.
2a5 4o load test
2&5 Vloc*ed rotor
test
=1. What are the informations o&tained from no(load test in a 7(
phase I M
2i5 4o Kload input current
per phase%Io
2ii5 4o load powerfactor and hence no load
phase angle
2iii5 Iron and mechanical
losses together
2i"5 elements of equi"alent circuit
shunt &ranch
=2What are the informations o&tained from &loc*ed rotor test in a 7(
phase I M
2i5Vloc*ed rotor input current per phase at
normal "oltage
2ii5 Vloc*ed rotor power factor and hence
phase angle
2iii5 !otal resistance and lea*age reactance per phase
of the motor as
refered to the stator

=7 What is circle diagram of an I
M
When an I M operates on constant "oltage and constant
frequency
source%the loci of stator current phasor is found to fall on a
circle.!his circle
diagram is used to predict the performance of the machine at
different loading
conditions as well as mode of
operation.
=9 What are the ad"antages and disad"antages of circle diagram
method of
predetermining the performance of 7 Kphase I
M
!he prediction can &e carried out when any of the following
information is a"aila&le
!he input line current.% the input power factor% !he acti"e power
input% !he
reacti"e power input% !he apparent power input% !he output power %
!he slip
of operation% !he torque de"eloped% !he equi"alent rotor current per
phase%
Ma.imum output power% Ma.imum torque de"eloped.
!he only disad"antage is% &eing a geometrical solution% errors
made during
measurements will affect the accuracy of the
result.

=5 What are the ad"antages and disad"antages of direct load test for 7 K
phase I M
,d"antages
<irect measurement of input and output parameters yield
accurate
results
,side from the usual performance other performances li*e
mechanical
"i&ration% noise etc can &e
studied.
Vy operating the motor at full load for a continuous period% the
final steady
temperature can &e measured.
<isad"antages
!esting in"ol"es large amount of power and the input energy and
the entire
energy deli"ered is wasted
Aoading arrangement cannot &e pro"ided for motors of large power
rating
=: State the characteristic features of synchronous
motor.
a. the motor is not inherently self
starting
&. !he speed of operation is always in synchronous with the supply
frequency
irrespecti"e of load conditions
c. !he motor is capa&le of operating at any power
factor.
=; In what way synchronous motor is different from other
motors
,ll dc and ac motors wor* on the same principle. Synchronous motor
operates
due to magnetic loc*ing ta*ing place &etween stator and rotor magnetic
fields.
== 4ame any two methods of starting a synchronous motors

$ Vy an e.tra 7 phase cage induction motor
$ Vy pro"iding damper winding in pole phases
$ Vy operating the pilot e.citor as a dc
motor
=> What is the effect on speed if the load is increased on a 7 phase
synchronous
motor

!he speed of operation remains constant from no load to ma.imum
load in
the motor operating at constant frequency &us
&ars. >/ Why a synchronous motor is a constant speed motor
Synchronous motor wor* on the principle of force de"eloped due
to the
magnetic attraction esta&lished &etween the rotating magnetic field
and the
main pole feed. Since the speed of rotating magnetic field is
directly
proportional to frequency the motor operates at constant
speed.

>1 What is the phasor relation &etween induced emf and terminal "oltage of a
7 phase
synchronous motor

!he rotating magnetic field is initially esta&lished &y the prime
source of
supply +. !he main field then causes an emf e to get induced
in the 7
phase winding. 0ence when the machine operates as a synchronous
motor
the emf phasor always lags the terminal "oltage phasor &y the
load6torque
<DC?0

>2 ,t what load angle is power de"eloped in a synchronous motor &ecomes
its
ma.imum "alue

#E0D AW+ ?8<B <DC?0 A+ 0!L<? W8 WE0
A3S0B<D)0 <DC?0
>7 What are + and in"erted + cur"es of synchronous
motor
!he "ariation of magnitude of line current with respect to the
field current
is called + cur"e . !he "ariation of power factor with respect to
the field
current is called in"erted + cur"e.

>9 What happens when the field current of a synchronous motor is increased
&eyond
the normal "alue at constant input

Increase in emf causes the motor to ha"e reacti"e current in the
leading
direction. !he additional leading reacti"e current causes the
magnitude of
line current% accompanied &y the decrease in power
factor.
>5 <istinguish &etween synchronous phase modifier and synchronous
condenser
, synchronous motor used to change the power factor or power
factor in
the supply lines is called synchronous phase
modifier.
, synchronous motor operated at no load with o"er e.citation
condition to
draw large leading reacti"e current and power is called a
synchronous
condenser.

>: 0ow the synchronous motor can &e used as s synchronous
condenser
Synchronous motor is operated on o"er e.citation so as to draw
leading
reacti"e current and power from the supply lines. !his
compensates the
lagging current and power requirement of the load ma*ing the
system
power factor to &ecome unity. !he motor does the -o& of
capacitors and hence called as synchronous condenser.
>; What type of single phase induction motor would you use for the
following applications 2i5 Ieiling fan 2ii5 Wet grinder
Ieiling fan K capacitor start and run
motor
Wet grinder K capacitor start
motor

>= ,fter ser"icing a single phase fan it was found to run in re"erse
direction. What
could &e the reason

!he connection to the starting6 au.iliary winding would ha"e
re"ersed.
>> What will &e the direction of rotation of a shaded pole single phase
induction
motor

!he motor rotates in the direction specified &y the unshaded to
shaded
region in the pole phase

1//What is the property of a single phase single winding induction
motor
It has zero starting torque

1/1Which winding in a dou&le cage induction motor has high resistance
and low
inductance

?uter cage winding



Aong answer Duestions
1. State the requirements for paralleling of
alternators.
2. , two pole%5/ 0z% 7(phase% tur&o alternator is e.cited to generate
the &us(&ar
"oltage of 11 *+ on no load.!he machine is star connected and
the short
circuit current for this e.citation is 1///,. Ialculate the
synchronizing power
per degree of mechanical displacement of the rotor and the
corresponding
synchronizing
torque.
7. , 77//+% 7 phase star connected alternator has a full load current of
1//,.?n
short circuit a field current of 5, was necessary to produce full(load
current.!he e m f on open circuit for the same e.citation was >//+.!he
armature resistance was /.= ohm6phase. <etermine the full load "oltage
regulation for 2i5 /.= p f lagging 2ii5 /.= p f
leading.
9. E.plain the construction and principle of operation of 7(phase
alternator
5. <e"elop the equi"alent circuit of three phase
I M
:. E.plain the "arious techniques of speed control of 7(
phase I M
;. , 7(phase %star connected% 1: pole alternaror has 1>2 slots with =
conductors
per slot% coil span11:/ electrical degrees% speed of alternator17;5
rpm% flu.
per pole155mW&.Ialculate the line and phase "alues of EM)
generated.
=. !he following data refers to a 2/pole%9:/+%:/0z% 7(phase I
M #
8112 ohm%L111 ohm% 82W17 ohm% L2W1; ohm. When the motor is tested
on
no load% it is o&ser"ed that it ta*es 7.>, and the total core
loss is 95/W.Vy
using an appro.imate equi"alent circuit at 5' slip%
calculate
2i5 8otor current 2ii5 Supply current and pf 2iii5
Bross load torque
2i"5 draw the equi"alent
circuit.

>. E.plain a&out crawling and cogging
1/. <escri&e any two methods of determining the "oltage regulation of
7(phase
alternator
11. E.plain the operation of single phase induction motor on the &asis
of dou&le
field re"ol"ing theory.
12. E.plain the operation of the types of stepper
motors.
17. , 7 M+, % 5/0z% 11 *+% 7(phase star connected alternator supplies
1//, at
zero p f leading. !he line "oltage is 127;/+.When the load is
remo"ed% the
line "oltage is 11//+.)ind the regulation at full load%/.= pf
lagging.
8a1/%9ohm6phase.
19. Vring out the characteristics of two alternators wor*ing in parallel.
What is the
effect of change in e.citation on load
sharing.
15. <eri"e the equation for torque de"eloped &y an I M. <raw the
tipical torque(
slip cur"e and deduce the condition for ma.imum
torque.
1:. Write a note on 0ysterisis motor
1;. Write short notes on 2i5, I series motor 2ii5 8eluctance
motor
1=. 0ow do you determine the direct a.is and quadrature a.is
reactances of a
salient pole alternator
1>. , three phase star connected alternator has direct a.is synchronous
reactance
of /%;p u and quadrature a.is reactance of /%5 p u%If the
generator deli"ers
*+, at rated "oltage at full load and lagging% find the
percentage
regulation.8esistance drop at full load is /%/1;
p u.
2/. !wo alternators are connected in parallel% what happens when we 2i5
increase
the e.citation of one machine 2ii5 increase the steam supply of one
machine.
21. !wo similar 7///*+, synchronous generators wor* in parallel.!he
go"ernor
of first machine is such that frequency drops uniformly from 5/0z on
no load
to 9= 0z on full load.!he corresponding speed drop of second machine
is from
5/0z to 9;.50z.determine the following
2i5 0ow will the two machines share a load 5///*W at
full load
2ii5 What is the ma.imum load at u p f that can &e deli"ered
without
o"erloading either of the two
machines.
22. E.plain why synchronous motor is not self
starting.
27. E.plain the "arious schemes of starting of 7
phase I M
29. <escri&e how 7(phase supply produces a rotating magnetic field of
constant
"alue at constant speed with "ector diagrams.
25. <eri"e the EM) Equation of 7 phase alternator .<efine distri&ution
factor and
coil span factor