History Handout - Unedited Copy, Instructor's

OUTLINE: PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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NOTE: THE CONTENTS WERE EXTRACTED FROM REFERENCE MATERIALS LISTED ON THE LAST PAGE OF THIS
OUTLINE. STUDENTS SHOULD NOT SOLELY RELY ON THIS MATERIAL.
HILIPPINES

Location:
- independent archipelago in Southeast Asia which is bounded by the Pacific Ocean in the east, the
South China Sea in the west, the Bashi Channel in the north, and the Sulu Sea and Celebes Seas in
the south.
- it is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire

Effects of the archipelagic shape of the Philippines:
during the pre-colonial period, the people in the Philippines were not united because of
differences in language and culture which is caused by the fragmented characteristic of
the archipelago
the Philippines was easily invaded
contact, transportation, and communication among the Filipinos and other nations in Asia
are difficult
implementation of government policies cannot be fully carried out due to the division of the
country
migration, smuggling, piracy, and other transnational crimes can easily happen in an
archipelagic state
the country is rich in marine resources and it has a long coastline

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
- this law was signed on Dec. 10, 1982
- Archipelago Doctrine states that all islands, seas within the baseline are treated as a single
geographical, economic, and legal unit
Definition of archipelago- part of the sea which is studded with islands

- Territorial Sea- 12 nautical miles from the baseline

- Exclusive Economic Zone- 200 nautical miles from the baseline

Topography:
- consists of 7,107 islands and islets which are grouped into 3 major divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao
- total land area: roughly around 300,000 sq.km
- the coastline of the country is irregular and stretches for about 36, 289 kilometers
- has a rich biodiversity
- terrain is generally mountainous and agricultural
- Philippine Deep- lowest place in the Philippines, 37,732 feet below sea level.
It is also said to be the lowest place in the world and Mt. Everest can easily be submerged in it.
- Rice is the main crop of the country

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- Why rice production remains insufficient in the Philippines?
Destructive typhoons and floods
Agricultural sector remains backward despite government efforts
Production shift to other cash crops
Conversion of farm lands for residential and commercial purposes
- has one of the highest literacy rate in Asia

FILIPINOS

Filipino- a mixture of races
- Philippines has been the melting pot of cultures
- Cross cultural relations with other oriental brothers and with the westerners made Filipinos more
sophisticated

A. Common Traits and Values:

(Note: Values refer to aspects in life which the people regard as necessary)

1. Hospitality
- Filipinos offer the best they have to anyone who arrives at their door step
- making everyone feel welcome, comfortable, and honored even if the family would worry
about the next meal
2. Respect for Elders
3. Close Family Ties
- extended family is common
endogamy- marrying within ones clan
for the preservation of the familys wealth and prestige
- regionalism- a Filipino feels secured if he is with his town mates/ countrymen
it can breed discrimination among the Filipinos themselves
4. Fatalism
- Filipinos believe that whoever they are and whoever they will be is the dictate of fate/
destiny
- bahala na attitude (come what may)
5. Loyalty
- unending support for a friend or for somebody who has rendered him help
- little favors are remembered for life (debt of gratitude)
6. Tendency to be Indolent
- predisposition to not exert much effort in work
- sometimes it is due to close family ties (a Filipino is assured that his family and relatives would
always be there to feed him when he has nothing to eat)
- ningas kugon- starts a job with enthusiasm but quickly loses interest in finishing it; lack of
perseverance
7. Procrastination
- tendency to postpone doing something
- manana habit

B. Regional Traits

- shows cultural diversity among the peoples of the
Philippines

Igorots (Cordillera Region)
agile, bold,
Ilocanos (Ilocos Region)
frugal, industrious, patient, adventurous
Tagalog
Do you agree that the Philippines is
not yet an industrialized country?
Explain.
Does having around 170 languages
pose an obstacle in unifying the
Filipinos? Justify your stand.


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born lover of poems and music, strongly attached to his family and kin and feels superior
over other Filipinos
Bicolanos
even-tempered, religious, fond of spicy food, calm, seldom shows rudeness
Bisaya
hedonist (happy-go-lucky), self-reliant, adventurous
Muslim
lover of freedom, man of honor, has a love for culture and religion

THE PRECOLONIAL HISTORY

I. PAST NAMES
1. Ma-yi (land of gold)
- Former name of the Philippines, from early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro
2. Archipelago of St. Lazarus
- Name given by Magellan when he arrived in the Philippines in 1521
3. Felipinas
- Name given by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543 in honor of Crown Prince Felipe (Philip)
who later became King Philip II of Spain
4. The Philippine Islands
- Name during the American period
5. Republic of the Philippines

II. ORIGIN OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO

A. Biblical
- Gods creation

B. Legends/ Myths

C. Scientific
a. Volcanic Origin
b. Land Bridge Theory
- It states that the Philippines was originally a part of the continental shelf of Asia (Sunda
Shelf). When the ice age ended, the sea level rose and flooded the land bridges that
connected mainland Asia and the Philippines.
c. Tectonic Earthquake Theory
- It states that the Philippines was never part of mainland Asia. The Philippines rose from the
bottom of the sea due to violent earthquakes that caused the Pacific crust to move
upward.

III. ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

A. Biblical
- From the book of Genesis
- God made man in his image and likeness
- States that all men and women originated from the first man and first woman (Adam and Eve) who
lived in the Garden of Eden

B. Legends/ Myths
a. Story of Malakas and Maganda

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A bird which caused a fight between the sea and the sky landed on a bamboo plant to rest
and pecked the bamboo. The bamboo was split and out came Malakas and Maganda.
b. Baked Clay
God got some clay and molded the clay into male and female figures. He baked them slowly.
They got burned. God molded another pair, baked them, however, he became so careful so
the clay figures were half-baked. Then god tried a third attempt. This time he got it all right. God
breathed life into the figures and became the first man and first woman on earth.

C. Scientific Theories

a. Core Population Theory
This theory states that the early Filipinos came from settlers within the islands not from outside.

Theory of Evolution
- States that man came from ape-like creatures

Tabon Man allegedly was the first Filipinos who lived in caves in Tabon, Palawan during the
Stone Age. The skull cap that was found in this cave proves that man had been in the cave for
at least 22,000 years. Pieces of charcoal were also found in the cave indicating that man
already used fire. They hunted animals (eg. elephant) using crude stone weapons. They did not
know how to farm or raise animals.

b. Wave Migration Theory

1. Negritos/ Aetas/ Atis (pygmies)
- dark brown skin with big brown eyes, small flat nose, kinky black hair, with
average height (less than 5 ft.)
- came across land bridges from mainland Asia about 25,000 years ago
- nomadic
- they only used hunting and gathering method for survival
- used bows and arrows
- they wore very little clothing

2. Indonesians
- first immigrants in the Philippines who arrived by sea to the islands
- came to the Philippines around 5,000 years ago from southeastern Asia
- arrived during the time when there were many pygmies in the Philippines
- arrived in small groups but when there were so many of them, they became
strong enough to drive away the pygmies from the rich regions into the forests
and mountains
- they had permanent houses and used fire to cook their food
- they are believed to be the ancestors of the present Apayaos, Gaddangs,
Ibanag, Kalinga

3. Malays
- Came to the Philippines 2,000 years ago
- medium-sized brown people with dark brown eyes and straight hair
- believed to have originated in southeastern Asia and spread into the Malay
Peninsula
- made their way in the Philippines in boats (balangay)
- they had their own government, music, arts


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The first Malays (semi- civilized Malays) settled along the coasts. They built
houses, cultivated the land, raised rice and vegetables, wove and dyed
blankets and clothings. The Bontoks, Igorots, and Ifugaos are considered
descendants of the semi-civilized Malays. A sign of the civilization that
Malays had may be found in the magnificent Ifugao rice terraces. This
was constructed without the knowledge of engineering. It is believed that
the building of the terraces took 1,200 to 1,500 years to complete since it
was done by hand.

Then the later Malays arrived (civilized Malays) and drove the earlier ones
to the forests and mountains. Compared to the semi-civilized Malays, they
wore more clothes, had better weapons, built stronger houses, and they
knew how to write in the Malayan alphabet. The Tagalogs, Visayans,
Ilocanos, Pampangos, and Bicolanos are considered descendants of the
civilized Malays.

Maragtas Story (Ten Datus from Borneo)

10 Malay datus with their families and slaves arrived in Panay from Borneo
using their balangay because of the tyranny of their ruler. Panay was then
inhabited by Aetas with their chief Marikudo. Datu Puti (leader of the
Malays) told Marikudo of their desire to buy land for a new home. The
Malays gave a gold salakot (hat) and a gold necklace to the chief. Datu
Puti returned to Borneo, eventually, and two other datus went to settle in
Batangas. Seven of them remained in the Panay Island and among them,
Datu Sumakuel was chosen as Superior Datu (oldest, wisest, and bravest)
who led the Malays in clearing the land.
This story is the origin of the Ati-Atihan Festival.

IV. PRE-COLONIAL RELATIONS AND INFLUENCES:

Indian/ Hindu :
ornaments, clothings
Words from the Sanskrit (ancient language of India)
Cord and veil ceremonies (in wedding)
Hanging of garland as a sign of hospitality
Giving of dowry by the groom to the brides parents
Showering of rice after the wedding ceremony

Chinese:
During the 12
th
and 13
th
centuries, Chinese were already trading with the early
Filipinos
Fixed marriages
Metallurgy
Gun powder production
Use of porcelain ware, umbrella, gongs, silver, wooden shoes (bakya)
Games like sungka, kite-flying, mah-jong
Traits of frugality, patience, humility, industry
Worship of dead ancestors
Wearing of white clothing when mourning
Words like bwisit (unlucky/ malas)


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Arab:
Islam (brought by the Arab traders who introduced their religious beliefs among the
Malays)
Polygamy (practiced by the Muslims)

*when the Spaniards arrived, Islam had already gained a stable foothold in
Southern Philippines.

V. EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES

A. Food and Drinks

Rice was the staple food of the early Filipinos. They eat carabao meat, pork, chicken, fruits, and
vegetables. They did not use utensils. They eat with their bare hands. They cooked their food in
earthen pots and bamboo tubes. Banana plants were used as plates and coconut shells as
drinking cups. They produced fire by rubbing two pieces of dry wood. Trade was done through
the barter system.
Basi- Ilocano wine made from sugarcane
Tuba- wine made from coconut
Tapuy- Igorot wine distilled from rice
Lambanog- Tagalog wine made from coconut palm

B. Clothing

Male attire: upper- kanggan (collarless jacket with short sleeves)
Putong/turban (headgear- long strip of cloth wrapped around their
heads)
lower- bahag

Female attire: upper- baro/ camisa (wide-sleeved jacket)
lower- saya/patadyong (loose skirt)
tapis (a piece of cloth wrapped above the waist)

C. Ornaments

- Kalombiga (armlets) , pendants, bracelets, rings, gold fillings between the teeth
- Tattoo- form of ornament to enhance the beauty of the man/ woman
- to exhibit a mans war record (war medal)
- Visayans- most tattooed people- Pintados

D. Role of Women

- They were afforded equal rights as that of men. They were allowed to have their own
properties and had the right to lead a barangay in the absence of a qualified male
leader. They were allowed to engage in trade and in priesthood. However, these
changed when the Spaniards occupied the Philippines.

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- The mother had the privilege to name a new-born baby. Any event/ condition at the
time of birth were the source of the name. Qualities that appeared in the child were
used as names as well.

E. Religion

- Ancient Filipinos were pagans except for the Muslims
- The early Filipinos worshipped objects of nature (i.e. Rivers, mountains, old trees,
animals, fields, etc.) because of the belief that these natural objects were the habitats
of spirits (animistic)
- Filipinos believe in life after death and that the soul travels to the next world to receive
its due reward or punishment.

Bathala- supreme god with other gods and goddesses below him
Anitos- ancestral spirits, they made images of them and worshipped the images. Disease or
illness was attributed to the temper of the environmental spirits and soul spirits.

F. Marriage Custom

- There was no prohibition against intermarriages between two persons of different ranks
(mixed marriage)

The man serves the family of the woman.
bigay-kaya/ dowry is given in the form of land, gold, or dependents
o Panghimuyat- amount of money given by the man to the ladys parents
o Bigay-suso- bribe given to the girls wet nurse who fed the bride during her
infancy with milk from her own breast
o Himaraw- must be given to the girls parents as reimbursement for the amount
spent in feeding the girl during her infancy
The parents of the groom haggle/ negotiate (now: pamamalae)

Marriage Customs of the Muslim:
1
st
stage: panalanguni or betrothal thru the tribesmen of the groom
2
nd
stage: pedsungud or the settlement of dowry; the village chief handles the
negotiation
3
rd
stage: pegkawing (wedding festival) which would last 6 days
During the seventh night, the groom was allowed to sleep with the bride.

Divorce was practiced by the early Filipinos. The grounds were:
Adultery on the part of the wife
Desertion on the part of the husband
Loss of affection
Cruelty
Insanity
Childlessness

G. Burial Customs

Usually, the body was first cleaned thoroughly, sprayed with perfume and dressed properly. The
dead was preserved and kept inside the house, near the house, in a cave (hanging coffins) or in a
place facing the sea. Jars (eg. Manunggul Jar) were used as resting place of early Filipinos. During

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burial, clothes, food, jewelry, household articles, and weapons were buried with the dead to
accompany him on his journey to the other world.

o Visayans
- Relatives fasted for 3 days and drank wine. As a sign of mourning, the relatives wore
rattan armlets and necklaces. Women wore white clothes. Much noise was made and
at night men kept guard for fear that evil spirits might come to disturb the corpse. The
corps was embalmed with coconut oil, palm wine and salt and then was wrapped up
in leaves and abaca clothes. Coffin was hollowed out of a log. On the third day, the
corpse was buried beneath the house of the dead. Gold, clothes, and food were laid
in and the whole was then covered with earth.

Larao
- Special mourning period for the death of a datu
- People were forbidden to quarrel and they cant wear colored dresses.
- Strict silence was observed
- Spears were carried pointing downward

H. Early System of Government

Barangay
- unit of government
- from the word balangay (boat)
- had from 30-100 families
- pre-colonial barangays were monarchial
- ruled by a chieftain/ datu
o responsibilities of a datu:
law giver
judge
executive
military chief
- tributes were collected in the form of crops

Sometimes, neighboring barangays agreed to help each other. Loose unions (confederations)
of these barangays form villages. Confederations were formed for mutual protection and
cooperation. There was not one single government over all the people.

*sangduguan- blood compact

I. Laws

- either written or oral (unwritten)

Source of Laws:
- traditions and customs that had been handed down from generation after generation
- new laws were made by the datu with the help of the elders or other chiefs


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How was a Law Made?
The chieftain proposes the law to the elders, then the group of elders deliberates and approves.
The umalohokan (public announcer) was then summoned to go around the barangay to
announce the promulgation of the new rules.

J. Judicial Process

Whenever disputes arise between or among members of the barangay, the chief/ datu tried to
have a case settled amicably first. When no amicable settlement was reached by the parties
concerned, the parties involved must swear to obey the judgment of the datu. The datu decided on
cases with the advice of the council of elders which served as the jury in every trial submitted before the
datu. When a witness was called to the witness stand, he had to take an oath that he would tell the truth
by repeating the words: May lightning strike me if I am telling a lie. During the early days, swearing was
a sacred act. Trials were public.

Punishment for serious crimes: death, slavery, heavy fines
Punishment for minor crimes: exposure to ants, long hours of swimming, whipping

If one was accused of committing a serious crime, the accused was subjected to a trial by ordeal. (e.g.
stones shall be dropped by the accused in a vessel of boiling water and he/they shall be asked to get
the stones from the bottom of the vessel, whoever refuses to dip his hand in the vessel shall be
considered guilty)

K. Social System

1. Nobles/ maharlika
This class was composed of the village chiefs (datu/ rajah) who were considered
as administrators and not absolute rulers, and their families. One became a chief
by inheritance. However, anyone through bravery or wisdom could rise to the
position of chief.
A chiefs scope of authority was limited by a traditional body of customs and
procedures.

2. Freemen/ timawa
- generally assisted the chief in chores that involved the welfare of the
community

3. Dependents/ alipin
- not equated to the European concept of slaves
- based on debt peonage
- release from dependence was possible by paying back debt
- they were generally treated as members of the family and were seldom sold

Types:
a. aliping namamahay- has his own family/ house and served his master during
planting and harvest season
b. aliping sagigilid- has no property and lived with his master and could not marry
without the latters consent

How one becomes a dependent?
Parents are dependents

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Being captured in battle
Failing to pay private debts
Commission of a crime punishable by fines

* everybody worked for an immediate need
* social rank and not social stratification
* generally, ones social rank is based on division of labor and not based on wealth
This class system was not a rigid caste system. One can rise from one social class to a higher social
position.

The Coming of the Europeans

Motivations for Overseas Explorations:

1. Religion
Crusades are series of wars led by Western European Christians to take back the Holy Land
(Palestine) from the Muslims. The first crusades were undertaken in 1096 and ended in the late
13th century. These crusades played an important part in the story of European colonialism.
Oriental goods and products were introduced to European states and later, demand for these
goods increased.
Spain was one of the greatest champions of Catholicism in the world. Much were spent to
convert more people to Catholicism.

2. Trade (demand of goods from the Orient)
The search for spices that are indigenous in the East became an impetus for exploration. It made
food more palatable and were used in food preservation, thus, very expensive.
Europeans competed with the Arab traders in buying these items so the Europeans improved
their navigational instruments (compass, maps), knowledge of map-making, improved the
construction of ships. Spain wanted to control the spice trade in Asia.

3. Possession of land
Stronger and more ambitious governments emerged in Europe in the 1400s and 1500s. Leaders
thought that possession of lands could bring them wealth so they sent explorers to explore new
lands. It was King Philip II who claimed that the sun never sets in his kingdom because when the
sun sets in Madrid, it was also the sunrise in Manila.

4. Mercantilism Theory
This economic theory states that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world. To increase
ones share of this wealth, one country had to get some from another country. More wealth
means more power.

To increase ones wealth, a country must:
Mine its own gold and silver
Get these precious metals through trade. The state must try to sell more goods to
others instead of buying goods to create a favorable balance of trade. So a country
which sold more to others would be paid more in gold and silver while those which
had less exports would be weakened with the loss of its silver and gold. To avoid the
entry of too much imports, tariffs or import taxes on foreign goods was imposed,
increased production at home, and expanded overseas market.

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Secure them from colonies overseas. Colonies became source of silver and gold, raw
materials, and served as markets for manufactured products.

The Italians, who introduced spices to the European states, were the first to try to find a new water route
to the East by sailing along the Western African coast. This aroused the interest of the Portuguese. Prince Henry
the Navigator, the son of King John of Portugal brought together scientists and sent out expeditions along the
coast of Africa during the 15
th
century. He established the first navigational school in the world in 1419. Prince
Henrys wish was to extend Portuguese dominion and spread Christianity.

Spain and Portugal became the two leading rivals in terms of navigation and occupation of territories.
To settle the dispute between the two nations, they sought for the intervention of the Pope. On May 4, 1493,
Pope Alexander VI through an order, created an imaginary line from north to south poles which was located
west of Azores Islands (in the Atlantic Ocean). The right to explore all of the territories located east of this
demarcation line was given to Portugal and west was for Spain. Through the Treaty of Tordesillas, the
demarcation line was moved to the west of Cape Verde Islands

Other Discoverers and Explorers:

1. Christopher Columbus
He tried to prove that the world is round and that the East can be reached by sailing westward. The
King of Portugal refused to help him find a route to the East by sailing west so he went to Spain and King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to furnish him with what he needed. On Oct. 12, 1492, he
discovered what he called San Salvador located in the Carribean Sea and believed that it was one
of the islands of the East Indies and called the natives Indians. Actually, what he stumbled upon were
islands to be later called the West Indies. He died without knowing that he discovered a new continent.

2. Vasco de Gama
In 1497, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed northwards across the Indian Ocean and
arrived at Calicut, India in May 1498 which became a new route to the East by sea. His success began
the growth of Portuguese colonial power and an eastern trade

Ferdinand Magellan

In 1512, Francisco Serrano, a Portuguese explorer and cousin of Ferdinand Magellan was stranded in
one of the islands in Mindanao. In 1516, the Portuguese Duarte Barbosa wrote about Sulu and later became
the brother-in-law of Magellan. These individuals inspired Magellan to also search for these islands in the east.

He was a Portuguese who served the Spanish royalty because Portugal rejected his suggestion of
reaching the east by sailing westward. When he went to Spain, King Charles V gave him a crew, ammunitions
and 5 ships (Victoria, Conception, Santiago, San Antonio, Trinidad). He was instructed to sail directly to the
Spice Island and bring back a cargo of priceless spices. On Sept.10, 1519, from Lucar Spain, boarding 5
antiquated ships with around 235 men, they started sailing. During the voyage, he named the peaceful and
calm ocean which they traversed for months, Pacific Ocean (pacificus- latin word for peaceful).

On March 16, 1521, Magellan landed at Homonhon (uninhabited island south of Panay). The Spaniards
set up tents for the sick. The following day, a boat came with men in it. The Filipinos were friendly and gave the
fleet fish, palm wine, bananas, and coconuts in exchange of mirrors, comb, and bells.


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First Catholic Mass in the Philippines

The Spaniards sailed in search of food and reached Limasawa (south of Leyte). There they met Rajah
Kolambu from Butuan and they conducted a blood compact on March 29, 1521. Blood compact was the
local custom of becoming friends. It was the first blood compact done by a Filipino and a white man. March
31. 1521 (Easter Sunday), Magellan sent ashore a priest with some men to prepare the place where a Mass was
to be said. The chief was present. This was the 1
st
Christian mass ever held in the Philippines. At sunset, Magellan
planted a huge wooden cross on top of a hill overlooking the sea. Because it was the feast of St. Lazarus when
the expedition arrived in the country, Magellan named it the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.

First Baptism in the Philippines

April 7, 1521, the Spaniards set sail for Cebu in search for food. Rajah Humabon who was the ruler in that
place accepted the entry of the Spaniards and exchanged presents. Rajah Humabon and Magellan made a
blood compact. He befriended Rajah Humabon and the ruler agreed to be baptized under the Christian faith
on April 14, 1521. Humabon and his wife were baptized that day. Rajah Humabon was named Carlos and his
wife was named Juana. Magellan gave a small image of the Holy Child Jesus to Juana as a gift. More than 800
Cebuanos agreed to be baptized. To recognize the occasion, Magellan ordered that a large wooden cross be
set on the seashore. Now, it is known as the Magellan Cross. More natives agreed to be baptized after the
illness of the brother of Rajah Humabon was miraculously cured.

The Battle in Mactan

When the fleet of Magellan reached the island of Mactan (near Cebu), several chiefs were leading the
island. Two of them were Zula and Lapu-lapu. These two were old enemies. Zula befriended Magellan. He sent
a message to Magellan asking for soldiers to help him conquer Lapulapu. On April 27, 1521, Magellan, in
response, went to Mactan with 60 men and hundreds of Cebuanos in 3 boats. Magellan issued a warning that
unless Lapulapu recognized Spanish power, he will be forced to pay tribute or die. Lapulapus men attacked
the Spaniards. Magellan died in this encounter. His men sailed back to Spain.

This event marked the first successful defense by the Filipinos of their freedom against foreign invaders.

In 1522, only the ship Victoria (the smallest of the five ships) completed the voyage back to Spain with
only 18 survivors. It was led by Juan Sebastian El Cano (making him the first to circumnavigate the world). Many
died due to starvation and sickness. The ship Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese with Antonio Pigafetta
(chronicler of the expedition) on board but he was later on released and was allowed to go back to Spain.

Importance of the Magellan Expedition:
1. It proved that the world is spherical.
2. It established that Pacific Ocean is larger than the Atlantic Ocean.
3. It inspired more expeditions and discoveries around the world.

Other Expeditions:

After the unsuccessful Magellan expedition, King Charles planned more expeditions to the East:


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1. Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (1525)
Reached Mindanao only but was supposed to establish a colony in Moluccas.

2. Sebastian Cabot (1526)
Reached Brazil only and failed to reach Moluccas.

3. Saavedra Expedition (1527)
Reached Moluccas but was captured by the Portuguese.

4. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
He was ordered to colonize the Philippines and convert the natives to Christianity
however, he failed to accomplish the mission because upon reaching the Moluccas, the fleet
was apprehended by the Portuguese. He was the one who gave the name Filipinas to the
Philippines in honor of Prince Philip, son of King Charles who later became King Philip II, King of
Spain. He reached Saranggani but was forced to leave because of food shortage

Treaty of Zaragoza
Spain continued to send expeditions to the Moluccas so disputes developed between
Spain and Portugal over the ownership of the Moluccas. Both countries claimed the islands were
located within the demarcation line set in the Treaty of Tordesillas. To settle the dispute, they
signed the Treaty of Zaragoza (April 22, 1529). In the agreement, Spain gave up all her claims to
the Moluccas for a certain sum of money. However, Philippines and Moluccas were really
included on the side of the line belonging to Portugal.

5. Legazpi- Urdaneta Expedition (1564)

Prince Philip became the King of Spain and decided to colonize the Philippines despite
the failure of the 4 expeditions sent by his father. He ordered the viceroy of New Spain to
prepare another expedition to start from Mexico. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was appointed
commander of the expedition with Fr. Andres de Urdaneta as chief navigator and spiritual
leader. Legazpi left Natividad, Mexico on Nov. 21, 1564. He first reached Cebu but was not
welcomed by the natives so they proceeded to another island, Bohol. There he entered into a
blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala, rulers of Bohol.

In Cebu, the natives under Rajah Tupas (son of Humabon) did not welcome Legazpis
fleet when they landed on the island. Legazpi defeated the Cebuanos with their artillery and
muskets. He invited the Cebuanos to live peacefully with the Spaniards and made a peace
agreement. The natives agreed to pay tribute to the King of Spain as a symbol of their
allegiance to the King. Legazpi guaranteed Spains protection to the people. In 1565, Legazpi
made Cebu the first Spanish settlement/ city in the Philippines and named it as the City of the
Most Holy Name of Jesus.

From Cebu, he went to Panay and established a second Spanish settlement in 1569
because of the lack of provisions especially food and also because of the continued hostility of
the Cebuanos towards them.

Legazpi then learned from the natives of a rich Muslim kingdom called Manila. Manila
during that time was ruled by Rajah Soliman. In May 1570, Legazpi dispatched an expedition led
by Martin de Goiti. It was composed of 120 Spanish soldiers and several hundreds of Visayans to
Manila. Rajah Soliman was defeated. A year later, Legazpi arrived in Manila. Once again, he
offered his friendship to Rajah Lakandula, chieftain of Tondo. Lakandula acknowledged the

14

sovereignty of Spain and agreed to pay tribute. June 24, 1571, Legazpi formally declared Manila
as the capital of the Philippines.

The Spaniards continued to spread Christianity throughout the country. Many areas fell
under Spanish control except Mindanao, Sulu, and the interior mountain regions which remained
under the control of the Filipinos.

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was a colony of Spain.

Reasons why the Philippines was easily colonized:

The Filipinos were not united.
When the Spaniards reached the Philippines, the Filipino society was divided into different ethno
linguistic groups (tribes) thus it was impossible to put up an effective armed resistance against
well-equipped and prepared conquistadores.
The Spaniards used the Divide and Rule Policy
They used one tribe to defeat another tribe.
Policy of Attraction
The Sword and the Cross- strategy utilized by the Spaniards
The Spaniards introduced the message of Christianity.
Union of Church and State
Visual objects
Introduction of folk Catholicism- Catholicism was readily accepted by the natives because the
missionaries made use of many aspects of the natives former religion. Pagans worship a
powerful god called Bathala. The concept of Bathala was used to compare the similarities
with Christianity. Missionaries allowed the natives to retain many beliefs and adopted these to
the rituals and ceremonies of the Catholic faith.

Spaniards had advanced military discipline and superior arms

Obstacles to Colonization:
Natives of mountain region in the North
Muslims- conducted retaliation activities such as raids, looting, and burning of houses, towards
Christianized inhabitants who allowed themselves to be used by the Spanish authorities in subjugating
Muslim communities


15

Political, Economic, and Social Changes
(SPANISH INSTITUTIONS)

The coming of the Spaniards brought about fundamental changes in the lives of the natives. New
customs and a new religion was introduced

A. POLITICAL SYSTEM

Frailocracy- government by the friars (because of the Union of Church and State)
Union of Church and State
During Spains 333 year rule in the Philippines, there were more priests and missionaries rather than soldiers or
civil servants in the country.

Spanish King/Queen (monarch)
- was considered the supreme power.
- issued royal decrees/orders that were implemented in their colonies

1. Central Government
Headed by a Governor- General
-he was the representative of the King of Spain
-he was considered as the chief executive of the Philippines
Functions:
enforced royal decrees from Spain
issued executive orders and proclamations
Commander-in-chief of the Army
President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court) until 1861
he served as Vice- Real Patron who had the power over ecclesiastical
appointments in the Church

There were a total of 122 Spanish governor generals assigned in the Philippines.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was the first (1565-72)
Diego de los Rios (1898)

2. Provincial Government (groups of towns or municipalities)
2 kinds:
1. Alcaldias- civil government (regular province)whose inhabitants are controlled by the
Spaniards; pacified areas; headed by an Alcalde Mayor
2. Corregimientos- military government in unpacified areas; headed by a Corregidor

Headed by an Alcalde Mayor
-he was considered as the most corrupt official for having the privilege indulto de commercio
which was abolished in 1844. This privilege gave him the monopoly of commerce in his province.
This privilege discouraged economic growth.
Function: implement laws
Collect and receive a certain amount of tax levied on the province

3. Municipal Government (Pueblo)
Headed by a Gobernadorcillo

16

-highest government position a Filipino could attain
- honorary position with no salary, instead they were only given 2 peso-monthly allowance
-was elected by the outgoing gobernadorcillo and by members of the principalia
Functions:
Ensure peace and order
Tax collector
Assists the parish priest
Recruits polistas

4. City Government (Villa/Ayuntamiento)

-has a city council called the Cabildo which is composed of one or two alcaldes, six regidors
(councilors), one secretary, and one chief constable (police)

5. Barangay Government
Headed by a Cabeza de Barangay
- A Cabeza was exempted from paying taxes
Function: served as tax collector for the gobernadorcillo
Responsible for maintaining peace and order within his barangay

Residencia
- Judicial review of a recidenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of his service
Visita
- Conducted by a visitador-general sent from Spain and occurred at any time within the officials
term without notice

Causes of Corruption among Officials:
Appointment of officials with inferior qualifications (they were ignorant of the Philippines needs)
Frequent changing of administration in Spain, thus the sending of careless officials
Some positions were opened to bidding
Distance of colony led to low supervision

B. ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Reduccion Policy
-Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos lived in scattered settlements. The Spaniards collected all
Filipinos in a reduccion/ plazas for resettlement. All new Christian converts were required to construct their
houses around the church. This policy was used for:
Convenience of administration
Tax collection purposes
Christian indoctrination
o Some Filipino unbelievers went to the mountains and were branded as tulisanes (bandits)

1. Encomienda

encomendar- it means to entrust or to commit to ones care

17

It was the first administrative agency of Spanish colonization. It served as a revenue-getting measure of
the colonial government. It is a grant from Spain to a meritorious Spaniard to exercise control over a
specific place including its inhabitants.

Encomendero- caretaker of an encomienda
Functions:
Defend his encomienda and its inhabitants
Assist missionaries in spreading Christianity
Maintain peace and order

Privilege: collect taxes/tribute from the inhabitants
The cabeza de barangay was responsible for collecting taxes and forwarding it to the
encomendero.
of the total collection will be given to the encomendero.
Limitation:
He is not allowed to own a house in the native settlements within their encomiendas or
even stay for more than one night
He is not allowed to own land inhabited by the natives

3 kinds:
1. Royal/ Crown Encomienda- exclusively owned by the King
2. Private Encomienda- owned by private persons or charitable institutions
3. Ecclesiastical Encomienda- owned by the church

2. Taxation/ Tribute

It symbolized the Filipinos recognition for Spaniards sovereignty. Taxes were given in cash or in kind.
Collectors often abuse their position by collecting more than the law required. Some even had to send
soldiers to forcibly collect tributes from the natives. Many were tortured and imprisoned for non-
payment of tax.

1870- taxes were fixed at 8 reales (one peso) and it continued to increase since then
1884- it was replaced by the cedula personal (residence tax)

bandala- annual enforced sale of goods (rice) from farmers wherein each province was required to
meet the quota of commodities
-the prices which the government set were lower than the actual price of the products.

tithes- extracted by the Church and became an additional burden with the taxes collected by the
government

3. Polo y Servicio (Personal/ Forced Labor)
All male Filipinos, from 16-60 years of age were obliged to render forced labor for 40 days each year. In
1884, a Reform Decree reduced labor to 15 days and increased the age bracket to 18. Filipinos and
Spaniards were required to serve for the polo. It allowed exemption by the payment of falla (half real
per day).
Polistas (men recruited to render services for the polo) were supposed to receive real a day and rice

Effects of Polo:

18

Upset the village economy (abandonment of fields)
Forced separation from the family and relocation to different places
Decimation of male population (man-power shortage)
Resulted to sickness and death due to overwork

4. Galleon Trade (Manila- Acapulco Trade)
This lasted for over two centuries. It benefitted only the privileged Spaniards. The Philippines served as
transshipment port because it was essentially, a trade between China and Mexico.
Effects:
Neglect of important economic activities
American- Asian commerce flourished but it enriched only a few Spaniards
It hampered the economic development of the Philippines because agriculture and
other industries were neglected
Filipino polistas construct galleon
Inter-cultural exchanges

C. SOCIAL SYTEM/ SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

1. Christianity- greatest legacy of Spain
- made the Philippines become the only Christian nation in Asia

2. Hispanization of Filipino Names
It was spearheaded by Governor General Narciso Claveria in 1849. Upon the conversion of natives to
Christianity, the Filipinos were given Spanish names and surnames.

3. Social Stratification

* the process of colonization accelerated the formation of classes
* it became a force which transformed pre-colonial relations into relations of exploitation
* ushered the formation of the principalia class

a. Peninsulares- Spaniards who were born in Spain
- they occupied the top positions in the government
b. Insulares- Spaniards born in the Philippines
-creoles
-were called Filipinos by the peninsulares to show their contempt for the insulares
c. Mestizos- Spanish and Chinese mestizos (principalia class)
-regarded themselves superior over the brown Filipinos (indios)
Illustrados
d. Indios- natives

4. Education
- Characterized by over-emphasis on religious matters, obsolete teaching methods, limited
curriculum, poor classroom facilities, absence of teaching materials, discrimination
- Friars controlled the educational system
- All books needed to pass through the Board of Censorship which was composed by the friars


19

REVOLTS
Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)/ Bohol
- Tamblot was a babaylan/native priest
- He employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and
to return to their former beliefs
- He claimed that a diwata promised the people a life of abundance without the burden of
paying tribute if they would rise against the Spaniards
- Failed

Sumodoy Revolt (1649-1650)/ Samar
- caused by the recruitment of polistas in Visayas for the first time to relieve the Tagalogs in
building galleons and warships in Cavite
- failed because two of Sumodoys followers betrayed him. His mother was thrown over a
precipice and Sumoroys head was presented to the alcalde mayor by his former followers who
betrayed him.

Silang Revolt (Dec. 1762- May 1763)/ Ilocos
- opposed the exaction of tribute, drafting of polistas
- joined the forces of the British
- he was excommunicated by the Spaniards and sent an assassin to kill Silang on May 1763
- Maria Josefa Gabriela de Silang, his wife continued the revolt and was eventually executed on
Sept. 20, 1763

Basi Revolt (1807)/ Ilocos
- against the monopoly of spirituous liquors introduced in 1786 which included the control of
making basi (fermented sugar-cane juice)
- failed

Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829)/ Bohol
- the longest revolt in Philippine history, it lasted 85 years
- Dagohoy was the cabeza de barangay of Bohol
- Dagohoys brother, Sagarino was accused as a renegade who abandoned the Christian
religion. He resisted arrest and killed the constable before he himself died. Fr. Gaspar Morales
refused to give him a Christian burial on the ground that he died in a duel. This triggered the
anger of Dagohoy. Another reason was the enforcement of forced labor among the people of
Bohol.
- Failed

Palaris Revolt (1750)/ Pangasinan
- Juan dela Cruz Palaris (member of the principalia) revolted against the alcalde mayor because
of the excessive tax collection and drafting of polistas.
- Failed because of the betrayal of his sister. He was quartered pig-style

Ermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841)/ Quezon
- Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz formed the brotherhood Confradia de San Jose and it was
outlawed by the Spaniards. His body was quartered and displayed in Tayabas to serve as a
warning to the indios
- Failed
Muslim and Igorot resistance

Causes of Failure of the Revolts:
Insular make-up of the Philippines
o Filipinos were conditioned to live and feel apart from each other
Divide and Rule Policy
quelled the revolts of Filipinos by Filipinos themselves
Indios were not united mainly because of this policy

20

Communication gap between the Filipinos of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
o No lingua franca or national language
Absence of good leaders
some chief assumed the leadership for the purpose of installing himself as the
new authority in place of the Spaniards or to regain the former status which they
enjoyed before the coming of the Spaniards
Superior military technology
Revolts were sporadic and were only pockets of resistance
There was no sense of national unity

BRITISH INVASION OF THE PHILIPPINES

British invaded the Philippines as part of the 7 years war. Britain and France were the two leading opponents in
this war. France was supported by Spain thus the Philippines was dragged into the war and was invaded by
Britain.

From India, through the British East India Company which financed the invasion, the British fleet entered Manila
Bay on Sept. 22, 1762. The following day, the British presented a demand for the surrender of the city to the
Spanish governor general (Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo). The governor general (Archbishop Manuel Rojo)
refused to surrender and later, the British attacked the city.

Spaniards in Manila were taken by surprise because they were completely unaware that Spain and England
were at war.

The Spanish officials did not have enough troops to defend Manila. The walls of Intramuros were blown open.
On Oct. 5, 1762, the governor general surrendered amidst the mass killings caused by the invasion. The invasion
ended after the end of the 7 Years War in Europe on Feb. 10, 1763 The British handed over the ruling power
back to Spain.

Effects:
British opened the Philippines to the outside world because Britain allowed direct trade with China,
India, etc.
The defeat of the Spaniards by the British invaders destroyed the image of Spanish power thus,
many bloody revolts broke out in the provinces. The Filipinos seized the opportunity provided by
the demonstration of Spanish military weakness to press their own libertarian demands.
Introduction of the English language
The invasion temporarily reduced Spanish attention on Mindanao and Sulu.
The struggles of the people against the abuse of government officials and friars were given new
impetus by the British occupation.

18
th
Century- Industrial Revolution
- transformed England into the foremost capitalist nation of the world (trade and manufacture)
- furthered the economic designs on the Spanish empire with all its sources of raw materials and its
consumer markets

The British penetration of Manila was against the policy of Spain to allow rival European powers to
trade with her colonies however, supervision was difficult because of the distance between Spain
and its colony
Techniques used by Britain:
o British loaded their goods on vessels owned by Muslims and Hindus
o English-owned ships tool on Asian, usually Hindu names and were provided with
Portuguese captains and seamen
o Consigned goods to some well-known Hindu merchants in Manila to make it appear as
his own import

21

o Bribery

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Nationalism- a condition of the mind, feeling or sentiment of a group of people living in a well-defined
geographical area, speaking a common language, possessing a literature in which the aspirations of the
nation have been expressed, being attached to common traditions and in some cases, having common
religion (by Louis Snyder)
- started with the introduction of progressive political ideologies
- the Filipinos realized the need for change

When the Spaniards came, it unconsciously contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism because of
the establishment of a centralized government uniting all barangays under one ruler and the establishment of
a common religion.

Factors which led to the awakening of Filipino nationalism:

A. Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce (1834-1898)/ 19
th
century

Spain gradually exposed the Philippines to international commerce.

1834- official and permanent opening of Manilas port to international trade resulting in
tremendous socio-economic changes for the Filipinos
1855- provincial ports of Sual, Iloilo, and Zamboanga were opened

This resulted to the demands for export crops such as rice, sugar, abacca, tobacco, and indigo where
Filipino and Chinese Mestizo social elites benefitted. Laissez faire was observable in the Philippines during
this period.

B. Rise of the Clase Media (Middle Class)

- result of the great economic transformation in the life of Filipinos
- emerged from the economic boom derived from expanded agriculture and commerce
embarked in by the rising native entrepreneurs


22

principalia elite social group composed of former gobernadorcillos and minor native officials. They
were otherwise called as the middle class. They owned livestock, sugarmills, imported furniture and
tableware, and used the honorary titles Don and Doa.
Personal possessions as well as education were indicators of social status. These social elites were the ones
who first realized the need for change.

Intramuros- walled-city
- only Spaniards can live in the walled-city of Intramuros
-- was surrounded by a moat to prevent entry of unwanted and
unauthorized individuals
Extramuros (outside of the wall)
- where Filipino, Chinese, and mestizos built their communities
Quiapo
- known for its Black Nazarene
- was the residence of Filipino government clerks, artists, and
merchants
Tondo
- then described as all slums
- where the Filipino clase pobre (lower working class) engaged
in tobacco and cigar-making, fishing and gardening for
Manilas local consumption live.

C. European Liberalism and Carlos Maria de la Torre

1869- opening of the Suez Canal
- travel between Spain and Philippines was made shorter, safer and speedier
- modern ideas of liberty began to penetrate the minds of the natives

Social Contract Theory - states that the authority of a ruler comes from the people and when the
ruler fails to fulfill the responsibilities expected of him and if he fails to satisfy the needs of the
people, the people has the power to oust and change the ruler
-by John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau

Governor de la Torre
- he was assigned as governor general of the Philippines when the monarch in
Spain was overthrown in 1868
- unpopular with the Manila Spaniards and with the Spanish clergy
- he proclaimed freedom of speech
- instituted liberal reforms
- lived a modest life

D. Racial Discrimination

- the Spaniards claimed superiority over the Filipinos

manifestations: indios were called chongos

23

Fr. Miguel Bustamate even said that the monkey will always be a monkey
however you dress him with skirt and trousers and will always be a monkey and
not a human

E. Regular-Secular Conflicts

Secularization- transfer of ministries established or run by the regular clergy to the
Seculars

1870- there were a total of 792 curacies in the Philippines
181 of which were held by the seculars and 611 were held by the regulars

Clerical Ascendancy
- Indispensable role in the Spanish colonization
- Dispersal of the missions and small number of Spanish officials made supervision
by superiors difficult and it resulted to the increase of administrative duties of the
friars

Fundamental Cause of Corruption among the Friars:
o King granted the Church lands and other privileges
o they were allowed by the King to own properties until a secular clergy is available
o Urgent need for more priests caused the training period before ordination to be
reduced
o The clergys power and wealth made priesthood an attractive career rather than a
spiritual calling
o Concubinage was rampant among the friars

Pattern of Land Tenancy:

- estates were parceled out to lessees or inquilinos who themselves had
sub-tenants/ kasama to work the land. The Inquilinos paid a fixed lease or canon
in money or in kind. Kasamas received of the harvest after the fixed rent was
deducted while the inquilinos received the other .

Mode of Acquisition:
- by royal bequest
- bought land from the state using money collected from church fees
- donations from pious Filipinos
deathbed bequest- sort of downpayment for a place in heaven
- through foreclosure of mortgages
- through outright usurpation

F. La Algarada Cavitea (1872)

- broke out during the tenure of Rafael de Izquierdo
- 200 Fil. Soldiers joined in by some workers in the arsenal of the artillery corps led by
Sgt. La Madrid, guard at Fort San Felipe mutinied in the night of Jan. 20, 1872
- Jan. 20, 1872 (morning) was the payday for the Cavite Arsenal workers and they
Discovered that there was a deduction from their salary because of the imposition of tribute
by Izquierdo

24

- (night of Jan. 20) the workers revolted
- The Spanish authorities considered the mutiny as a part of a greater national movement
to liberate the Philippines from Spain
- Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were unjustly accused as agitators of
the anti- Spanish Movement and were executed by garrote (strangulation)

THE REFORM MOVEMENT/PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

The unjust execution of the 3 Filipino priests (GomBurZa) was the turning point in Philippine history for it ushered in
a new era- the reform movement. The sons of the wealthy and the well-to-do Filipino families migrated to
Europe to breathe the free atmosphere of the West. They composed the ilustrado class or the educated class
during the Spanish colonial period. Ilustrados which belonged to the middle class rose to a position of power in
the Filipino community through their involvement in trade and economy of the country. They were dissatisfied
by the abuses of the Spanish authorities. Realizing the danger of fighting for their cause in the Philippines, they
founded the Reform Movement in Spain.

The Reform Movement was a peaceful campaign which was generally carried out by means of writing and
speeches. The members published news papers, pamphlets, books, and other forms of publications containing
their grievances regarding the abuses of the Spaniards towards Filipinos in the Philippines.

The general aims of the reform movement:
Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain
Equality before the law
Freedom of speech and of the press
Secularization
Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
Human rights for the Filipinos (freedom of speech, of the press, etc.)

GREAT REFORMERS

1. Graciano Lopez Jaena
Thus, the rich and the intellectuals
were reformers and not revolutionists
for they believed in the power of
words and not of sword to achieve
their purpose.


25

born in Jaro, Iloilo on December 17, 1856
wrote the tale entitled Fray Butod which dealt with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a
certain friar named Butod (butod came from the Hiligaynon word which means big-bellied man
and equivalent to the Tagalog slang word botyok)
this incited the anger of the Spaniards so he left the Philippines in 1880
in Spain he initiated the Reform Movement
he was the first editor of the periodical La Solidaridad on Feb. 15, 1889
died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on Jan. 20, 1889

La Solidaridad
- principal organ of the Propaganda Movement and it became the mouthpiece
of the Filipinos in Spain
- published news, essays, and articles about the Philippines and Filipinos twice a
month
- operated from Feb. 15, 1889 to Nov. 15, 1895

2. Marcelo H. del Pilar
born in Kupang, Bulakan on Aug. 30, 1850
found audiences in cockpits and plazas
finished his law course in 1880 at the University of Santo Tomas
founded the nationalistic newspaper Diaryong Tagalog
he gave his life fully to the propagation of uncommon ideas and started writing pamphlets
ridiculing friar sovereignty and exposing the injustices committed against Filipinos
wrote Dasalan at Toksohan (parody of the Prayer Book)
Parody of Our Father
The Ten Commandments of the Friars
on Oct. 1888, he left for Spain and became the editor of the La Solidaridad
he later realized that what the country needed was liberation so he planned to call the leaders
of the reform movement to a meeting in Hongkong in
order to take steps towards liberation but he was
gravely ill, there were no more funds for the La
Solidaridad and Rizal was already in Dapitan and
Lopez Jaena was already sick

3. Jose Rizal
born June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna
wrote Sa Aking Kababata at 8
returned to the Philippines in 1892 and was then thrown to Fort Santiago
Noli Me Tangere
- he wrote at 26
- a socio-historical novel based on facts that he gathered while in the Philippines
- study of Philippine society
- from St. John Do not touch me
- it was published with the help of Maximo Viola
- only a limited copy entered the Philippines
El Filibusterismo
- published with the help of Valentin Ventura
- dedicated to the GOMBURZA
- political novel in which Rizal predicted the coming of the Revolution
La Liga Filipina
To make him write, the Filipinos
in Spain would refuse to give him
food.

26

- was organized by Rizal on July 3, 1892 in Tondo
- involved the people directly in the reform
movement.
- Andres Bonifacio became one of the members
Aims:
Unite the whole archipelago into one
body
Mutual protection and cooperation in
every want and
need
Defense against all violence and injustice
Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce

- However, Spain was alarmed and suspected the La Liga as a subversive organization.
They arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892 and deported him to Dapitan on July 14, 1892. Rizal
lived there for four years. Andres Bonifacio and Domingo Franco re-organized the La Liga
Filipina with Apolinario Mabini as secretary of the Supreme Council.

Rizal was executed on the early morning of December 30, 1896

Failure of the Reform Movement:

Spain was pre-occupied with its own internal problems
There was no enough funds
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousy so their ties weakened.
language used was Spanish
censorship in the Philippines

REVOLUTIONARY ERA
THE CREATION OF THE KATIPUNAN (KKK)

At first, Bonifacio actively participated in the activities of the La Liga. He even set up chapters in Manila.
However, eventually, Bonifacio was convinced that peaceful means for reform was futile. Bonifacio and other
members of the La Liga devoted themselves to a new and secret society- the Katipunan.

KATIPUNAN
- was formed on July 7, 1892 (the day of Rizals deportation)
- goal: separation through armed revolution
- Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodor Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and others formed the
KKK (Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) and performed the
ancient blood compact and signed their membership papers with their own blood
- the members agreed to use the triangle method of recruitment in which the original member would
take in 2 new members who did not know each other (but later amended on Oct.1892, allowing each
member to recruit as many members as he can)
- women were also admitted as members of the Katipunan

The reform movement was a
failure, however, its failure led
to the founding of the
revolutionary movement
(Katipunan) with the aim of
gaining independence.

27

Objectives of the Katipunan:

1. political- separation of the Philippines from Spain
2. moral- teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals
3. civic- principle of self-help and defense of the poor and the oppressed

Structure of the Katipunan:

1. Kataastaasang Sanggunian/ Supreme Council
- highest governing body
- composed of the president, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer and a comptroller
2. Sangguniang Bayan/ Provincial Council
- represented the province
3. Sangguniang Balangay/ Popular Council
- represented the town or municipality

* Katipunan Assembly- Supreme Council with the presidents of the two other councils

* Sangguniang Hukuman/ Judicial Council- court that caters to the judicial matters affecting the
members of the society, sat as court of justice to pass judgment on any member who violated
the rules of the society or to mediate between quarrelling members of the Katipunan

* Secret Chamber- composed of Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Valenzuela
- sentenced some members to be expelled for having allegedly violated the secrets of
the society

Kinds of Membership:

1. Katipon (password- Anak ng Bayan/ Son of the People)
2. Kawal (password- GOMBURZA)
3. Bayani (password- Rizal)

Kartilla
- primer for the Katipunan
- written by Emilio Jacinto who was also the editor of the Katipunan paper (Kalayaan)
- contained many rules regarding the proper attitude towards women and regarding brotherly
cooperation and good behavior

Kalayaan
- newspaper of the Katipunan
- the first issue was published on Jan. 18, 1896 with 2,000 copies
- Emilio Jacinto was the real editor but Marcelo H. Del Pilars name was put instead as editor and the
place of publication as Yokohama to conceal the real identity of the newspaper.
- unfortunately, before the 2
nd
issue could be printed, a government raid on the site of the Katipunan
printing press put an end to the press and to the Kalayaan as well

Andres Bonifacio
- Father of Philippine Revolution
- born: Nov. 30, 1863 in Tondo
- the death of his parents forced him to quit school in order to support his brothers and sisters

28

- peddled walking canes and paper fans which he made then he worked as a messenger then as a
salesman for Fleming Corporation
- only reached 2
nd
year high school but was very interested in reading on subject of revolution
- married Monica who later died of leprosy and in 1892 married Gregoria de Jesus of Kalookan

Emilio Jacinto
- Brains of the Katipunan
- at 18, he joined the Katipunan
- born: Dec. 15, 1875 in Tondo
- took care of the Katipunans propaganda aspect
- edited the Katipunans newspaper, Kalayaan

THE DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN

Members of the secret society met nightly in large numbers thus arousing suspicion. Rumors about the existence
of the Katipunan began to spread.

On Aug. 19, 1896, Spanish authorities became convinced of the existence of the Katipunan when Teodoro
Patio, a worker in the printing shop of the Spanished-owned Diaryong de Manila betrayed the Katipunan to
Father Mariano Gil of Tondo. Father Gil searched the printing shop and found a lithographic stone used to print
the Katipunan receipt, thus, confirming Patios revelations.

THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN

On Aug. 23, 1896- in the yard of a son of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora- mother of the Katipunan) in
Pugadlawin, a mass meeting was held and the Katipuneros agreed to start the Revolution though some
members believed it was premature.

The Katipuneros tore their cedulas (certificate of citizenship) to pieces shouting Long live Philippines.

FIRST REAL ENCOUNTER

The first encounter took place in San Juan del Monte (now San Juan, Metro Manila) when Bonifacio and
Jacinto led their men in an attack on the powder magazine in that town, however, they were forced to
withdraw because they were outnumbered by the Spaniards.

When the revolution spread, Governor-General Ramon Blanco proclaimed in a decree the existence of martial
law in Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas. He instituted the
spread of a Reign of Terror.

confiscation of properties of suspected Katipuneros
homes were searched
Sept. 4, 1896- four members of the Katipunan were executed at the Luneta
Sept. 12- 13 were put to death in Cavite(Los Trece Martires de Cavite)
Dec. 30, 1896- execution of Rizal


29

The decree further provided that those who would surrender to the government within 48 hours after the
publication of the decree would not be turned over to the military court so many Katipuneros surrendered.

FACTIONS OF KATIPUNAN IN CAVITE

There were two rival provincial councils in the province of Cavite
a. Magdiwang- led by Mariano Alvarez, Bonifacios uncle-in-law
b. Magdalo- president was Baldomero Aguinaldo, cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo

BONIFACIO IN CAVITE

In a mass movement such as the revolution, unity was indispensable so Bonifacio was invited to settle the
dispute between the 2 factions in Dec. 1896.

On Dec. 31, 1896, an assembly of revolutionists was held at Imus to determine whether the Katipunan should be
superseded by another form of government. The members of the Magdalo- said that the Katipunan had
ceased to be secret society and therefore should be superseded by another government. However, the
members of the Magdiwang insisted that Katipunan should remain the government of the revolutionists
because it already had its constitution and by-laws.

However, the conflict was not resolved.

TEJEROS CONVENTION

On March 22, 1897, another meeting was called to settle the internal problem. It was held at the estate house
of the friars which the rebels had captured. The two factions agreed to the establishment of the new
government, the Republic of the Philippines, officers were also elected.

Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as president of the Republic and Andres Bonifacio as Director of the Interior.
Daniel Tirona, a member of the Magdalo, opposed to the election of Bonifacio stating that the position of
Director of the Interior was an exalted one and it is not proper that a person without a lawyers diploma occupy
it. Bonifacio was insulted and in his anger whipped his pistol and was about to fire at Tirona when Ricarte held
his arm. Bonifacio, as the president of the Supreme Council of Katipunan, declared all decisions and approved
matters void.

SECOND MEETING IN TEJEROS

On March 23, 1987, Bonifacio and about 45 other Katipuneros met again and felt bad about the result of the
previous days proceedings for they believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting so they
drew up a document which was called the Acta de Tejeros in which they gave their reasons for not
accepting the results of the convention held. However, Aguinaldo and others proceeded to Sta. Cruz de
Malabon to take their oath of office.

NAIC MILITARY AGREEMENT

The Naic Military Agreement, another document, was created by the group of Bonifacio and other
Katipuneros. In this document, they resolved to establish a government independent of and separate from that
established at Tejeros. This document meant the split of the revolutionists.

30

TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO

The Naic Military Agreement came to the knowledge of Aguinaldo and ordered for the arrest of Bonifacio. In
the skirmish, Bonifacio was stubbed in the larynx, his brother Ciriaco was killed and Procopio, another brother of
Bonifacio, was wounded. Bonifacio and Procopio were brought to Naic for trial. It lasted from April 29 to May 4.
Finally, they were found guilty of treason and sedition and were sentenced to be executed. President
Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence to banishment however, it was opposed by other members
because of the reason that he might disrupt the unity of the revolutionists so Aguinaldo was forced to withdraw
his order.

On May 10, 1987, Major Lazaro Macapagal brought the brothers in Mount Tala and there, they were executed.

BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

The creation of the Biak-na-Bato Republic was an outcome of the illustrados seizure of power at Tejeros.

Gov.-Gen. Camilo de Polavieja was replaced by Fernando Primo
de Rivera. During his administration, the Spaniards had already
gained control over the whole of Cavite. Primo de Rivera
extended a decree granting pardon for those Filipinos
surrendering before the deadline (May 17, 1897). Some
Katipuneros took advantage of the decree and surrendered but
still, many continued their fight.

Maragondon, Cavite became the rebel capital after the Spanish
had captured Naic. The revolutionaries were forced to retreat to
Talisay,Batangas. When the Spaniards managed to surround
Batangas, they again retreated to Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulakan and Aguinaldo established
the Biak-na-Bato Republic.

Its constitution was based on the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayu. In accordance with the constitution, a
Supreme Council was created with Aguinaldo as the president.

To the Brave Sons of the Philippines
- This was the proclamation issued by Aguinaldo in July 1897 which enumerated their revolutionary
demands:
expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands they appropriated for
themselves
representation in the Spanish Cortes
freedom of the press
toleration of all religious sects
equal treatment and pay for peninsular and insular civil servants
abolition of the power of the government to banish citizens
legal equality for all persons

These demands were somehow
inconsistent with their establishment of
a new government. It shows that they
are still willing to return to the Spanish
colonizers.


31

NEGOTIATIONS

Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera resorted to peaceful means of negotiation to stop the revolution. Pedro Paterno,
mestizo who lived in Spain, offered himself to act as a peace negotiator. On August 9, 1897, Paterno brought
Primo de Riveras offer of peace to Aguinaldos headquarters.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato
- the peace agreement which was the product of the 4-month negotiations between
Aguinaldo and de Rivera
- was signed on December 14 and 15, 1897
- according to the agreement, the Spanish government shall provide the following to the
group of Aguinaldo in order for them to stop the revolution:
P400,000- upon leaving the Philippines
P200,000- when at least 700 arms have been surrendered
P200,000- upon the declaration of a general amnesty
Additional P900,000 was promised for Filipino civilians who suffered losses
because of the revolution

On December 27, 1897, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong with other 25 revolutionary leaders. The sum of P400,000
was deposited by Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Bank. Aguinaldo and his companions lived frugally on the
interest of this deposit. They intend to buy arms to start another revolution if Spain failed to carry out the terms of
the peace agreement

CONTINUATION OF THE HOSTILITIES

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was a cessation of hostilities only for the compromisers but for the people, the struggle
continued. Many still declined to surrender their arms and instituted localized uprisings. Many Filipinos were still
arrested and imprisoned because of being suspected as having connection with the rebellion.

SPANISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS

On Feb. 1895, Cuba, a Spanish colony revolted against the Spaniards. American businessmen were primarily
interested in protecting the millions they invested in Cuban industry, particularly in the sugar industry.

On January 1898, President William McKinley sent the US Navy battleship Maine to Cuba in case American
citizens needed to be evacuated. However, on February 15, 1898, an explosion sank the ship in the Havana
harbor (capital of Cuba) which killed roughly 260 men.

On February 9, 1898, a private letter from Enrique Dupuy de Lome (Spanish minister to the United Stated), which
had been stolen from a post office in Havana was published in the New York Journal. Here, President McKinley
was described as a weak president.

Theodore Roosevelt (undersecretary of the Navy) ordered Commodore George Dewey to take his fleet to
HongKong and there await further order.

Finally, on February 25, 1898, Commodore George Dewey in HongKong was ordered to take his Asiatic
squadron to Manila and prepare for a possible war between Spain and the United States.

BATTLE OF MANILA BAY


32

April 25, 1898- Commodore Dewey, boarding the flagship Olympia, proceeded to the Philippines with a
squadron of 4 armored cruisers, 2 gunboats, and a revenue cutter.

May 1, 1898- they entered Manila Bay and were faced by the Spanish fleet of 12 ships headed by Admiral
Patricio Montojo

THE EXILES IN HONG KONG

The exiles observed the developments in the Philippines and the conflict between Spain and the United States.

Isabelo Artacho- one of the exiles, wanted the P400,000 to be divided among themselves
- sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme Court after Aguinaldo refused

April 23, 1898- Aguinaldo, with Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba arrived in Singapore after secretly escaping from
court proceedings. While in Singapore, Aguinaldo was convinced by the Americans to return to the Philippines
with Commodore Dewey to drive away the Spaniard and lead the revolution against Spain. The Americans
assured Aguinaldo that they would help the Philippines in the attainment of its independence

THE MILITARY JUNTA

- was formed when the exiles elected new council members displacing those left in Biak-na-Bato
whom Aguinaldo considered as traitors because of their division of the P200,000 given to them by
Spaniards

On May 4, 1898, the Military Junta met to discuss what to do with regards the new developments
- they decided to let Aguinaldo return to the Philippines and lead the revolutionary struggle

AGUINALDOS RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES

On May 17, 1898, Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite. He was taken to the ship Olympia. Inside the Olympia, Dewey
assured Aguinaldo that the United States would recognize the independence of the Philippines.

Upon knowing of Aguinaldos return, Gov.Gen. Agustin offered Aguinaldo the post of Chief of the Philippine
Armed Forces with the rank of Brigadier General in the Spanish Army and a salary of P5000 if Aguinaldo would
declare his loyalty to Spain and fight the Americans. However, Aguinaldo did not accept the offer.

Filipinos gained victory after victory. Meanwhile, the Americans continued to make the Filipinos think that they
meant well but their real motive was to use the Filipino forces until reinforcements from US arrived.

After their defeat in the battle of Manila Bay, the Spaniards took refuge within the walls of Intramuros.

PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE UNDER A DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT


33

May 24, 1898- Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing a Dictatorial Government as advised by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (adviser).

Aguinaldo deemed it necessary to declare Philippine independence. However, Apolinario Mabini- (unofficial
adviser of Aguinaldo) advised him not to declare independence yet. He said Aguinaldo needed to reorganize
first the government and make it competent to prove its worth before the foreign powers.

Not heeding to Mabinis advice, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit,
Cavite.

Marcela Agoncillo- hand-sewn the Philippine flag in Hong Kong.

Meanwhile, Americans continued to use the Filipinos to fight the Spaniards until the American troops arrived:
June 30, 1898 (General Thomas Anderson) 2,500 men
July 17, 1898 (General Francis V. Greene) 3,500 men
July 30, 1898 (General Arthur McArthur) 4,800 men
(All under the over-all command of General Wesley E. Merritt 10, 964 men and 740 officers)

After the arrival of the troops, the Americans and the Spaniards started to negotiate. Both parties agreed to
stage a mock battle between them in Manila (betrayal of the Filipinos).

MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA

General Merritt decided to conduct the offensive attack against Manila from the side of Manila Bay.

The Americans ordered Aguinaldo and his troops (while they were surrounding the City of Manila where the
Spaniards found refuge) to show their cooperation with the Americans by leaving the area free for the
foreigners to occupy. They even ordered Aguinaldo not to let his troops enter Manila without permission from
the American commander on the eve of the mock battle.

REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT AND THE MALOLOS GOVERNMENT
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION AND THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo formed a revolutionary government. This
was in accordance with the advice given by Apolinario Mabini.

Objectives of the Revolutionary Government:
1. Struggle for independence of the Philippines until all
nations including Spain will expressly recognize it
2. To prepare the country for the establishment of the
real republic

As it became apparent that the United States did not intend to recognize Philippine independence, Aguinaldo
moved his capital in September from Cavite to the more defensible Malalos in Bulacan. On Sept. 15, 1898, an
election of officers of the Revolutionary Congress was held. When the Congress was finally established,
members of the congress proposed that a constitution is necessary. A constitution was drafted and was
approved by the Malolos Congress, thus the birth of the Malolos Constitution. This constitution was considered
as the first significant Filipino document ever penned and produced by the peoples representatives in the
Malolos Congress. It also established the first Philippine Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as its first president.

However, the United States decided to annex the Philippines as its territory in the Pacific.
Apolinario Mabini
- born in Talaga, Tanauan,
Batangas
- in 1896, an illness left him
paralyzed in the lower limbs
- known as the Brains of the
Revolution and the Sublime
Paralytic


34

TREATY OF PARIS

On December 10, 1898, a treaty was signed by United States and Spain. According to the treaty, Spain would
recognize the independence of Cuba, cede Guam, Puerto Rica, and the Philippines to the United Stated and
shall receive 20 million dollars in payment for the improvements done by Spain in the Philippines.

Thus, the Philippines came under the rule of the Americans and the war between Spain and America officially
ended.

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION

On December 21, 1898, President McKinley announced his decision to keep the Philippines as an
American colonial possession. On January 4, 1899, Benevolent Assimilation was proclaimed.

WAR BEGINS

On Febuary 4, 1899, Private William W. Grayson, an American sentry encountered 3 armed Filipinos in a bridge
in San Juan del Monte. He shot 2 of the 3 Filipinos. Filipino troops fired back and the war between the Filipinos
and Americans begun.

THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO

Battle of Tirad Pass
Gregorio del Pilat- boy general
December 2, 1900- in Mountain Province
Januario Galut- Igorot Christian who revealed to the pursuing Americans a secret route to the peak of
the pass
Del Pilar and 52 other men out of 60 were killed in Tirad Pass

March 23, 1901- Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela and was brought to Malacaang
April 1, 1901- Aguinaldo swore allegiance to the United States
July 4, 1902- President Theodore Roosevelt declared the end of the war
Sporadic resistance continued until 1903. These incidents were put down by the Philippine Constabulary.

Causes of the Loss of Filipinos in the War
o US had better weapons
o Lack and loss of effective military leaders
o Bad leadership and opportunism on the part of the illustrados

AMERICAN COLONY AND PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH 1901-1941

President McKinley's Schurmann Commission (1899) recognized the determination of the Filipino people to gain
their independence and recommended the establishment of the institutions for a civilian domestic government
as soon as practical.

35

Even though on March 16, 1900 the fighting in the War of Independence was still far from over, President
McKinley appointed the Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission) and gave it the legislative and
executive authority to put in place the civilian government the Schurmann Commission had recommended.
In 499 statutes issued between September 1900 and August 1902, the Taft Commission swept away three
centuries of Spanish governance and installed in its place the laws and institutions of a modern civil state. It
established a code of law, a judicial system and elective municipal and provincial governments.
The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 extended the protections of the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and
established a national bi-cameral legislature. The lower house was the popularly elected Philippine Assembly
and the upper house was the Philippine Commission appointed directly by the President of the United States.
Following American practice, the Philippine Organic Act imposed the strict separation of church and state and
eliminated the Roman Catholic Church as the official state religion. In 1904 the administration paid the Vatican
US$7.2 million for most of the lands held by the religious orders. The lands were later sold back to Filipinos. Some
tenants were able to buy their land but it was mainly the established estate owners who could afford to buy the
former church lands.
The first elections to the Philippine Assembly were held in July 1907 and the first session opened on October 16,
1907. The Nacionalista Party of Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmena won the election and continued to
dominate Philippine electoral politics until World War II.
The political success of the Nacionalista Party was the skill of Quezon and Osmena in tying the traditional
patron-client relations (utang na loob) to the new institutions of the modern civil state. It was also their worst
mistake. The Nacionalista Party was a network of overlapping patron-client relations that were more
concerned with particular local and personal interests and little inclined to address the larger national issues of
social reform; land ownership, tenancy rights, population growth and the distribution of wealth. The Party built
the power and influence of the old landed elite into the new institutions of democratic governance.
And what is the same thing stated differently, the new party politics excluded the non-elites from the rewards
and benefits of representative institutions. The failure of democratic politics in the Philippines to represent its
non-elites and mitigate their grievances has been the recurrent cause of violent discontent and the desperate
resort to revolt and insurrection.
The Jones Act of 1916 carried forward the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. An elected Philippine Senate
replaced the appointed Philippine Commission and the former Philippine Assembly was renamed the House of
Representatives. As before, the Governor-General, responsible for the executive branch, was appointed by the
United States President.
The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 established the Commonwealth of the Philippines which at the end of a ten
year transition period would become the fully independent Republic of the Philippines. A plebiscite on the
constitution for the new Republic was approved in 1935 and the date for national independence was set for
July 4, 1946.

WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1941-1945

Japan had already been at war in Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) long before the Second World War
started in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. By 1941, Japanese military expansion
in the Asia-Pacific region had made confrontation and war with the United States increasingly certain.
In preparation for war, on July 26, 1941, General Douglas MacArthur brought the 12,000 strong Philippine Scouts
under his command with the 16,000 American soldiers stationed in the Philippines. Even these combined forces
were poorly trained and equipped for an adequate defence of the islands against a Japanese invasion.

36

The attack on the Philippines started on December 8, 1941 ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbour in
Hawaii. As at Pearl Harbour, the American aircraft were entirely destroyed on the ground. Lacking air cover, the
American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941.
Japanese troops landed at the Lingayen Gulf on December 22, 1941 and advanced across central Luzon
towards Manila. On the advice of President Quezon, General MacArthur declared Manila an open city on
December 25, 1941 and removed the Commonwealth government to Corregidor. The Japanese occupied
Manila on January 2, 1942.
MacArthur concentrated his troops on the Bataan peninsula to await the relief of reinforcements from the
United States that, after the destruction at Pearl Harbour, could never come. The Japanese succeeded in
penetrating Bataan's first line of defense and, from Corregidor, MacArthur had no alternative but to organize a
slow and desperate retreat down the peninsula. President Quezon and Vice-President Osmena left Corregidor
by submarine to form a government in exile in the United States. General MacArthur escaped Corregidor on
the night of March 11, 1942 in PT-41 bound for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese controlled waters.
The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese on April 9,
1942. The Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were
murdered before arriving at the internment camps ten days later.
The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942.
For over three years and right to the day of Japan's surrender, the Philippines were to suffer grievously under the
depredations of military occupation.
General MacArthur discharged his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings on the
island of Leyte were accomplished massively with an amphibious force of 700 vessels and 174,000 army and
navy servicemen. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese.
On January 9, 1945 the Americans landed unopposed at the Lingayen Gulf on Luzon and closed on Manila.
The Japanese fought desperately, street by street, to hold the city. From February 3 to 23, its liberation took
almost a month. When at last the fighting ended in the old Spanish citadel of Intramuros, Manila was in ruins.
Even after the capture of Manila, the Japanese fought on to the bitter end. The Americans made landings to
remove the Japanese garrisons on Palawan, Mindanao, Panay and Cebu. The Japanese made their last stand
entrenched in northern Luzon. General Yamashita, the Tiger of Malaya, did not surrender in Baguio until
September 2, 1945; the same day as General Umezu surrendered formally for Japan on board the USS Missouri
in Tokyo Bay.
The liberation of the Philippines was costly. In the Philippines alone, the Americans lost 60,628 men and the
Japanese an estimated 300,000. Filipino casualties are estimated at over a million and, sadly, these occurred
mainly in the last months of the war when the final outcome had long been decided in any event.
The most serious long term consequence of World War II on the Philippines was to aggravate and embitter its
internal social divisions. Prior to his departure for exile in the United States, President Quezon had advised Dr.
Jose Laurel to stay behind and cooperate in the civil administration of the Japanese occupation. Whether it
was good advice or not, President Quezon had hoped that with the cooperation of Filipinos, the occupation
might be less severe. Following Laurel's morally ambiguous example, the Philippine elite, with regrettably few
exceptions, collaborated extensively with the Japanese in their harsh exploitation of the country. President
Laurel and his wartime government were despised.
On the contrary, the great majority of the Philippine people mounted a remarkably effective resistance to the
Japanese occupation. Investigations after the war showed that 260,000 Filipinos had been actively engaged in
guerrilla organizations and an even larger number operated covertly in the anti-Japanese underground. By the
end of the war, the Japanese had effective control in only twelve of the country's forty-eight provinces.

37

The largest guerrilla organization was the Hukbalahap (People's Anti-Japanese Army) led by Luis Taruc. He had
armed some 30,000 guerrillas who controlled most of Luzon.
By war's end, the members of the resistance firmly believed that the widespread collaboration and corruption
of the well-to-do had discredited the ruling elite and that they had thereby forfeited any moral authority to
govern.
The United States intended to restore the pre-war Commonwealth government. Luis Taruc and the Huks had
well known socialist sympathies and communist associations. Despite their political affiliations, the Huks fully
expected the American forces to treat them as allies and war heroes in recognition of their resistance and
contribution to the war effort. Instead, the U.S. Army military police set out to disarm them as dangerous
insurgents. MacArthur had Taruc arrested and jailed.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 1946-1965
President Quezon died in exile in Saranac Lake, New York on August 1, 1944. Sergio Osmena became President
of the Philippine Commonwealth and came ashore at Leyte with MacArthur.
Osmena's Nacionalista Party had split with Manuel Roxas leading the newly formed Liberal Party. Roxas had
served in Laurel's government and a bitterly divisive election campaign centered on his conduct during the
war. Roxas won the election on April 23, 1946 to become the first President of Republic of the Philippines on July
4, 1946.
Relations between the Republican government and the Hukbalahap were confrontational and often violent in
the post-war years, especially as landlords returned to reclaim the estates they had abandoned during the
occupation. Roxas was in turns conciliatory and repressive in his dealings with the Huks. In 1948 he extended a
general amnesty to all those arrested for collaboration with the Japanese and, in the same year, declared the
Huks a subversive and illegal organization.
Roxas died of a heart attack in April 1948 and was succeeded by Elpidio Quirino. Quirino attempted to
negotiate with the Huk leader Taruc but the effort came to nothing. Huk strength reached its peak with as
many as 15,000 armed men during and for a time following the 1949 presidential election campaign. Quirino
and the Liberals were returned to office.
Quirino's Secretary of Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, succeeded in his policy to put down the Huks militarily and
gain popular support for the civil authority. He imposed strict discipline on the military police to restrain their
abuses of civilians. At the same time, the Huks lost their popular support through their indiscipline. Many had
become nothing more than common robbers and bandits. The Huks finally lost the sympathy and respect of
the people with the murder of President Quezon's widow and her family.
Magsaysay ran for the Nacionalista Party in 1953 and took two-thirds of the vote to defeat Quirino. Magsaysay
enjoyed a popular presidency. He started many small but important local projects building roads, bridges, wells
and irrigation canals. He established special courts to resolve landlord-tenant disputes. Taruc surrendered to the
government in May 1954 signalling the decline of the Huk threat.
Carlos Garcia became President when Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 17, 1957. Garcia was
reelected President in 1957 in the warm afterglow of Magsaysay's popularity. The Liberal Party recovered its
strength under Diosdado Macapagal who won the 1961 presidential election.
Soon after taking office, President Macapagal proclaimed June 12 a national holiday in celebration of
Philippine Independence. General Emilio Aguinaldo, who first proclaimed Philippine Independence on June 12,
1898, was the guest of honour at the first Independence Day celebrations held on June 12, 1962.


38

Sources:
History of the Filipino People by Teodoro Agoncillo
A Past Revisited by Renato Constantino
The Roots of the Filipino Nation by O.D. Corpuz
As-il, E.; Flores, B.; Rapadas, N. A Digest on Rizals Life
Zaide, G. Jose Rizal Manila, Philippines: All Nations Publishing Co. Inc.

External Intrusions

Muslim Seafarers
The Arabs were originally trading with China however, after an upheaval in South China, they were
forced to leave. They proceeded to South Asia and reached Malaysia awaiting a new opportunity to revive its
trading relations with China. Its trading activity with Malaysia reached the Philippines. Through this economic
activity, Islam was slowly introduced among the inhabitants of Sulu, Palawan, and other parts of Mindanao.

Catholic Spaniards
Visual objects (churches, drama of Christian rituals) were used to intensify the spreading of Catholicism.
Churches were also built on top of local cemeteries to demonstrate and to prove that the local belief on the
curse of the dead was not true. However, since interior barangays were left alone, local values, beliefs, and
practices were kept alive.

Protestant Americans
The Americans emphasized on education rather than religion. Education was used to change Filipino
values. Public schools were established. Even streets were named after American soldiers and officials.
Intelligent Filipinos were sent to the US as pensionados and were educated in prestigious American universities.
They were then sent back to the Philippines to replaced American government officials. They are considered as
the most pervasive thus, our Asian neighbors often call us the brown Americans.

Sources:
A Short History of the Filipino People by Louis Morrow (1936)
Philippine History by G. Zaide

Sources:

39

Philippine History by G. Zaide
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage by F. Landa Jocano

Sources:
Philippine History by Gregorio Zaide
http://ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw5.html

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