Elastic properties of rocks containing oriented systems of

ellipsoidal inclusions
A. Markov
a
, G. Ronquillo Jarillo
b
, M. Markov
b,

a
Instituto Tecnolgico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Estado de Mxico, C.P. 52926, Mexico
b
Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo, Eje Central Lzaro Crdenas 152, C.P. 07730 DF, Mexico
a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 14 October 2013
Accepted 20 January 2014
Available online 31 January 2014
Keywords:
Rock physics
Elastic properties of rocks
Double-porosity carbonate formations
Gassman theory
In the present work the effective elastic moduli of a rock containing one or more systems of parallel inclusions of
3D-ellipsoidal shape were calculated. The calculations were performed for the conditions of constant strain and
stress at innity. The results were obtained for non-interacting inclusions (low concentration). The presence of
movable uid in the rock is described by the universal Gassmann relations for an anisotropic medium. The com-
parison of the results obtained with the experimental data has shown that it is possible to apply the proposed
calculation technique for the determination of elastic moduli and acoustic waves' velocities inrocks, for example,
for double-porosity carbonate formations.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The determination of elastic parameters of rocks by their microstruc-
ture data is one of the most important problems of petrophysics and
physics of rocks. There exists a variety of different calculation methods
from empirical models to direct modeling by numerical methods of the
processes of elastic wave propagation in a rock of given microstructure.
Nowadays the optimal methods for the solution of the inverse problem
of the interpretation of geophysical measurement data are the effective
medium methods. On the one hand, these methods allow considering
the geometry of inclusions that the empirical methods don't; on the
other hand, they don't require as much computational resources as the
methods based on direct numerical solution of the equations of continu-
um medium mechanics.
A review of the micromechanical methods for the calculation of
elastic properties of composite materials is given in the following
monographs (Kanaun and Levin, 2008; NematNasser and Hori, 1998),
and the applications of these methods in the physics of rocks are given,
for example, in Zimmerman (1991), Berryman (1995), Grechka and
Kachanov (2006).
An approach based on micromechanical methods was applied to the
modeling of the physical properties of carbonate rocks with double
porosity (Kazatchenko et al., 2006a) and the solution of the inverse
problems of petrophysics (Kazatchenko et al., 2006b).
As a rule, during the modeling of elastic properties of cracked
rocks by micromechanical methods it is assumed that the cracks are
penny-shaped, while the concentration of cracks in a unit volume is
characterized by a dimensionless parameter crack density. In fact
the most popular models in geophysics are the Hudson (1990) and
Thomsen (1995) models and non-interacting inclusion model (Sayers
and Kachanov, 1995), which are applicable for crack-like inclusions
with soft lling. Generally, the calculations of these models are per-
formed for parallel penny-shaped inclusions that lead to effective trans-
versely isotropic medium. An interesting inclusion-based anisotropic
poroelasticity model is presented by Xu (1998). Unlike many other
authors Xu has not used the dry rock frame moduli as input parameters,
but he has calculated them from the pore parameters and properties
of the matrix and uid. The calculations have been performed for
spheroidal inclusions (Xu, 1998) and the conditions of constant load
and displacement.
Meanwhile, existing experimental data show that, for example,
cracked granites are characterized by hexagonal anisotropy. Many
inclusions in rocks have nite volume and complex shape (Fig. 1), so
the calculations of the physical properties of rocks are realized more
adequately in the terms of volumetric concentration than in the terms
of crack density. Exactly, the volumetric concentration of inclusions is
of major interest during the data treatment of petrophysical measure-
ments in the solution of the problems of oil and gas physics and hydro-
geology. As a rule, in natural rocks the volumetric concentration of vugs
and cracks (the secondary pores) isn't high that allows us to use
relatively simple micromechanical methods developed for low inclu-
sion concentrations.
In the present work the calculations of the elastic properties of rocks
containing non-interacting inclusions represented by 3D-elipsiods are
given. This model is more general than the conventional model of
spheroidal inclusions.
The calculations were performed for the systems of inclusions lled
with uids or elastic materials. The comparison of the results with
Journal of Applied Geophysics 103 (2014) 114120
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: anat.markov@gmail.com (A. Markov), gronqui@imp.mx
(G. Ronquillo Jarillo), mmarkov@imp.mx (M. Markov).
0926-9851/$ see front matter 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.01.010
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Applied Geophysics
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ j appgeo
existing experimental data for rocks containing systems of oriented
cracks or similar inclusions was performed.
2. Model description
Let us consider an elastic medium (matrix) that is described by the
elastic moduli tensor C or the compliance tensor D, so that the relation
between the stress
ij
and strain
ij
= (u
i,j
+ u
j,i
) / 2 tensors, where u
i
are the displacement vector components, takes the following form:

ij
C
ijkl

kl
; 1

ij
D
ijkl

kl
; 2
where the summation over the repeated subscript k and l is implied.
Ellipsoidal inclusions described by the elastic moduli tensor C

or the compliance tensor D

are embedded in this matrix. In

order to obtain expressions for the effective compliance of the
medium with inclusions let us use the exact geometric relations
(Kanaun and Levin, 2008; Nemat-Nasser and Hori, 1998):
DD
_ _
:
0

N
1
f

DD

_ _
:

; 3a
or in the component form
D
ijkl
D
ijkl
_ _

0kl

N
1
f

D
ijkl
D

ijkl
_ _

kl

; 3b
where

b
0

d
N

,
0
is the given uniform stress eld;
d
are the perturbations introduced to this stress eld by inclusions;
D is the effective compliance tensor to be found, f

is the concen-
tration of the
th
inclusion. If the inclusion concentration is low
enough, the average stress for each inclusion is approximated as
a uniform stress of an isolated inclusion placed in a matrix with
given stress tensor
0
at innity.
Let us introduce a tensor A

= (C C

)
1
: C; we can write for an
isolated inclusion of type:

b
0

d
N A

: A

_ _
1
:
0
; 4
where

is the average strain of each inclusion; S

is the Eshelby tensor

(Eshelby, 1957) of a single inclusion.
The explicit expressions for the components of the Eshelby tensor
are given in Appendix A.
Expressing the strain tensor
0
through the far eld stress tensor
0
,
it is obtained:

: A

: A

_ _
1
: D :
0
: 5
Inserting the expression (5) into (3a) and (3b) we obtain:
DD
_ _
:
0

N
1
f

DD

_ _
: C

: A

: A

_ _
1
: D
_
:
0
:
_
6
As the last equality should be fullled independently from the
magnitude of the given tensor
0
, it follows from (6) that the nal
expression for the calculation of the elastic compliance of the medium
with ellipsoidal inclusions is:
D I

N
1
f

_ _
1
_
: D;
_
7
where I
ijkl


ij

kl

ik

jl
2
;
ij
is the Kronecker symbol. It should be
noted that in the case of very at empty inclusions Eq. (7) leads
to the Kachanov (1993) and Sayers and Kachanov (1995) results
for the so-called non-interacting approximation.
In the case of the macrostrain
0
given at innity, the average
strain tensor within an inclusion is approximated by the defor-
mation tensor in a single inclusion within an elastic body with
properties of the matrix and by substituting this expression to a
deformation eld
0
. In this case the effective elastic moduli ten-
sor C is described by the following expression:
C C : I

N
1
f

_ _
1
_
:
_
8
In the case of isotropic matrix and inclusions the components of the
tensors D and C (we will consider in this paper only this case) are:
C
ijkl

ij

kl

ik

jl

il

jk
_ _
;
C

ijkl

ij

kl

ik

jl

il

jk
_ _
;
9
D
ijkl

1
2

3 2

ij

kl

1
4

ik

jl

il

jk
_ _
;
D

ijkl

1
2

ij

kl

1
4

ik

jl

il

jk
_ _
;
10
where , and

are the Lame constants of the matrix or inclusions,

respectively.
The most difcult part of the calculations by the formulas (7)
and (8) is in operation of a 4th rank tensor inversion. In order
to execute this operation we have used the transformation of a
Fig. 1. Example of a double-porosity carbonate rock.
115 A. Markov et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 103 (2014) 114120
symmetric 4th rank tensor T, as the Eshelby, elastic moduli
and compliance tensors, into a 6 6 matrix. This matrix has
the form:
C
mn

T
1111
T
1122
T
1133
T
1123
T
1113
T
1112
T
2211
T
2222
T
3322
T
2223
T
2213
T
2212
T
3311
T
3322
T
3333
T
3323
T
3313
T
3312
T
2311
T
2322
T
2333
T
2323
T
2313
T
2312
T
1311
T
1322
T
1333
T
1323
T
1313
T
1312
T
1211
T
1222
T
1233
T
1223
T
1213
T
1212
_

_
_

_
11
where T
ijkl
are the components of the corresponding tensor. To
obtain the inverse tensor Q = T
1
we have to calculate the in-
verse to the matrix P in (11). The components of the inverse ten-
sor can be found using Eq. (12) (Nemat-Nasser and Hori, 1998):
C
mn

1

Q
1111
Q
1122
Q
1133
2Q
1123
2Q
1113
2Q
1112
Q
2211
Q
2222
Q
3322
2Q
2223
2Q
2213
2Q
2212
Q
3311
Q
3322
Q
3333
2Q
3323
2Q
3313
2Q
3312
2Q
2311
2Q
2322
2Q
2333
4Q
2323
4Q
2313
4Q
2312
2Q
1311
2Q
1322
2Q
1333
4Q
1323
4Q
1313
4Q
1312
2Q
1211
2Q
1222
2Q
1233
4Q
1223
4Q
1213
4Q
1212
_

_
_

_
:
12
In our case the tensor T = (A

), the inverse tensor Q =

(A

)
1
.
In the case when the inclusions form a connected system and
contain a movable uid, it is possible to calculate the elastic
properties of a medium containing dry pores and then apply the
generalized Gassmann relations (Brown and Korringa, 1975;
Gassmann, 1951) for the calculation of the elastic compliance
tensor of the saturated medium:
D
dry
ijkl
D
sat
ijkl

D
dry
ij
D
0
ij
_ _
D
dry
kl
D
0
kl
_ _
D
dry

D
0

_ _

fl

0

; 13
where D
(dry)
is the rock elastic compliance tensor calculated
using Eq. (7) for the matrix with dry (empty) inclusions; D
(sat)
and D
0
are the elastic compliance tensors of the rock with uid-
saturated pores and the host material (rock grains), respectively;

and
0
are the compressibilities of the uid in pores and
grains,
0
= D

0
; is the rock porosity.
Gassmann's relations are correct for a low-frequency range (Mavko
et al., 2009). In a high frequency range that corresponds to the laborato-
ry measurements uid-lled inclusions should be considered as isolat-
ed. In this case it is better to use Eq. (7) directly for inclusions with
nite elastic moduli.
Many geophysical applications operate with elastic wave velocities
insteadof elastic moduli; therefore the calculation of elastic wave veloc-
ities is of practical interest.
The phase velocity v of elastic waves in an anisotropic medium sat-
ises the Christoffel equation (Fedorov, 1968):
Det C
ijkl
n
j
n
i
=
ik
=v
2

0; 14
where n
i
are the directional cosines of the wave vector k; is the rock
density and C is the tensor of the effective elastic moduli. In this paper
this tensor was calculated by Eqs. (7) and (8).
In the case when the rock has orthorhombic symmetry,
the velocities of the three modes propagating along the three
symmetry planes (0XZ, 0YZ and 0XY) are given by explicit expres-
sions (Mavko et al., 2009). These expressions are presented in
Appendix B.
3. Calculationresults. Comparison withother theoretical results and
experimental data
As the rst calculation example, we give the results for a po-
rous medium that contains spherical inclusions. The calculations
were performed for the isotropic matrix with elastic moduli K =
38.86 GPa and = 42.4 GPa. The spherical inclusions were void, so

= 0 and

= 0. The calculation results are shown in Fig. 2. For

comparison there are given calculation results for the scheme of
Kuster and Toksz (1974) that is popular in geomechanics. For
spherical inclusions this model provides results that coincide with
the results of another popular calculation scheme of Mori and
Tanaka (1973). The experimental data presented in Fig. 2 were
obtained by Warren (1969) for a sintered perlite containing dry
spherical pores; the Poisson coefcient of the matrix was 0.193.
The analysis of the results obtained shows that the calculations
performed by the Eq. (7) for given stress produce much higher
values of elastic moduli than the calculations performed for the
model with strain eld dened far from the particle. In the case of
soft inclusions the application of Eq. (7) gives the results that
describe the experimental data better than Eq. (8).
The calculations performed for some models with very at
particles have shown that the calculations by the Eq. (8) lead to
a considerably fast decrease of the elastic moduli until negative
values are reached. This is why the model with a given stress
tensor at innity is preferable in the case of soft inclusions,
for example, caverns and cracks in a rock.
In the case of hard inclusions with elastic moduli higher than those
of the matrix, there appears a contrary situation: the formula (8) should
be applied for the calculations.
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
0.7
0.9
0.8
1.0
Kuster - Toksoz (Mori - Tanaka) method
Dulite concentration, macrostress prescribed
Dulite concentration, macrostrain prescribed
C
1
1
=
(

+
2

)
/
C
1
1

m
a
t
r
i
x
Inclusion concentration
Fig. 2. P-wave elastic modulus as a porosity function. Squares correspond to the experi-
mental data (Warren, 1969).
Table 1
Elastic moduli calculated for the rock model used by Xu (1998).
c
11
c
12
c
13
c
33
c
44
Matrix 95.4 10.6 10.6 95.4 42.4
Dry 89.2 9.75 7.06 55.1 30.4
Wet HF 89.56 10.07 8.64 64.36 30.4
Wet Gassmann 89.54 10.05 8.48 61.45 30.4
116 A. Markov et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 103 (2014) 114120
As a next example let us consider a system that consists of a
matrix and parallel inclusions of two types with aspect ratios of
0.5 and 0.05. The volume concentration of the inclusions of the
rst and second kind is 2.5%; the elastic moduli of the matrix
are the same as in the rst example. The calculations were
performed for empty and water-lled (K
f
= 2.25 GPa and
f
=
1 g/cm
3
) pores. Porous rock with the same properties was consid-
ered in the work by Xu (1998).
The results of the calculations are given in Table 1. For dry
pores the calculated elastic moduli coincide with the results ob-
tained by applying the method proposed by Xu (1998). For satu-
rated pores our results obtained by using the Gassmann method
practically coincide with the Xu's results in the area of high fre-
quencies (HF) when the pores are studied as isolated; the diver-
gence doesn't exceed 1%.
To verify our calculation technique for anisotropic media we
consider a system with properties that correspond to a physical
model that was used in the experiments of Wei (2004). The
models were constructed from epoxy resin layers containing sili-
con rubber disks. The matrix density was 1.18 g/cm
3
; the longitu-
dinal and shear wave speeds were 2648 m/s and 1217 m/s,
respectively. The longitudinal wave speed in the lling material
was 1346 m/s; its density was 0.98 g/cm
3
; the shear wave velocity
in the lling material was low and it wasn't recorded. The inclusion
diameter was 0.6 cm; its thickness varied between 0.02 and
0.03 cm. The experimental results were considered for the coef-
cient of anisotropy
C
66
C
44

2C
44
depending on the density of cracks.
In our work we use another parameter which is the volumetric con-
centration of inclusions instead of the crack density. To calculate
the crack density we have changed cylindrical inclusions for sphe-
roidal ones with the same diameter. The aspect ratio of spheroidal
inclusions was chosen in such a way that the volumes of cylindrical
and spheroidal inclusions coincided. The calculation results and the
experimental data are presented in Fig. 3. The comparison of the
obtained relation with the experimental data has shown a good
correspondence.
In the next example of calculations we present the results of elastic
moduli determination for parallel 3-axes ellipsoids. One of the axes
(a
3
axis) is considered as unit; a
2
/a
3
= 0.05; the a
1
/a
3
ratio varies
from 0.1 to 0.001. In this case, the effective orthotropic medium is de-
scribed by 9 independent elastic parameters. The calculations were per-
formed using the Eq. (7) for uid-saturated inclusions. The parameters
of the matrix and inclusions coincide with those considered before.
The calculation results are given in Fig. 4.
Figs. 5 and 6 show the phase velocities of quasi-longitudinal and
quasi-shear waves. The elastic moduli were calculated by using the ex-
pression (7) for uid-saturated inclusions (high frequency approxima-
tion), and the elastic velocities were calculated by means of generalized
Gassmann's relations Eq. (13). The calculations were performed for the
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
S
h
e
a
r
-
w
a
v
e

a
n
i
s
o
t
r
o
p
y

p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r

Crack density
Fig. 3. Shear-wave anisotropy parameter as a crack density function. Squares correspond
to the experimental data by Wei (2004). Solid line corresponds to our calculations.
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
50
60
70
80
C
1
2
,

C
1
3
,

C
2
3
,

G
P
a
C
1
1
,

C
2
2
,

C
3
3
,

G
P
a
C
4
4
,

C
5
5
,

C
6
6
,

G
P
a
Inclusion concentration
C
11
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
22
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
33
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
11
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
22
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
33
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
11
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
C
22
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
C
33
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Inclusion concentration
C
12
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
13
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
23
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
12
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
13
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
23
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
12
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
C
13
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
C
23
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
C
44
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
55
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
66
, a
1
/a
3
=0.1
C
44
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
55
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
66
, a
1
/a
3
=0.01
C
44
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
C
55
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
C
66
, a
1
/a
3
=0.001
Inclusion concentration
A
B
C
Fig. 4. Elastic moduli of the effective medium containing parallel ellipsoidal inclusions as
porosity functions.
117 A. Markov et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 103 (2014) 114120
elastic waves propagating along three symmetry planes (0XY, 0XZ,
0YZ), the normals of which coincide with the principal axes of the
ellipsoids. The rock contains two systems of ellipsoidal inclusions
with concentrations
1
=
2
= 0.025. For the rst systemof inclusions
a
1
/a
3
= 0.05, a
2
=a
3
; for the second systema
1
=a
3
, a
2
/a
3
= 0.005. The
inclusions are lled with a uid; the uid density is 1 g/cm
3
and
compressional wave velocity is 1500 m/s. The elastic moduli of the
solid matrix are K
m
= 38.86 GPa and
m
= 42.4 GPa, the density is
2.65 g/cm
3
.
The results presented in Fig. 5A show a considerable difference
between the longitudinal wave velocity calculated for uid-
saturated pores by using the Gassmann relations and estimated
for isolated pores (high frequency approximation). The maxi-
mum divergence is present at small incidence angle while it is
almost negligible at the angle that exceeds 45.
The Gassmann relations are static, i.e. corresponding to a frequency
0, while the calculations for isolated pores correspond to a high-
frequency approximation, when the uid doesn't have time to ow
from one inclusion to another. The results obtained conrm the exis-
tence of the high velocity dispersion in the rocks with systems of very
at inclusions.
4. Conclusions
In the present work a sufciently simple method of calculation of
elastic moduli of rocks containing systems of oriented ellipsoidal inclu-
sions is proposed. We have used the volumetric concentration of inclu-
sions instead of the crack density that is popular in geomechanics as the
main parameter during the construction of the theory. Such a change
doesn't lead to a considerable complication of the theory and it allows
us to describe bothcavernous andcrackedrocks ina similar way. Incon-
trast to many previous publications in which the simple model of sphe-
roidal inclusions was used, we have calculated elastic moduli for
inclusions of ellipsoidal shape.
The comparison with the existing experimental data and the-
oretical results of other authors has shown that the proposed
method is acceptable for the determination of the elastic moduli
of microinhomogeneous rocks. Another important geophysical
application of this method is the inversion of sonic log data in
sedimentary formations containing secondary pores (vugs and
microcracks).
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Professor S. Kanaun and Dr. Irina Markova
for the attentive reviewing and important comments to improve this
paper.
Appendix A. Components of Eshelby's tensor
The components of Eshelby's tensor S
(i)
for the ellipsoidal inclusions
are given by the series of expressions (Eshelby, 1957; NematNasser
and Hori, 1998). When the ellipsoid semi-axes satisfy the inequality
a
1
Na
2
Na
3
these expressions are:
S
1111
3x
1
a
2
1
I
11
x
2
I
1
S
1122
x
1
a
2
2
I
12
x
2
I
1
S
1212

1
2
x
1
a
2
1
a
2
2
_ _
I
12
x
2
I
1
I
2

_ _
S
1221
S
2112
S
2121
S
1212
S
1133
x
1
a
2
3
I
13
x
2
I
1
S
1313

1
2
x
1
a
2
1
a
2
3
_ _
I
13
x
2
I
1
I
3

_ _
S
1331
S
1313
S
2211
x
1
a
2
1
I
21
x
2
I
2
S
2222
3x
1
a
2
2
I
22
x
2
I
2
S
2233
x
1
a
2
3
I
23
x
2
I
2
S
2323

1
2
x
1
a
2
2
a
2
3
_ _
I
23
x
2
I
2
I
3

_ _
S
2332
S
3223
S
2323
S
3131

1
2
x
1
a
2
3
a
2
1
_ _
I
31
x
2
I
3
I
1

_ _
S
3113
S
3131
x
1

1
8 1
x
2

12
8 1
A1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
V
,

k
m
/
s
VpXZ Gassmann
VsvXZ Gassmann
VshXZ Gassmann
VpXZ Isolated
VsvXZ Isolated
VshXZ Isolated
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
V
,

k
m
/
s
VpYZ Gassmann
VsvYZ Gassmann
VshYZ Gassmann
VpYZ Isolated
VsvYZ Isolated
VshYZ Isolated
,degrees
,degrees
A
B
Fig. 5. Phase velocities of quasi-longitudinal and quasi-shear waves calculated for lowfre-
quency anisotropic Gassmann's approximation and for high frequency approximation
(isolated inclusions). The angle is measured from the Z-axes.
118 A. Markov et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 103 (2014) 114120
where

2
is Poisson's coefcient of the matrix, I
j
, I
ik
integrals
given by
I
1

4a
1
a
2
a
3
a
2
1
a
2
2
_ _
a
2
1
a
2
3
_ _
1=2
F ; K E ; K f g
I
2

4a
1
a
2
a
3
a
2
2
a
2
3
_ _
a
2
1
a
2
3
_ _
1=2
a
2
a
2
1
a
2
3
_ _
1=2
a
1
a
3
E ; K
_

_
_

_
I
1
I
2
I
3
4
and
3I
11
I
12
I
13

4
a
2
1
3a
2
1
I
11
a
2
2
I
12
a
2
3
I
13
3I
1
I
12

I
2
I
1
a
2
1
a
2
2
:
In these expressions F(,K) and E(,K) are the elliptic integrals of the
rst and second kind where
arcsin
a
2
1
a
2
3
a
2
1
_ _
1=2
_ _
; and
K
a
2
1
a
2
2
a
2
1
a
2
3
_ _
1=2
:
We used Carlson's algorithm (Carlson, 1979) to calculate the ellipti-
cal integrals F(,K) and E(,K).
Appendix B. Velocities of the elastic waves in an
orthorhombic medium
Here we present the explicit equations for the velocities of the three
modes propagating in the three symmetry planes (Mavko et al., 2009):
quasi-longitudinal mode (orthorhombic0XZ plane)
V
P
c
55
c
11
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

c
55
c
11
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

_ _
2
4A
_ _ _
1=2
2
1=2
;
quasi-shear mode (orthorhombic0XZ plane)
V
SV
c
55
c
11
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

c
55
c
11
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

_ _
2
4A
_ _ _
1=2
2
1=2
;
pure shear mode (orthorhombic0XZ plane)
V
SH

c
66
sin
2
c
44
cos
2

_ _
1=2
;
where
A c
11
sin
2
c
55
cos
2

_ _
c
55
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

_ _
c
13
c
55

2
sin
2
cos
2
;
quasi-longitudinal mode (orthorhombic0YZ plane)
V
P
c
44
c
22
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

c
44
c
22
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

_ _
2
4B
_ _ _
1=2
2
1=2
;
quasi-shear mode (orthorhombic0YZ plane)
V
SV
c
44
c
22
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

c
44
c
22
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

_ _
2
4B
_ _ _
1=2
2
1=2
B1
pure shear mode (orthorhombic0YZ plane)
V
SH

c
66
sin
2
c
55
cos
2

_ _
1=2
;
where
B c
22
sin
2
c
44
cos
2

_ _
c
44
sin
2
c
33
cos
2

_ _
c
23
c
44

2
sin
2
cos
2
;
quasi-longitudinal mode (orthorhombic0XY plane)
V
P
c
66
c
22
sin
2
c
11
cos
2

c
66
c
22
sin
2
c
11
cos
2

_ _
2
4F
_ _ _
1=2
2
1=2
;
quasi-shear mode (orthorhombic0XY plane)
V
SH
c
66
c
22
sin
2
c
11
cos
2

c
66
c
22
sin
2
c
11
cos
2

_ _
2
4F
_ _ _
1=2
2
1=2
;
pure shear mode (orthorhombic0XY plane)
V
SV

c
55
sin
2
c
44
cos
2

_ _
1=2
;
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
V
,

k
m
/
s
, degrees
VpXY Gassmann
VsvXY Gassmann
VshXY Gassmann
VpXY
VsvXY
VshXY
Fig. 6. Phase velocities of quasi-longitudinal and quasi-shear waves calculated for lowfre-
quency anisotropic Gassmann's approximation and for high frequency approximation
(isolated inclusions). The angle is measured from the X-axes.
119 A. Markov et al. / Journal of Applied Geophysics 103 (2014) 114120
where
F c
66
sin
2
c
11
cos
2

_ _
c
22
sin
2
c
66
cos
2

_ _
c
12
c
66

2
sin
2
cos
2
;
the angles and are measured from the Z- and X-axes, respec-
tively. Here c
mn
are the elements of the matrix of the elastic
moduli that are connected with the components of the tensor
of elastic moduli C
ijkl
by Eq. (11).
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