Polymers For Coagulation, Flocculation and Dewatering of Solids and Sludge

9/14/12 Polymers for Coagulation, Flocculation and Dewatering of Solids and Sludge
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Technical Information Bulletin
1- DEFINITIONS
Tramfloc flocculants consist of various molecular weight
anionic, nonionic and cationic polymers. They are used to
increase the efficiency of settling, clarification, filtration and
centrifugation operations.
Flocculation means a process in which individual particles of
a suspension form aggregates. In the water treatment
industry, the terms coagulation and flocculation imply different
mechanisms.
COAGULATION
The colloidal particles are normally less than one micron in size and undergo Brownian motion.
The energy of this motion is sufficient to prevent the particles from settling under gravity and
particles remain suspended for long periods of time. Colloidal suspensions can be stable or
unstable.
COAGULATION is the process in which destabilization is achieved by the addition of salts
which reduce, neutralize or invert the electrical repulsion between particles. Most common
coagulants are mineral salts: aluminium sulfate, ferric chloride, lime, calcium chloride.
magnesium chloride.
FLOCCULATION
FLOCCULATION is used to describe the action of polymeric materials which form bridges
between individual particles. Bridging occurs when segments of a polymer chain adsorb on
different particles and help particles aggregate. Flocculants carry active groups with a charge
which will counterbalance the charge of the particles. Flocculants adsorb on particles and
cause destabilization either by bridging or charge neutralization.
An anionic flocculant will usually react against a positively charged suspension (positive zeta
potential). That is the case of salts and metallic hydroxides.
A cationic flocculant will react against a negatively charged suspension (negative zeta
potential) like silica or organic substances.
potential) like silica or organic substances.
However the rule is not general. For example, anionic flocculants agglomerate clays which are
electronegative.
Three groups of flocculants are currently used
1.1 - MINERAL FLOCCULANTS
They are colloidal substances. Adsorption and charge neutralization play some part in the
flocculation mechanism. They are:
activated silica.
certain colloidal clays (such as bentonite),
certain metallic hydroxides with a polymeric structure (alum, ferric hydroxide)
1.2- NATURAL FLOCCULANTS
They are water soluble anionic, cationic or nonionic polymers. Nonionic polymers adsorb on
the suspended particles. The most common natural flocculants are:
the starch derivatives: mostly pregelatinized hence water-soluble. They are corn or
potato-starches. They can be natural starches, anionic oxidized starches or amine
treated cationic starches. The use of this class of products has decreased in water
treatment but remains important in the paper industry.
the polysaccharides: usually guar gums and mostly used in acid medium.
the alginates: anionic and used in potable water treatment.
1.3- SYNTHETIC FLOCCULANTS
Polyacrylamides
The most common polymers are those based on polyacrylamide, which is a nonionic polymer.
Their effect is due to bridging between particles by polymer chains.
Polymers can be given anionic character by copolymerizing acrylamide with acrylic acid.
Cationic polymers are prepared by copolymerizing acrylamide with a cationic monomer. All
available acrylamide based polymers have a specific amount of ionic monomer giving a
certain degree of ionic character.
They have a specific average molecular weight (i.e. chain length) and a given molecular
distribution.
For each suspension, a certain degree of anionic, cationic or nonionic character is beneficial.
Usually, the intrinsic flocculating power increases with the molecular weight.
Polyacrylamides have the highest molecular weight among the synthesized industrial
chemicals in the range of 10-20 millions. Other polymers display specific properties and are
used under specific conditions.
They are mostly:
Polyethylene-imines
Polyamides-amines
Polyamines
Polyethylene-oxide
Sulfonated compounds
2- LABORATORY EVALUATION
2.1- HOW TO DISSOLVE POLYACRYLAMIDE FLOCCULANTS
Flocculant solutions are highly viscous and it is difficult to prepare highly concentrated
solutions. Flocculant solutions tend to degrade after a while.
In the laboratory, 0.5 % is the recommended concentration of stock solution which is then
stable for two weeks. A 0.1 % solution is stable for six days. Polyacrylamides can be
dispersed and dissolved in cold water. The water should be gently stirred using a magnetic or
propeller stirrer. The powder is added at a rate which gives a good dispersion of the flocculant
particles in the water.
Each flocculant particle should be wetted separately to prevent agglomeration increasing the
normal dissolution time of under two hours. High shear can deteriorate the polymer chains so
avoid the use of high speed mixers, disintegrators or centrifugal pumps.
2.2 - SETTLING TESTS: HIGH SOLID SUSPENSION
In the case of such suspensions the boundary line between solid phase and liquid phase is
clear cut. The settling speed can be measured in a cylinder by observing the rate of change of
solid phase height with time.
METHOD
fill a one liter measuring cylinder with the suspension
add the requisite amount of flocculant by pipetting a one gram per liter solution of
flocculant
close the cylinder and slowly invert it four times or stir the contents by slowly plunging a
perforated disc on a rod four times to the bottom of the cylinder
measure the height of the solid phase at regular intervals
plot the settling curve of height against time.
Repeat the procedure with all the flocculants under tests and select the best one. Repeat the
procedure with different dosages of this flocculant and thus determine the optimum dose rate.
The flocculation of concentrated suspensions is very sensitive to stirring and it is therefore vital
to employ uniform stirring throughout.
2.3- SETTLING TESTS: LOW SOLID SUSPENSION
In the case of low solid suspensions, we observe low settling speeds. The flocs are dispersed
and it is necessary to induce a velocity to the suspended solids in order to obtain bigger flocs.
The obtained results are compared in terms of floc size and clarity of the supernatant.
The most practical device for such evaluations is a jar test. One proceeds as follows:
fill the 5 beakers with one liter suspension
add the flocculant at a high revolving speed of the propellers (100 rpm) during 10
seconds in order to obtain a good dispersion of the polymer
stir three minutes at 40 rpm.
Then compare the different flocculants and the various dosages in terms of floc size
supernatant clarification and settling speeds.
2.4- FLOCCULATION TESTS AFTER COAGULATION
All suspensions which contain a high proportion of colloidal organic substances cannot be
directly flocculated. They first have to be destabilized through addition of a di or trivalent
metallic salt: lime, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, aluminum sulphate or sodium aluminate.
The use of synthetic flocculants makes coagulation less pH sensitive and makes possible the
use of:
calcium salts at pH between 4 and 14
iron salts at pH between 4 and 13
aluminum salts at pH between 4.5 and 10
With each suspension, there is an optimum pH which has to be found in order to reach the
optimum results. Evaluations are made with a jar test.
Firstly, the amount of coagulant necessary to destabilize the suspension has to be determined:
add 10, 30, 50, 100, 200 ppm (or mg/l) of coagulant in 1 per cent solution,
adjust the pH when very acidic back to pH 6 by addition of caustic,
stir 1 minute at 200 rpm,
add 2 ppm of synthetic flocculant usually of an anionic grade over 2 minutes at 50 rpm.
The beaker which gives first a clear supernatant contains the optimum amount of coagulant
sufficient to destabilize the colloidal suspension. More than 200 ppm of coagulant may be
required for optimum destabilization.
Secondly, the amount of flocculant necessary in order to obtain the desired settling speed is
determined:
fill the 5 beakers with the suspension. Add the amount of coagulant determined during
the first step and stir for two minutes at 100 rpm,
compare the available flocculants in terms of floc size, supernatant clarity and settling
speed.
In many cases, the best result is obtained with a combination of lime and iron salts, especially
in effluent treatment, when the optimum pH lies between 7 and 9.5.
2.5- FILTRATION TESTS
2.5.1- Buchner test
Mix with a glass rod a suspension with the flocculant
Then pour the flocculated mixture on a Buchner filter at a given pressure
Measure the amount of filtrate after a time interval (30 seconds or 1 minute)
A washing test can be made with a measure of the amount of clear water passing
through the filter cake during a given time period (30 or 60 seconds).
2.5.2- Tests with test filter leaf
A leaf is mounted on a funnel which is connected to a vacuum pump with a pipe. The funnel is
immersed in the suspension for a known time after which the thickness of the filter cake, the
moisture content of the cake, the quality of the filtrate and the washing speed can be
measured.
2.6- CENTRIFUGING TESTS
The test on a laboratory centrifuge has only relative significance:
fill the bowls of the laboratory centrifuge with flocculated suspensions at various dosages.
fill the bowls of the laboratory centrifuge with flocculated suspensions at various dosages.
test at 1000 "g" during 2 minutes,
measure the amount of settled material and the supernatant clarity in each case.
3- DOSAGE RATES
In most applications, the amount of flocculant necessary to obtain a good solid/liquid
separation is very small. The average range of dosage is:
0.5 to 3 gram per cubic meter of diluted mineral suspension,
2 to 20 gram per cubic meter of concentrated mineral suspension,
filtration or centrifugation of a mineral slurry: 25 to 300 grams of flocculant per ton of
solid,
in the case of clarification of an organic effluent: 10 to 200 ppm coagulant - 0.25 to 2
ppm flocculant,
filtration or centrifuging of organic sludge after coagulation: 1 to 5 kg per ton of dry solid,
retention on a paper machine: 50 to 250 grams per ton of finished paper,
viscosity increase of solutions: 4 to 10 grams per liter.
4- PLANT APPLICATION TECHNIQUES
Industrial scale dissolution of flocculants requires a procedure which has to be adapted to the
flocculant specifications:
concentration: solutions of flocculant, even diluted, are very viscous
high shear should be avoided during mixing
flocculant particles if not properly dispersed tend to agglomerate lumps of flocculant do
not dissolve easily
if flocculant is spread on the earth, when wetted, it becomes slippery.
A dissolution plant has the following components:
a disperser system to ensure a proper wetting of the powder without agglomeration,
a dissolving tank,
a transfer pump,
a stock tank,
a metering pump and dilution system.
It is recommended that the flocculant is dissolved at the highest possible concentration and
diluted after the metering pump.
4.1- THE DISPERSER SYSTEMS
4.1 .1 - Disperser for flocculant
The disperser operates on an aspiration principle. It facilitates dissolving powder flocculants.
Up to an amount of 5 kg per batch, water projections on the disperser can clog the inlet tube.
4.1.2- Direct addition into the vortex of the dissolution tank
The flocculant is poured in the vortex of the dissolving tank either directly or through a funnel or
The flocculant is poured in the vortex of the dissolving tank either directly or through a funnel or
through a vibrating device. This method is adapted to low concentrations of the flocculant
solution. Above a certain concentration, the viscosity increase of the solution tends to prevent
the dispersion of the powder when it reaches the solution.
4.1.3- Addition of the powder in a fresh water cyclone
As above, an optimal dispersion is obtained with this process.
4.2- DISSOLVING TANK
Flocculant solutions are non-corrosive. It is impossible to use mild steel or plastic equipment
(polyester, glass fiber, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC).
Agitation must be sufficient to keep the flocculant particles in suspension and not too violent in
order to prevent mechanical degradation of the polymer.
4.3- TRANSFER PUMPS
Positive displacement pumps can be used or low pressure centrifugal pumps. The dissolving
tank can be put above the stock tank. The transfer pump can then be omitted.
4.4- THE STOCK TANK
The stock tank will have a higher capacity than the make up tank. The solution in the tank need
not be agitated.
5- INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT WITH FLOCCULANTS
The flocculant has to be used properly to ensure maximum efficiency. Its use depends on
numerous physico-chemical factors which can alter the obtained result.
At the industrial stage, efficiency lies at 60 to 120 per cent of laboratory efficiency.
Most factors which will influence the final result are:
the location of the injection point which has to be such that turbulence will ensure a good
dispersion of the flocculant but will not break the flocs,
a multiple point addition usually improves the contact of the flocculant with the system,
dilute solutions very often give better results.
On most settling units, it is possible to check efficiency through sample observation at the inlet
part of the unit.
In the case of low solid suspensions, sludge recirculation to the inlet of the settling unit
improves the settling rate and the clarity of the supernatant.
When flocculant and coagulant are used together the following equipment improves the
efficiency:
a coagulating tank with mild stirring and about 5 minutes retention time,
a flocculating tank which can be the inner part of the settling tank where the chemical
reaction will take place. In the case of vacuum filters or centrifuges, the flocculant is
introduced into the inlet pipe.
6- AREAS OF APPLICATION
6- AREAS OF APPLICATION
The tendency to use compact liquid solid separation equipment corresponds to the use of high
efficiency polymers.
6.1 - In the mineral industry
Ore leaching (uranium, zinc, gold, bauxite, copper, etc...)
Treatment after flotation
Treatment of the tailings to prevent pollution and allow water reuse
6.2- In the chemical industry
At the clarification stage of the following processes: phosphoric acid, dicalcium phosphate,
brine electrolysis, magnesia production, titanium dioxide.
6.3- Industrial waste treatment
Blast-furnace gas washing
Surface treatment industry
Petroleum refinery effluent
6.4- Sewage and municipal waste
In the case of physico-chemical treatment
Prior sludge dewatering
6.5- Paper industries
Retention of fines and fillers
Drainage improvement
Other applications are found in most water consuming industries:
Raw water treatment
Potable water treatment
Decarbonation
Sugar industry
Secondary oil recovery
AREAS OF APPLICATION FOR TRAMFLOC FLOCCULANTS
Adhesives replacement of animal glues
gummed paper tapes and labels
anionic
anionic
Aluminum anodization
and surface treatment
chemical treatment of effluent
sludge treatment
anionic
anionic
Aluminum smelters water recycling anionic
Aluminum sulphate impurity removal during process anionic
Asbestos plate improvement of filtration rates anionic
nonionic
Borax production process anionic
or other
Brewing industry effluent cationic
Brine clarification Ca and Mg removal anionic
Centrifugation aid
Ceramic industry
effluent treatment
Chemical industry
effluent
organic chemicals and inorganics
biological treatment sludge handling
physico-chemical treatment
cationic
anionic
Clay, china clay
production
concentration
recycling of water
anionic
nonionic
Coagulant under certain circumstances polymers
replace or partially replace inorganic
coagulants
cationic
nonionic
anionic
Coagulant aid i.e. flocculant allowing reduction of alum
use by half
slightly
anionic or
cationic
Coal washing settling of coal slurries
settling of tailings
filtration of coal
filtration of concentrated tailings
centrifugation of tailings
anionic
anionic
anionic
anionic
nonionic
anionic
Copper mining settling of fines in counter current
decantation
thickening of concentrate
acid leaching
nonionic
anionic
cationic
Cyanidation gold mining cationic
nonionic
anionic
Dairy and milk industry biological treatment of effluent
sludge handling
cationic
Dicalcium phosphate wet process anionic
Dredging and land
reclamation
hopper dredges (silt settling)
soil stabilization
all
Electroplating industry treatment of hydroxides anionic
Drying beds reduction of drying time cationic
Filter aid sludge conditioning prior to filtration all
Flotation aid improvement of particle size prior to
flotation
Food processing
industry
wastewater all
Hydraulic back-fill in mining operations
Industrial raw water
treatment
as a coagulant aid during treatment of river
or underground water
dewatering of settled sludge
all
Iron ore settling
filtration of fines
anionic
nonionic
Iron and steel industry steel works blast furnace gas washing
clarification in steel rolling mills
clarification of pickling water
anionic
Latex and synthetic
rubber effluent
treatment
effluent treatment all
Leaching uranium mining
copper mining
other mineral processing
nonionic
anionic
cationic
Magnesia from
seawater
sedimentation of magnesium hydroxide anionic
Meat processing wastewater treatment all
Motor/automotive wastewater treatment anionic
Municipal sewage primary sludge treatment
digested sludge treatment
drying beds
sieve belt presses
physico-chemical treatment
phosphate removal
cationic
Oil production treatment of drilling water
secondary oil recovery
all
Petroleum refineries effluent treatment all
Pharmaceutical
industry
effluent treatment cationic
Phosphate ore water recycling anionic
Phosphoric acid wet
process
acid clarification
filtration rate
reduction of P2O5 losses in gypsum
anionic
Potato industry effluent treatment
Potable water improvement of process efficiency
reduction of alum consumption
treatment of hydroxide sludges
anionic
cationic
nonionic
Potash mining impurity removal in salt cold and hot
process
Pulp and paper treatment of incoming water
Pulp and paper treatment of incoming water
filler fiber retention aid
drainage aid
flotation aid on save-all
effluent treatment
Sand and gravel recycling of water
clay removal
anionic
cationic
Settling aid improvement of settling rates through use
of flocculant
design of compact units
Sugar processing cane or beet sugar juice clarification
recycling of water in beet sugar industry
Tailing disposal in mining for environmental purposes or
water economy
Tannery effluent treatment
Textile industry effluent treatment
Titanium dioxide
manufacture
clarification of "Black liquors"
processing of titanium dioxide slurries
Zinc electrolysis acid leach
neutral leach
EMULSIONS OF POLYACRYLAMIDES
1- POLYACRYLAMIDES
Polyacrylamides are high molecular weight water soluble polymers, being flocculants their
main use. When mixed with water, they dissolve slowly giving a viscous solution, generally
through a 60-120 minute process.
To increase the speed of dissolution it is possible to grind the polymer to a size of over 750
m, particles of under 750 m tend to agglomerate together when added to water, resulting in
"fish eyes". For quick dissolution time and "fish eyes" free solutions, it is possible to use
polyacrylamides in emulsion form.
To produce these emulsions the manufacturing process is given below:
prepare a water solution of the monomer,
obtain a water in oil emulsion (particle size approx. 1 m) with the monomer solution
using a stabilizer,
polymerize the emulsion using catalyst.
polymerize the emulsion using catalyst.
This emulsion, when mixed with water, will not disperse/dissolve.
Therefore, it is necessary to:
add a hydrophilic surfactant to the water which inverts the emulsions, i.e., the oil is
dispersed by the surfactant and the polymer dissolves rapidly,
or
add the same surfactant to the original emulsion, resulting in a "self inverting" emulsion.
In either case the same effect is obtained.
Tramfloc produces "self inverting" emulsions only. However, in certain cases as mentioned
below, it is necessary to add some surfactant to the water.
2- CONCENTRATIONS OF INVERSION EMULSIONS IN WATER
To obtain a good inversion of the emulsion it is necessary for the surfactant to be present at its
minimum effective concentration.
In water of standard hardness, the level has been determined to be 5 g/l to give a good
inversion.
Standard emulsions contain between 28 and 46 % active content. Optimum dilution is between
50 and100 fold.
If this concentration is not achieved:
greater than 100 fold, part of the emulsion does not dissolve,
less 50 fold, the viscosity of the emulsion is too great.
3- SHEAR DURING INVERSION
To obtain a good inversion it is necessary for each polymer particle to be dispersed separately
in water, otherwise the particles will agglomerate.
To ensure efficient dispersion it is necessary to use high shear mixing at the point of emulsion
water contact.
Equipment used:
venturi eductors,
two speed agitator in the dissolution tank, high speed during addition of emulsion
followed by slower speed,
high shear static mixer,
valve discharge at a fixed pressure.
If the emulsion is efficiently dispersed, there is no need for further agitation to obtain
dissolution, only a contact time of 3-15 minutes is imperative. In practice if the inversions are
not perfect, a stirrer is necessary in the storage tank mixing for 3-15 minutes.
4- FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISSOLUTION
Water quality affects inversion seriously.
Hard water : 30-40 grains of hardness gives poor dispersion with severe difficulties over 50
grains.
Calcium is reducing the efficiency of the surfactant, i.e., sea water and brines 30 g/l are at the
limit of acceptance.
In such cases it is possible:
to adjust the surfactant level in emulsion production to a level previously determined by
testwork on the water to be used.
to make small additions of surfactant to the dissolution water.
For cationic emulsions it is necessary to select a nonionic surfactant to avoid precipitation with
the polymer.
5- STORAGE AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE
By nature, the emulsion is an unstable compound. The continuous phase, oil having a specific
gravity of 0.85 and the water over 1.05. Over extended periods of time, this water phase has
tendency to settle to the bottom.
Over a 6 month period at an average temperature of 20
0
C, this settled phase is composed of
agglomerates which are easily redispersed using mechanical or air agitation.
At higher temperatures, 35
0
C, the effect is accelerated and becomes more difficult to
redisperse. The shelf life is reduced to 3 months.
A similar effect is observed if the product is frozen, the emulsion remains pourable down to
-10
0
C, below this temperature the product becomes immobile, due to increased viscosity of
the oil.
If the emulsion has been frozen
the redispersion of the settled layer is more difficult,
the dissolution in water is more difficult. In addition, if the emulsion is subjected to a
freeze-thaw cycle, the additional use of surfactant in the dissolution water is required to
obtain effective dissolution. However, the efficiency of the polymer is unaffected.
6- EQUIPMENT FOR THE STORAGE AND DISSOLUTION OF EMULSIONS
6.1 - Compatibility
The carrier oil is an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing less than 0.1 % aromatic.
Plastics, rubber and metal compatibility:
Natural Rubber Poor
Nitrile Good
Butyl Poor
Chloroprene Medium
Viton / Hyplon Good
Hard PVC Good
Hard PVC Good
Plasticized PVC Poor
Above for fuel oil Good
High density Polyethylene Good
Low density Polyethylene Medium
Polypropylene Good
A B S Medium
Polyester Fiber Glass Good
Poly carbonate Good
Plexiglass Good
Polyamide Medium
Stainless Steel Good
Avoid the use of copper, cast iron, galvanized iron.
Polyethylene is used for the transport of emulsions but the oil has a tendency to dissolve in low
density polyethylene decreasing the drum strength.
6.2 - Emulsion Storage
Emulsion storage tanks are normally stainless steel (304), fiberglass or high density
polyethylene.
To inhibit layering:
nitrogen is fed into the bottom of the tank, for 10 minute periods every two days,
slow speed stirring 10 minutes per day,
recirculation using mechanical pump.
This method imports high shear which reduces emulsion stability
The tank has to be vertical with a conical bottom to help redispersion, it should also be fitted
with an inspection cover to facilitate cleaning using high pressure water, once per year.
6.3 - Pumps and filters
The emulsion if not properly mixed may contain some agglomerates which can plug filters and
pumps. These agglomerates being water soluble can be pumped to the dissolution tank,
except in paper applications.
Pump types
Gear pumps should be constructed in stainless steel or Teflon. Steel pumps can be used
and changed every one or two years.
Pump seals have to be consistent with the compatibility chart.
Mono pumps with nitrile stator.
Electro-magnetic pumps especially adapted for viscous liquids (large pipe for suction).
Piston and membrane pumps are not very efficient for emulsions, especially if the output
is low. In this case, a filter is placed between the emulsion tank and the pumps, suitably
sized to avoid frequent cleaning. Filters of 300 - 500 m size are suitable.
6.4 - Filtration and storage of the finished products
When the dissolved emulsion is used in paper production it is normally filtered at 50 microns.
The dissolved emulsion can be stored in polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, fiberglass,
stainless steel and coated steel. Iron and galvanized iron should be avoided, and all pipes
should be plastic, copper or stainless steel.
Problems arising with the oil
Extended storage with diluted emulsions can lead to separation of the oil, giving
problems when pumped, especially in paper production.
The oil can be absorbed selectively by flexible pumps (Jabsco pumps if correct rotors
are not used).
7- USE OF EMULSIONS IN LAB TRIALS
It is very difficult to weigh small amounts of emulsion. The use of a syringe is more general. The
specific gravity of emulsions is between 1.02 /1.05. Glass syringes are used due to the
incompatibility of plastics.
Following its use, it should be washed with mineral spirits or hot water.
As for polyacrylamide powders, the solutions are more stable at high concentrations,
preferably 5 g/l active content and also preferably inverted at this concentration. This solution is
diluted before use.
Stability 5 g/liter
STABILITY
ANIONICS About 15 days
CATIONICS
> 1%
0.1%
3-4days
1day
8- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POWDERS AND EMULSIONS
Given the same initial composition, powders and emulsions have varying efficiency differences
depending on the application.
Generally:
cationic emulsions have higher molecular weight than powders, giving improved sludge
dewatering.
powders have a broader molecular weight distribution giving improved clarification.
the surfactants contained in emulsions can give improved results on sludges containing
oils and fats, but can have a tendency to redispersion due to foaming,
the hydrolysis during polymerization is lower in emulsions and therefore are slightly more
cationic than powders.
9- HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
9- HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
The polymer contained in the emulsions has the same toxicity (very low) as powders.
The free acrylamide content of industrial emulsions is around 1,000 ppm (0.1 %).
For special uses it is possible to produce products with less than 500 ppm (0.05 %) of free
acrylamide.
The oil is a dearomatized aliphatic hydrocarbon.
The flash point of the solvent, alone, is over 105
0
C, the emulsion has a flash point of over
100
0
C but when settled it decreases to 100
0
C.
The surfactants used have very low toxicity, obtained from esters of sorbitol and oxyethylated
nonyl phenol.
The cationic emulsions are eye irritants. Emulsion spills should be absorbed with saw dust and
burned. Any remaining should be washed with high pressure water.
Contact us for further information
Toll Free: 800-613-6803
Last updated January, 2007
Copyright 2007 Flocculants.info All Rights Reserved
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