The genus Artemia: true and false descriptions

501 Lat. Am. J . Aquat. Res., 38(3): 501-506, 2010

DOI: 10.3856/vol38-issue3-fulltext-14

Short Communication

The genus Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda).
I. True and false taxonomical descriptions


Alireza Asem
1
, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani
2
& Patricio De Los Ros-Escalante
3

1
Protectors of Urmia Lake National Park Society (NGO), Urmia, Iran
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, 67149 Kermanshah, Iran
3
Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Catlica de Temuco
Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile



ABSTRACT. The brine shrimp Artemia is important for aquaculture since it is highly nutritious. It is also
used widely in biological studies because it is easy to culture. The aim of the present study is to review the
literature on the taxonomical nomenclature of Artemia. The present study indicates the existence of seven
species: three living in the Americas, one in Europe, and three in Asia.
Keywords: Artemia, saline lakes, morphology, species, taxonomy.


El gnero Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). I. Descripciones
taxonmicas verdaderas y falsas

RESUMEN. El camarn de salmuera Artemia es importante para la acuicultura por su alta calidad nutricional
y es muy utilizado para estudios biolgicos por ser de fcil cultivo. El objetivo del presente estudio es revisar
la literatura sobre la nomenclatura taxonmica de Artemia. Se determina la existencia de siete especies; tres de
ellas viven en Amrica, una en Europa y tres en Asia.
Palabras clave: Artemia, lagos salinos, morfologa, especies, taxonoma.


Corresponding author: Alireza Asem (alireza_1218@yahoo.com)

The brine shrimp Artemia is one of the most important
aquatic animals used in aquaculture industry. It was
first reported from Urmia Lake in 982 by an unknown
Iranian geographer (Asem, 2008), and then in 1756
Schlsser pictured both sexes clearly. Linnaeus (1758)
described it as Cancer salinus but 61 years later,
Leach (1819) transferred it to Artemia salina.
The taxonomic status of the genus Artemia is as
follows (Martin & Davis, 2001):
Subphylum: Crustacea Brnnich, 1772
Class: Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817
Subclass: Sarsostraca Tasch, 1969
Order: Anostraca Sars, 1867
Family: Artemiidae Grochowski, 1896
Genus: Artemia Leach, 1819
- A. salina (Linnaeus, 1758): Mediterranean area
- A. monica Verrill, 1869: USA (Mono Lake;
California)
- A. urmiana Gnther, 1899: Iran (Urmia Lake;
West Azerbaijan Province)
- A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906: America,
Caribbean and Pacific islands
- A. persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968:
South America
- A. sinica Cai, 1989: Central and Eastern Asia
- A. tibetiana Abatzopoulos, Zhang & Sor-
geloos, 1998: China (Tibet)
- Artemia sp. Pilla & Beardmore, 1994:
Kazakhstan
- Parthenogenetic population(s) of Artemia:
Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia
Taxonomists are still confused about the
systematic and phylogenetic relationships of the
Artemia species (Triantaphyllidis et al., 1997) and
there are different opinions about its biosystematics.
For example, there are two views for A. franciscana

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Lat. Am. J . Aquat. Res. 504
The genus Artemia: true and false descriptions


505
and A. monica. Artemia monica, from Mono Lake,
cannot be crossed with A. franciscana because of the
inability of the two species to tolerate the same water
ionic composition (Mono Lake has a mix of Cl
-
, SO
4
2-
and CO
3
-
ions). A. monica is therefore thought to be
effectively debarred from exchanging gene with A.
franciscana so these two species are known as two
different "biological species" (Clark & Bowen, 1976).
According to others (Abreu-Grobois & Beardmore,
1982; Triantaphyllidis et al., 1998), A. monica may be
ecologically separated from A. franciscana, but the
genetic distance between these two taxa is less than
the distance between other Artemia taxa; therefore
they can be described as sibling species. Furthermore,
there are no taxonomic identification keys for the
genus due to a lack of reliable morphological
characters, so different methods have been used for
species characterization. The most relevant methods
are comparison of biometric characteristics, electro-
phoretic patterns of different allozymes, cross-fertility
tests and microscopic survey of the morphology such
as frontal knob and gonopod (Abreu-Grobois &
Beardmore, 1982; Mura, 1990; Hontoria & Amat,
1992; Triantaphyllidis et al., 1997; De los Ros &
Ziga, 2000; Torrentera & Belk, 2002; De los Ros &
Asem, 2008).
Seeing that Artemia was an economically
important species this has led to a decline of basic
studies on this taxon, with wide use of Artemia
salina as a trade name. There are numerous published
data on biochemical, mutational, toxicological and
others aspects of Artemia, all using the name Artemia
salina for any population in this genus (Abreu-
Grobois & Beardmore, 1982; Gajardo et al., 2002). As
a result, the brine shrimp Artemia is used in many
aquaculture studies and for experimental models but
its basic taxonomy is not considered by many authors
resulting in taxonomical confusion (Table 1), with the
mistakes and respective corrections about systematic
nomenclature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. D. Christopher Rogers (EcoAnalysts Inc.,
California, U.S.A.) is thanked for the scientific
comments and English text.
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Lat. Am. J . Aquat. Res.


506
Received: 27 October 2009; Accepted: 17 August 2010
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