Review of Related Literature

Aedes aegypti a smallish, dark mosquito with conspicuous white markings and banded
legs; the proboscis is all black although the palps are white tipped; the scutum has a dorsal
pattern of white scales in the form of a 'lyre' with curved lateral and 2 central stripes
contrasting with the general covering of narrow dark scales; wings are dark scaled; hind legs
with femur pale scaled for basal three-quarters with dark scales dorsally on apical two-thirds
and ventrally on apical third, tibia dark but tarsi with pale basal bands on 1-4 and 5 all pale;
abdominal tergites with median and lateral white scale patches or bands (possibly some
white scales on apical margins), sternites predominantly pale scaled with subapical bands on
distal segments.
Bacillus thuringiensis produces a proteinaceous parasporal body during sporulation
which is highly toxic to insects when ingested. (Jill S. Hornung J. Ibarra J. Federici B. 1987.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 3 No. 6 . American Society for Microbiology.
1251)
The parasporal body of the mosquitocidal isolate (PG-14) of Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. morrisoni (BTM) contains five major proteins with molecular masses of, respectively,
27.3, 65, 128, 135, and 144 kDa. Proteins corresponding in mass to the first four of these
also occur in the mosquitocidal strain, B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (BTI), and it is
thought therefore that the mosquitocidal activity of both strains is due to these four proteins.
In other studies it has been shown that each of these proteins exhibits from moderate to high
toxicity to mosquitoes, though the specific toxicity of the 144 kDa protein in PG-14 to
mosquitoes remains unknown. (Padua L.E. Federici B.A. 1990. Development of mutants of
the mosquitocidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies morrisoni (PG-14) toxic to
dipterous insects.
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/1969828/Development_of_mutants_of_th
e_mosquitocidal_bacterium_Bacillus_thuringiensis_subspecies_morrisoni__PG_14__toxic_to
_lepidopterous_or_dipterous_insects_ . 8/31/2014)
Barringtonia asiatica (Fish Poison Tree, Putat or Sea Poison Tree) is a species of
Barringtonia native to mangrove habitats on the tropical coasts and islands of the Indian
Ocean and western Pacific Ocean from Zanzibar east to Taiwan, the Philippines, Fiji, New
Caledonia, the Cook Islands, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia. It is grown along
streets for decorative and shade purposes in some parts of India, for instance in some towns
on southeastern shore. (Neil. 2012. Botong Tree (Barringtonia asiatica). Because all parts of
the tree contain saponin, which is a poison, the seeds and other parts of the plant are
pounded and used to stun fish in freshwater streams.
http://plantfruitstreesmedicineherbal.blogspot.com/2012/09/botong-tree-barringtonia-
asiatica.html . 08/31/2014)

Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) is a diffusely spreading, half-woody herb, with branched
stems up to 1 meter long, sparingly prickly with numerous deflexed, bristly hairs. The leaves
are very sensitive, both pinnae and leaflets, folding when touched. Pinnae are usually 4,
digitately arranged at the end of each petiole, and 4 to 9 centimeters long. The leaflets are
narrowly oblong, inequilateral, 1 to 1.5 centimeters long, sessile, sparingly bristly, with
pointed tips. Heads are long-peduncled, solitary or 2 to 3 in each axil, about 1 centimeter in
diameter. Pods are flat, slightly recurved, 1 to 2 centimeters long, with 3 to 5 one-sided joints
that fall away on maturity. Florets are red in the upper part with pink to lavender filaments.
Seed contains a toxic alkaloid, mimosine, a non-protein alpha-amino acid, known to cause
hair loss and depressed growth in mammals (an unlikely event in humans as this will require
unusually large doses). Roots yield flavonoids, phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins,
glycoside, and fatty acids. Leaf extract have yielded an adrenaline-like substance. Seeds
contain mucilage composed of d-xylose and d-glucoronic acid, yielding 17% greenish yellow
fatty oil. Plant contains (1) tubulin with an ability to bind colchicene with its sulfhydryl groups.
(2) Crocetin dimethyl ester. Plant yields turgorine. Leaves and stems reported to contain the
alkaloid mimosine; leaves yield mucilage; the roots yield tannins. Mimosine found to be an
iron chelator acting on malarial bugs by preventing the replication of cells. (Stuart G. 2012.
Makahiya. http://www.stuartxchange.com/Makahiya.html. 08/31/2014)

Coleus Amboinicus (Suganda, Oregano) is an erect, spreading, branched, rather
coarse, strongly aromatic, green herb, with fleshy stems. Leaves are fleshy, broadly ovate, 4
to 9 centimeters long, often heart-shaped, and somewhat hairy, with rounded toothed
margins, with the tip and base decurrent. Flowers are small, and occur in distant whorls.
Calyx is bell-shaped; the throat is smooth inside, with two lips, the upper lip being ovate and
thin, the lower lip having four narrow teeth. Corolla is pale purplish and 5 times longer than
the calyx, with a short tube, inflated throat, and short lips.
Insecticidal and Anti-termite, Study investigating the leaf essential oil of C. amboinicus
yielded six components. The major component was thymol (94.3%), followed by carvacrol,
1,8-cineole, p-cymene, spathuylenol, terpinen-4-ol. The oil was insecticidal to white termites
(Odontotermes obesus Rhamb). It was more active than synthetic insecticides, Thiodan and
Primoban-20 against termites, although it was ineffective against Tribolium castaneum, a
stored product pest. (Stuart G. 2014. Suganda. http://www.stuartxchange.com/Oregano.html.
08/31/2014)