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Six storage tanks containing isopropanol liquid are maintained at 30°C. The tanks are initially at 45°C and located indoors at 10°C with 2 mph wind. The document calculates how long it will take the tanks to cool to 30°C, or heat up, with and without insulation. It provides physical property data and equations to model heat transfer through the tank walls, roof, and bottom using variables like thermal conductivity, Grashof number, and Nusselt number.
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Vertical Storage Tank Heat Loss Calcs - Rev.1 31.12.2010
Six storage tanks containing isopropanol liquid are maintained at 30°C. The tanks are initially at 45°C and located indoors at 10°C with 2 mph wind. The document calculates how long it will take the tanks to cool to 30°C, or heat up, with and without insulation. It provides physical property data and equations to model heat transfer through the tank walls, roof, and bottom using variables like thermal conductivity, Grashof number, and Nusselt number.
Six storage tanks containing isopropanol liquid are maintained at 30°C. The tanks are initially at 45°C and located indoors at 10°C with 2 mph wind. The document calculates how long it will take the tanks to cool to 30°C, or heat up, with and without insulation. It provides physical property data and equations to model heat transfer through the tank walls, roof, and bottom using variables like thermal conductivity, Grashof number, and Nusselt number.
Client: XXX Problem Description: Six Storage tanks [rectangle in shape] are filled up with Isopropanaol (liquid 1) at the
initial temperature of 45 oC and it is required to maintain the liquid temperature at 30oC
Project No: XXX All the tanks are placed adjacent to each other with minor gap in between. Tanks are stored in a closed building maintained at room temperature let's say 10 o C and a wind speed of around 2miles/hr. Project Title: XXX How long will it take to drop down temperature from 45 to 30 o C with/without insulation OR after what time tanks are required to heat up with/without insulation ? Data is given as below. Document: Storage Tank Heat Loss Calculation Colour Key Sheet Ref: Tank Heat Loss Calcs - Liquid 1 Manual Input Revision: 1 Results Last Updated: 31/12/2010 Do not use Revision detail: 1) Correction cell reference C94 for Grashof number vap. Phase Assumptions and important notes 2) Note added regarding calculation of equivalent diameter cell C142 Sources and titles 3) Recalculation introduced to iterate to more accurate coefficients (see cells C316 and below) 4) C replaced by K for correct calculation in SI units 5) Cooling time formula modified to compensate for non-linearity Reference Method Used: Predict Storage Tank Heat Transfer Precisely - By J.Kumana and S.Kothari Important values and calculations Important Notes: 1) Uniform temperature inside the tank 2) Provision is made to select back wall area - However, to calculate the maximum heat loss back wall area should be considered-- (see the cell number C330 and C335) 3) Provision is made to select insulation thickness --- (See the cell number C221) Main Data Input Physical Properties Units Air density at room temperature and pressure Liquid Air Vapor Room Pressure P 101.325 kPa Mol. Wt of air M 29 kg/kmol Liquid in the tank ISOPROPANOL Gas const R 8.31 kJ/kmol K Density, 790 1.25 1.25 kg/m 3 Room Temp t 10 o C Specific Heat,Cp 3.0 1.005 1.005 kJ/kg K T 283 K 3000 1005 1005 J/kg K Air Density, PM/RT air = 1.25 kg/m 3 Viscosity, 2.42 - - cP or m.Pa.s 0.00242 0.0000198 0.0000198 kg/m.s Thermal Conductivity of ISOPROPANOL Thermal conductivity,k 0.199 0.0257 0.0257 W/m.K k = 3.56 x 10 -5 x Cp ( 4 /M) 1/3 ------------> from Coulson & Richardson. Vol 6, Page 321 Co-efficient of volumetric expansion, 0.00075 0.00343 0.00343 1/K Thermal Conductivity k = 0.199 W/m.K Molecular Mass of liquid,M 60 - - kg/kmol Boiling Point, o C 82 - - o C 355.15 K Assumed fouling coefficient, hF Units Dry wall 7000 W/m 2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Wet wall 5000 W/m 2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Roof 7000 W/m 2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Bottom 4000 W/m 2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Thermal Conductivities Units Metal walls (Carbon Steel, max 0.5% Carbon),kM 54 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials Insulation (Glass wool), kI 0.04 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials Ground (Earth), kG 1.5 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials Surface Emissivity Units Wall and roof, 0.9 Assumed - less than 1 Temperature Units Vapour in tank, TV 33 o C Assumed - just below the liquid temp Liquid in tank. TL 35 o C Minimum temp requirement by process Outside air, TA 10 o C Assumed - as tanks are inside the building Ground, TG 12 o C Assumed - just above ambient temperature Vapour in tank, TV 306.15 K Liquid in tank. TL 308.15 K Outside air, TA 283.15 K Ground, TG 285.15 K Gravitional constant, g 9.81 m/s 2 Calculation Calculation for Grashof Number (NGr) Grashof Number, NGr = L 3 x 2 x g x x T / 2 NGr for the liquid phase
( 2 x g x x / 2 ) 7.84E+08
( 2 x g x x / 2 ) L 3 x T 7.84E+08 x L 3 x T NGr for the vapour phase
( 2 x g x x / 2 ) 1.34E+08
( 2 x g x x / 2 ) L 3 x T 1.34E+08 x L 3 x T Calculation for Prandtl Number (NPr) Prandtl Number,NPr = Cp x /k NPr for the liquid phase 36.44 NPr for the vapour phase 0.77 Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw Note: as an initial approximation, assume that the wall temperature is the average of the vapour and outside air temp Tw = (TV + TA )/ 2 First Guess Tw 295.9 K After iteration see below total height of the tank, L 2.55 m % of liquid full (in terms of height) 95% Proportional height in contact with liquid, Lw 2.42 m T = Tv - Tw 10.25 K Lw Proportional height in contact with vapour, L - Lw 0.13 m NGr 2.85E+06 L
= 2 . 5 5 m For vertical plates and cylinders, Nusselt Number, NNu 3 .1 m NNu = 0.138 x (NGr) 0.36 x ((NPr) 0.175 - 0.55) -------------Equation 15 NNu 11.81 2.3 m Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw = NNu x k /( L - Lw) Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13) Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 2.38 W/m 2 K Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw Note: Here, neither NPr nor (NGr NPr) falls within the range of application of the below equations. Therefore, again apply equation Equation 15 using average temp Tw NNu = 0.138 x (NGr) 0.36 x ((NPr) 0.175 - 0.55) ------------- Equation 15 Where, 0.1<NPr<40 and NGr > 10 9 NPr 36.44 NGr NPr 2.64E+11 hLW =NNu x k/Lw ------------- Eq (a) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13) Tw = (TL + TA) / 2 First Guess NNu = 0.495 x (NGr NPr) 0.25 ----------------- Equation 16 Tw 307.5 o C After iteration see below Where, NPr >100 and 10 4 < (NGr NPr) < 10 9 T = TL - Tw 0.65 K NGr 7.25E+09 NNu 648.79 ------------- USING Equation 15 Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw 53.36 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Eq (a) Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr for the surfaces facing down, NNu = 0.27 x (NGr NPr) 0.25 -------------Equation 20 Where, 2 x 10 7 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10 10 for the surfaces facing down, hVr = (0.27 x k/D) (NGr NPr) 0.25 ------------- Eq (b) NGr NPr = 5.55E+10 ~ 2 x 10 7 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10 10 295.9 K First guess Note: We will apply equation (b) assuming roof of diameter and Tw = 286.6 K After iteration see below Note: Applied Equation 20 as (NGr NPr) is very close to the above range NGr = 1.34E+08 x L 3 x T Where, T = Tv - Tw K T 19.55 K L = D m Comment Extra Large: Not sure if the Characteristic Length/hydraulic diameter shoud be taken instead. See: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html L 3.01 m Calculated equivalent diameter from the roof/bottom area of tank Equivalent Diameter for Roof/Bottom l 2.3 m NGr = 7.17E+10 w 3.1 m Area 7.13 m 2 hVr 1.12 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Eq (b) Equivalent Diameter 3.01 m Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr) 0.33 -------------- Equation 19 Where, 2 x 10 7 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10 10 for the surfaces facing up, hLb = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr) 0.33 ------------- Eq ( c) NGr NPr = 4.30E+11 2 x 10 7 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10 10 Tw = (TL + TG) /2 Note: Applied Equation 19, though (NGr NPr) is out of range??? Tw 296.65 K First Guess Note: We will apply equation (c) assuming tank bottom diameter and Tw = 307.6 K After iteration see below NGr = 7.84E+08 x L 3 x T Where, T = TL - Tw K T 0.55 K L = D m L 3.01 m NGr 1.18E+10 hLb 63.90 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Eq (c) Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr) 0.33 -------------- Equation 19 for the surfaces facing up, h'Ar = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr) 0.33 ------------- Eq (d) Note: Assume Tws = Tw since the roof is uninsulated and get the coefficient for still air from equation (d) 295.9 K First guess Note: In article, Equation 16 is used but as NPr and (NGr NPr) do not fall in the range, we can't apply Equation 16 directly. Therefore, used Equation 15 Tws 286.6 K After iteration see below NGr 1.34E+08 x L 3 x T Where, T = Tws - TA K T 3.45 K NGr 1.26E+10 h'Ar 2.37 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Eq (d) Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw NNu = 0.138 x (NGr) 0.36 x ((NPr) 0.175 - 0.55) ------------- Equation 15 h = 0.138 x (NGr) 0.36 x ((NPr) 0.175 - 0.55) x k/L ------------- Eq (e) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft T = ((TL + TV ) / 2 ) - TA) / 4 T 6 K NGr 1.34E+08 x L 3 x T where, L 2.55 m NGr 1.33E+10 NNu 247.51 ------------- USING Equation 15 h'Aw 2.49 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Eq (e) Conduction coefficients for ground, metal wall and insulation ( hG, hM, hI) hM = kM /tM ------------- Equation 21 hI = kI /tI ------------- Equation 22 hG = 8 kG/*D ------------- Equation 23 Where, tM 6 mm thickness of metal 0.0060 m tI 25 mm thickness of insulation <------------- ENTER INSULATION THICKNESS 0.025 m INSULATED hM 9000.00 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Equation 21 hI 1.60 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Equation 22 hG 1.27 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Equation 23 Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr) hR = 0.1713 [((Tws + 460)/100) 4 - ((TA + 460)/100) 4 ]/( Tws - TA) ------------- Equation 24 For the INSULATED side walls, assume Tws = TA + 0.25 (Tbulk - TA) Where, Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is insulated For the UNINSULATED side walls, assume Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tbulk - TA) Where, Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is uninsulated For the uninsulated roof, [assumed, roof is always uninsulated] Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA) Vapour in tank, TV 306.15 K Liquid in tank. TL 308.15 K Outside air, TA 283.15 K Therefore, Tws for insulated DRYSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (Tv - TA) First Guess Tws 286.5 K After iteration see below Note: Assume that the temperature drop across the film is one-fourth of the drop from the inside fluid to the outside air (averaged for the wet and dry walls) and use Equation 15 and (e) to find the co-efficient Therefore, Tws for insulated WETSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (TL - TA) First Guess Tws 289.6 K After iteration see below Therefore, Tws for uninsulated roof = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA) First Guess Tws 286.6 K After iteration see below Let us find hR for all above using Equation 24 hRd 2.548 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Equation 24 hRw 2.564 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Equation 24 hRr 2.549 W/m 2 K ------------- USING Equation 24 Coefficient ( W/m 2 K) Dry wall Wet wall Roof Bottom Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 2.38 - - - Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw - 53.36 - - Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr - - 1.12 - Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb - - - 63.90 Conduction coefficients for ground hG - - - 1.27 Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar [for still air] - - 2.37 - Do NOT use this value Coefficient of outside air at roof considering wind enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity, h*Ar - - 3.08 - 1.3 2 m/hr Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw [for still air] 2.49 2.49 - - Do NOT use this value Coefficient of outside air at wall considering wind enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity, h*Aw 3.24 3.24 - - 1.3 2 m/hr Conduction coefficients for metal wall hM 9000 9000 9000 9000 Conduction coefficients for insulation hI 1.6 1.6 - - Fouling coefficient, hF 7000 5000 7000 4000 Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr) 2.548 2.564 2.549 - Overall coefficient,Ud, Uw,Ur,Ub 0.821 1.225 0.932 1.243 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U Overall dry - sidewall coefficient, Ud at wind velocity of 2 m/hr 1/Ud = 1/hvw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRd ) + 1/ hFd 1/Ud 1.218 m 2 K/W Ud 0.821 W/m 2 K Overall wet - sidewall coefficient, Uw at wind velocity of 2 m/hr 1/Uw = 1/hLw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRw ) + 1/ hFw 1/Uw 0.816 m 2 K/W Uw 1.225 W/m 2 K Overall roof coefficient, Ur at wind velocity of 2 m/hr 1/Ur = 1/hVr + tM/kM + 1/(hAr + hRr ) + 1/ hFr 1/Ur 1.073 m 2 K/W Ur 0.932 W/m 2 K Overall bottom coefficient, Ub 1/Ub = 1/hLb + tM/kM + 1/hG + 1/ hFb 1/Ub 0.805 m 2 K/W Ub 1.243 W/m 2 K Recalculation of Tws and Tw for next iteration Obtained by multiplying above value by wind enhancement factor which is obtained from the Graph /Figure 2 for the wind velocity of Summary Obtained by multiplying above value by wind enhancement factor which is obtained from the Graph/ Figure 2 for the wind velocity of Dry wall Tws,V = (Ud/(hRd + hAw))(Tv-TA)+TA) 286.4 K Put this value manually in cell C253 untill difference approaches zero Tw,V=Tv-(Ud/hVw)(Tv-TA) 298.2 K Put this value manually in cell C84 untill difference approaches zero Wet wall Tws,W = (UW/(hRW + hAW))(TL-TA)+TA) 288.4 K Put this value manually in cell C256 untill difference approaches zero Tw,L=TL-(Uw/hLw)(TL-TA) 307.6 K Put this value manually in cell C119 untill difference approaches zero Roof Tws,R = (UR/(hVR + hAW))(TV-TA)+TA) 287.0 K Put this value manually in cell C179 untill difference approaches zero Tw,R=TV-(UR/hVR)(TV-TA) 287.0 K Put this value manually in cell D135 untill difference approaches zero Bottom Tw,B=TL-(UB/hLB)(TL-TG) 307.7 K Put this value manually in cell D157 untill difference approaches zero Surface area, A Dimensions of one tank Total height, L 2.55 m Length, l 2.3 m L
= 2 . 5 5 m Lw Width, w 3.1 m Thickness, tM 0.006 m Assumption: % of tank full with liquid 95% Wet height, Lw 2.4225 m 3 .1 m Dry height, Ld 0.1275 m 2.3 m TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad = 2*((L - Lw)*l) + 2* ((L - Lw)*w) DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES <------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE Ad 1.38 m 2 TOTAL wet side wall area, Aw = 2*(Lw * l) + 2* (Lw * w) DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES <------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE Aw 26.16 m 2 Roof area, Ar = l * w Ar 7.13 m 2 Bottom area, Ab = l * w Ab 7.13 m 2 Overall Temperature Difference, T Vapour in tank, TV 306.15 K Liquid in tank. TL 308.15 K Outside air, TA 283.15 K Ground, TG 285.15 K T for dry side = TV - TA 23 K T for wet side = TL - TA 25 K T for roof = TV - TA 23 K T for bottom = TL - TG 23 K Surface U (W/m 2 K ) Area (m 2 ) T (K) Individual Heat Loss, q (W) Dry wall 0.821 1.38 23 26.00 Wet wall 1.225 26.16 25 801.31 Roof 0.932 7.13 23 152.87 Bottom 1.243 7.13 23 203.76 SUMMARY Total 4.22 41.8 1183.94 Heat loss from one tank, Q 1183.94 W Q 1183.94 J/sec Number of tanks 1 ASSUME NUMBER OF TANKS (Revision note: Note that heat loss is independant of number of tanks) TOTAL heat loss from all the tanks, Q 1,184 J/sec TOTAL HEAT LOSS WITH INSULATION HEAT LOSS AFFORDABLE BY LIQUID Temperature inside the tanks 45 o C Temperature inside the tanks 318.15 K Temperature required to be maintained in the tank 308.15 K 21.69 0.90 Specific heat capacity of liquid inside the tank 3000 J/kgK Mass of liquid in one tank 13.65 T Mass content of liquid in the tank Total mass of the liquid in all tanks 13.65 T 13,645 kg Total volume of the tank = L x l x w T 10 K L = 2.55 l = 2.3 Overall Heat Loss affordable by tank liquid 409,356 kJ w = 3.1 409,356,473 J Volume = 18.18 m 3 Total mass of liquid when tank is 100% full 14,363 kg 14.36 T Time taken to drop the temperature up to 35 deg C ln((TA-Tstart)/((TA-Tend))= Utot x Atot/(m x Cp) x t 100% liquid height equivalent to 14.36 T Coulson & Richardson Vol.1 Page 430 95% liquid height equivalent to 13.65 T 78,069.19 sec 21.69 hrs 0.90 days TOTAL TIME TAKEN TO DROP DOWN TANK TEMPERATURE AT DESIRED LEVEL WITH INSULATION Comment Extra Large: Not sure if the Characteristic Length/hydraulic diameter shoud be taken instead. See: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html and T of 25 o C and T of 25 o C