Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A
(2)
N(N1)
A
(2)
1(N1)
A
(2)
12
, E
j
=A
(2)
Nj
A
(2)
N(N1)
A
(2)
1(N1)
A
(2)
1j
,
G=A
(2)
N(N1)
A
(2)
N2
A
(2)
12
A
(2)
1(N1)
, H
j
=A
(2)
Nj
A
(2)
N2
A
(2)
12
A
(2)
1j
.
Finally, w
2
and w
(N1)
can be substituted into the equations system (12), giving:
w
i
+ s
N2
j =3
R
ij
w
j
+u
3
w
3
i
=f
i
cos vt i =3, . . . . , (N2), (17)
s. 1ox:siriio 578
where
R
ij
=L
ij
E
j
D
L
i2
H
j
G
L
i(N1)
+u
1
d
ij
(18)
and d
ij
is the Kronecker operator.
Choosing N=6, one obtains a set of two non-linear ordinary dierential
equations, coupled in the linear part. As already stated, this sytem will be studied
by means of the MLP perturbation method, so that it is necessary to reduce it to
the following normalized form
u
i
+v
2
i0
u
i
+(k
i1
u
3
i
+k
i2
u
2
i
u
j
+k
i3
u
i
u
2
j
+k
i4
u
3
j
) =f
i
cos vt i, j =1, 2 j $i (19)
and this is possible through a change of reference.
The direction cosines of the new rotated axes are the eigenvectors of the matrix
R, whose elements are dened by equation (18).
Let V be the matrix which has columns that are the eigenvectors of R, u the
new co-ordinates vector, w the old co-ordinates vector.
From the relation u =Vw, one obtains:
0
w
1
w
21
=
1
C
0
V
22
V
21
V
12
V
1110
u
1
u
21
, (20)
where C= det (V) and w
i
=w
(i +2)
.
After some algebra, it is possible to write the non-linearity coefcients as
follows:
k
11
=
u
3
C
3
V
3
22
, k
12
=3
u
3
C
3
V
2
22
V
12
, k
13
=3
u
3
C
3
V
22
V
2
12
,
k
14
=
u
3
C
3
V
3
12
,
k
21
=
u
3
C
3
V
3
11
, k
22
=3
u
3
C
3
V
2
11
V
21
, k
23
=3
u
3
C
3
V
11
V
2
21
,
k
24
=
u
3
C
3
V
3
21
.
It is obvious that the eigenvalues of R are the squares of the natural frequencies
v
i0
of the normalized system.
Now, let s
crit
be the critical value of the dimensionless compressive axial load
for the associated linear system
The exact value of s
crit
is:
s
ex
crit
=p
2
0
1 +
u
1
p
4
1
.
If u
1
=1, then s
ex
crit
=997092.
iNi1i:i-noiNb:r.-v:iir ironirxs 579
Using the quadrature method with six grid points (N=6) and with the classical
grid distribution [cf. equation (5)], the non-dimensional critical load is found to
be equal to s
DQM
crit
=894676, which is more than 10% smaller than the exact value.
This error implies that the subsequent non-linear analysis will be almost
meaningless.
If seven points are employed (N=7), then the non-dimensional critical load
becomes s
DQM
crit
=100691, which is less than 1% larger than the exact value.
Nevertheless, as already pointed out, the introduction of other grid points greatly
complicates the non-linear analysis, and should be avoided, as far as possible.
If the proposed grid distribution [cf. equation (6)] is employed, the
non-dimensional critical loads reported in Table 1 are obtained, from which it is
possible to realize the good improvement of the linear results.
4. THE SECOND MODEL: CLAMPEDHINGED BEAM
Now consider a slender clampedhinged beam, having the same physical and
mechanical characteristics of the preceding beam and subjected to the same
harmonic exciting force. In this case, however, the beam is considered to be so
slender that the shortening of the beam axis cannot be neglected.
The equation of motion is:
m
1
2
v
1t
2
+EI
1
4
v
1z
4
EA
2L
0g
L
0
0
1v
1z
1
2
dz
1
1
2
v
1z
2
=F(z) cos v t. (21)
This equation in terms of dimensionless variables becomes:
1
2
w
1t
2
+
1
4
w
1z
4
k
0g
1
0
0
1w
1z
1
2
dz
1
1
2
w
1z
2
=F(z) cos vt, (22)
where k =AL
2
/2I.
In this second case, the f
m
appearing in equation (10) are given by:
f
m
=A
m
(sin l
m
z B
m
sinhl
m
z) m=1, 2,
where
A
m
=
$
1
2
(1 B
2
m
) +
1
4l
m
(B
2
m
sinh 2l
m
sin 2l
m
)
%
1/2
, B
m
=
sin l
m
sinh l
m
and the l
m
=zv
m0
are the roots of the transcendental equation tan l
m
=tanh l
m
.
T:nir 1
Non-dimensional critical load of a simply supported beam on non-linear soil
b
3
1056 115 118 119 1194 1195 12
s
crit
91896 96984 98740 99358 99568 99778 99993
s. 1ox:siriio 580
The two Galerkins equations are:
u
n
+v
2
n0
u
n
s
2
m,p,q =1
a
nmpq
u
m
u
p
u
q
=f
n
cos vt n =1, 2, (23)
where
a
nmpq
=2k
g
1
0
1u
m
1z
1u
p
1z
dz
g
1
0
1
2
u
q
1z
2
f
n
dz, f
n
=2
g
1
0
f(z)f
n
dz
and
a
1121
=a
1211
, a
1122
=a
1212
,
a
2121
=a
2211
, a
2122
=a
2212
.
The system (23) is in normal form with:
k
11
=a
1111
, k
12
=(a
1112
+a
1121
+a
1211
),
k
13
=(a
1122
+a
1212
+a
1221
), k
14
=a
1222
,
k
21
=a
2222
, k
22
=(a
2122
+a
2212
+a
2221
),
k
23
=(a
2112
+a
2121
+a
2211
), k
24
=a
2111
.
Before applying the quadrature method to equation (21), it is convenient to
rewrite the integral at the rst member of this equation as:
$
1w
1z
w
%
1
0
g
1
0
1
2
w
1z
2
w dz.
The bracket is null, so using the quadrature rules in the space co-ordinate, the
following equations are obtained:
w
i
+ s
N1
j =2
A
(4)
ij
w
j
+k s
N1
k,l,m=2
C
k
A
(2)
kl
A
(2)
im
w
k
w
l
w
m
=f
i
cos vt i =2, . . . , (N1),
(24)
where C
k
are the weighting coefcients of the integral.
It is also worth noting that the boundary conditions
w
1
=0, w
N
=0
have been already introduced.
The remaining boundary conditions are written as follows:
s
N1
j =2
A
(1)
1j
w
j
=0, s
N1
j =2
A
(2)
Nj
w
j
=0. (25, 26)
iNi1i:i-noiNb:r.-v:iir ironirxs 581
T:nir 2
Non-dimensional critical load of a clampedhinged beam
b
3
1194 12 122 1225 123
s
crit
195703 197401 20094 201624 203009
From these two equations, one can obtain w
2
and w
(N1)
, which have the same form
as (15) and (16), with:
D=A
(2)
N2
A
(2)
N(N1)
A
(1)
1(N1)
A
(1)
12
, E
j
=A
(2)
Nj
A
(2)
N(N1)
A
(1)
1(N1)
A
(1)
1j
,
G=A
(2)
N(N1)
A
(2)
N2
A
(1)
12
A
(1)
1(N1)
, H
j
=A
(2)
Nj
A
(2)
N2
A
(1)
12
A
(1)
1j
.
Finally, w
2
and w
(N1)
have to be substituted into the equations system (24). The
weighting coefcients C
k
are derived by the NewtonCotes integration formulas:
C
k
=
g
1
0
t
N
i =1
i $k
z z
i
z
k
z
i
dz,
using unequally spaced sampling points.
After all the substitutions, for N=6, the nal form of the system (24) may be
written as:
w
i
+ s
4
j =3
S
ij
w
j
+k s
4
k,l,m=3
T
iklm
w
k
w
l
w
m
=f
i
cos vt i =3, 4, (27)
where
S
ij
=A
(4)
ij
E
j
D
A
(4)
i2
H
j
G
A
(4)
i(N1)
. (28)
The T
iklm
coefcients have been calculated with a simple Mathematica code.
The normalization of the system (27) requires the calculation of the eigenvalues
and the eigenvectors of the matrix S whose elements are dened by equation (28).
The new k
ij
coefcients are more complex than the preceding ones and they have
been calculated with the quoted Mathematica code.
Imagine now that the beam examined is subjected to an axial load P.
Let s be the dimensionless compressive axial load and s
crit
the critical value of
it for the associated linear system.
The exact value of s
crit
is s
ex
crit
=201907.
Using the quadrature method with the distribution (5), for N=6 results
s
DQM
crit
=165861.
Using the quadrature method with the distribution (6), one obtain the results
reported in Table 2.
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
9.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 11.5 11.0 12.0
A
1
0
s. 1ox:siriio 582
5. NUMERICAL RESULTS
The solutions obtained by using the sampling points generated by the relation
(5) are compared with the results obtained by using the distribution given by (7).
The cases f =0, f =1, f =100 have been studied. Since f is constant, operating
with the quadrature method results in f
i
=f, whereas with the Galerkins
procedure it results in f
i
=2f f
1
0
f
i
dz.
Fundamental resonance with v1v
10
has been considered.
Figures 1 and 2 show the relationship frequencyinitial amplitude of the rst
mode (A
10
) for the examined cases and f =0.
The curves obtained for f q0 are not reported, because only for f =100 and
for small initial amplitudes A
10
, the discrepancies become noticeable.
5.1. rirs1 xobri
Assume s =01 and u
1
=u
3
=1. The matrix R reects the system symmetry with
the peculiarity of having equal diagonal elements. It will be:
R=
0
5162777
4296952
4296952
5162777
1
if the distribution (5) is adopted and:
R=
0
6017479
5039223
5039223
6017479
1
if the distribution (7) is chosen.
Figure 1. Free vibration response vA10 for the simply supported beam examined. ,
Distribution (5); distribution (7); ---- Galerkin method.
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10 160 110 60 260 210 310 360 410 460
A
1
0
iNi1i:i-noiNb:r.-v:iir ironirxs 583
Figure 2. Free vibration response vA10 for the clampedhinged beam examined. ,
Distribution (5); distribution (7); ---- Galerkin method.
The natural frequencies are: for the distribution (5), v
10
=9305 and
v
20
=307568; for the distribution (7), v
10
=99411 and v
20
=332666. As one can
see, v
20
13v
10
, which is the condition of internal resonance.
The non-linear coefcients are, for both cases:
k
11
=035355, k
12
=106066, k
13
=k
12
, k
14
=k
11
,
k
21
=k
11
, k
22
= k
12
, k
23
=k
12
, k
24
= k
11
,
There is a s value (s
0
) close to 228 for which R
ii
=0.
If s Qs
0
, the results are R
ii
q0 and R
ij
Q0; if s qs
0
, then R
ii
Q0 and R
ij
Q0,
but only if s Es
crit
the frequencies are real. In particular, if s =s
crit
all the R
elements are equal in absolute value so that one frequency is null. If s qs
crit
one
frequency becomes imaginary.
Finally, as expected, as s is increased, the frequency values reduce since all the
R elements in absolute value reduce.
The application of Galerkins method produces the following results:
v
10
=98703, v
20
=394411.
5.2. srcoNb xobri
It is assumed that k =12.
The quadrature method with the distribution (5) leads to the following results:
S=
0
13095985
4788968
7521546
5369786
1
s. 1ox:siriio 584
v
10
=144754, v
20
=404603,
k
11
=384714, k
12
=4473144, k
13
=276444, k
14
=8228388,
k
21
=56352, k
22
= 1398684, k
23
= 1365696, k
24
= 3582516.
The quadrature method with the distribution (7) gives:
S=
0
16040068
7474094
766903
6674618
1
v
10
=156693, v
20
=450105,
k
11
=508389, k
12
=590325, k
13
=344923, k
14
=115799,
k
21
= 220258, k
22
= 231226, k
23
= 353211, k
24
= 573842.
The results obtained by the application of the Galerkins method are:
v
10
=154182, v
20
=498238,
k
11
=3172632, k
12
=35394696, k
13
=12 6846096, k
14
=4390776,
k
21
=43 94088, k
22
=13 172328, k
23
=k
13
, k
24
=11798232.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper a convenient approach is proposed, in order to study the non-linear
dynamics of continuous systems taking into account the internal resonances and
other phenomena which are neglected in the usual reduction to a single-degree-of-
freedom oscillator. In particular, attention is drawn to two-degree-of-freedom
systems. So, the initial-boundary value problem is rst discretized by using the
generalized dierential quadrature method, with an optimized choice of the
sampling points. In this way, the non-linear partial dierential equation reduces
to a set of two non-linear ordinary dierential equations. The problem, so
governed by two coupled equations, is then investigated in detail by using a
modied version of the LindstedtPoincare` method, in which the non-linearity
needs not to be small.
As an example, two simple structural models have been investigated by using
three dierent methods, and the numerical results show that the proposed
approach behaves quite satisfactorily.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A sincere thanks to the referee who has brought to the attention of the author
reference [7].
iNi1i:i-noiNb:r.-v:iir ironirxs 585
REFERENCES
1. W. SzrxiiiN si:-S1iiNici: 1990 The Behaviour of Nonlinear Vibrating Systems,
Volume I. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2. T. Sxriov:-Rr.Noibs and E. H. Dovrii 1996 International Journal of Non-linear
Mechanics 31, 931939. The role of higher modes in the chaotic motion of the buckled
beamI.
3. R. M. LiN, M. K. Lix and H. Di 1994 Computer and Structures 53, 993999.
Deection of plates with nonlinear boundary supports using generalized dierential
quadrature.
4. C. Sni and H. Di 1997 International Journal of Solids and Structures 34, 819835.
Implementation of clamped and simply supported boundary conditions in the GDQ
free vibration analysis of beams and plates.
5. C. Fr:Nciosi and S. Tox:siriio 1998 Journal of Sound and Vibration 211, 145156.
The use of Mathematica for the analysis of a strongly nonlinear two-degree-of-free-
dom system by means of the modied LindstedtPoincare` method.
6. S. H. CnrN and Y. K. CnriNc 1996 Journal of Sound and Vibration 193, 751762.
A modied LindstedtPoincare` method for a strongly non-linear two-degree-of-free-
dom system.
7. Y. FrNc and C. W. Brr1 1992 Nonlinear Dynamics 3, 1318. Application of the
quadrature method to exural vibration analysis of a geometrically nonlinear beam.
8. C. W. Brr1 and M. M:iii 1996 Applied Mechanic Review 49, 128. Dierential
quadrature method in computational mechanics: a review.