FINAL EXAM

MATH 101, Winter 2011

Solutions
Question 1. [value 15p]
(a) Show that the series

n=0
3 + 2
n
4
n+1
is convergent and then nd its sum.
(b) Determine whether the series

n=1
1
n +

nsin
2
n
is convergent or di-
vergent. Justify your answer.
Solution:
(a)

n=0
3 + 2
n
4
n+1
=

n=0
3
4
n+1
+

n=0
2
n
4
n+1
.
The rst sum on the right is a convergent geometric series. The second sum
equals

n=0
1
4
2
n
4
n
=
1
4

n=0
1
2
n
which is also a convergent geometric series. So the given series converges.
Another method: use the ratio test.
3 + 2
n+1
4
n+2

4
n+1
3 + 2
n
=
3 + 2
n+1
4

1
3 + 2
n
.
Divide top and bottom by 2
n
giving
(3/2
n
) + 2
4 (3/2
n
+ 1)
. Taking the limit as n
we get
2
4
=
1
2
so the series converges.
For the sum,

n=0
3
4
n+1
=
3
4

n=0
1
4
n
=
3
4

1
1
1
4
=
3
4

4
3
= 1

n=0
2
n
4
n+1
=
1
4

n=0
1
2
n
=
1
4

1
1
1
2
=
1
4

2
1
=
1
2
.
So the sum of the given series is 1 + (1/2) = 3/2.
1
(b)

n=0
1
n +

nsin
2
n
. Use the limit comparison test, comparing a
n
=
1
n +

nsin
2
n
with b = 1/n,
a
n
b
n
=
1
n +

nsin
2
n

n
1
=
1
1 + (

nsin
2
n)/n
.
Since (

nsin
2
n)/n = sin
2
n/

n, and since | sin

2
n| 1, then
lim
n
sin
2
n/

n = 0, lim
n
1
1 + (

nsin
2
n)/n
= 1.
Since

n=0
b
n
=

n=0
1
n
is the harmonic series, which diverges, then the given
series also diverges, by the limit comparison test.
Question 2. [value 10p]
Determine whether the series

n=2
(1)
n
n
(lnn)
n
is absolutely convergent,
conditionally convergent, or divergent. Justify your answer.
Solution:
Let a
n
= (1)
n
n
(lnn)
n
. To test for absolute convergence, use the ratio
test:
|a
n+1
|
|a
n
|
=
n + 1
(ln(n + 1))
n+1
(lnn)
n
n
=
n + 1
n
ln(n)
n
(ln(n + 1))
n
1
ln(n + 1)
.
Take the limit as n :
lim
n
n + 1
n
= 1,
(lnn)
n
(ln(n + 1))
n
1, lim
n
1
ln(n + 1)
= 0.
So the limit is 0, and therefore the series

a
n
converges absolutely by the
ratio test.
Another method: use the root test: (a
n
)
1/n
=
n
1/n
lnn
lim
n
n
1/n
= lim
n
e
(1/n) ln n
= e
limn(1/n) ln n
.
From lHospitals rule,
lim
n
lnn
n
= lim
n
1
n
= 0 so lim
n
e
(1/n) ln n
= e
0
= 1.
2
Then since lim
n
n
1/n
= 1,
lim
x
(a
n
)
1/n
=
lim
x
n
1/n
lim
x
lnn
=
1
lim
x
lnn
= 0,
and so

|a
n
| converges by the root test.
Question 3.[value 15p]
(a) Find a power series expansion in powers of x of f(x) = x
3
ln(1+3x).
(b) Find the Maclaurin series of the function E(x) =
x
_
0
e
t
2
/2
dt and
then use it to evaluate E(1) correct to two decimal places.
Solution.
(a) We know that
ln(1 + x) =

n=0
(1)
n
x
n+1
n + 1
, |x| < 1 (for x = 1 too).
One gets the above power series representation for ln(1 + x) by starting
from the geometric series
1
1 + x
=
1
1 (x)
=

n=0
(1)
n
x
n
, which is valid
for |x| < 1, and integrating both sides.
Therefore
ln(1 + 3x) =

n=0
(1)
n
(3x)
n+1
n + 1
, |3x| < 1 (that is, |x| < 1/3 ),
and multiplying by x
3
we get
x
3
ln(1 + x) =

n=0
(1)
n
3
n+1
n + 1
x
n+4
, |x| < 1/3.
(b) We know
e
x
=

n=0
x
n
n!
, for any x R.
Therefore
e
t
2
/2
=

n=0
(t
2
/2)
n
n!
=

n=0
(1)
n
t
2n
n!2
n
.
3
Integrating term by term,
_
e
t
2
/2
dt =

n=0
(1)
n
n!2
n
t
2n+1
2n + 1
.
Thus
E(x) =
_
x
0
e
t
2
/2
dt =

n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)n!2
n
t
2n+1

t=x
t=0
so
E(x) =

n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)n!2
n
x
2n+1
.
Next, substituting x = 1 we get
E(1) =

n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)n!2
n
1
2n+1
=

n=0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)n!2
n
.
Since this is an alternating series, to estimate E(1) we may use the ASET,
according to which
E(1) s
n
(sum of the terms up to index n),
where the error R
n
in this approximation is controlled by the rst neglected
term, that is,
|R
n
|
1
(2(n + 1) + 1)(n + 1)!2
n+1
=
1
(2n + 3)(n + 1)!2
n+1
.
To have |R
n
| < 0.001, it is enough to choose n so that
1
(2n + 3)(n + 1)!2
n+1
< 0.001 =
1
1000
,
or equivalently,
(2n + 3)(n + 1)!2
n+1
> 1000.
By inspection we nd that n = 3 satises the last condition. Thus, correct
to two decimal places,
E(1) s
3
= 1
1
6
+
1
40

1
336
.
4
Question 4.[value 10p]
Find the radius and the interval of convergence of the series

n=1
lnn
n
(x + 1)
n
.
Solution:
First observe that the series is centered at 1, so the interval of conver-
gence should look like
1 + R 1 1 R
where the inclusion/exclusion of the endpoints has to be decided sepa-
rately.
Using the Ratio Test one nds that the radius of convergence is R = 1.
It remains to test the endpoints x = 1 R = 2 and x = 1 + R = 0
For x = 2, the series becomes

n=1
(1)
n
lnn
n
.
This series is alternating, where the sequence
lnn
n
is decreasing and con-
verges to 0. By the AST we conclude that

n=1
(1)
n
lnn
n
is convergent.
Thus the endpoint x = 2 must be included in the interval of convergence.
For x = 0, the series becomes

n=1
lnn
n
.
Since
lnn
n

1
n
and the series

n=1
1
n
diverges, by the BCT we conclude that
the series

n=1
lnn
n
diverges too. Thus the endpoint x = 0 must be excluded
from the interval of convergence.
Finally, the interval of convergence is [2, 0).
Question 5.[value 15p]
5
(a) Show that (1, 0) is a self intersection point of the curve x(t) = 1 +
cos t + 2 cos
2
t, y (t) = sint + 2 cos t sint, 0 t 2. Find the slopes for
both tangent lines to the curve at (1, 0) .
(b) Compute the area of the plane region that lies inside the polar curve
r = 2 + 2 cos and outside the polar curve r = 3.
Solution:
(a) The equations x(t) = 1 and y(t) = 0 lead to the two simultaneous
equations
0 = cos t (1 + 2 cos t)
0 = sint (1 + 2 cos t)
These hold simultaneously if and only if 1 +2 cos t = 0. For 0 t 2, the
solutions of this condition are t =
2
3
and t =
4
3
. So this is a self-intersection
point.
Dierentiating these equations, we get
dx
dt
= sint (1 + 4 cos t) = sint 2 sin2t
dy
dt
= cos t + 2
_
cos
2
t sin
2
t
_
= cos t + 2 cos 2t

dy
dx
=
_
cos t + 2 cos 2t
sint + sin2t
_
,
except where the denominator is zero. From this, we easily compute that
the slopes of the tangents are given by:
t =
2
3

dy
dx
=

3
t =
4
3

dy
dx
=

3
(b) These two curves intersect at = /3 and at = 5/3. By sym-
metry, the area we seek is twice the area between the curves from = 0 to
6
= /3, so we may write it as
Area =
1
2

2
_

1
(f())
2
d =
/3
_
0
_
4
_
1 + 2 cos + cos
2

_
3
2

d
=
/3
_
0
_
5 + 8 cos + 4 cos
2

d =
/3
_
0
[5 + 8 cos + 2 + 2 cos(2)] d
= [3 + 8 sin + sin(2)]
/3
0
=
9

3
2
=
3
5/2
2

Question 6.[value 10p]
Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve given by
parametric equations x = cos
3
t, y = sin
3
t , 0 t /2, about the x-axis.
Solution:
dx
dt
= 3 cot
2
t sint
dy
dt
= 3 sin
2
t cos t
ds = 3
_
cos
4
t sin
2
t + sin
4
t cos
2
tdt = 3 |sint cos t| dt
Thus
Surface Area = 2
_
|y(t)|ds = 6
/2
_
0
sin
4
t cos
t
dt =
6
5
sin
5
t

/2
0
=
6
5
Question 7.[value 15p]
(a) Find the point on the curve r(t) = (e
t
)

i +(e
t
sint)

j +
_
e
t
cos t
_

k, at
the distance

3 (e 1) units along the curve from the point (1, 0, 1) in the
direction of increasing t.
(b) Find parametric equations for the tangent line at (1, 1, 2) to the
curve r(t) = t, t
2
, 2, t R.
7
Solution:
(a) From the arclength formula we have
s(t) =
t
_
0
_
_
r

(t)
_
_
dt =
t
_
0
_
e
2t
+ (e
t sin t
+ e
t
cos t)
2
+ (e
t
cos t e
t sint
)
2
dt
=
t
_
0

3e
2t
dt =

3(e
t
1).
Hence

3(e 1) =

3(e
t
1) t = 1
and the requested point is (e, e sin1, e cos 1).
(b) The given point is obtained for t = 1. The direction of the tangent
line is given by the vector r

(1) = 1, 2, 0 . An equation for the tangent

line is:
(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 2) + t 1, 2, 0
or parametrically,
x = 1 + t, y = 1 2t, z = 2
Question 8.[value 10p]
Show that the curve r(t) = 2 cos t, 2 sint, cos t sint, 0 t 2, lies
at the intersection of a cylinder and a plane. Find the point(s) on the curve
at which the curvature is maximum.
Solution:
If r(t) = 2 cos t, 2 sint, cos t sint then x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sint and
z = cos t sint.
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= 4 cos
2
t + 4 sin
2
t = 4
we conclude that the curve lies on the cylinder x
2
+y
2
= 4.On the other
hand
2z + x + y = 2 cos t 2 sint + 2 cos t + 2 sint = 0
Hence the curve lies on the plane 2z + x + y = 0.
The curve is at the intersection of the plane 2z + x + y = 0,that is not
perpendicular to the xyplane, and the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 4 hence it is an
ellipse.
8
We have :
r

(t) = 2 sint, 2 cos t, sint cos t , r

(t) = 2 cot s, 2 sint, cot s + sint

r

(t) r

(t) = 2, 2, 4 ,
_
_
r

(t) r

(t)
_
_
= 2

3,
_
_
r

(t)
_
_
=

5 sin2t
Hence
k(t) =
r

(t) r

(t)
r

(t)
3
=
2

3
(5 sin2t)
3/2
The curvature is maximum if and only if the denominator is minimum
that is sin2t = 1 that gives two values t = /4, t = 5/4 hance the points
of maximal curvature are
_
2,

2,

2
_
and
_

2,

2,

2
_
.
9