Catchment area and its physical characteristics; Hydrologic cycle; Hydroclimatology.

2
Precipitation types and forms, Measurement of rainfall Rain gauges, Estimation of
missing rainfall data, checking of consistency, Optimum number of Rain gauges.
Calculation of average rainfall over area different methods. Frequency analysis of
rainfall intensity duration curve. Rainfall mass curve, hyetograph.
4
Evaporation, evapotranspiration and infiltration the processes, measurement and
estimation.
2
Factors affecting run off, estimation of run off, rainfall run off relationship. Flow duration
graph. Time for concentration. Peak flow.
4
Stream flow measurement; direct and indirect methods, stage discharge curve; backwater
effects.
4
Hydrographs; characteristics. Base flow separation. Unit Hydrographs. Derivation of unit
hydrographs. S-curve. Snyders and Clarks synthetic unit hydrographs.
4
Types of Irrigation systems, methods of irrigation. 2
Water requirements of crops: Crop period or Base period, Duty & Delta of a crop, relation
between Duty & Delta, Duty at various places, flow Duty & quantity Duty, factors
affecting Duty, measures for improving Duty of water, crop seasons.
4
Canal Irrigation: Introduction, classification of irrigation canals, Efficient section, certain
important definitions, Time factor, Capacity factor, full supply co-efficient, Nominal duty,
Channel losses, Examples.
4
Design of unlined alluvial channels by silt Theories: Introduction, Kennedys theory,
procedure for design of channel by Kennedys method,
Laceys theory, concept of True regime Initial regime and final regime, design procedure
using Laceys theory, ,Methods of prevention of silt deposition in canals and reservoirs,
examples.
Lining of Irrigation Cannals : Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of canal lining ,
economics and requirements of canal lining, Types of lining, Design of lined
Canals- examples
2. Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)
After the exact evapotranspiration of crops has been determined, the NIR should be
determined. This is the net amount of water applied to the crop by irrigation exclusive of
ER, S and GW.
NIR = WR ER S GW
The word net is to imply that during irrigation there are always unavoidable losses as
runoff and deep percolation.
NIR is determined during different stages of the crop by dividing the completely growing
season into suitable intervals. The growing season is more preferably divided into
decades. The ETcrop during each decade is determined by subtracting these
contributions from the ETcrop.
3. Gross irrigation requirement (GIR)
Usually more amount of water than the NIR is applied during irrigation to compensate
for the unavoidable losses. The total water applied to satisfy ET and losses is known as
Gross irrigation requirement (GIR)
GIR =NIR Where, Ea =application efficiency
3.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES
1. Water Conveyance efficiency (Ec)
This term is used to measure the efficiency of water conveyance system associated
with the canal network, watercourses and field channels. It is also applicable where the
water is conveyed in channels from the well to the individual fields. It is expressed as
follows:


Ec=Wf*100/Wd

Where Ec = water conveyance efficiency, %
Wf = Water delivered to the irrigated plot (At the field supply channel)
Wd = Water diverted from the source.
2. Water application Efficiency (Ea)
After the water reaches the field supply Channel, it is important to apply the water as
efficiently as possible. A measure of how efficiently this is done is the water application
efficiency.


Ea=Ws*100/Wf


Where Ea = application efficiency, %
Ws = water stored in the rot zone of the plants.
Wf = Water delivered to the irrigated plot (At the field supply channel)
Water application efficiency below 100 percent are due to seepage looses from the field
distribution channels, deep percolation below the crop root zone and runoff loses from
the tail end of borders and furrows ( in very long fields).