4G- COMMUNICATIONS

B.Ratna Kumari (096C1A0206)

Electrical &Electronics Engineering
Miracle Educational ociet! "rou# $% &nstitutions
'i(ianagaram )*)002
+oddanaratna20,gmail.com
Abstract
Mo+ile communication is
continuousl! one o% t-e -ottest areas t-at
are de.elo#ing at a +ooming s#eed/ 0it-
ad.anced tec-ni1ues emerging in all t-e
%ields o% mo+ile and 0ireless
communications. 2it- t-is ra#id
de.elo#ment it is e3#ected t-at %ourt-
generation mo+ile s!stems 0ill +e launc-ed
0it-in decades. 4" mo+ile s!stems %ocus on
seamlessl! integrating t-e e3isting 0ireless
tec-nologies. 5-is contrasts 0it- *"/
0-ic- merel! %ocuses on de.elo#ing ne0
standards and -ard0are. 4" s!stems 0ill
su##ort com#re-ensi.e and #ersonali(ed
ser.ices/ #ro.iding sta+le s!stem
#er%ormance and 1ualit! ser.ice.
64"6 doesn7t 8ust de%ine a standard9
it descri+es an en.ironment 0-ere radio
access met-ods 0ill +e a+le to intero#erate
to #ro.ide communications sessions t-at
can seamlessl! 6-and:o%%6 +et0een t-em.
More t-an an! ot-er tec-nolog!/ 4" 0ill
-a.e a #ro%ound im#act on t-e entire
0ireless landsca#e and t-e total .alue
c-ain. 5-is #a#er %ocuses on t-e .ision o%
4" and +rie%l! e3#lains t-e tec-nologies
and %eatures o% 4".
1. Introduction
Mobile communications and wireless
networks are developing at an astounding
speed. The approaching 4G (fourth
generation) mobile communication systems
are projected to solve stillremaining
problems of !G (third generation) systems
and to provide a wide variety of new
services" from high#uality voice to high
definition video to $ighdatarate wireless
channel. 4G can be defined as MAGIC%
Mobile multimedia" anytime anywhere"
Global mobility support" integrated wireless
solution" and customi&ed personal service.
4G is used broadly to include several types
of broadband wireless access communication
systems along with cellular telephone
systems. The 4G systems not only will
support the ne't generation of mobile
service" but also will support the fi'ed
wireless networks.
The 4G systems will interoperate
with (G and !G systems" as well as with
digital (broadband) broadcasting systems
and )*based one. The 4G infrastructure
consists of a set of various networks using
)* ()nternet protocol) as a common protocol
so that users are in control because they will
be able to choose every application and
environment. 4G mobile data transmission
rates are planned to be up to (+ megabits
per second.
2. Evaluation
Traditionally" wireless systems were
considered as an au'iliary approach that was
used in regions where it was difficult to build
a connection by wire line.
,G was based on analogy techni#ue and
deployed in the ,-.+s. )t built the basic
structure of mobile communications and
solved many fundamental problems" e.g.
cellular architecture adopting" multiple'ing
fre#uency band" roaming across domain"
noninterrupted communication in mobile
circumstances" etc. /peech chat was the only
service of ,G.
(G was based on digital signal processing
techni#ues and regarded as a revolution
from analogy to digital technology" which
has gained tremendous success during ,--+s
with G/M as the representative.
(.0G e'tended the (G with data service
and packet switching methods" and it was
regarded as !G services for (G networks.
1nder the same networks with (G" (.0G
brought the )nternet into mobile personal
communications. This was a revolutionary
concept leading to hybrid communications.
!G is deploying a new system offer
multimedia transmission" global roaming
across a cellular or other single type of
wireless network" and bit rates ranging from
!.4 2bps to several Mbps. 3ased on
intelligent 4/* techni#ues" various
multimedia data communications services
are transmitted by convergent !G networks.
!G still leaves some unsolved problems that
it does not concern or concerns only partly.
The limitations and difficulties of !G
include5
6 7imitation of spectrum and its
allocation.
664ifficult to roam across distinct service
environment in different fre#uency bands.
67ack of endtoend seamless transport
mechanism spanning a mobile subnetwork
and a fi'ed one.

$owever" the demand for higher
access speed multimedia communication in
today8s society and the limitations of !G
communication service wave the path for 4G
mobile communication.
3. Arcit!ctur! o" 4G
9ne of the most challenging
problems facing deployment of 4G
technology is how to access several different
mobile and wireless networks. There are
three possible architectures for 4G.
:Multimode devices
:9verlay network
:;ommon access protocol.
3.1. Multi#od! d!vic!s
This architecture uses a single
physical terminal with multiple interfaces to
access services on different wireless
networks. )t may improve call completion
and e'pand effective coverage area. )t
should also provide reliable wireless
coverage in case of network" link" or switch
failure. The user" device" or network can
initiate handoff between networks. The
device itself incorporates most of the
additional comple'ity without re#uiring
wireless network modification or employing
inters working devices. <ach network can
deploy a database that keeps track of user
location" device capabilities" network
conditions" and user preferences.
=igure,
The handling of #ualityofservice (>o/)
issues remains an open research #uestion.
3.2. Ov!rla$ n!t%or&
)n this architecture" a user accesses
an overlay network consisting of several
universal access points. These 1?*s in turn
select a wireless network based on
availability" >o/ (>uality of /ervice)
specifications" and user defined choices. ?
1?* performs protocol and fre#uency
translation" content adaptation" and >o/
negotiationrenegotiation on behalf of users.
The overlay network" rather than the user or
device" performs handoffs as the user moves
from one 1?* to another.
=igure(
? 1?* stores user" network" and device
information" capabilities" and preferences.
3.3. Co##on acc!ss 'rotocol
This protocol becomes viable if
wireless networks can support one or two
standard access protocols. 9ne possible
solution" which will re#uire inter working
between different networks" uses wireless
asynchronous transfer mode. To implement
wireless ?TM" every wireless network must
allow transmission of ?TM cells with
additional headers or wireless ?TM cells
re#uiring changes in the wireless networks.
=igure!

4. 4G #obil! t!cnolo(i!s)
4.,) 9pen @ireless ?rchitecture (9@?)
4.()/pectrumefficient highspeed
wireless mobile transmission
4.1O'!n *ir!l!ss Arcit!ctur! +O*A,
? single system architecture
characteri&ed by a hori&ontal communication
model providing common platform to
complement different access technologies in
an optimum way for different service
re#uirements and radio environments is
called the conv!r(!d broadband %ir!l!ss
'lat"or# or o'!n %ir!l!ss arcit!ctur!
+O*A,. 9@? will be the ne't storm in
wireless communications" fueled by many
emerging technologies including digital
signal processing" software definable radio"
intelligent antennas.
The open wireless platform re#uires5
?rea and powerefficient broadband
signal processing for wideband wireless
applications
$ighest industry channel density
(M9*/ pooling) in fle'ible new 3T/ signal
processing architectures
3T/ solutions scalable to higher
clock rates and higher network capacity
@aveformspecific processors
provides new architecture for platform reuse
in terminals for multiservice capability
Terminal solutions achieve highest
computational efficiency for application with
high fle'ibility
*owerful layered software
architecture using virtual machine
programming concept .
S'ac!-Ti#! Codin( and MIMO
+Multi'l!-In'ut-Multi'l!-Out'ut,
)ncreasing demand for high
performance 4G broadband wireless mobile
calls for use of multiple antennas at both
base station and subscriber ends. Multiple
antenna technologies enable high capacities
suited for )nternet and multimedia services
and also dramatically increase range and
reliability. The challenge for wireless
broadband access lies in providing a
comparable #uality of service for similar cost
as competing wireline technologies.

=igure4
The target fre#uency band for this system is
( to 0 G$& due to favorable propagation
characteristics and low radiofre#uency (A=)
e#uipment cost.
Advanta(!s
/patial diversity and coding gains for
large link budget gains (B,+ d3).
-isadvanta(!
Multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver provide diversity in a fading
environment.
4.2. S'!ctru#-!""ici!nt .i(-s'!!d
%ir!l!ss #obil! trans#ission
@idearea wireless broadband
systems spectral efficiency can yield a system
capacity that allows that e'perience to be
delivered simultaneously to many users in a
cell" reducing the cost of service delivery for
this massmarket broadband service. These
systems are optimi&ed to e'ploit the full
potential of adaptive antenna signal
processing" thereby providing robust" high
speed connections for mobile users with a
minimum of radio infrastructure.
The spectral efficiency of a radio system
the #uantity of billable services that can
be delivered in a unit of spectrum directly
impacts network economics and service
#uality. /pectrally efficient systems have the
following characteristics5
Aeduced spectrum re#uirements"
minimi&ing upfront capital e'penses related
to spectrum
Aeduced infrastructure re#uirements"
minimi&ing capital and operating costs
associated with base station sites" translating
into reduced costs per subscriber and per
covered population element
The ac#uisition of spectrum is a key
component of the cost structure of wireless
systems" and two key features of spectrum
have great impact on that cost the
spectral efficiency of the wireless system and
the type of spectrum re#uired to implement
the system. ? fully capable and commercially
viable mobile broadband system can operate
in as little as 0 M$& of unpaired spectrum
with a total of (+ Mbps throughput per cell
in that amount of spectrum.
/actors contribut! to t! s'!ctral
!""ici!nc$ o" a s$st!#
,) Modulation formats" ?ir interface
overhead
() Multiple access method" 1sage model.
The #uantities just mentioned all
contribute to the bitsCsecondC$ert&
dimensions of the unit. The appearance of a
Dper cellE dimension may seem surprising"
but the throughput of a particular cellFs base
station in a cellular network is almost always
substantially less than that of a single cell in
isolation. The reason is selfinterference
generated in the network" re#uiring the
operator to allocate fre#uencies in blocks
that are separated in space by one or more
cells
0. 4G /!atur!s
: $igh usability5 anytime" anywhere" and
with any technology. 4G networks are all)*
based heterogeneous networks that allow
users to use any system at any time and
anywhere.
: /upport for multimedia services at low
transmission cost.
:*ersonali&ation" integrated services
:<ntirely packet switched networks.
:?ll network elements are digital.
:$igher bandwidth" tight network security.
:;oping with the e'pected growth in
)nternet
: 9pening new spectrum frontiers
4G networks e'pected to support realtime
multimedia services that are highly time
sensitive.
1. /utur! o" 4G
DThe future of wireless is not just
wireless" it is a part of life.E The future offers
faster speeds and larger bandwidth. )t is
suggested that 4G technologies will allow
!4 virtual reality and interactive video C
hologram images. The technology could also
increase interaction between compatible
technologies" so that the smart card in the
handset could automatically pay for goods in
passing a linked payment kiosk (imode can
already boast this capability) or will tell your
car to warm up in the morning" because your
phone has noted you have left the house or
have set the alarm. 4G is e'pected to
provide highresolution images (better
#uality than TG images) and videolinks (all
of these will re#uire a band width of about
,++M$&).
)t is likely that the forecasts of the
ne't 82iller ?pps8 for 4G technology will
change as customer demand develops over
time.

2. Conclusion
7ow cost high speed data will drive forward
the fourth generation (4G) as shortrange
communication emerges. /ervice and
application ubi#uity" with a high degree of
personali&ation and synchroni&ation between
various user appliances" will be another driver.
)t is probable that the radio access network
will evolve from a centrali&ed architecture to a
distributed one. 4G is likely to enable the
download of full length songs or music pieces
which may change the market response
dramatically.
@e hope that future generations of
wireless networks will provide virtually
unlimited opportunities to the global"
connected community. )nnovations in
network technology will provide an
environment in which virtually anything is
available" anywhere" at any time" via any
connected device.
3. 4!"!r!nc!s
H,I www.isi.edu
H(I www.icsi.berkeley.edu
H!I www.4g.co.uk