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Lecture 2
OSI Reference Model
Module 1
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2.2
LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there
were no services available from the post office.
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2.3
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
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2.4
THE OSI MODEL
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI model. It was first introduced in
the late !"#$s.
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2.5
Seven layers of the OSI model
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2.6
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
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2.7
An exchange using the OSI model
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Physical Layer
The physical layer is concerned with the following:
Physical characteristics of interfaces and media: The physical layer
defines the characteristics of the interface between devices
and the transmission media, including its type.
Representation of the bits: the physical layer data consist of a
stream of bits without any interpretation. To be transmitted,
bits must be encoded into signals electrical or optical. The
physical layer defines the type of encoding.
Data rate: The physical layer defines the transmission rate, the
number of bits sent each second.
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2.
Physical layer
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2.1!
The physical layer is responsi"le for #ove#ents of
individual "its fro# one hop $node% to the ne&t.
Note
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The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility,
to a reliable link and is responsible for node-to-node delivery. It makes the
physical layer appear error free to the upper layer (network layer).
Functions of the data link layer:
Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the
network layer into data units called frames.
Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the
network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the
physical address of the sender (source address) and/or receiver
(destination address) of the frame.
Data link layer
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Flow Control
If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the
rate produced in the sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to prevent overwhelming the receiver.
Error control
The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer by adding
mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. Error
control is normally achieved through a trailer to the end of the frame.
Access Control.
hen two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link
layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control
over the link at any time.
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2.13
Data link layer
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2.14
The data link layer is responsi"le for #oving
fra#es fro# one hop $node% to the ne&t.
Note
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Hop&to&hop delivery
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Network layer
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Network 'ayer
The !etwork layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet possible across multiple networks.
If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no
need for a network layer. However, if the two systems are attached
to different networks, there is often a need for the network layer to
accomplish source-to-destination delivery.
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The network layer is responsi"le for the
delivery of individual packets fro#
the source host to the destination host.
Note
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Logical addressing.
The network layer adds a header to the packet coming from the
upper layer, among other things, includes the logical address of
the sender and receiver.
Routing
hen independent networks or links are connected together to
create an internetwork (a network of networks) or a large
network, the connecting devices (called routers or gateways) route
or switch the packets to their final destination.
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Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for process!to!process
deli"ery of the entire message.
The network layer does not recogni"e any relationship
between packets.
The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives
intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow
control at the process-to-process level.
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Transport layer
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2.23
The transport layer is responsi"le for the delivery
of a #essage fro# one process to another.
Note
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Reliable process&to&process delivery of a message
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Functions of the transport layer
Port addressing :
#omputer often run several processes (running programs) at the same
time. Process-to-process delivery means delivery from a specific
process on one computer to a specific process on the other.
The transport layer header include a type of address called port address.
The network layer gets each packet to the correct computer$ the
transport layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that
computer.
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Functions of the transport layer
Segmentation and reassem#ly:
a message is divided into transmittable segments, each having a
se%uence number. These numbers enable the transport layer to
reassemble the message correctly upon arrival at the destination.
Connection control:
The transport layer can be either connectionless or connection-
oriented.
A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an
independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
A connection-oriented transport layer makes a connection with the
transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering the
packets. After all the data are transferred, the connection is
terminated.
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Functions of the transport layer
Flow control:
The transport layer performs a flow control end to end. The data
link layer performs flow control across a single link.
Error control:
The transport layer performs error control end to end. The data link
layer performs control across a single link.
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Session layer
The session layer is the network dialog controller.
It was designed to establish, maintain, and synchroni"e the
interaction between communicating devices.
session layer
The session layer is responsi"le for dialog
control and synchroni(ation.
Note
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Session layer
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presentation layer
The presentation layer was designed to handle the synta& and
semantics of the information e&changed between the two systems.
It was designed for data translation$ encryption$ decryption, and
compression.
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsi"le for translation)
co#pression) and encryption.
Note
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Presentation layer
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The application layer is responsi"le for
providing services to the user.
Note
The application layer enables the user to access the network.
It provides user interfaces and support for services such electronic
email, remote file access, , and so on.
Application Layer
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Application layer
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Summary of layers
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2.35
TCP%IP protocol suite
The layers in the T#P/IP protocol suite do not e&actly match those in the OSI
model.
The original T#P/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers:
host-to network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when T#P/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the T#P/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and application.
TCP/IP PRTCL S!ITE
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T'P/IP and OSI model
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Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the
TCP/IP protocols.
ADDRESSI!'
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2.3*
Relationship of layers and addresses in T'P/IP
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2.3
Physical addresses
+n Figure a node with physical address 1! sends a fra#e to a node with physical
address *7. The two nodes are connected "y a link $"us topology ',N%
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2.4!
Most local&area networks use a ()&bit (*&byte physical
address written as !+ hexadecimal digits, every byte (+
hexadecimal digits is separated by a colon, as shown below-
!7:!1:!2:!1:2-:4.
, 6/"yte $12 he&adeci#al digits% physical address.
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2.41
Figure +.+$ shows
a part of an internet with two routers connecting three .ANs.
/ach device (computer or router has a pair of addresses (logical and
physical for each connection.
In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore
has only one pair of addresses.
/ach router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown
in the figure.
So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.
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figure +.+$ IP addresses
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Figure +.+!
shows two computers communicating via the Internet.
The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port
addresses a, b, and c.
The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses 0 and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process 0 in the receiving computer.
Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical
and port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.
/xample +.(
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Figure 2.21 Port addresses
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The physical addresses will change fro# hop to hop)
"ut the logical addresses usually re#ain the sa#e.
Note
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/xample +.1
A port address is a !*&bit address represented by
one decimal number as shown.
753
, 16/"it port address represented
as one single nu#"er.