PRCGR.

ESSmom
on
CLEAVAGE FRACTURE OF SHIP PLATE
HATCH CORNER TESTS
by
E. PAUL DeGARMO, J. L. MERIAM, R. C. GFtASSI,
Jo w, RARW Am u. p. olBR~
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
under Navy Contract NObs-31222
COMMITTF3 ON SHIP COiW.~UCTION
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
NATIONAL RESEARCH CO?!K IL
Serial No. SSC-1
copy No.
b ii
July 21+, YM
PREFACE

The Navy Department through the Bureau of Ships is distributing this

report to those agencies and individuals that were actively associated with this
researcr]program. This report represents a part of the research work contracted
for under the section of the Navyls directive to investigate the design and con-
struction of welded steel merchant vesselsll.
The distribution of this report is as follows:
Cepy No. 1 - Chief, Bureau of Shipsj Navy Department J~z4$G
Copy No. 2 - Dr. D.
J.Bronk, Chairman, National Research Council JULZ446
Board to InvestigatetheDesign and Methods of Construction
of Welded Steel Merchant Vessels
Copy No. 3 - Rear Admiral Harvey F. Johnson, USCG, ChairmanW15~~
Copy No. 4 - Vice Admiral d. L. Cochrane, USN
Copy No. 5 - Captain T. L. Schumacher, USN
Copy No. 6- Comdr. 8. D. Schmtidtman,USCG
Copy No. 7 - David Arnott,
Copy No. 8 - Captain il.13.
Copy No, 9 - Captain L. V.
Copy No. 10 - Captain i?.P.
American ilureauof Shipping
Sub-board
Lank, Jr. USCG, Chairman~154G
Honsinger, USN
Roop, USN
Copy No, 11- Comdr. R. S. Mandelkorn, USN
Copy No. 12 - Comdr. P. A. Ovenden, USCGR
Copy No. 6 - Comdr. R. D, Schmidtman, WCG
19
p- h %A*
E//4/46
f
G .~+u. fi~
Copy No. 14- Lt. Comdr. E. IL MacCutcheon, USCG
-.
(J g )
L ~R
+-@4)$k- $/.;.,
L*U.
Copy No. 16- J. L. &;es
)
Copy No. 17 - .4.G. Bissel.1
Copy No. M - D. P. Brown
copy No. 19 - Finn Joi~assen
copyNoo 20 - s. i.LaIlk
copy No. 21 - E. d. krtinsky
+
Copy No. 22 - G. S. MWhalapov
copy No. 23 - Ubert liuller
COpy No. 24 - John Vasta
COpy No. 25 - J. L. ~Jilson
Research Advisory Committee
Copy No. 22 -
AUG1545
G. S. Mikhalapov, ChairWn
Copy No. 9 - CaptaL: L. V, Honsinger, LM
CoPy NO. IQ - Captain ~~.P. 1300P,USN
Copy No. 6 - Comdr. R. D. Schmidtman, U5CG
Copy No. 13 - Com.dr.E. G. Touceda, USNR
copy No. 14 - Lt. Comdr. E. h. MacCutcileon,USCGR
COpy No. 16 - J. L, Babes
Research Advisory Cotittee (cont!d)
copy No. 19 - Finn Jonassen
~iJe j5 ,%
COpy MO. 23 - Albert Mull.er
COPY No, 24 - John Vasta
copy No. 25.-J. L. Jilson
?VeldingAdvisory Committee
COpy NO. 26 - Captain i).R. Simonson, USCG, Chairman ~u~154&
COPY iio.27 - T. J. Grtifin
,.
.
Committee Members of
Research Projects SR-89, 92, 93 and 96
copy No. 22 - G. .S.Mi.khalapov,Chairman AUG15W
Copy No. 28 - J. O. Almen,
Copy No. 7 - David Arnott
Copy No. 16 - J. L. Bates
.copJ-NO. 29- H. C. Boardman
Copy No. 30 - Paul Ffield
.
copy No. 31 - C. H. Herty, Jr.
COpy No. 32 - S, L. Hoyt
Copy No. 33 - J, b. Kommers
Copy No. 34 - A. Nadai
Copy lioo35 - H. Ii.Pierce
rJOpyNO. 36- H. d. Russell
Cop~No. 37 - E. C. Smith
$
Cop No. 24 - John Vasta
COpy 1$0.25 - J. L. ,iilson
COpyNOO 38 - i ~. I W. ,Iilson
Navy Department
Copy No. 39 - Captain N. :f.
Gokey, USIJ,Bureau of Ships ~54a.
Copy No. 40 -
Comdr. R. L. Evans, Ub!Y,Bureau of Ships ,.
copy No. 41 - Noah Kahn, New York Navy bhipyards
Copy No. 42 - I. R, Kramer$ Office of Research and Inventions
copy No. 43 - K. D. Mllairs, Bureau of Ships
COpy NO. 44 - d. Rassman, Bureau of ships
Copy No. L5 - Naval Research laboratory
Copy i~o.46 - Publications Board, IJavyDepartment via-Bmeau of Ships,-Code330c
Representat~ves of American Iron and Steel Institute
Committee on Mu-m.facturingProblems
copy NO. 47 - C. M. Parker, Secretary, General Technical Comri-titteej 54$
American Iron & Steel Institute
COpy NO. 48- L. C. Bibberj Carnegie-Illinois steel Corporation
copy No. 31 - C. H, Herty, Jr., Bethlehem Steel Company
Copy No. 37 - E. C. Smith, Republic Steel Corporation
Copy No. 49 -
CopyNo. 50-
CopyNo. 51-
CopyNo. 52 -
Copy No. 53 -
Copy No. 54-
CopyNo. 55 -
Copy No, 19 -
cOpy~O. 56 -
Copy No. 57 -
Copy No. 58 -
Copy No. 59 -
COpy NO. 60-
Copies No. 61
Members of the Jeld Stress Committee
Welding Research Council
Everett Chapman, Chaiman ~~~s;;
C. A. Adams
LaMotte Grover
Wlliam Spraragen
Chairman, Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, NRC d~:-
Dr. Clyde Williams, Chairman, Committee on Engineering Materials
Chairman, Committee on Ship Construction
Finn Jonassen, Research Supervisor
M. P. OIBrien, Technical Representativej Research Project SR-92
E. Paul DeGarmo, Investigator, Research Project SR-92
J. L. Meriam, Investigator, Research Project SR-92
R. C. Grassi, Investigator, Research Project SR-92
J, d, Harman, Investigator, Research Project S%92
thru 65 - Library of Congress via Bureau of Ships, Code 330c, Navy
Copy No. 71-
COPY No. 72 -
copy No. 73 -
copy No. 74 -
Copy No. 75 -
copy No. 76 -
Copy No. 77 -
copy No. 78-
CopyNo. 79-
Copy No. 80 -
Copy No. 81 -
Copy NO. 82 -
Copy No. 83 -
Copy No. 8~ -
Copy No, 85 -
COPY No. 86 -
Co:jr
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
copy
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copy
copy
No. 87
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No. 98
No. 99
No,100
100- Bureau of Ships)
of Copies - 10Q
//
b ,$ ,>~
J~y 24, 1946
.
Chiefj Bureau of Ships
Navy Department
Washington 25, D. C.
Dear Sir:
Attached is Report Serial No. SSC-1, entitled
I!CleavageFracture of Ship Plate: Hatch Corner Testslt.
This report has been submitted by the contractor as a progress
report on the work done under Contract NObs-31222 between the
Bureau of Ships, Navy Department, and the University of
California.
The report has been reviewed aildacceptance
recommended byrepresentatives of the Committee on Ship Con-
struction, Division of Engineering and Industrial Research,
NRC, in accordance with the terms of the
the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department and
of Sciences.
Very truly
%,
t >
contract between
the National Academy
yours,
- -r.-
Chairman, Division of Engirieering
and Industrial Research
Enclosure
PROGRESS REPORT
U.S. Navy Research Project NObs-31222
CAIJSESOF CLEAVAGE FRACTURE IIJSHIP PLATE
-.. _, ___ ,..
Hatch Corner Tests
September 1,
1945 to ],lar~h 1, 1946 ~~
From:
University of C3.lifornia
Department of Engineering
M. P. OIBrien, Technical Represontativo
Report prep:wed by:
E. P~ul DeGo.rmo
J. L. Wriam
R. C. Grassi
J. 7.Harman
ABSTIRACT

Six full scale spccimvns, similar

a ship, were constructed from a low corbon,
in design to a hatch corner of
ship quality, semi-killed steel
and tested to failure. One tested at 1.20F gave a shear type fracture.
All others tested at room +x+rnperature failed with cleavage type frxctures.
TWo which wore welded with,preheat at 400 F showed superior performance,
both in strength end energy absorption. Two which were fabricated by
riveting gave inferior porformancti.
An invcstigutienwas conducted to determine the effects of preheat
and a comp~,risonmade with the effects of 1000 F postheat treatment for
8 hours.
Studies were m~.decf qumter scale symmetrical and asymm.~trical
hatch corner models to determine which type)of specimen would best dupli-
cate the stress condition existing in actual ships.
PROGRKSS REPORT
U. S, Navy Research Projoct NObs-31222
CAUSES OF CLEAVAGE FRACTURE IN SHIP PLATE
..--. ..--. .-. ...- .-.
Hatch Corner Tests
September 1, 1945 to W.rch 1, 1946
3rom:
University of California.
Depmrtr.lent ofEngineering
M, P. OIBric~n,Technico.1!dc)prcscntntive
Report prcpo.redby:
E. Wul DcGarmo
,J.L. Moriam
&
C. Grassi
J. W. Harman
COIMWNTS
.,.
Introduction, . . . , . . . . . . . . . .
Expcrimontal Proccdurc
Part I - Full Scalo Spocimcns
Proccdurc . . . . . . . . .
Rcfllllts G . . . . G . . ,
Pc.rt11 - Effect of Preheating
Procedure . . . . .
Results . . . . . .
l%rt 111 - Y!odclStudies
procedure . .
I?c!sultsG G .
Conclusions . . . . . . . ,
Bibliography . . . . . . .
.
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. . 6
. . 9
. . 10
. . 13
. . 14
. . 16
G o18
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Page No.
.
TabS.e I -
~~[elding skqv.ences
Hatch Corner specimens . . . . . . . . .
T~b~~ II
-Analysi.s of steels. . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 111 - Tensile and ~rardnessproperties of Steels for .
Kakeh Cor]lerSychnens . .. . . . . . . . , . . . A . .
Table IV - Results, Full Scale Hatch Corner Tests . . . . . . . . .
Thble V - Results, Full Scs.lc%tch Corner Tests for First
13 Specimens. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Table VI - SingloPass Specimens . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . .
Table VII - Multiple Pass Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig. 1 -
Fig. 2 -
Fig, 3 -
Fig. 4 -
Fig. 5-
Fig, 6 -
Fig. 7 -
Fig. 8 -
Fifl.9 -
Rcwj.sedDesign o,fthe Full Scale Hatch Corner Model.. . , .
Design of Riveted Hatch (lornurSpecimen , . . . . . , . , .
Welding Jig forFabrication of Hatch Corner Specimen . . . ,
Tra.nsverscl+cstrainingBeams , . . . . , . . . . . , . , , ,
Gag~ Layout for Full.Scale Hatch Cornr:rSpccimn , . . . . .
Gnge Layout for Rivotcd specimen , . . . . . . , . . . . . .
Device for Measuring Total Pin to Pin Str:.in. .,. . , . . .
Spec. 14: Cr:~ckin doubler-deck weld . . . . . . . . . . .
overall view, below dock
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Spec. 14: Fracture in ~oubler . .. . . . . . , . . , . . . . 33
Fig. 10 - Spot. 15:
Fig, 11 - Spec. 15:
Fig. 12 - Spcc. 16:
Fig, 13 - SpQc. 16:
Fig. 14 - SpCjC.16:
Deck nnd doubler frccturc, Looking fwd.
Fracturo in corner, viewed from inside of hatch . 34
Deck and doubler frmcturc pc,ttcrns,looking aft
Fro.ctu.res viewed from abovo dock , . . . . . . . 35
Fractures vicw~d from below deck, outboard
md fvrward of htitchcnd b~:,am
Boforo failure: view of corner from ~.bovc; deck . 36
Before failurcj below deck, looking oft
~nd inboard
Before foilur~, ovcral.1 view, below deck . . . . 37
After failu,rc,vicTrr .fro,m above deck
Fracture in dock, viewed from below deck
outboard and fwd. of h~tch cnd beam . . . . . . . 38
After failure: close up of tic-plate
LIST OF TABLES AfiTD ILLUSTRATIONS - Contld.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fi~.
Fig,
Fig.
Fig.
Fi~.
Fig.
Fig,
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig,
l?i~.
Fig.
T?i.g.
Fig.
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
21.-
22 -
23 -
9.
(.4 -
25 -
26 -
27 -
28 -
29 -
30 -
31 -
32 -
33 -
34 -
35 -
36 -
Spec. 16:
Spcc. 16:
Spcc. 16:
Spcc. 17:
Spcc. 17:
Sptic.18:
SPCC. 18:
Spcc. 18:
Opcc. 19:
c
Spcc. 19:
,.
Page No.
..
kft~r f[Li.lur~: view from below deck, inbo~.rd,
nnd forwmrd of hatch.end beam . . . . . . . . . . .
7)9
After failure: corner viewed fron inside of hatch
Fracture in doubler, angle cut awe.y. . . . . . . . 40
Fracture in deck, doubler cut away
Pattqrn in,dcck, looking aft . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Patturn in deck. looking fwd.
Overall view, above dcc; . .
(lvcrallview, below deck
Fraclmrcs, viow~d from r.bovo
i?ractu.rcs, vicwwd from bCIOIW
and.v.ftof hatch cndbean
Fracturus, viewed from below
mnd fwd. of hatch cnd bcc.m
Ovcrtil.1 view, obovo d~~ck:. .
o-vor:n.11 view, below deck
Fractures: viewed from above
Fractures: viewed from.below
Cornur viewed from inside of
. . . . . . . . . . G 42
dock. , . , . . . . 43
deck, outboard,
deck, outboard,
....* ,,... . 44
deck . . . . . . . . 45
deck
hatch, . . . . . . . 46
Deck and doubler fracture patterns, looking nft
Fracture in doubler, angle cut away . . . . . . . 47
Fracture in dcok, doubler cut aWly
View of corner, v,ftcrfailuro . . . . , . . . . . . 48
Deck and doubler fracture patterns, looking :.ft
Load Elongation Curves, Pin to Pin Mcasurcmcnts . . . . . . . 49
Longitudinal Strnin Distribution in Dock Pl~ntcof Spcc. 17 .. 50
Strain Concentrations in DtickPl~te, Spcc, 17 , . . . . . . . 51
Load-Str:tinCurve-;: Spc!ci:xtin17 . .. . . . . . . ., 52
3/4 Plo.tcSpecimen Used for Dcpositionof Weld Beads . . . , 53
Microhardness Surveys Run on ?hch Specinen . . . . . . . . . . 54
Multipass Specimen . . . ... . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Typicnl Microhardncss Surveys Across Prchcatcd and
Non-Preb.eatcdWelds (E-6010-El.cctrode). . . . . . . . . . . 55
Heat Afectcd Zone, Non-Prchcatcd Weld, l?-6020. El.u~trodc:. . 56
KnoopHn.rdncss:j20~x1500
Hcct Affected Zone, Prchea+xd Tcld,E-6020 Elcctrodc . . , . 56
Hatch Corn~!rSpcc. 15, Ynoop Hardness 3(10,X1500
Hc~.tAfftictcdZone,
Heat Affected Zonoj
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS - cont~d.
Page No.
Fig. 37 - Heat Affcctcd Zone, lTon-PreheatedWeld, E-6020 Elcctrodc . . . 58
Fig. 38 - Heat Affected Zone, Preheated Fold,E-6020 Elcctrodc . . . . . 58
Fig. 39 - Heat Affected Zone, lJon-PreheatedWeld, E-601O Electrodc~. . . 59
Fig. 40 - Heat Affected Zone, Preheated Weld, E-601O Elcctrodc . . . . . 59
Fig. 41.-
Heat Affected Zone, Non-Prchcuted Weld, E-6020 Electrode . . . 60
Fig. 42 - Hco.tAffected Zone, Preheated Weld, E-6020 Elcctrodc . . . . . 60
Fig. 43 - WeldI!ktal,Non-Postheatc;dWeld, E-601O Electrode . . . . . .
Fig, 44 - Wuld Metal, Posthentcd j[eId, E-601O Elcctrodc . , . . . . . ,
Fig. 45 - WeldMctc_l,Non-Posthcatedl?eld,E-6020 Elcctrodc . . . . , .
Fig. 46 - YcldMetal, Posthoo.tcdTeld,E-6020 Electrode . . . . . . . .
Fig. 47 - Heat Mfccted Zone, Non-Posthc;atcdYc:l.d, E-601O Electrode . .
Fig. 48 - Hcnt AffC-~ctcd Zon!~,Posthc:ntcdWeld, E-601O Elcctrodo . . . .
Fig. 43- Heat Affectc;dZone, Non-Posthcmted:Vcl.d, E-6020 Electrode . .
Fig. 50 - Hen+ Affoctcd Zone, Posthcatcd,l[cld, E-6020 Electrode . . . .
Fig. 51 - Design of~ SCalc AsyrnmctricolHatch Corner Model . . . . . .
Fig. 52 - Design of ~ Scale Symmetrical Hztch Corrwr Model . . . . . .
Fig. 53 - Longitudinal Strain Distribution in Deck Pla.tcof
HntchCorncrModcls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
66
67
Fig. 54 - Stresses, + ScfulcMode.1.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 68
Fi~. 55 - Deflection Mcs,surcn.ents , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 69
Fi~. 56 - QUartc;rSCO.lCModels ~lft~;r Failure, Abo-rcDc&. .. . . . . . , . 70
Fig. 57 - Qunrtc.rscale I,[odels After l:~i.lure, BL,].OVr Dc,ck. . . . . . , . 71
Starting
by the University
INTRODUCTION
November 1, 1944, a program of research
of California under a contract with the
was undertaken
NDRO having as
its title Cle~vQgc Fracture of Ship Plnte as Influenced by Design and
Metallurgical Factors (NS-336)o Work under this project cbnti.nuedup
to August 31, 1945, and was divided into two parts as follows:
A. A d6tcrmination of the influence of metallurgical factors
and tempcr:~turo on tho cleavage fracture of.ship plate
containing internal notches,
B. The determination of the effeot of variation of material
and tompcrnture on the tendency for cleavage fracturo of
weldedstructwal spocinwns cor.t,aining ?.discontinuity,
such as hitch cornors.
Part B of this project involved the design and testing of full
scale ship sections in order to:
a. Obtain a specimen approximating an ?.ctualsection of a ship,
wherein kw::trr.int to plastic flow is provided by the inherent
.geomdry of the structuro rather then by artificially induced
notches.
.
b. Correlate Hw effects of temperalwie; s-heel,and stress
relief on.thescspecimen.swithrcsults ootninc+d on-flnt
plate tests by other investig:~tors.
Since September 1, 194$, this vcrk has b~on continued by t!le
University of (hlifornit,uhder a.contract with the TJnitcdStates Navy,
Contract NObs-31.Uj22.
2,
In previous repc~ts,
1,2
published bY the Office of Scientific
Research and Development, accounts ~.~ci:~ givdn of thcdevelopment of R hatch
corner type specinen which colltaincd a ~or~oi- l;~~~j.c]l hadc~nsid~rab~e r~-
.,
skraint to pl~stic flow. Fri.crto Septrnocr1, 19LE, thirtoon of these
lc.rgespecimenswere
usc~din conctructing
This r~p;rt
,,..
construc?wd and tested.
FIvo di,fferent ste~ls ~~erc
the v:..ricus specimens,
,.
ccmwrs furtlicrtests r,adcon S5.Xo.dditionalfull scale
hntch corner type specimens ond nn investigationof the;effect of preheating
upon the hardness of welds and the o.djacentheat affected zones.
Some questions regarding the full sc~lc hatch corner spccimcn
design had been raised due to tinefact that the longitudiilalstress distri-
,,
bution across~,tran~verse section opposite the corner of the hatch and the
acoo.npanyingratios of mximm to minimum stresswere not quite the sw,e as
,.
tlloscwhich had hecn iwasurcd on +.xfo Liberty ships, the SS, David Bushnell
and SS. Philip Schuyl.er.
It also appcartidthnt due to the asymmetry of
the specimen some distortion viouldoccur which night not exist in the
actual ship hr.tchcorricr.
It hfidnot bcbn ih+cnd;d that the existing full
scale specincn shculd duplicate exactlj conditions existing in actual ships
but, rather, it i~p.s to be :;. laboratory spccirwn which contained m severe
design notch dueto inherent gconetry and construction.
Thiswfisto be
...
in contrast to notches ?.rtificially inkroduccd bcysaw cuts, holes, or
tha like.
How&vcr, to aid in the possible interprctntion of the full scale
hatch corner specimen results for direct ship design purposes, it vm.s
1)2 Soe Bibliography,
3.
agreed that an
a design which
attempt should be made,usin~ quarter scale xnodels, to obtain
more closely approached ship conditions. The models would
enable comparison of the relati,vemerits of B.sylnmetricalversus @sy-
mmetricalspecimen with respeetto stress distribution stress ratios,
distortion, and adapt~.bilityto further full scale design tests. These
model studies are also cov~red in this report.
PART I
Full Scale Specimens
. ...
Procedure
*
Tho design of the welded full scale hatch corner type specimens
is shown in Fig. 1. The details of speoimons 16 and 19, which were
riveted, are shown in Fig. 2. In these riveted specimens an attempt was
made to keep the general configurationas nearly as possible the same as
for the welded spccinens so as to make the only variable that of method of
fabrica.kion. For the wcldod specimens the welding sequenoe is shown in
Table I.
Fig. 3
construction.
shows several views of one of the welded
.,
In fabricating the riveted specimens all
specimens during.
holes wi?redrilled
and reamed. Fig, 12 shows two views of one of the riveted specimens.
,.
In making specimens 15 and 18, preheat was used in making all
welds within two feet of the corner. Heating torches were utilized to
rmise the temperature of the plates
~:~ithin throc inches of the welds kO
400 F. The temperature was not allowed to fall below this value until
welding was complctod.
Five different stcols were
this project, These steels, their
available for tests carried out in
,.
chemical nnalyscs and tensile proper-
ties tireshown in Tables 21 and III.
For the six specimens discussed in
this report only Steel C was used.
After construction of the specimenswas complctcd, in order to
provide transverse restraint, 3 in. x 3 in. bo.rs,wcrcwelded to the two.
edges of the specimens as shown in Fig. 4.
Three transverse restraining
5*
beams were then attached by means of wedges between their ends and the
,
3 in. x 3 in. bars. These restraining beams were made of 6 in. channels
,.
,.!
with special strongbacks to prevent buckling. The wedges at the ends
were driven tight until strain gages placed on the beams showed-a com.-
prcssive strain of 50 micro-inohes per inch. It was recognized that the
transverse restraint offered by these bars was not as severe as exists in
ships. However, since cleavage type fractures were being obtained it
was decided that the system should be used throughout the series of tests
.,
in order to,keop the conditions constant.
Type SR-4 electrical resistance strain gages were o.ttachedto all
sp~cimens, cxccpt number 19, at the locations indicated in Figs. 5 and 6.
Since specimen 19 was a repeat of number 16, it was not felt that it W~S
necessary to usc strain gages on this specimen. Since spccimcn 18was
similar to several othors the ga,gcswere not read.
With the exception of number 17, over-all energy absorption was
.,
determined by taking pin-to-pin strain measurements as indicated & Fig. 7.
Integration of the load-strain ourvcs gave the energy absorbed.
For all the specimens exocpt number 17, readings of the various
gages wer~ taken at loads of 0~ 100,000; 200,000: ~OO,OOO; 600,000;
,.-
.. 1,000,000;,a,nd1,200YO00 pounds. Beyond 1,200,000 pounds the readings
of ~fourga,gcswere followed continuously up to failure, or until the
gages became inoperative.
The purpose of testing specimen number 17 was to determino whether
-,,
tho strain conccmtrations at various locations would change if loading was
..:
repeated. Therefore, in testing this specimen the following loading
,..~.,
schcdulc was used: 0; 100,000; o; 100,000; 200,000; o; 200,000;
. 6.
300,000; O; 300,000; .500,000; O; 500,000; 800,000; O; 800,000;
1,200,000; o; 1,200,000 pounds and then to fail,ure.
Results
.
The major results obtained from the tes~s of the full scale
specimens are shown i:nTable IV. For convenience in comparing results
Table V gives similar data for the first thirteen sp~cinens. Photographs
of the various specimens after failure are shown in Figs. 8 to 24,
inclusive.
fracture
fracture
test was
absorbed
previous
Tho failure of specimen 14, tested Et 120 F, with a shear type
verified expectations} based upon previous tmsts, that such a
could be obtained in this type of specimen with Steel C if the
conducted abov~ 112 F.2 It should be noted that the energy
by this speci.monwas more than double that obtained with my
specimen made from this steel and for which cleavage type
fractures had been obtained. Howover; the nominal breaking stress was
very nearly the sanz as had beer.obt~incd with cleavago type fnilures.
The results obtained from specimens 15 and 18 wereby far the
most outstanding obt:~intid in -Meso tests to d~.te. The breaking stress of
these specimens W.S about 33 per cent high,;rthan the z.voro,zc breaking
stress of all previous specirwns, a~:dnearly 10 pcr cent better than the
best previous SpC?CiWD (nul.~bcr 9) whj,ell h[iclocengiven a high tcnpcraturc
specimen.
?.
The performancc of thewelds on theso preheated spccimens was
particularly notcwort~, In the welded specimens which were made without
preheat thorc was always rather general failure of the welds adjacent to
the fracture. This was particularly true of the weld connecting the longi-
tudinal girder to the hatch end beam and the fillet weld between the deck
and doubler plate, In those preheated specimens there was almost no
failure in the welds. This is shcwn very olcarly in Fig. 21 where the
longitudinal girder plate was fractured but the weld was almost intact.
In order to obtain a better pioturc of the reason for this superior
formanco the studies discussed in Part II of this report were made.
The behaviors of specimens 16 and 19 were net anticipated
per-
until
load was applied, The working of the joints was very considerable even
at low loads. This resulted in the angle at the corner opening up to
quite an extent. This opening was very apparent while in welded speci-
mens it was difficult to observe any change. The difference in the
rigidity of tho riveted and welded specimenswas striking to all who had
observed both types under load.
Fig. 25 shows the load-strain curves from which the energy ab-
sorption of the various specimenswas computod.
.
The superior performance
of the two preheated specimens is apparent in this figure.
The results obtained from the test of specimen 17 by repeated
loading arc show in Figs. 26, 27, and 28, As showm in Fig, 26, for loads
greater than 300,000 lbs. there was, in general, less strain increment
the second application of a given load than for the first application.
This was due to the permanent strain resulting from plastic flow which
occurred during the first application cf load. This resulted in a
for
redistribution of stresses. As a result there was a decrease in the strain
8,
concentrationsas shown in Fig. 27. The fact that strain concentrations
measured in these tests are greater than those found in aotual ships
1,3
may be due in part to the fact that this specimen was not as rigid as an
actual hatch corner in a ship and as a result some opening of the corner
angle resulted, and that both elastic and plastic strains were measured
whereas in the case of at least one of the series of measurements made
on ships only elastic strains were reoorded.
Fig. 28 shows the behavior of gage 19H (Fig. 26) during the test.
This indicates that tho nwterial at this poiht exhibited elastic behavior
upon unloading and for reloading up to the previously applied load: As
indicated, this gage failed, in that it ceased to function normally, at a
load just above 800,000 pounds. The strain concentration is also indi-
cated by the slopes of the two curves In this Figure. For example, using
the slopes corresponding to the
of approximately 8 is shown for
the outboard gages.
800,000 pound I.oada
gage 19H as compared
strain concentration
with the average of
.
1,3
See Bibliography.
g;.
Effect o~ Preheating_
.,
Procedure
,.
In view of the results obtained on full scale hatch corner
specimen number 15 by preheatingj,itwas
I
ation on the effect of preheating would
welds has established the presenoe of a
welclmetal, whioh oontains large g~ains
evident that more badi6 ixkfcmm~
be desirable.
heat affected
and is harder
The metallurgy of
zone adjacent to the
,,
than eith6r the weld
or parent metal.
In an effort to obtain some details regarding the effects
$
:
t
of preheating on the heat
1
,
tests were,oonducted,
Two single pass
~amps and the other of
affeoted zone and the weld metal the following
weld,beads, one of.3/161E-601O electrode at /;56,, ML
3/16 E.-6O2Oeleotrode at 200 ampsj weredeposited
,,,,7~g~pl
v>o
on pieoes of ship plate (Steel.C] 18 ,in.x 18 in. x 3/4 in. as shown in - ;
,V* 2
..i.4 ~, . A ,,
Fig. 29. The beads were deposited on Qne speoimen with the.plate at a :4.< ~:..-~
F ,,
temperature of ~0 ~ and on amother,after preheating the plate to 400 F.
/
&dcc .-./
74b?(, /,J
,/
A third plate was prepared upon which beads were deposited using E-601O ~~,,~,,,-.
and E-6020 electrodes with the platw at a temperature of 70 F.
*hi8 1~$ ~, ,
/ ,
+, ,6.,.t.,L,:. t,
platewith the depo~ited beads was then heated for 8 hours at 1000 F
.~: /.. ,
similar to the treath~entgiven hatch oorner specimen,9. A fourth plate~~:.,.k:; .,
upon which E-601O and E..6O2Obeads were deposit~dwasused as a oontrol for -
,,,, ,
specimen number 3.
!,,,,,,;/,
.,.,<.
Th.s plate was not subjected.topostheat and the beads
44,,8;/ ::; /.. L
were deposited with the plate at a temperature.of 70 F.
wt,l~ ~;;
Specimena were ~~ken from the center pf~ach ofkhe six weld ~,j,l,u,, ,,,
These specimens we!sepolished, beads. etched and.subjeotedto micro- . -. ,, .!
.:j:, - .
,,
hardness (Knoop, with 500 gm, load) surveys as shown in Fig.3O. In
.: k...,
,,, ,,,
the parent and weld metal the hardness impressions were spaoed 0.25 mm. ~,,__...~~.
.,,,, . .
.,
10.
,,.
.,
. ,,,
apart whereas in the heat a~fected zone
,, In addition to the previously
fillet welds were made as shown in Fig.
the.spaci,ngwas reduced to 0.10 mm.
mentioned tests two multiple pass
31. The first fillet was made
using E,-602.O electrode and the second using.,E-6010with the plate being
allowed to cool between ea.ahpass sotha.t all beads were deposited with
tlw specimen at.a temperature of 70 F,
Specimens were then prcparod
similar to thg others andmicrohardncss surveys of oa~h pass as shown in
Fig. 30 were conducted.
Results and Discussion
. .
In Fig. 32 there
with hardness plotted as a
is presented one cdthe Knoop hardness surveys
function of distance from the weld edge for the
preheated and non-preheated E-601O weld beads. The data in Table VI show
clearly the increase in width and the decrease in hardness of the heat
affected zone by preheating.
The reduction in hardness of the weld metal,
although significant, is not as much as in the heat affected zone. The
maximum hardness of the heat affected zone for the preheated specimens is
practically the same for both the electrodes used,
that the maximum hardness of the heat affeoted zone
trode is greater than that for the E-6020 electrode
In spite of the fact
for the E-601O elec-
as deposited without
preheat, the hardness of the weld bead itself is not influenced by the
type of electrode. The results of specimens 3 and 4 show that heating
of the weld beads for 8 hours at 1000 F reduces max~mum hardness of the
heat affected zone and the averago hardness of the parent and weld metal.
The width of the heat affeoted zone,of coursc,was not changed as a result
of the heating.
An examination of the znicrostructures
#
11.
reveals the reasons for
some of the results prosenix$din Table VI. Referring *o Figs. 33 and 34,
the effeots of the different -doolingrates,which aooompany weldingjwi%h or
without preheating, are apparent. TIw heat affeeked zone bfthepreheated
speoimen shows evidonoe of thein%er~diate transformation products whioh
~,
woro ableto form during the slower oqoling from the AmrUenktio phase,
presenoo of morefree ferrite in the
changeinwidthof tlieheat affected
shuwn in Figs. 39, 40,41, and 42*
as illF~gs: 55, 36;.437;and 38 the
preheated weldb ib appationt. The
zofiesas a >esult.of prehoatitiglk
Figs. 43to 50, inolusive, show tk+
offeot of posthe~tingon the miordstruot~~ of the weld metal and the
heat affeoted zones for the E-6010and E-6020 weld beads. The effeot is
more pronounced for the E.601O heat affeoted zone than for tho E-6020. .
r
The effect of multiple pahses on *M maximum hardness of the heat
affooted zone-and the average hardne~s of the weld is shtwn in Table VIZ.
,,.,
The hardness generally inoreases with eaoh pass as the heat from eaoh. .
suooccding bead reduoes the maximum hardness in the heat affootod zone
of tho prooeding bead? The initial hardness of the heat affected zone
for the first fillet weld (E-6020) was reduced in the prooess of,welding
the seoond fillet (E-601O) and in the samo manner the average weld
hardness was probably reduced.
In analyzing the results obtained there seems to be little doubt
that changes brought about in the struoture and hardness were attributable
to the reduction in +he severity of the quenohi.ngeffoc+ normalljrproduced
/
bythe metal surrounding
obtained with regards to
the weld. Althcugh no quantitative data were
the oooling rates present in a non-preheated weld,
12.
observations of the microstructure in
effect must have been of theorder of
,,.
4
As:stiatedpr&ri-cwslyb i%was
Fig. 33 showed that the quenohing
magnitude of a water quench.
not intended to make.a complete
::
{ investigationofMib ciffetit~ ofpreheat and po$theat, but, to investigate .
.,
semi of the effevbs. From the:xd~tso oniluoted it is apparent that pre-
heating does produoemarkedo~~ges @ the hardness of the weld.mat?rial
,,
andthb heat affeotedz one and;inoreasesthewidth of the latter,
It iS
alsoevident that postiheatingat 1000 F.for eighthours is not as effeo-
tive asprbhbhting at 400 F in reduoingthe hardness of,the weld metal
and %hb heat affeotedzone and does notwiden thoheat affeoted zone.
Just how muoh these ohanges are respons-iblefor the imprcpred.performanoe
.ofpreheated and postheated spedimens is:not yet known,
Undoubtedly
..
;.:. .,,,
other efl%ots; ~uoh as ohange in ohemioal composition and impaot properties,
alsoPesult. FWtlier study ofthis entire subjeot~ partio@arly the
effects of preheating,:isneeded;
:,
,.
.,..
...
..
.,
,. ,:
1 .,,
. . . .
,;
,,. : ,.
,. ,,
.,
.
,,
. . .
,,
,.,
..,1
,,
., .,,.,,
$.
.: .,, .,
..
,.
:,,
-.
X3.
PART III
.,
.,:
Model Studies
-
Pyoceduro
A series of asymmetrical and symmetrical models were constructed
and tested in an effort to obtain one model of each type which approximated
the Bushnell and,Schuyler data as closely as possible.
Comparison of the
two was then made.
In the asymmetrical model, various factors were altered after each
successive test to improve the stress distributions. The
tors wereinvestigated,
.,.
a.
b.
c,
d.
e,
The location of the line of applied,load with
oorner of the hatch, .
,.,.
following fac-
respect to the
theetien~ of.attachment of end tab *O co~ming,
effeo% of transverse restraintand ,omission of transverse
j
restraining bars,
inor.easedend tab width with correspondingfilIe~,between
end tab and specimen edge,
..
inoreased stiffness of end +abs with
From the results ofthese ohanges the model shoyn
and tasted. ,,, ,,
,,.
heavier center plate.
.,
in Fig.5].w?s constructed
.
,-
,..
For the sy~?trical design a celluloid model was first built and
.Strosscoat(brittle ooating) was applied to obtain a preliminary indication
of the stress distribution.
From these results it was apparent that a
transverse slot would have to be out between ~heend tab and the hatoh
opening in order.to achievo the desired distribution of
corner of the hatoh.
With this information as a gu!do
stress near the
eeveral symmetrical
. . . . .
14,
,,
specimens were eoristructedand todtodi The faoiorswhich were 5.nvestf. -
,,,. .
gated during the tests were
b. fillet radiusbetweenend tabs and specimen edge,
c* size and stiffness of-end tabs.
.-
,,
The specimen design res~ltingfrom %hese preliminary tests is shown in
Fig.52, and the resulting model was constructed and test~d.
,
Rcsulks
....-. ..
,,
The strain distributions for bvkh lx.,sts on the final,,designsare
sh OWn
6,000
shows
under
in Fig. 53 along the transverse section AB for the small loading of
psi nominal stress and for a higher load of 13,750 psi.
Figure 54
the princtpal stresses and thqir dire,otionsfor the two models
the applied nominal stress of 6,000 psi for both.
An indication of the distortions as the models were loaded to
failwe is given in Fig. 55. Although the deflections shown are not
,..
,,,
,,,,
exactly comparable measurements for the two spec$mens+ they do give an
,,, .?.,,,
,
\
indication that th,ereis less movement in the ,sywetriaa,lspecililen than
i ..
,.
in the asymmetrical oqe.
s-?
, t
The two specimens after failure are shuwn in Figs. 56 and 57.
For the
nominal,
asymmetrical one the maximum load was,192,800 lbs. yhich gave a
stress computed over the net load oarryi~g section at th~:hatch
corrwr of.48,500 psi. For the symmetrical specinpn $he ~aximum load was
,..
424,000 lbs, which gave a nominal,str~ss of 5~,0~0 Ps+? ,Howyn_?,r.F as:can
!.
bo seen from Figs, 56 and 57,the,failure ocourred at the slot. It ~puld
bu neoessary to reinforce the ends of the,slot for any sub.sequenttests of
L .
this design,
I
15.
Tho transverse loading dev~oei used on the first quarter scale
asymmetrical models did not introduoe significant ohange in the stress
rntios mar the corner,
Tho subsequent tests wero conducted without
this bar. ArIadditional reason for leaving off this bar was that the
rather heavy bars welded to tho sides
transvorso member aotcd ware found to
stress dist!ribwtionin tho dock.
of the spooimen against which the
have oonsiderablo effect on the
.

1
Soo Bibliography
. .
.
16.-
CONCLUSIONS
.-
1, Steel c when used in the hatoh oorner specimen has a transition
,.
from cleavage to shear at slightly below 120 F.
.
.
,,
.
2. Using,,preheat@t;400F is the
both as to strength and energy
stress relief at 1000 F for 8
.,,
mosteffeotive prooedure yet tried
absorption, being more effeotive than
hours or the use of 25-20 electrode.
It results,in about 30 per oent increase in maximum strength and
,. ,, . ,.>.,
superior performance of the welds as,coipared withspec~mens welded
.,,
; ,,: : , .
.,.. $..
in the usual manner, Preheating doesnot ap~ear to influenoe the
,. !.,, .,
.!!. ;
type of fraoture.
.,
..
.,
.,
3, Riveting as used in this particular design gave inferior results in
so far as strength is oonoerned.
4. Preheating at 400 F reduoes the hardness and inoreases the width of
the heat affeoted
struoture of both
zone and produoes a somewhat different mioro-
the weld and heat affeoted zones.
5. Post heat treatment at 1000 F for 8 hours results in a deoreased
hardness in both the heat affeoted zone and tho weld rmtal and a ohqnge
in the miorostruotuzw. This treatment does not result in any change
in the width of the hoat afftotedzone,
6, The greater stress oonoentration and the somewhat less distortion for
the symmetrical quanter
one is an indication of
soale model as compared with the asymmetrical
a moro severe stress oondi.tionin the former.
., ,, ..
.,
17.
.,.
,.
.,, . . -. ... , :
?i In view of this conolus~ofi,
~t follow~ that the ful,lscale a$ymh@xi-
.,. .
,.
. . .
Cal model uded fbr the fiaiti %dst$ m!a~no%,represent a condition.as
:
severe as would
,
the ship itself
8. Due tothe size
. ,
,.,
exist for afull soale Symnetricai specimen or for
I
.,,.
., .-
,
of the symmetrical quarter soalti
,,
this investigation it is apparent that tho spaoe
available testing equipment prohibitthetesting
,?..
.,,
.,
.; .
..,.
symmetrical speoimenc
deoidod that no furbhor
:.
.,.!
.:
,,
In view of this and,the laok
....
,,;
work would be done on models
model resulting from
limitationsof the
of a full Soak
,,
.,
. . .
.,,
.
, ..
. . ,,
.1 -
,.
. .
,:.
!,..
,.
Of time, it ~s
by this project.
.
.
.,.
H-
18s
Bibliography
.,.
.-
1
Progress Report onClcavdgeFracture of Ship Plate as Influenced
by Design and Metallurgical Factors (NS-336): Ihtch Corner
. Spec~men Tcstslt,OSRD No. 5352, Seri?.1No. M-512, July 21, 1945.
2
Final Report on Cleavage Fracture of Ship Plate as Influenced by
Design and Metallurgical Factors (NS-336): Hutoh Cornor Specimen
Tests, OSRD No. 6387, Serial No, MP607, Deoember 4, 1945.
3
Report: Structural !lWstson the S.S. Philip Schuyler.
:.
U, S. Maritime Commission: June, 19450
TABLE I
..
A. PICLCC, tack
Jig Horizontal,
~;--PlaOG,kack
Jig Horizontal,
.
~~aCC, taok
Jig Horizontal,
r
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
!1 II
Weldidg $oquencc

Units
19.
- Hatch bner S~ecimenS
Position Electrode
.
and vwld 8 to 2\ and 7 to ~ Horizontal X-6CE!0
%%%%??ab, *, dad, pint., Flat
II
Top Side Up
and weld end tabs to deck plate 1
11 11
Bottom Side Up
=c~~d 4F lx)1 Horizontal -
II
1) II
6*o1
t! 11
Plato and tack 5 to 1 and 6
11 It
Weld 5 to 1
II It
fi~~ld 4F to 6
Vertical & Horizontal ~-6010
Tfcld5 to 6
}1 1! 1!
Place unit 8 and 2 to 1 and 6; tack 2 to 6
(outboard) and 2 to 1.(outboard)
Horizontal & Vcrticml l
weld 2 to 6 (outboard)
Vertical
11
Weld 2 to 1 (aft & fwd; 2 siclcssimultaneously) .
Horizontal
Ij-60~()
Tack andwcld 2 to 1 (inboard)
Jig Vertical
~ l>lafi~~d tack unit 7 and 3 to 1 and 2
0. Nuld6 to 2 and 3 to 2; S~ElUlt?3ilC0USlY
l?. Weld 6 to 8 (inboe.rdthen ou%board)
Q. Complete welding 4F and 5 to 6
R. T&ok 9 to 6
Jig Horizontal?
~.
a. Weld 9W8
T. Weld 3 to 2
u.
l~!eld 3 to 1
Bottom Sido Up
(b
ottom )
(outboard)
v.
l;~~ld 4A to 3
r,
~li
Weld 7 to 2
Jig Vertical Position
k: TaGk andweld~o 3A (inboard)
Jig Horizontal Position, Bottom Side Up
.
Y. Ba.ckchipand weld 3 to 3A (deck%%ottom)
Jig Horizon~al Position, Top Side Up
.
z.
w~ld 9 to -~de~
Remove Swcim.on From Jiz
.
Bnc~c~hipnnd weld ~to 3A (clockto top) AA G
BB,
cc.
DD.
EE.
Fl?e
GG
HH.
II.
JJ.
Weld one pass 3 to 2
Fill deck corner void with wclcl
Weld 5 pfiSSOS 3 tO 2
??cld2 to 1 and 3 to 1; simultaneously
Plato and taok 10to 1, 2, 3, :~ndweld 1
Complete weld 10 to 1
Complete weld 10 to 2, 3
11/eld9 to 6
Weld restraining bars to 1
ps.ss
11 rf
Horizontal & Vcrticml E-601O
Horizontal E-6020
Horizontal & Overhead E-601O
E-6020
overhead, Horizontal E-601O
E-6020
Horizontal
II
1? 11
Vertical E-601O
Horizontal E-6020
Vertical & Horizontal E-601O
11-6020
Horizonto.1&Ov~rhcad E-601O
E-6020
Flat
!1
11 II
Vertical E-601O
It
E-601O
Flat E-6020
Vortic&l E-601O
Horizontal E-6020
t! II
II 11
II M
!1 II
II II
.,.
20.
,.
TABLE II
Analvs~d of Stmols
Steel
A*
B*
c*
Cg(j
-.
,23
0.15
0.24
0.19
0.23
,..
y: Mn. $P
..-
.47 O.OL1
0.76 .010
0.49 0.015
0.52 0,01
0.39 .,,0.019
* Suppliers analysis
$s $ Si.
0.042
0.030
0.033
0,02
.Of i , ,
0.02 ~.24
0.032 0G 008
:.
:.. .
21.
Tonsilo find~hhdhoss Properties
- . A.-.-.. ..+..-. .x. _ ....., ..
Steels for %@h Corn.m Specimens
.-. ...-.4-____ . .....
Plate No, Direc. Tensile Data (.505 Bars)
- . .. ..- ,.
Hzzrdness
Yi.cld ultifi?~=~----- Elong:itlon Reduction
. ..
(Roclrwc~
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (~ in 2) in Area (;{) ~)
.,, ____ __ - ._ ___
A-57* Long. 35,500 61,200 47,400 39.5 59.6
Tre.ns. 38,100 6f?,400
4g,80~ 36.2 56.3
.
B-l Long. 35,050 56,900 38,600 40,9 67.6
62
As rolled Trans. 34,000 57,000 47,500 39.6 58.6
B-6 Long. 36.900 59,500 43,400 39,3 64.0
64
Normalized Trans. 36,500 57,200 43,500 38.5 63.0
[;-l
Long. 35,230 68,700 55,300 36,0 59.6
Trans 35,750 68,000 57,050 35.6 52.5
71
D-2 Long. 37,800 63,700 46,900 37.2 62.8
68
Trans. 40,600 63,600 48,600 36,6 59.6
E-2 Long. 35,000 58,900 45,300 37.2 59.6
Trans. 35,300 58,200 46,200 35,6 58.0
Tensile Data (Full Thickness)
....,.., ...... -.-..--_.,
A-57 Long. 35,100 61,400 47,900 49.2
Trans.
58.7
34,800 59,800 49,000 46.1 56.3
B-l Long. 31.~000 56,500 43,700 53.2 66.6
As rolled Trans. 31,400 56,400 45,600 48.7 58.4
B-6 Long. 32,2(X! 56,900 41,100 52.0 64.0
Normalized Trans. 32,000 56,500 43,400 51.6 60.5
c-l Long. 37,500 66,500 53,600 45,5 56.5
Trans. 34,100 66,200 56,600 32.5 50.4
D-2 Long. 35,900 61,300 45,800 47.1 62.3
Trnns. 36,100 60,500 47,600 46.4 59.2
E-2 Long. 31,400 57,200 44,500 49.1 59.1
Trans. 31,000 56,600 45,600 45.5 58,0
* Letter in plate uu.mberrefers to type of steel,
\
.
Eiiiiiw
u
m
w

I
RESULTS , FULL SCALE HATCH CORNER T<5TS
I
+&wl>z!
I
.._
I I I 1 .-. .
,-&Lb J,<. , , ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, !,
8.( .2-2.6 L? Il. 47 i!2 zl?2.3
I Ibw
/9Z9/0a31010lq~~~~=~WW~l
1741 734-4k+/7/l - lM-/.3\5.5
,$Y30$W0
, , I , 1 , I 1 1 1
l-76\644.d 741-1721/.31 ~l-/31...1...-1 l/91/.5 lLl9la4 o Io lC~~flYfigF_CA/lyfiex ~_@<L_c/
12ZM I I-731-S.51-961 /21-/5 1631 -MM+./Yr4-ll-l-
DtttI
- [824 1.13.4
I I II I I I I I p/1zq2./l/.5l[2/[2

ru, ,.- ,., r,, >

TEST I MKALI O f J U/.? TO w .& LO/N6
D/f F/c uL TI Es.
g 3.3/..-~1. 3,6/3
-5.7 -3,/ -4L1 7,5
S,4..AR F& L//RE A T CORNER.
- 0.9-3.5 -29-ii~3m 6a7m , s %5 If?IW4.Uq E
]?$::;: -;f 47 2$514W0[19@X +-?34 -2.9 4,09.4 la-la-23-46(AT MM. EC Ym Sqm f OTpq4 ~ P5
g; 2.5 C& 22: :? -;; 2D 59
- -69 -s.4 9.0 12.3 - - -58 -[ 6- 19 03 0 0 0 0 c L I =AVAGE FAI LURI =
?,51:? 12.0 + :: $Z i :
SCM 5m m
t
,-.., .-,,l -ol : flol:fl
., .. _ .,
-35 6 -3A 61 - -
, ,.
34 1.6 0.6 O.f o 0
-. J
NOTES
1 BASED ON LOAD CARRYI I WG SECTI ON OF OECK, 00UBLER,
LONGI TUDI AML COAMI NG EELOW DECK. \
2. hASEO ON AVEFMGE P LOI VGI TUDMI L STRESSES
F(X G4GES 1-2-3-4 TOP ANO 80T7VM.
3 ~SED OV AVERAGE Of LONGI TULVI VAL STRAI NS
FOR GAGES 1-2-3-4 TOP AI VO 60UOM.
4. /5-6010& E-6020 ELECT f ?OOE USED UNLESS AVTED.
5. READI NGS QUESTI ONABLE. GAGE * 1I VERY CLOSE 7000U5L ER
\ I
mol r ~?:?w
.4-I
WELD.
/
Single Pc.Ss,Specimens ,
- .
.. . - ..
Plate Max,Hardness,
.
A,tib weld Av. _o~Parent-
EloctrodfjSpec. Tclmp.Heut Affected Hardness HtiakAffected Metal Hard-
?JoG F Zone - Knoo~ Knoop Zone
- ],j~
ness~i Knoop
4:
*
**
E-601O 1 70 433 239 2.08 178
11-6010 2 400 290 215 3.82 199
E-6020 1 70 368 23? 2.97 206
E-6020 2 400 292 206 4*15 175
E-601O* 3 70 284 225 1.80 158
E-601O 4 70 484 256 1.73 1.84
E-C020* 3 70 232 194 2.92 153
E-6020 4 70 298 213 2,85 185
,.....-. -. . c . . ,-- . . . - . . -. . --c
* Plate specimen with depositwd beads annealed fit1000 F for 8 hours.
**
Several hardn{)sstrnversc;swere?
made in each case.
j[ax.Hardn.essi is the
maximum value found. Av. Hardnesstis the avera~o of all the valtws nca-
Multi~le Pass Specimen
Mm. H~rdness Average Weld
Order of Heat Affected
Ho.rdness
Electrode PO.SSOS Zone - Knoop Knoop
--... ..--.. .....--
E-6020 1 258 215
E-6020 2 298
2X7
E-6020 3 328 2?14
E-601O 4 271. 213
E-601O 5 508 238
E-601O 6 452 235
. ,-. ........ .
. . 4
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$
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.
26.
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:

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SCALE
l3 6 12
~
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i uo7-15
i -- - - - -
RI VETS & 0/4./f
NOT OTHERWI SE NOTED
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Des/eA/ OF RI VETED ~~~y ~c s 3/a~46FI G 2
WELDING RESEARCH HA TCt i CORNER
CHK.6Y ~~Lt f p(/-
SPECI MEN
DWG.Ak
BERKELEY, CA LlfORAflA
AFPVD Iud
R-302

~I~u~ ~ . WELDIIR3JIG FOR FABRTCATIOHOF HATCH COMER SPECIHER

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NOTE : 0/MENsI ONS ARE I N I NCHES
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FRONT
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DEVICE FOR MEASURING TOTAL PIN TO PIN
STRAIN- FOR ENERGY CALCUUTION
\
SIDE
Q
VI EW
~TO STRAIN
\Nolu4ToR
$
m
34
~rac twO in corner
- viewedfrom insi{leof hatch
.Mck:and doublerfracturepatterns,lookingaft.
35
Fractures viewed from above deck
Fraeturos viewed from below deck, outboard
and fomrd of h.atehend beam.
37
Before failure: Overallview - below deck
38
Fracturein deck: Viewed from bg~uw deck, outboard,
and fwd. of hatch end beam
After failure: Close-upof tie-plate
FIGe 14 - SPECIMZHJ16
39
After failure: View from below deck, ~nbaard,
afid fwd. of hatch end beam
After failure:
Cornerviewed from inside of hatch
FI G 15 - SPECIMEN~~
......
$3
w--l
I I
I
-----
42
m
43
Fractures: Viewed f rom above deok
44
?+
.
C!l
Z
Fradkres: Viewed from abwe deck
FPawhartw : Viewed from beIew deti, m=GbMrd,
@Xld.fwd * of IldMl end bsam
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Fui/urc
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R-326
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E-6020

fiGz9
$ pa TE S/zEC/ME/v USED
Foe OEPQSI T/ON OF &VEL D BEHDs
U-329
ul
u
55
1-
&
-1
u
N
m
u
li
------+
m
t
z
I
FIG. 33: HEAT AFFECTED ZONE, NON-PREHEATEDWLD,
E-6020 ELECTRODE,KNOOP HARDNESS320, x1500
FIG. 34: HEAT AFFECTEDZONE, PREHEATEDWELD, E-6020
ELECTRODE , HATCH CORNER SPECIMEN 15,
KNOOP HARDNESS300, X1500.
57
FIG. 35: HEAT AFFECTED ZONE, NON-PREHEATEDWELD,
E-601O ELECTRODE, X500.
FIG. 36: HEAT AFFECTED ZONE, PREHEATED WELD,
E-6010 EI.J3CTRODE, X500.

FIG. 37:
HEAT AFFECTED ZONE, NON-PREHEATEDW)Wl,
E-6020 ELECTRODE, x500.
FIG. 38: HEAT AFFECTED ZONE, PREHEATEDWELD.
E-6020 ELECTRODE,X500.
FIG. 40: lL3ATAWE CT5DZONE, I?IWMATE D WELI) ,
E-601O ELECTRODE, X25.

60
61
FIG. 43:
WELD METAL, HOM-KWfHEATED WELD,
E-601O ELECTRODE,XSOO.
FIG. 44: WELD METAL, POSTHEATEDWELD,
E-601O ELECTRODE,X500.
62
FIG. 46: WELD METAL, IVOH-POSTHEATED WELD,
E-(K)2(9 ELJW?.2K)DE, X&Xl.
FIG. 46: WELD METAL, POS-TED WELD,
E-6020 ELECTRODE,X600.
63
FIG. 47: HEAT AFFECTED ZONE, NON-POSTHEATED WELD,
E-6010 ELECTRODE, X500.
FIG. 48:
HIUT AFFECTED ZONE, POSTEEMEDWELD,
E-601O EIJMTRODE,XSOO.
64
?1(3.49: HEAT AFFECTED ZORE, HON+OSTKEATEDWE~,
E-6020 EIXCTRODE,X500
FIG. 60: HEAT AFFECTJEDZOEE, FOSl?iEAZSD WELD,
E-W20 ELECTRONS,X5(M.
65
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PLAN VIEW NOTE
12 v~
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41%6 f 1%$ 12 Y4*
FIG.5Z
SIDE EL EVATIONI
UNIVERSITY OF CALl~O#?NIA
I
DESIGN OF 94 SC~t-E
WELDING RE5ERRc f+ SYMIV)E7%l Cfl L HRTCH CORNER
ENGINEERING 6LDG.6ERKELEYI OUEL
DR.5Y A%5b..oo ~wG
Cft.ey
?!%i
R-352
UWwD
67
900
$
LJ3NGIIVDIN L STRAIN 01ST I
DECK PUT OF HATCH CORI
i
I
ASYMMETRIC L (RUN~) O
SYMMETRICAi ..0
6000 IPsi

1
/3750 -i NOWWAL STf
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ER MODELS

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GAGE LAYOUT
FOR =OTH MOOELS
An
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D
&
.
FIG.53
B
b-
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DR. BY K.sisson l/2//z6
WE~=IMG RESEARCH
DWG.
CH. 6Y 7W
R-353
3\o ENGINEERING SLUG. BERKELEY Ar?VO.
.
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69
50
443
30
20
10
/
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G
%
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7
0
0
A 1.
$
SCALE AT-
TACHED TO
8
PIN TO PIN WIRES,
I
, 1
1 A, I A.
ASYMMETRICAIL
L-
SCALE HELD AT
DE CKLINJ &
SYMMCTK\CAI
ME?HODS OF MEASUREMEt4T (k
o
0 .125 .25 .375 .5 .625 .75
UNIVERSITY OF CA1.lFC)RNl/4 DR. By /rs;smn /-2/-4G
WELDING Rt=EARCtI
k+%i==w
310ElU61NEER)h)G6LD6. OtRkELE APPVD.
SWTRICAL
ASYMMETRICAL
FIGURE 56: QUARTER SCALE MODEI/SAFTER FAI LuRE (ABOVE DECK)
71
7/2