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MODAL VERB+INF = PRESENT - can (PRESENT) = posibilidad o habilidad general - could (PAST in GENERAL) = sugerencia / WAS WERE ABLE TO (SPECIFIC PAST) - - you could see a movie or go out to dinner - WILL be able (FUTURE) - must (PAST) = necesidad y fuerte recomendacion - D
MODAL VERB+INF = PRESENT - can (PRESENT) = posibilidad o habilidad general - could (PAST in GENERAL) = sugerencia / WAS WERE ABLE TO (SPECIFIC PAST) - - you could see a movie or go out to dinner - WILL be able (FUTURE) - must (PAST) = necesidad y fuerte recomendacion - D
MODAL VERB+INF = PRESENT - can (PRESENT) = posibilidad o habilidad general - could (PAST in GENERAL) = sugerencia / WAS WERE ABLE TO (SPECIFIC PAST) - - you could see a movie or go out to dinner - WILL be able (FUTURE) - must (PAST) = necesidad y fuerte recomendacion - D
- CAN (PRESENT) = Posibilidad habilidad general - COULD (PAST IN GENERAL) = sugerencia / WAS WERE ABLE TO ( SPECIFIC PAST) - - We were able to find the house although we had no map - - You could see a movie or go out to dinner - WILL BE ABLE TO (FUTURE)
- MUST ( PRESENT) = Necesidad y fuerte recomendacin - DONT HAVE TO / DONT NEED (NEGATIVE PRESENT) - HAD TO HAVE (PAST) - WILL HAVE TO (FUTURE) - NOTA: MUSTNT = Prohibicin
- HAD BETTER + INF (TO)= fuerte recomendacin en el pasado futuro ( mejor , va a ser mejor, debera, sera mejor , ms vale que,)
- BE SUPPOSED TO + INF = fuerte recomendacin por una norma - MAY = +++ posible - MIGHT = ++ posible - COULD = + posible - MUST no es igual que HAVE TO (en el primer caso la necesidad proviene del hablante y el segundo caso la obligacin viene de fuera) => 1 Ex: I know, I have to finish that today 2 Ex: You must finish that today
- NEEDNT HAVE TO no es igual que DIDNT NEED TO (en el primer caso se ha hecho aunque es innecesario y en el segundo caso es innecesario y adems no se ha hecho)
You may well be + P.P. = es muy problable que I rarely + verb, so it would make sense if I stand a good chance of + gerund = tener la posibilidad de . It seems unlikely that + frase They have no chance of + gerund She is hardly likely to + verb There is very likelihood = es muy probable
POSIBILIDAD = COULD, MAY (future), MIGHT, CAN (teorica) - The keys could be in the car - It may rain tomorrow - It might rain tomorrow IMPOSIBILIDAD = CANT, COULDNT, MAY NOT, MIGHT NOT - You cant see the dentist now - He couldnt have understood - He may not arrive tonight - Tom might not be available today PERMISO = CAN (informal), MAY (formal), BE ALLOWED TO (por primera vez en el pasado) - You can take the car tomorrow - You may take the car PETICIN = CAN (informal), COULD, MAY, WILL, WOULD (formal) - Can I use your car? - Could I have a word with you? - May I call you later? - Will you pass the sugar, please? - Would you move your car, please? SUGERENCIA = COULD, SHOULD (formal con expectacin), OUGHT TO (formal con deseo), SHALL - You could iron the clothes, if you like - Should I put the bags here? PROHIBICIN = MAY NOT, MUSTNT, CANT (deduccin, certeza) - You may not smoke in the library - You mustnt smoke in this hospital EXPRESAR PREFERENCIAS = WOULD - I would rather have tea PREDICCIN = WILL - He will arrive at six oclock DECISIN ESPONTNEA = WILL - Ill answer the door ACCIN REPETIDA EN EL PASADO = WOULD - I would walk on the beach every morning OFRECIMIENTO = SHALL (formal), CAN (informal), MAY - Shall I carry this bag? DAR CONSEJO = OUGHT TO, SHOULD - You should (ought to) see a doctor - You shouldnt lose your temper with people - Mark ought not drink so much OBLIGACIN = MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD ( I really should be at the office by 7) - I must write a letter to my aunt - We have to wear school uniforms INTENCIN, PROMESA, INSTRUCCIN = SHALL ( I shall a definitely give up smoking, Shall we go out for a beer ?, the judges decision shall be final) FUERTE NECESIDAD = MUST - You must observe the speed limit CONSENSO = MAY, MIGHT DEDUCCIN = MUST CERTEZA = MUST, CANT, COULD, SHOULD - He should (ought to) do well in the exam - The lights are on, she must be at home FUERTE RECOMENDACIN = MUST - You must go and see that film NECESIDAD = HAVE TO, NEED FALTA DE NECESIDAD = DONT HAVE TO, NEEDNT - I dont have to pay this until September - You neednt come today if you dont want to NECESIDAD PASADA = HAD TO - I had to leave early NECESIDAD FUTURA = WILL HAVE TO (GET), MUST (GET) - We will have to leave soon ENFADO = COULD, MIGHT
2. MODAL PERFECT = MODAL VERB + HAVE+ P.P. (para hacer comentarios o conjeturas sobre el pasado) CERTEZA/CONCLUSIN = MUST HAVE, CANT HAVE (con surely en frases exclamativas) - The driver must have lost his way POSIBILIDAD = MIGHT HAVE, MAY HAVE - He might have bought a new car - You may well be + Past Participle = es muy posible que.. - You may as well = tambin POSIBILIDAD PASADA QUE NO OCURRI = MIGHT HAVE, MAY HAVE ENFADO = MIGHT HAVE, MAY HAVE DESEO = COULD HAVE HABILIDAD PASADA QUE NO OCURRIO = COULD HAVE - You could have avoided the accident SUGERENCIA = COULD HAVE CERTEZA QUE NO OCURRIO = COULDNT HAVE - He couldnt have known about the problem CONSEJO NO SEGUIDO EN EL PASADO = SHOULD HAVE - He should have listened to me CRITICA / ARREPENTIMIENTO = SHOULDNT HAVE - You shouldnt have gone on foot EXPECTACIN = SHOULD HAVE - They should have won the competition OPININ =SHOULD HAVE ESPECULACIN con verbos de pensamiento = SHOULD HAVE
3. PARTICIPLE CLAUSES ( son frases que empiezan con present participle = ing o past participle = ed para expresar ideas de forma rotunda y se utilizan sobretodo en el lenguaje escrito)
En la participle clause no hay sujeto. El sujeto de la oracin principal tambin es el sujeto de la participle clause. Aunque hay veces que puede ser diferente
Having been damaged by vandals (subject = her bycicle), Helen had to walk rather tan go on her bycicle (subject = Helen).
NOTA: A veces se utiliza with para introducir el sujeto
With both parents working all day, I have to cook my own lunch
El verbo principal se conjuga como un participio o gerundio, prestando atencin a si la accin en la participle clause tuvo lugar antes o despus que la accin de la oracin principal y si hay que usar la voz activa o pasiva.
Holding the hair-dryer in her left hand, Susan cut her hair. (accin simultnea, activa present participle)
Participio ejemplo Accin simultanea Activa Present participle (ing) Holding the hair- dryer in her left hand, she cut her hair Pasiva Past participle (ed or irregular) Blown by the hair- dryer, her hair could be cut Accin secuencial Activa Perfect participle (having + verb+ ed/ irregular) Having washed her hair, she cut it Pasiva Perfect participle (having been + verb+ed/irregular Having been cut, her hair looked strange
- Pueden sustituir a RELATIVE CLAUSES
I recognize that man who is standing over there => I recognize that man standing over there
Three of the people who were injured in the crash are still in the hospital => Three of the people injured in the crash are still in the hospital
- Puede sustituir CONJUNCIONES (because, so, as, while, when, once, after, and, if) Because I dont wish to offend my host, I ate everything on the plate =>Not wishing to offend my host, I ate everything on the plate
NOTA: Aunque los llamados verbos estticos (be, know, want, ) no se utilizan en continuous tense pueden hacerlo en el caso de las oraciones de participio Being a very shy person, I never enjoy going to parties
4. WOULD RATHER / WOULD PREFER (expresar preferencias especificas en el futuro o presente) Would rather + infinitive verb
If you are talking about your own preference in a specific situation (i.e., what you want to do), or asking someone about his or her preference in a specific situation (i.e., what he or she wants to do), use would rather with an infinitive verb.
I'd rather stay in tonight. Would you rather stay in or go out tonight?
Would rather + past tense verb
Use would rather with a past tense verb only when stating your preference about what you want someone else to do in a specific situation, or asking someone about his or her preference about what he or she wants someone else to do in a specific situation.
I'd rather he stayed in tonight. I'd rather you didn't. Would you rather I stayed in or went out tonight?
Please also note that, although we use a past tense verb, this construction always has a present or future meaning, not past.
One last point: I endlessly repeated the phrase in a specific situation above because, like would prefer, would rather is only used to talk about preferences in a specific situation/context. The main verb prefer is correct if you are talking about your general preferences.
NOTA: Podemos decir que cuando el sujeto es diferente, el tiempo verbal da un paso hacia atrs en el tiempo.
To be about to do something = estar a punto de hacer algo So far this week, = en lo que va de semana
5. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST
- PAST SIMPLE (para acciones completas en un momento especifico del pasado para acciones o comportamientos habituales en el pasado), (yesterday, last week, when I was in 1990, ago, etc
I sold my car about three months ago Did you bite your nails when you were a child?
Used to+inf se puede utilizar para situaciones y acciones habituales en el pasado, mientras que Would+inf se utiliza solo para acciones habituales en el pasado.
Every summer we used to / would go to Scotland I used to (not would) have a parrot.
- PAST CONTINUOS (para situaciones o acciones en progreso en un determinado momento del pasado, o una situacin en pasado que fue interrumpida por otra, situaciones o acciones en el pasado que ocurren al mismo tiempo, acciones pasadas y repetitvas que son molestas)
This time last year I was taking the CAE exam We were still having breakfast when he called around She was always complaining about something
- PRESENT PERFECT (une situaciones pasadas con el presente, por lo que se utilize para hablar de hechos recientes que tienen consequencias en el presente, para describir situaciones que tienen lugar en el pasado y continuan en el presente, para hablar de hechos que ocurren en algun momento desconocido entre el pasado y el presente o con otro present perfect cuando ocurren a la vez)
They have just bought a new car We have had these saucepans since we got married I have already seen United play three times this season We have been burgled twice since we have lived here
NOTA: Tambin se utilize con las expresiones como: this/that/it is the first/second/third time
Its years since
- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS (para cuando queremos enfatizar la duracin de la accin, cuando sta es temporal y se quiere indicar , para indicar que una accin se ha repetido en el tiempo) I have been eating at my mums house I have been reading that book you lent me Someone is phoning you. Nota = si queremos indicar el nmero de veces que tiene lugar la repeticin, utilizaremos el Simple, Shes phoned you about six or seven times. - PAST PERFECT (para indicar que una situacin pasada tiene lugar antes que otra tambin pasada, para indicar que una accin tiene lugar en el pasado y que continu en el pasado)
As son as the film started, I realized I had seen it before They had known each other for several years before they got married
Nota: tambin se utilize despus de expresiones como that/it was the first/second/third time , it was two/three year/s a long time since , despus de after, before, by the time, as soon as, once, when, until
- PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (para unir situaciones pasadas con otros puntos del pasado)
I have been waiting for over an hour when she finally arrived
- EVENTOS PASADOS INCOMPLETOS (para situaciones pasada con intencin de que tuvieran lugar pero que finalmente no ocurrieron)
I was going to send you an email I was about to call the doctor She had been/was thinking of going to Iceland The meeting, which was to have taken place last weekend, was cancelled
- EXPRESAR PREFERENCIAS SOBRE EL PASADO (para indicar que nos hubiera gustado que el pasado hubiera sido de otro modo)
Would like/love/prefer to+perfect infinitive Would liked/loved/preferred to+infinitive or perfect infinitive
We would like to have stayed longer We would have loved to tell/ to have told him what we thought She would have preferred him to say it to her face (porque el sujeto no es mismo)
WOULD RATHER/ WOULD SOONER (expresar lo que hubieras preferido en el pasado)
- + PERFECT INFINITIVE (HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE) - Would rather/sooner + perfect infinitive expresses preferences about the past and means that the desired action was not performed:
- Would you rather have had pork than beef? (Would you have preferred pork to beef?) I'd rather have walked, but I went by bus because it was raining. (I would have liked to walk, but I went by bus because it was raining.)
- If we omit rather, we get the main clause of a sentence in the third conditional:
- I would have walked (if it hadn't been raining).
- + INFINITIVE
- Would rather/sooner is followed by a bare infinitive if the subject of would rather/sooner is the same as the doer of the action expressed by the following verb.
- + PRESENT SIMPLE / CONTINUOUS - Would rather/sooner + simple or continuous infinitive expresses preferences about the present: - I'd rather go by bike than walk. (I'd prefer to go by bike rather than walk.) Where would you rather sleep? (Where would you prefer to sleep?) I'd rather be writing my paper. (I'd prefer to be writing my paper.) - The negative is would rather not: - I would rather not go out tonight. (I'd prefer not to go out tonight.) - If we leave out rather, we get the main clause of a sentence in the second conditional: - Where would you sleep (if you could choose)? Compara estos ejemplos: I would like to have travelled more when I was young = me gustara haber viajado ms , I would have liked to travelled more when I was young = me hubiera me viajar ms , I would have liked to have travelled more when I was young = me hubiera gustado haber viajado ms
6. SITUACIONES HIPOTETICAS (con los past tenses podemos hablar de situaciones imposible imaginarias en el presente, pasado o futuro)
- Wish/if/only + past perfect = para expresar deseos, lamentarse o criticar sobre el pasado I wish I hadnt eaten my dinner so quickly If only you had listened to my advice
- Should + perfect infinitive = para lamentarse o criticar sobre el pasado
We should have brought an umbrella
- 3er Conditional (if+ past perfect, would/might/could+perfect infinitive) = especular sobre como algo podra haber sido diferente en el pasado If you had been paying attention, you might have understood what I was saying = you werent paying attention, so you didnt understand
NOTA: Una forma ms formal es omitir if y empezar con had directamente en el caso de la 3er Conditional Had she known about his criminal past, she would never have employed him
7. CONDITIONALS
- Zero conditional = situaciones que siempre son verdad IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE If I start to eat to much spicy food, I start to feel ill
- First conditional = situaciones futuras posibles y sus consequencias IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL/GOING TO/MAY/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE If you dont water this plant soon, it will die IF+SHOULD, WILL/GOING TO/MAY/MIGHT/COULD +INFINITIVE IF+HAPPEN TO, WILL/GOING TO/ MAY/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE SHOULD HAPPEN TO, WILL/GOING TO/MAY/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE => hace que la frase sea ms improblable = en el caso de que, si por casualidad, etc If I happen to see Dr. Dee there, I will ask him for you Please feel free to visit us if you happen to come to France
NOTA: Es ms formal an, si empezamos con SHOULD (+ subject) la frase Should you wish to change your holiday arrangements, we will do all we can to help
- Second conditional = situaciones imaginaries, imposibles o poco probables en el presente o future IF+PAST SIMPLE, WOULD/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE If I had an extra pair of hands, then I could help you IF+WERE TO+INF, WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + INFINITIVE= es ms improbable an If England were to win the next two matches, Germany could pass the league => si hubieras, en el caso de que ., si hubieras tenido la intencin de IF puede ser sustituido por los siguientes verbos: SUPPOSE, SUPPOSING, IMAGINE (sobretodo en el ingls hablado) Supposing you ran out of Money, what would you do?
NOTA: Si utilizamos WERE+SUBJ+TO+INF an es ms formal Were they to break the contract, we would of course take legal action
NOTA: IF puede ir seguido de WILL/WOULD/GOING TO/ WOULD/MIGHT/SHOULD +INF en el caso de que queramos hacer peticiones formales o describir el resultado de una accin If you would take a seat for a momento, I will tell Mr Green you are here If it is going to be more profitable for the company, then I think we should do it
- Third conditional = especular sobre cosas que podran haber sido diferentes en el pasado IF+PAST PERFECT, WOULD/MIGHT/COULD+PERFECT INFINITIVE If you had been paying attention, you might have understood
NOTA: Sera ms formal si utilizamos HAD+SUBJECT+VERB Had she known about his criminal past, she would employed him
- Mixed conditional (3er , 2 nd conditional)= especulamos sobre diferentes situaciones en el pasado y las consequencias que hubieran tenido en el presente If you hadnt stayed up to watch the film last night, you wouldnt be so tired now
- Inverted conditional = es mucho ms formal, menos probable y se utilize tambin para sugerir educadamente. If they were to escape, there would be an outcryprotesta => were they to escape, there would be an outcry