Wind Energy

Application, Limits, and Potential

By James Kelley

1

2
1
Picture available at http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/pictures/o!!shorehtm
2
Picture available at http://wwwmiddelgrundend"/#$%&'/pro(ect%in!o/mg%)*mw%o!!shorehtm
+n +ctober 2*
th
, 1,-. /sraeli !orces swept into Egypt and overcame local opposition as they raced
!or the 0ue1 2anal 3his was the !irst stage o! a plan designed by /srael, 4rance, and $reat 5ritain to regain
control o! the 0ue1 2anal, which represented a vital li!eline to oil supplies that was nationali1ed by
Egyptian president 6asser 3he ne7t stage o! the plan involved 5ritish and 4rench intervention as part o! a
8peace initiative9 that would essentially allow the European powers to occupy and control the 0ue1 2anal
again &ltimately pressure !rom the &0 and the &6 led to the withdrawal o! 5ritish and 4rench troops
that occupied the canal 3he con!lict cost over 1,*** Egyptians their lives
:
3his con!lict, and others that
!ollowed, such as +peration ;esert 0torm <also "nown as the #other o! All 5attles i! you=re a 5a=athist>,
indicate the value o! oil and energy in the !oreign policy o! the world=s nations Would the nations that
heroically aided the troubled 0audi and 'uwaiti regimes in 1,,* have allowed the slaughter o! -**,*** ?
1,***,*** 3ootsies by @utu e7tremists to have occurred in Awanda in 1,,)
)
i! the land contained oil
reservesB
$iven the importance placed on energy, and oil, one may !ind it interesting that 2*C o! all energy
consumed in ;enmar" comes !rom electricity generated by wind turbines
-
/n 2**1, the ;anish Wind
industry produced ): 3erawatt @ours <3Wh> o! electricity, which served the energy needs o! over one
million ;anish households
.
1 3Wh <3erawatt @our> is eDuivalent to 1 trillion Watt @ours
<1,***,***,***,***>
E
A Watt @our is a unit o! energy, which e7presses the amount o! power <Watts>
available !or an amount o! time <@our>
F
1 million barrels o! oil produce can produce E: $igawatt @ours
<$Wh> o! electricity
,
1 $@w is eDuivalent to 1 billion Watt @ours <1,***,***,***>
1*
;enmar", through
the use o! wind there!ore produced the energy created by -,,***,*** barrels o! oil in 2**1 3he author
would li"e to give an introductory analysis o! the science o! the harnessing o! the power o! the wind
:
3he 3riparte /nvasion, 1,-. <available at http://a!ricanhistoryaboutcom/library/wee"ly/aa1121*1bhtm>
)
Awanda <available at http://www(m"suse/global,,/con!licts/a!rica/rwandahtm>
-
Wind Energy 0tatistics <available at http://wwwwindenergynoworg/statisticshtml>
.
;anish Wind Power: 2**1 <available at http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/news/stat2**1htm>
E
&se!ul 2onversion/EDuivalency 2harts G ;e!initions <available at
http://wwweiadoegov/cnea!/electricity/page/prim2/chartshtml>
F
$lossary: English <available at http://wwwenergie?atlasch/glos?i?ehtmH"ilowatt%hours>
,
Aough Ialues o! Power o! Iarious Processes <available at
http://physicssyredu/courses/modules/E6EA$J/E6EA$J%P+L/2J/tableshtml>
1*
&se!ul 2onversion/EDuivalency 2harts G ;e!initions <available at
http://wwweiadoegov/cnea!/electricity/page/prim2/chartshtml>
currents that blow across our planet by introducing the reader to the process, reDuirements, and limits o!
using wind energy
I. Introduction to Wind
6o description o! wind turbines would be complete without an introductory understanding o! what
wind is, and where it comes !rom Wind is caused by the energy radiated to the Earth by the 0un
11
/nside
the sun nuclear reactions ta"e place inside the sun=s core, where the temperature is 1 7 1*
E
' 3hese
reactions produce ) 7 1*
2.
(oules o! electromagnetic radiation every second that is radiated into space
12

@umanity did not originate the process o! harnessing the power o! atoms, since the 0un has been doing this
rather e!!ectively it !or over ) billion years 5eams o! the sun=s radiation <commonly re!erred to as
sunlight> stri"e the Earth, by stri"ing the eDuator directly <giving it the most radiation> and di!!using along
the 6orthern and 0outhern @emisphere, with the poles receiving the lowest amount o! radiation
1:
3he tilt
o! the Earth=s a7is and its rotation around the sun determines the amount o! sunlight each area o! the Earth
is e7posed to, creating seasons !or some regions, while leaving the eDuator perpetually heated and the poles
perpetually !ro1en

1)
3he beams o! radiation !rom the sun heat the EarthKs sur!ace 3his heating process creates
temperature di!!erences between the land, water, and air, due to their di!!erent physical properties, such as
11
0olar Energy, Wind, and the @ydrologic 2ycle <available at
http://mac*1epspittedu/2ELones/$eology**)*/Lecture6otes/.0olarEnergypd!>
12
3he 0un <available at http://wwwlblgov/abc/wallchart/chapters/1*/1html>
1:
#odeling the 0easons o! Earth <available at
http://astronomynmsuedu/nicole/teaching/A03A11*/lectures/lecture*E/slide*)html>
1)
6ational Weather 0ervice 4orecast <available at http://wwwcrhnoaagov/!sd/astro/seasonhtm>
density, which a!!ects their respective abilities to absorb heat
1-
3his phenomenon, which occurs in
con(unction with the temperature di!!erences that e7ist between the eDuator and the Earth=s poles, creates
wind Wind is de!ined as a 8current o! air <air moving <sometimes with considerable !orce> !rom an area o!
high pressure to an area o! low pressure9
1.
3he heating o! the Earth by the 0un=s radiation creates wind,
because, as hot air rises, it e7pands, becomes less dense, and is then replaced by denser, cooler air
1E
3his
phenomenon distributes the energy brought by the radiation !rom the sun !rom warmer areas to cooler
areas
3he heated air rises !rom the eDuator and moves north and south in the upper levels o! the
atmosphere, as it circulates above cooler air At roughly :*M latitude in both hemispheres, the 2oriolis
E!!ect prevents the air !rom moving much !arther At this latitude there is a high pressure area, as the air
begins sin"ing down again
1F
3he 2oriolis E!!ect is de!ined as 8 the tendency !or any moving body on or
above the earthKs sur!ace, eg, an ocean current or an artillery round, to dri!t sideways !rom its course
because o! the earthKs rotation /n the 6orthern @emisphere the de!lection is to the right o! the motionN in
the 0outhern @emisphere it is to the le!t9
1,
3he e!!ect was discovered by the 1,th?century 4rench
engineer?mathematician $ustave?$aspard 2oriolis in 1F:- 2oriolis determined that, 8i! the ordinary
6ewtonian laws o! motion o! bodies are to be used in a rotating !rame o! re!erence, an inertial !orce, acting
to the right o! the direction o! body motion !or countercloc"wise rotation o! the re!erence !rame or to the
le!t !or cloc"wise rotation, must be included in the eDuations o! motion9
2*
/n the case o! wind, as the wind
encounters the high pressure conditions in the poles <due to the denser, cooler air>, the spinning o! the Earth
causes the de!lection o! the currents to the right <in the case o! the 6orth Pole>, or to the le!t <in the case o!
the 0outh Pole>
As the wind rises !rom the eDuator there will be a low pressure area close to ground level <because
o! the heating o! the Earth caused by the 0un=s radiation> which attracts cooler winds !rom the 6orth and
0outh At the Poles, there will be high pressure due to the cooling o! the air 3he cycling o! wind !rom low
1-
;i!!erential @eating o! Land and +cean <available at
http://wwwucmpber"eleyedu/education/dynamic/session)/sess)%act:htm>
1.
+verview o! Wind <available at http://wwwcogsciprincetonedu/cgi?bin/webwnBstageO1GwordOwind>
1E
Where does Wind Energy 2ome 4romB <available at http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/tour/wres/inde7htm>
1F
Wind Energy Aesources: $lobal Winds <available at
http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/tour/wres/globwinhtm>
1,
/n!oplease: 3he 2oriolis E!!ect <available at http://wwwin!opleasecom/ce./weather/A*F1:--Fhtml>
2*
3he 2oriolis E!!ect <available at http://1ebuuoregonedu/P(s/glossary/coriolis%e!!ecthtml>
pressure areas to high pressure airs, as it cools and becomes heated by the 0un=s radiation is re!erred to as
the 3hree?2ell #odel
21
3he wind circulation phenomenon creates the di!!erent prevailing wind directions,
as illustrated by the !igure below:
II. The Process of Harnessing Wind Energy
A wind turbine is de!ined as a 8rotary engine in which the "inetic energy o! a moving !luid is
converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate
22
9 3he simplest way o!
understanding how a wind turbine wor"s is to imagine it as the opposite o! a !an, where turbine blades spin
!rom the wind and ma"e energy, instead o! using energy to ma"e wind
2:
3he wind rotates the turbine
blades, which spin a sha!t connected to a generator 3he spinning o! the sha!t in the generator ma"es
electricity
2)

Wind turbines, li"e windmills, are mounted on a tower to capture the most wind energy
2-
3his is
because wind speed varies by height 4or instance a wind current 1**m above the ground dropped in speed
by 1*C when its height declined to -*m
2.
3his property is "nown as wind sheer, where wind speed
increases in speed with height, due to !riction at the Earth=s sur!ace
2E
4riction is de!ined as 8the resistive
!orce acting between bodies that tend to oppose and damp out motion
2F
,9 which accounts !or the use!ulness
21
Pressure and Wind <available at http://geologycsupomonaedu/dr(essey/class/$sc1*1/Pressurehtml>
22
4ree ;ictionarycom <available at http://wwwthe!reedictionarycom/windC2*turbine>
2:
Australian Wind Energy Association <available at http://wwwausweacomau/>
2)
Wind Aesource /n!ormation: @ow does a Wind 3urbine Wor"B <available at
http://wwwnrelgov/wind/animationhtmlHh>
2-
2lean Energy 5asics: /ntroduction to Wind Energy <available at
http://wwwnrelgov/clean%energy/windhtml>
2.
Wind 0peed 2alculator <available at http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/tour/wres/calculathtm>
2E
Wind Energy 3raining 2ourse: $lossary <available at
http://wwwiesddmuacu"/wind%energy/glosry1html>
2F
4riction <available at http://scienceworldwol!ramcom/physics/4rictionhtml>
o! wind speed at greater heights Wind 3urbines have many comple7 internal parts, whose interconnection
and distribution are illustrated by the !igure below:
Q
2,
3he @ub heights o! modern wind turbines, which produce .** to 1,-** "W o! electricity, are usually )* to
F* meters above ground
:*
At these heights, wind turbines can use wind that is !ast and predictable 0ince
!riction over the ocean is lower than that o! land, many wind turbines are located o!! shore
:1

3here are generally two types o! wind turbines: @ori1ontal A7is Wind 3urbines and Iertical A7is
Wind 3urbines 3he two types o! wind turbines have distinct advantages and disadvantages, which depend
upon the physical characteristics o! area in which they are used, and the needs o! the operator
According to ;anish Wind Energy Association, the basic advantages o! a vertical a7is wind turbine are:
81> Jou may place the generator, gearbo7 etc on the ground, and you may not need a tower !or the
machine
2> Jou do not need a yaw mechanism to turn the rotor against the wind
2,
picture available at http://wwwnrelgov/wind/animationhtmlHh
:*
Wind 0peed 2alculator <available at http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/tour/wres/calculathtm>
:1
Technology of Offshore Wind Farms and Novel Multi-Level Converter Based HVC !ystems for their
"rid Connections by Iassilos $ Agelidis, Wind Engineering Iolume 2., 6o ., 2**2 <pp :F:?:,->
3he basic disadvantages are:
1> Wind speeds are very low close to ground level, so although you may save a tower, your wind speeds
will be very low on the lower part o! your rotor
2> 3he overall e!!iciency o! the vertical a7is machines is not impressive
:> 3he machine is not sel!?starting <eg a ;arrieus machine will need a RpushR be!ore it starts 3his is only
a minor inconvenience !or a grid connected turbine, however, since you may use the generator as a motor
drawing current !rom the grid to to start the machine>
)> 3he machine may need guy wires to hold it up, but guy wires are impractical in heavily !armed areas
-> Aeplacing the main bearing !or the rotor necessitates removing the rotor on both a hori1ontal and a
vertical a7is machine /n the case o! the latter, it means tearing the whole machine down9
:2
3he !ollowing
diagram depicts the two types o! wind turbines:
33
An individual or company interested in wind energy must analy1e the properties o! the proposed sight as
well as the advantages and disadvantages o! vertical and hori1ontal a7is wind turbines into account in order
to adeDuately utili1e the bene!its o! the two types o! wind turbines
3he process o! cultivating wind energy begins when wind currents encounter the turbines 5e!ore
continuing, its worth noting the manner in which one can determine the amount o! wind energy that is
available at a given site, determining the amount o! potential energy available !or cultivation Wind, since
it is moving, has "inetic energy 'inetic energy is the energy o! motion /! one wanted to !ind out an
:2
Wind 3urbines: @ori1ontal or Iertical A7is #achines <available at:
http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/tour/design/horverhtm>
::
Wind Energy <available at http://wwwunepor"r/highlight/energy/wind/win%introhtm>
ob(ect=s 'inetic energy, they would use the eDuation 'E O S # Q &
2
, where 'inetic Energy <'E> is eDual
to one hal! o! the mass <#> o! an ob(ect multiplied by the sDuare o! its speed <&>
:)
3he #ass o! Air per
second is its volume <I> multiplied by its density <;>, illustrated in the eDuation # O I; 0ince the
density o! air is 12,2, "ilograms/m
:
, the volume o! a wind current multiplied by this density gives the
mass
:-
0ince one may have di!!iculty measuring the volume o! an air current in an outdoor setting, another
and easier way to calculate the mass o! an air current is to use a hoop 3he mass o! air per second <#>,
traveling though a hoop is the area o! the hoop <A> <which can easily be measured>, multiplied by speed o!
the wind per second <u> , multiplied the density o! air <;>, as illustrated in the eDuation # O Au;
:.
3he
area o! the hoop <A> is calculated by multiplying the sDuare root o! its radius <r> with T,
:E
as illustrated in
the eDuation A O U r
2
+ne can use a wind speed indicator to measure instantaneous wind speed, such as
the ;wyer and 'estrel wind speed indicators
:F
3here!ore, with a hoop, and a wind speed indicator, one
can measure the 'inetic Energy o! Wind be!ore it ma"es contact with a turbine, allowing one to measure
the suitability and use!ulness o! a speci!ic site !or the harnessing o! wind energy
3urbines catch the windKs energy with their propeller?li"e blades &sually, two or three
blades are mounted on a sha!t to !orm a rotor# 3he wind turbine blade acts an airplane wing When the
wind blows, a poc"et o! low?pressure air !orms on the downwind side o! the blade Air pressure is de!ined
as the !orce e7erted on an ob(ect by the weight o! particles in air
:,
Air Pressure is measured in /nches o!
#ercury (@g>, Atmospheres <Atm>, and #illibars <mb> 1*1:2- mb O 2,,2 @g O 1* atm
)*
At standard
or normal atmospheric pressure, and at 15 C, air usually weighs about 1.225 kilograms per cubic meter.
However the density does begin to decrease slightly if humidity increases
41
. When air pressure is low in
one locality, such as the downwind side o! a wind turbine blade, air !rom another area will rush in to eDual
out the air pressure
)2
3he low?pressure air poc"et created by the wind turbine blade then pulls the blade
:)
'inetic Energy <available at http://wwwglenbroo""12ilus/gbssci/phys/2lass/energy/u-l1chtml>
:-
;ensity o! Air <available at http://hyperte7tboo"com/!acts/2***/Aachel2hushtml>
:.
3he 5ritish Wind Energy Association: @ow #uch Energy is in WindB <available at
http://wwwbweacom/edu/energyhtml>h
:E
4inding the Area o! a 2ircle <available at http://wwwaaamathcom/5/e7p.1272htm>
:F
Advanced Energy +nlinecom <available at
http://advancedenergyonlinecom/catalog/Wind/windmetershtm>
:,
/s a 5ree1e: @ow Air Pressure A!!ects Jou <available at http://"idsearthnasagov/archive/air%pressure/>
)*
Atmospheric Pressure <available at http://ww2*1*atmosuiucedu/<$h>/guides/mtr/prs/de!r7ml>
)1
Energy in the Wind <available at http://wwwwindpowerorg/en/tour/wres/enerwindhtm>
)2
&nder Pressure: #eteorology <available at http://wwwcaoscluborg/!reelessons/earth2.html>
toward it, causing the rotor to turn 3his process is re!erred to as li!t 3he !orce o! the li!t is actually much
stronger than the windKs !orce against the !ront side o! the blade, which is called drag# 3he combination o!
li!t and drag causes the rotor to spin li"e a propeller, which causes the spinning o! the turbine=s sha!t
When the sha!t spins, the "inetic energy o! its movement is converted by generator into usable electricity
):

3he !ollowing !igure illustrates the movement o! a turbine rotor due to di!!erences in air pressure, drag, and
wind energy:

))
3his phenomenon is e7plained by 5ernoulli=s Principle 5ernoulli=s Principle holds that:
Energy
'inetic
V Energy
Pressure
O Energy
Pressure
V Energy
'inetic

)-

3his eDuation indicates that a decrease in pressure will lead to an increase in 'inetic Energy 4or instance
i! Energy 'inetic
1
O <->, and Energy Pressure
1
O <11>, and Energy Pressure
2
drops to <1>, then 'inetic
Energy
2
/ncreases to <1-> 5ernoulli, in the 1E**=s recogni1ed that while !luid <and by implication air>
cannot be destroyed, a !inding that corresponds with the Law o! 3hermodynamics, changes in pressure can
alter the behavior o! liDuid <and air>
).
3he changes in air pressure there!ore lead to the increase in air
):
Wind Energy 5asics <available at http://wwweereenergygov/AE/wind%basicshtml>
))
Wind Energy <available at http://wwwunepor"r/highlight/energy/wind/win%introhtm>
)-
2**: 4light 4orecast: /t=s All About Air Pressure <available at
http://wwwcentennialo!!lightgov/2**:44/pressure/page2htm>
).
5ernoulli=s EDuation <available at http://wwwgrcnasagov/WWW/'?12/airplane/bernhtml>
speed, which turns the blades o! the wind turbine, leading to the generation o! electricity in the 3urbine=s
generator 6A0A used the !ollowing illustration to e7plain 5ernoulli=s Principle:
)E
3he 6A0A diagram readily illustrates that decreases in pressure create a rise in "inetic energy /t is
3here!ore, the goal o! an individual using a wind turbine to use pressure decreases o! turbine blades to
convert "inetic energy in the wind to "inetic energy o! the turbine blades ma"ing them spin 3his motion o!
the blades generates the power stored by the generator +n a larger scale, drops in air pressure <low
pressure systems> are responsible !or weather events that e!!ect global climate conditions
)F
;ecreases in
air pressure can even increase burner e!!iciency
),

)E
5ernoulli=s EDuation <available at http://wwwgrcnasagov/WWW/'?12/airplane/bernhtml>
)F
Weather Eyes: Applying the 5arometer to Weather Watching <available at
http://wwwislandnetcom/Psee/weather/eyes/barometer:htm>
),
E7perience with Low Pressure ;rop, @igh E!!iciency, Low Emission 5urners in Power 5oilers <available
at http://wwwcoencom/i%html/white%powerblrshtml>
Wind turbines can be used as stand?alone applications, or they can be connected to a utility power
grid
-*
or even combined with a photovoltaic <solar cell> system
-1
A stand?alone wind turbine re!ers to
turbines that are not connected to a power grid, and instead, the power created by the generator is directly
channeled into the site they are meant to power
-2
0tand?alone wind turbines are typically used !or water
pumping or communications
-:
3he disadvantage o! a stand?alone wind turbine is that it cannot store
e7cess energy /n contrast, a wind turbine connected to a power grid channels the electricity to the grid
which stores the energy E7cess energy can either be used on less productive days, or sold +bviously, !or
a wind turbine to be connected to a power grid, a connection to one must be available in the area in which
the wind turbine is located A wind turbine with a photovoltaic system is a true testament to renewable
energy A wind turbine combined with a photovoltaic system uses the energy produced by the wind, li"e a
standard wind turbine, but is also has solar cells mounted on it 0olar cells are de!ined as 8thin wa!ers o!
silicon which, when e7posed to sunlight, produceWelectric current 3hese devices, which were developed
!or the space program in the 1,-*s, have a ma7imum conversion e!!iciency o! about 1-C When a number
o! solar cells are mounted on a sur!ace and are wired together in series, they become a solar module, the
building bloc" o! a solar photovoltaic system9
-)
3he energy produced by the turbine rotors and the solar
photovoltaic system are (ointly entered into the power grid or power utili1ing site
3o harness a great deal o! wind energy, at the bul" or utility level, a large number o! wind turbines
are usually built close together to !orm what is re!erred to as a wind plant 3he world=s largest wind plant
located o!! the coast o! +regon has )-* wind turbines and generates :** #Wh o! energy, enough to meet
the needs o! E*,*** homes 3his practice utili1es an area suited !or wind energy by deploying multiple
units While )-* turbines seems li"e a great number, perhaps a !uture wind !arm may one day have ),-**
or perhaps )-,*** individual turbines 3he desire to build numerous wind turbines must be tempered with
the limitations o! wind energy
III. Limitations in Harnessing Wind Energy
-*
Wind 3urbine &se <available at http://wwweereenergygov/AE/wind%turbine%usehtml>
-1
All About Aenewable Energy <available at http://wwwwind?powercom/>
-2
Wind 3urbines <available at http://wwwulcom/dge/windturbines/>
-:
Wind Energy <available at http://www!plenergycom/renewable/contents/windshtml>
-)
All About Aenewable Energy <available at http://wwwwind?powercom/>
&n!ortunately, there is a limit to the amount o! energy that can be harnessed by an individual wind
turbine 3he more "inetic energy that a wind turbine pulls out o! the wind, the more the wind will be
slowed down as it leaves /! a designer tried to e7tract all the energy !rom the wind, the air would move
away with the speed 1ero 3his essentially means the air could not leave the turbine 3his would lead to a
!ailure to e7tract any energy, since all o! the air would obviously also be prevented !rom entering the rotor
o! the turbine /! the designer did the e7act opposite and allowed the wind to pass through the wind turbine
without being hindered at all, again, energy will not be cultivated, since the rotor blades would not be spun,
the sha!t wouldn=t spin, and "inetic energy would not be converted into electricity 3his limitation is
re!erred to as 5et1 Law
--
/t there!ore behooves the designer o! a wind turbine to !ind an ideal balance
between these two e7tremes, allowing an e!!icient cultivation o! wind energy into use!ul mechanical
energy 4ortunately !or wind energy advocates and enthusiasts, there is a surprisingly simple way to !ind
the right balance between the two e7tremes o! too much hindrance, and not enough out that there is a
surprisingly simple answer to this dilemma &nder 5et1 Law an ideal wind turbine would slow down the
wind by 2/: o! its original speed <the capture o! -,.C o! the wind=s speed> 3he direction that wind travels
in and the angel o! the turbine=s rotors are li"ewise an important limitation and consideration 0ince wind
at a site is being slowed down by each turbine, there is there!ore a limit to the amount o! individual units a
site can support Another less understandable limitation is persons complaining about the e!!ect wind
turbines have on their view 0uch persons, by implication, pre!er to have their energy needs met by the oil
and nuclear !aculties located elsewhere, o!ten in poor neighborhoods
IV. Policy Considerations
World governments, whether tyrannical or democratic, have illustrated an ability to go to war over
oil, and energy 2urrently the presence o! the &nited 0tates in /raD illustrates the strategic importance o!
the #iddle East !or the world, due to its vast energy reserves President 5ush claims that the interests that
the &nited 0tates has in /raD, is not the the!t o! oil, but democratic re!orm, both in /raD and ultimately the
#iddle East /! the &nited 0tates= government is solely interested in promoting democracy, it could !ocus
on building a democracy in A!ghanistan A!ghanistan borders /ran, and Pa"istan, which are two #iddle
Eastern dictatorships that may be a!!ected by a re!ormed and !ree neighbor Li"ewise the &nited 0tates
--
http://wwwndsunoda"edu/ndsu/"lemen/Per!ect%3urbinehtm
gives billions o! dollars each year to Egypt, 'uwait, 0audi Arabia, Xatar, and the Arab Emirates Aather
than invade a country and cause thousands o! deaths, why not see" re!orm !rom the bene!iciaries o! &0
wealthB 3he 0audi Arabian government=s police cut the hands o!! o! poor thieves that steal bread, and have
public beheadings, so why couldn=t the &0 begin its democracy and re!orm pro(ect thereB Li"ewise, at a
!raction o! the cost o! the /raD invasion, &0 wealth and logistics could go very !ar in helping the !ledgling
democracies in A!rica travel towards re!orm and sustainability, yet such an initiative is not a consideration
mentioned in the political discourse o! the &0 @ope!ully this introductory analysis o! wind energy has
given the reader an opportunity to consider another source o! energy that is neither connected to despotic
regimes nor a creator o! pollution 3he 0un=s heat has created all li!e on this planet, so why not use the
wind that it creates to power our cities, and !ree ourselves o! oil politicsB