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Journal of the Northeastern Association of Business, Economics and TechnologyFall 2008 35
Table 3: Estimates of the OLS Model Dependent Variable
OVERALLGRADE
Variable
Model
1
Model
2
Model
3
Model
4
Model
5
Model
6
Model
7
Model
8
Model
9
Model
10
Constant
0.223 0.106 0.231 0.231 0.235 0.242 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.227
p-value
0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
GPA
0.072 0.058 0.075 0.075 0.077 0.078 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.082
p-value
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
EFFORT
0.441 0.407 0.444 0.444 0.435 0.435 0.438 0.438 0.438 0.437
p-value
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
GRADEEXPECTED
0.234
p-value
0.000
FRONT
-0.021 -0.021 -0.019 -0.019 -0.019 -0.019 -0.019 -0.019
p-value
0.055 0.122 0.079 0.087 0.093 0.094 0.094 0.097
MIDDLE
-0.012 -0.012 -0.010 -0.010 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009
p-value
0.238 0.252 0.324 0.343 0.372 0.372 0.371 0.390
READING
-0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001
p-value
0.881 0.851 0.856 0.887 0.875 0.882 0.902
HOURSWORK
0.0005 0.0004 0.0005 0.0004 0.0005 0.0004
p-value
0.122 0.148 0.146 0.156 0.296 0.319
CLASSSTANDING
-0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005
p-value
0.443 0.384 0.385 0.386 0.348
NONBUSSTUDENT
0.005 0.004 0.005 0.006
p-value
0.547 0.604 0.604 0.551
ECON221
-0.001 -0.001 0.0005
p-value
0.932 0.931 0.959
Work
0.001 0.029
p-value
0.945 0.526
GPA*W
-0.010
p-value
0.483
Observations
205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Adjusted R-square
0.734 0.770 0.736 0.735 0.737 0.736 0.735 0.734 0.732 0.732
Journal of the Northeastern Association of Business, Economics and TechnologyFall 2008 36
Table 4: Estimates of the OLS Model
Dependent Variable FINALTESTGRADE
Variable Model
1
Model
2
Model
3
Model
4
Model
5
Model
6
Model
7
Model
8
Model
9
Model
10
Constant
0.371 0.205 0.375 0.375 0.379 0.407 0.403 0.395 0.395 0.377
p-value
0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
GPA
0.079 0.059 0.086 0.085 0.088 0.089 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.097
p-value
0.000 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
EFFORT
0.224 0.179 0.225 0.225 0.215 0.215 0.218 0.214 0.216 0.215
p-value
0.004 0.012 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004
GRADEEXPECTED
0.315
p-value
0.000
FRONT
-0.051 -0.051 -0.048 -0.047 -0.046 -0.046 -0.046 -0.045
p-value
0.013 0.013 0.016 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.023 0.024
MIDDLE
-0.020 -0.020 -0.018 -0.017 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.015
p-value
0.259 0.255 0.300 0.349 0.374 0.362 0.372 0.388
READING
-0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 0.005 0.005
p-value
0.879 0.894 0.889 0.864 0.791 0.823 0.810
HOURSWORK
-0.0006 -0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0005 -0.0002 -0.0001
p-value
0.331 0.487 0.487 0.442 0.831 0.865
CLASSSTANDING
-0.013 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014
p-value
0.131 0.124 0.131 0.136 0.123
NONBUSSTUDENT
0.007 0.011 0.011 0.012
p-value
0.660 0.530 0.531 0.498
ECON221
-0.010 0.010 0.012
p-value
0.552 0.544 0.481
Work
-0.010 0.030
p-value
0.638 0.699
GPA*W
-0.014
p-value
0.571
Observations
205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Adjusted R-
square
0.311 0.360 0.327 0.324 0.323 0.327 0.324 0.322 0.319 0.317
Journal of the Northeastern Association of Business, Economics and TechnologyFall 2008 37
Table 5: Estimates of the OLS Model Dependent
Variable OVERALLGRADE
Variable
Model
1
Model
2
Model
3
Model
4
Model
5
Model
6
Model
7
Model
8
Model
9
Model
10
Constant
0.125 0.021 0.124 0.123 0.123 0.130 0.125 0.135 0.134 0.184
p-value
0.0001 0.552 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.000
SAT
0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
p-value
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
EFFORT
0.557 0.499 0.561 0.560 0.560 0.562 0.566 0.567 0.565 0.538
p-value
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
GRADEEXPECTED
0.226
p-value
0.000
FRONT
0.0004 0.0007 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 -0.002
p-value
0.000 0.951 0.923 0.871 0.870 0.888 0.920 0.887
MIDDLE
-0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007
p-value
0.516 0.464 0.475 0.497 0.579 0.609 0.601 0.536
READING
0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.011 0.007
p-value
0.306 0.309 0.311 0.333 0.456 0.451 0.620
HOURSWORK
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.00002 0.0002 0.0003
p-value
0.802 0.860 0.829 0.939 0.680 0.454
CLASSSTANDING
-0.003 -0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.005
p-value
0.597 0.459 0.388 0.382 0.388
NONBUSSTUDENT
0.010 0.004 0.004 0.002
p-value
0.293 0.669 0.666 0.818
ECON221
-0.015 -0.016 -0.018
p-value
0.124 0.121 0.078
Work
0.006 -0.084
p-value
0.619 0.042
GPA*W
0.032
p-value
0.014
Observations
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
Adjusted R-square
0.727 0.765 0.725 0.726 0.724 0.723 0.723 0.725 0.724 0.733
Journal of the Northeastern Association of Business, Economics and TechnologyFall 2008 38
Table 6: Estimates of the OLS Mode Dependent Variable FINALTESTGRADE
Variable
Model
1
Model
2
Model
3
Model
4
Model
5
Model
6
Model
7
Model
8
Model
9
Model
10
Constant
0.196 -0.080 0.199 0.198 0.198 0.232 0.229 0.235 0.235 0.287
p-value
0.0001 0.182 0.000 0.0001 0.0001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000
SAT
0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003
p-value
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
EFFORT
0.320 0.1886 0.330 0.328 0.328 0.335 0.338 0.338 0.338 0.310
p-value
0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
GRADEEXPECTED
0.252
p-value
0.001
FRONT
-0.016 -0.015 -0.015 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.012 -0.015
p-value
0.432 0.448 0.447 0.561 0.561 0.558 0.557 0.459
MIDDLE
-0.013 -0.015 -0.015 -0.013 -0.012 -0.011 -0.012 -0.013
p-value
0.463 0.402 0.400 0.465 0.505 0.516 0.516 0.483
READING
0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.025 0.025 0.021
p-value
0.205 0.208 0.210 0.221 0.265 0.265 0.349
HOURSWORK
-0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.00003
p-value
0.997 0.801 0.813 0.773 0.888 0.963
CLASSSTANDING
-0.015 -0.016 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017
p-value
0.115 0.107 0.098 0.099 0.101
NONBUSSTUDENT
0.008 0.004 0.004 0.002
p-value
0.635 0.809 0.808 0.909
ECON221
-0.010 -0.010 -0.012
p-value
0.554 0.553 0.469
Work
0.002 -0.091
p-value
0.931 0.131
GPA*W
0.033
p-value
0.077
Observations
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
Adjusted R-square
0.388 0.424 0.384 0.385 0.382 0.388 0.385 0.554 0.379 0.385
i
See Spector and Mazzeo (1980) for an extended discussion on alternatives for when the dependent variable is discrete.
ii
We want to thank a participant at the Midwest Economic Association 2006 for this insightful comment.