Power Websites

Organisation Website
National Power Training Institute (NPTI) www.npti.nic.in
Power Systems Training Institute(PSTI) www.kar.nic.in/psti
Assam State Electricity Board (ASEB) www.asebonline.org
Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) bhakra.nic.in
Bihar State Electricity Board(BSEB) www.bseb.bih.nic.in
Central Board of Irrigation and Power cbip.com
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) cea.nic.in
Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) powersearch.cpri.res.in
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) www.csebpowerhub.com
Damodhar Valley Corporation(DVC) www.dvcindia.org
Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) www.gseb.com
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board(HPSEB) www.hpseb.delhi.nic.in
Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd. (KPCL) www.karnatakapower.com
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (KPTCL) www.kptcl.com
Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) www.kseboard.com
Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB) www.madhyavitran.nic.in
Maharashtra State Elecy. Board (MSEB) msebindia.com
Ministry of Power powermin.nic.in
Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation Ltd. www.njpcindia.com
National Hydroelectric Power Corpn. Ltd. www.nhpcindia.com
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC) www.ntpcindia.com
Neyveli Lignite Corpn. Ltd. (NLC) www.nlcindia.com
North Eastern Electric Power Corpn. (NEEPCO) www.neepco.com
Powergrid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) powergridindia.com
Power Finance Corporation www.pfcindia.com
Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) www.psebindia.org
Rajasthan: Power www.rajenergy.com
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) rec.nic.in
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) www.tneb.org
Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd. (APTRANSCO) www.aptranscorp.com
Generation Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd. (APGENCO) www.apgenco.com
West Bengal: Power wbseb.nic.in


Solar Calculations Math Tutorial
for Solar Energy Power Systems
http://www.sunshineworks.com/
Electricity can be a mystery to folks who have never had any experience working with it, or
for folks who took physics in high school (that's me) and can't remember much of anything
other than that the battery made the light bulb glow.
Basic electric calculations for off grid solar applications are not that hard, but you have to
know the terminology. Here it is. Don't quit now, it's really pretty easy, but you have to
learn the vocabulary for it to make sense.
Amps
Amps is a measure of energy flow, measured in electrons moving per second. The amount
of Amps represents the amount of charge flowing past a point in a particular time period.
Volts
Volts is a measure of the force of the moving electrons. It's the pressure which
causeselectrical current to flow. It is also used to describe the amount of energy stored, like
a 12 volt battery.
Watts
Watts is a measure of power. It describes the amount of energy converted by an electrical
circuit.
Ohms
Ohms is a measure of electrical resistance. It you have a wire with two conductors, like a
lamp cord, and connect one conductor to the positive and the other to the negative pole of a
12 volt battery (like jump starting a car), the smaller the wire diameter and the longer
length of the wire the greater the Ohms, which causes the Volts delivered to decrease. An
increased resistance measured in Ohms causes a reduction in current aka Volts.
The Good Old Garden Hose Example
Get your garden hose and turn on the water so that it is flowing at the rate of a couple of
gallons a minute, so that you could fill up a 5 gallon bucket in 2-3 minutes.
The rate of flow of the water, which is pretty slow, is equivalent to Amps. The lower the
flow the lower the amps.
The force of the water coming out of the hose is the Volts. The lower the force, the lower
the volts.
The power (energy) of the water coming out of the hose is Watts. Put your thumb over the
end of the hose and see how far you can squirt. The harder you squeeze the farther you
can squirt? The water flow is still a couple of gallons per minute. In the same way, if you
increase the Volts, a small amount of Amps can turn into a lot of Watts.
If you link together 2 or 3 or 4 garden hoses without changing the setting on the faucet,
what you will see is that the rate of flow goes down because the resistance of the water
passing though the hose reduces the flow. This same effect is measured in Ohms in
electrical circuits.
Solar Calculations Math
All of these electrical units of measure are used together to determine the Volts, Amps and
Watts for any particular solar electric application. I am not going to talk about Ohms or
Ohms Law. Ohms is not important for calculating solar component sizing. Ohms IS
important when you start looking at the available Volts and wire sizes and the distances
between components like batteries, solar panels, charge controllers and inverters. The
lower the Volts and the greater the distance traveled, the bigger the wire that is needed.
Volts x Amps = Watts
This is the starting point for doing the math.
Convert Watts to Amps: Amps = Watts / Volts (slash = divide)
12 Watts / 12 Volts = 1 Amp
Convert Amps to Watts: Watts = Amps x Volts
1 Amp x 12 Volts = 12 Watts
Convert Watts to Volts: Volts = Watts / Amps
120 Watts / 10 Amps = 12 Volts
Convert Volts to Watts: Watts = Amps x Volts
12 Amps x 12 Volts = 144 Watts
Energy Measurements Over Time
When you are trying to figure out what size solar panels you need, and how much battery
storage, and what size charge controller or inverter you need for any particular solar energy
application, the time that the sun shines on your panels, the time between sunny days
(cloudy weather), the time that you what to be able to operate whatever you are going to
power with your solar energy - everything is about time.
So, watts and amps are measured by time for any given voltage. The voltage of your off
grid system is a given based on what you decide - you are going to have a 12 volt system,
or a 24 volt system, or a 48 volt system based on the batteries you decide to use.
Watt-Hours
Used to measure energy inflow from your solar panel
and outflow from the devices you are powering
Watt-Hours per day or other time period
Amp-Hours
Used to measure energy storage and outflow in batteries
and energy inflow from your solar panel.
A Simple Load Analysis
I have two 10 watt 12 volt LED lights I want to operate for 4 hours per night. 10 watts x 2
x 4 hours = 80 watt-hours.
80 watt-hours divided by 12 volts = 6.67 amp hours. Because we can only use half the
energy in a lead acid battery without harming the battery, the minimum battery size is 6.67
amps x 2 = 13.34 amp hours.
I want my system to be reliable if we have four consecutive days of cloudy weather, 4 days
of autonomy x 13.34 = 53.36 amp hours for the battery. Sun Xtender makes a 56 amp
hour AGM battery, PXV-560T.
This installation is in a location that gets 5 hours of full sun (insolation) per day. To
recharge the battery for one day of use we need 13.34 amps in 5 hours = 2.67 amps from a
12 volt solar panel. Most load calculations include a discount factor for the inefficiency of
recharging the battery. 20 percent is typical. 2.67 / 0.8 = 3.34 amps. We have a 60 watt
solar panel that has an Imp (amps maximum power point) of 3.49. Look at the 60 watt
panel top of the page.
The 60 watt solar panel has a short circuit amp rating (Isc) of 3.86 amps. 3.86 x 1.25 =
4.83. I can use a 5 amp or larger charge controller with this panel to charge the battery. If
I want to make sure I am getting the best efficiency available for charging the battery, I
would use a small MPPT charge controller like the Genasun 5 amp for lead acid.
Summary
Solar energy math calculations for system sizing can be done with a simple calculator using
the basic formulas shown here.
If you want to see an example already in the website, read my page about CPAP battery
backup emergency solar power.
When you calculate your loads, you will quickly see the advantage of using the most energy
efficient devices you can find, like our SunDanzer solar refrigerators and freezersfor
example. High efficiency refrigerators and other appliances like Vari-Cyclone super energy
efficient ceiling fans, Pico portable LED lights and other electrical devices used around the
house are less expensive than solar electric components. If you can downsize your loads
through efficiency, your solar system will be less costly and easier to justify from a return
on investment perspective.

Power requirements are measured in KVA, which stands for Kilo-Volt-Amperes. To calculate the
amount of power you require you would use the following formula. KVA = Volts * Amps / 1000

POWER
Power (P) is the rate of doing work (W), so its fundamental formula is:

P=W/t
That is:

Power = Work divided by time.

Clear explanation: Power is equal to:

How much work is done (in joules) divided by the time (in seconds) it took to do that work.

For example:

Problem: If a construction worker pushes the wheelbarrow, expending 50 J of work in 2s, how much
power does he use?

Answer: 50 J divided by 2 s is 25 W so, the power is equal to 25 watts.
_____________________________________

For electrical engineering and electronics, power is calculated as:

P =I 2R, or

P=V2/R, or

P=VI

where P is power, I is current, R is resistance, and V is voltage.

The big power formulas are:

Formula 1 - Electrical (electric) power equation:

Power P = I V = R I2 = V2 R

where power P is in watts, voltage V is in volts and current I is in amperes (DC).

If there is AC, look also at the power factor PF = cos and = power factor angle (phase angle)
between voltage and amperage.

Formula 2 - Mechanical (mechanic) power equation:

Power P = E t = W

where power P is in watts, energy E is in joules, and time t is in seconds. 1 W = 1 J/s

There is much potential for confusion between the value for Work (measured in joules but often
written in formulas as W) and Power (measured in watts and often written in formulas as W).
However, symbols for quantities (work) are italicised, W,whereas symbols for units are upright.

In these formulas, W always refers to watts, although units should never be written in equations.

The SI unit of "work or energy" is the same. One joule is the amount of work done when an applied
force of 1 newton moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force. That is energy.
HVDC
Voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) technology is a kind of newly
developed HVDC transmission technology. This paper makes detailed analysis to the basic
principle and the structure of VSC-HVDC, and sets up the steady-state mathematical model
of VSC-HVDC, under fixed control parameters and fixed power flow control objectives
respectively. Then a novel algorithm for power flow calculation based on equivalent injection
power is deduced. A power flow calculation program of power systems, incorporating VSC-
HVDC transmission lines and multiterminal VSC-HVDC networks, is developed based on
the user programming interface (UPI) of power system analysis software package,
PSASP/UPI. Numerical examples of EPRI 7-bus test system with a 2-terminal VSC-HVDC
line and a test system with 3-terminal VSC-HVDC network are given. The results show that
the proposed steady-state model of VSC-HVDC and corresponding power flow calculation
based on PSASP is correct and effective. This software package provides a powerful tool
for planning, design, operation, management, and relative control strategy studies of VSC-
HVDC systems.