BP - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

9/15/2014 BP - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP 1/60
BPplc
Type Publiclimitedcompany
Tradedas LSE:BP
(http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices
andnews/stocks/pricessearch/stockpricessearch.html?
nameCode=BP)
FWB:BPE(http://www.boerse
frankfurt.de/en/equities/search/result?
name_isin_wkn=BPE)
NYSE:BP(https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:BP)
Industry Oilandgas
Predecessors AngloPersianOilCompany
Castrol
StandardOilofOhio
ARCO
Amoco
Founded 1909(asAngloPersianOilCompany)
1935(asAngloIranianOilCompany)
1954(asBritishPetroleum)
1998(asBPAmocoplc)
2001(asBPplc)
Headquarters London,England
Areaserved Worldwide
Keypeople CarlHenricSvanberg(Chairman)
BobDudley(CEO)
BrianGilvary(CFO)
Products Petroleum
Naturalgas
Motorfuels
Aviationfuels
Petrochemicals
Production 3.2Mbbl/d(510
10
3m3/d)of
oilequivalent
(2013)
[1]
BP
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
BPplc,
[5][6]
sometimesreferredto
byitsformernameBritish
Petroleum,isaBritish
multinationaloilandgascompany
headquarteredinLondon,England.
Itisthesixthlargestenergy
companybymarket
capitalization,
[7]
thefifthlargest
companyintheworldmeasuredby
2012revenues,andthesixth
largestoilandgascompany
measuredby2012production.
[8][9]
Itisoneofthesixoilandgas
"supermajors".
[10]
BPisvertically
integratedandoperatesinallareas
oftheoilandgasindustry,
includingexplorationand
production,refining,distribution
andmarketing,petrochemicals,
powergenerationandtrading.It
alsohasrenewableenergy
activitiesinbiofuelsandwind
power.
AsofDecember2013,BPhad
operationsinapproximately
80countries,
[4]
producedaround
3.2millionbarrelsperday
(510,000m
3
/d)ofoilequivalent,
[1]
hadtotalprovedreservesof
17.9billionbarrels(2.85 10
9
m
3
)
ofoilequivalent,
[11]
andhad
around17,800service
stations.
[12][13]
Itslargestdivision
isBPAmericaintheUnitedStates.
InRussiaBPownsa19.75%stake
inRosneft,theworld'slargest
publiclytradedoilandgas
companybyhydrocarbonreserves
andproduction.BPhasaprimary
listingontheLondonStock
Exchangeandisaconstituentof
theFTSE100Indexithada
marketcapitalisationof
85.2billionasofApril2013,the
fourthlargestofanycompany
Production
output
3.2Mbbl/d(510
10
3m3/d)of
oilequivalent
(2013)
[1]
Services Servicestations
Revenue
US$396.217billion(2013)
[2]
Operating
income
US$31.769billion(2013)[2]
Profit US$23.758billion(2013)[2]
Totalassets US$305.690billion(2013)[3]
Totalequity US$130.407billion(2013)[3]
Employees 83,900[4]
Website www.bp.com(http://www.bp.com)
listedontheexchange.
[14]
Ithas
secondarylistingsontheFrankfurt
StockExchangeandtheNewYork
StockExchange.
BP'soriginsdatebacktothe
foundingoftheAngloPersianOil
Companyin1909,establishedasa
subsidiaryofBurmahOil
Companytoexploitoildiscoveries
inIran.In1935,itbecamethe
AngloIranianOilCompanyandin
1954BritishPetroleum.
[15][16]
In
1959,thecompanyexpanded
beyondtheMiddleEasttoAlaskaandin1965itwasthefirstcompanytostrikeoilintheNorthSea.
BritishPetroleumacquiredmajoritycontrolofStandardOilofOhioin1978.Formerlymajoritystate
owned,theBritishgovernmentprivatisedthecompanyinstagesbetween1979and1987.British
PetroleummergedwithAmocoin1998,becomingBPAmocoplc,andacquiredARCOandBurmah
Castrolin2000,becomingBPplcin2001.From2003to2013,BPwasapartnerintheTNKBPjoint
ventureinRussia.
BPhasbeendirectlyinvolvedinseveralmajorenvironmentalandsafetyincidents.Amongthemwere
the2005TexasCityRefineryexplosion,whichcausedthedeathof15workersandresultedinarecord
settingOSHAfineBritain'slargestoilspill,thewreckofTorreyCanyonandthe2006PrudhoeBayoil
spill,thelargestoilspillonAlaska'sNorthSlope,whichresultedinaUS$25millioncivilpenalty,the
largestperbarrelpenaltyatthattimeforanoilspill.
[17]
The2010DeepwaterHorizonoilspill,thelargestaccidentalreleaseofoilintomarinewatersinhistory,
resultedinsevereenvironmental,healthandeconomicconsequences,
[18]
andseriouslegalandpublic
relationsrepercussionsforBP.OnepointeightmilliongallonsofCorexitoildispersantwereusedinthe
cleanupresponse,becomingthelargestapplicationofsuchchemicalsinUShistory.
[19]
Thecompany
pleadguiltyto11countsoffelonymanslaughter,twomisdemeanors,andonefelonycountoflyingto
Congress,andagreedtopaymorethan$4.5billioninfinesandpenalties,thelargestcriminalresolution
inUShistory.
[20][21][22]
Legalproceedingsarecontinuing,withproceedingssettocommenceinJanuary2015
[23]
todetermine
payoutsandfinesundertheCleanWaterActandtheNaturalResourcesDamage
Assessment.
[24][25][26][27]
InSeptember2014,thejudgeruledinthefirstphaseofthecasethatBPwas
"reckless"andcommitted"grossnegligence,"ina"worstcase"rulingthatcouldcostBP$18billionin
additionalpenaltiesabovethe$28billionalreadyexpendedonthespillbythattime.BPisappealingthe
ruling,whichraisedconcernsaboutBP'sfuture.
[28][29]
Contents
1History
1.11909to1954
1.21954to1979
1.31979to2000
1.31979to2000
1.42000to2010
1.52010topresent
2Operations
2.1Operationsbylocation
2.1.1UnitedKingdomandIreland
2.1.2UnitedStates
2.1.3Otherlocations
2.2Mainbusinesssegments
2.2.1Oilandnaturalgas
2.2.2Oilrefiningandmarketing
2.3Alternativeandlowcarbonenergy
3Corporateaffairs
3.1Stock
3.2Brandingandpublicrelations
4Environmentalrecord
4.1Positiononglobalwarming
4.2Hazardoussubstancedumping19931995
4.3Airpollutionviolations
4.4Colombianfarmlanddamagesclaim
4.5Canadianoilsands
5Healthandsafetyviolations
5.11965SeaGemoffshoreoilrigdisaster
5.2TexasCityRefineryexplosion
5.3PrudhoeBay
5.42008CaspianSeagasleakandblowout
5.52010TexasCityChemicalleak
6DeepwaterHorizonexplosionandoilspill
6.1Environmentalimpact
6.2Effectsonhumanhealth
6.3Criminalprosecutions
6.4JusticeDepartmentsuit
6.5Civilproceedingsandclaimssettlement
7Politicalinfluence
7.1ReleaseofLockerbiebomber
7.2Politicalcontributionsandlobbying
8Marketmanipulationinvestigationsandsanctions
9Seealso
10References
11Bibliography
WilliamKnoxD'Arcy
ABPMotorSpiritadvertisement
from1922
11Bibliography
12Externallinks
History
1909to1954
InMay1908agroupofBritishgeologistsdiscoveredalarge
amountofoilatMasjidiSuleimaninIran.Itwasthefirst
commerciallysignificantfindofoilintheMiddleEast.TheShah
ofIrangrantedaconcessiontoWilliamKnoxD'Arcytoenablethe
BritishtodrillforIran'soil.
[30][31]
On14April1909,theAnglo
PersianOilCompany(APOC)wasincorporatedasasubsidiaryof
BurmahOilCompany.Someofthesharesweresoldtothe
public.
[32]
Thefirstchairmanandminorityshareholderofthe
companybecameLordStrathcona.
[31]
Immediatelyafterestablishingthecompany,constructionofthe
AbadanRefineryandthepipelinefromMasjidtoAbadanstarted.
Therefinerywascommissionedin1912.
[31]
In1913,theBritish
Governmentacquiredacontrollinginterest(50.0025%)inthe
companyandatthesuggestionofWinstonChurchill,theBritish
navyswitchedfromcoaltooil.
[31][33][34]
TheRoyalNavy,which
projectedBritishpowerallovertheworld,cametoberun100%
onoilfromIran.
[35]
In1915,APOCestablisheditsshipping
subsidiarytheBritishTankerCompanyandin1916itacquired
theBritishPetroleumCompanywhichwasamarketingarmof
theGermanEuropischePetroleumUnioninBritain.
[31]
In
1919,thecompanybecameashaleoilproducerbyestablishinga
subsidiarynamedScottishOilswhichmergedremainingScottish
oilshaleindustries.
[36][37][38][39]
AfterWorldWarI,APOCstartedmarketingitsproductsin
ContinentalEuropeandacquiredstakesinthelocalmarketing
companiesinseveralEuropeancountries.Refinerieswerebuilt
inLlandarcyinWales(thefirstrefineryintheUnitedKingdom)andGrangemouthinScotland.Italso
acquiredthecontrollingstakeintheCourchelettesrefineryinFranceandformedwiththeGovernment
ofAustraliaapartnershipnamedCommonwealthOilRefineries,whichbuilttheAustralian'sfirst
refineryinLaverton,Victoria.
[31]
In1923,BurmahemployedWinstonChurchillasapaidconsultantto
lobbytheBritishgovernmenttoallowAPOChaveexclusiverightstoPersianoilresources,whichwere
subsequentlygrantedbytheIranianmonarchy.
[40]
APOCandtheArmenianbusinessmanCalousteGulbenkianwerethedrivingforcesbehindthecreation
ofTurkishPetroleumCompany(TPC)in1912toexploreoilinMesopotamia(nowIraq)andby1914,
APOCheld50%ofTPCshares.
[41]
In1925,TPCreceivedconcessionintheMesopotamianoil
resourcesfromtheIraqigovernmentunderBritishmandate.TPCfinallystruckoilinIraqon14October
1927.By1928,theAPOC'sshareholdinginTPC,whichbynowwasnamedIraqPetroleumCompany
(IPC),wasreducedto23.75%astheresultofthechanginggeopoliticspostOttomanempirebreakup,
andtheRedLineAgreement.
[42]
RelationsweregenerallycordialbetweentheprowestHashemite
Monarchy(193258)inIraqandIPC,inspiteofdisputescenteredaroundIraq'swishforgreater
involvementandmoreroyalties.Duringthe192868timeperiod,IPCmonopolisedoilexploration
insidetheRedLineexcludingSaudiArabiaandBahrain.
[43][44]
In1932,APOCandRoyalDutchShellformedthejointmarketingcompanyintheUnitedKingdom
namedShellMexandBP.
[34]
In1934,APOCandGulfOilfoundedtheKuwaitOilCompanyasan
equallyownedpartnership.Theoilconcessionrightswereawardedtothecompanyon23December
1934andthecompanystarteddrillingoperationsin1936.
[45][46]
In1935,RezShhrequestedthe
internationalcommunitytorefertoPersiaas'Iran',whichwasreflectedinthenamechangeofAPOCto
theAngloIranianOilCompany(AIOC).
[30]
In1937,AIOCandRoyalDutchShellformedthe
Shell/D'ArcyExplorationPartnerspartnershiptoexploreforoilinNigeria.Thepartnershipwasequally
ownedbutoperatedbyShell.ItwaslaterreplacedbyShellD'ArcyPetroleumDevelopmentCompany
andShellBPPetroleumDevelopmentCompany(nowShellPetroleumDevelopmentCompany).
[47]
FollowingWorldWarII,nationalisticsentimentswereontheriseintheMiddleEastmostnotable
beingIraniannationalism,andArabNationalism.InIran,theAIOCandtheprowesternIranian
governmentledbyPrimeMinisterAliRazmararesistednationalistcallstoreviseAIOC'sconcession
termsinIran'sfavour.InMarch1951,RazmarawasassassinatedandMohammedMossadeq,a
nationalist,waselectedasthenewprimeministerbytheMajlisofIran(parliament).
[48]
InApril1951,
theIraniangovernmentnationalisedtheIranianoilindustrybyunanimousvote,andtheNationalIranian
OilCompany(NIOC)wasformed,displacingtheAIOC.
[49][50]
TheAIOCwithdrewitsmanagement
fromIran,andBritainorganisedaneffectiveworldwideembargoofIranianoil.TheBritishgovernment,
whichownedtheAIOC,contestedthenationalisationattheInternationalCourtofJusticeatTheHague,
butitscomplaintwasdismissed.
[51]
PrimeMinisterChurchillaskedPresidentEisenhowerforhelpinoverthrowingMossadeq.Theanti
Mossadeqplanwasorchestratedunderthecodename'OperationAjax'byCIA,and'OperationBoot'by
SIS(MI6).TheCIAandtheBritishhelpedstageacoupinAugust1953,the1953Iraniancoupd'tat,
whichestablishedproWesterngeneralFazlollahZahediasthenewPM,andgreatlystrengthenedthe
politicalpowerofShahMohammadRezaPahlavi.TheAIOCwasabletoreturntoIran.
1954to1979
In1954,theAIOCbecametheBritishPetroleumCompany.Afterthe1953Iraniancoupd'tat,Iranian
OilParticipantsLtd(IOP),aholdingcompany,wasfoundedinOctober1954inLondontobringIranian
oilbacktotheinternationalmarket.
[52][53]
BritishPetroleumwasafoundingmemberofthiscompany
with40%stake.
[48][52]
IOPoperatedandmanagedoilfacilitiesinIranonbehalfofNIOC.
[52][53]
Similar
totheSaudiAramco"50/50"agreementof1950,
[54]
theconsortiumagreedtoshareprofitsona5050
basiswithIran,"butnottoopenitsbookstoIranianauditorsortoallowIraniansontoitsboardof
directors."
[55][56]
In1953BritishPetroleumenteredtheCanadianmarketthroughthepurchaseofaminoritystakein
CalgarybasedTriadOilCompany,andexpandedfurthertoAlaskain1959,resultingdiscoveryofoilat
PrudhoeBayin1969.
[34][57]
In1956,itssubsidiaryD'ArcyExplorationCo.(Africa)Ltd.hasbeen
grantedfouroilconcessionsinLibya.
[58]
In1962,ScottishOilsceasedoilshaleoperations.
[39]
In1965,
itwasthefirstcompanytostrikeoilintheNorthSea.
[59]
TheCanadianholdingcompanyofBritish
PetroleumwasrenamedBPCanadain1969andin1971,itacquired97.8%stakeofSupertest
Petroleum.Subsequently,SupertestwasrenamedtoBPCanada,andotherCanadianinterestsofBritish
Petroleumwereamalgamatedtothenewcompany.
Bythe1960s,BritishPetroleumhaddevelopedareputationfortakingontheriskiestventures.Itearned
thecompanymassiveprofitsitalsoearnedthemtheworstsafetyrecordintheindustry.
[35]
In1967,the
giantoiltankerTorreyCanyonfounderedofftheEnglishcoast.Over100tonnesofcrudeoilwere
spilledintotheAtlanticandontothebeachesofCornwallandBrittany,causingBritain'sworsteveroil
spill.
[60]
TheshipwasownedbytheBahamasbasedBarracudaTankerCorporationandwasflyingthe
flagofLiberia,awellknownflagofconvenience,butwasbeingcharteredbyBritishPetroleum.
[60]
The
shipwasbombedbyRAFjetbombersinanefforttobreakuptheshipandburnofftheleakingoil,but
thisfailedtodestroytheoilslick.
[61]
Thecompany'soilassetswerenationalisedinLibyain1971,inKuwaitin1975,andinNigeriain
1979.
[46][50][62]
InIraq,IPCceaseditsoperationsafteritwasnationalisedbytheBa'athistIraqi
governmentinJune1972althoughlegallyIraqPetroleumCompanystillremainsextant,
[63]
andoneof
itsassociatedcompaniesAbuDhabiPetroleumCompany(ADPC),formerlyPetroleumDevelopment
(TrucialCoast)Ltdalsocontinueswiththeoriginalshareholdingintact.
[64][65]
TheintensifiedpowerstrugglebetweenoilcompaniesandhostgovernmentsinMiddleEast,alongwith
theoilpriceshocksthatfollowedthe1973oilcrisismeantBritishPetroleumlostmostofitsdirect
accesstocrudeoilsuppliesproducedincountriesthatbelongedtotheOrganizationofPetroleum
ExportingCountries(OPEC),andpromptedittodiversifyitsoperationsbeyondtheheavilyMiddleEast
dependentoilproduction.In1976,BPandShelldemergedtheirmarketingoperationsintheUnited
KingdombydividingShellMexandBP.In1978thecompanyacquiredacontrollinginterestin
StandardOilofOhio(Sohio).
[66]
InIran,BritishPetroleumcontinuedtooperateuntiltheIslamicRevolutionin1979.Thenewregimeof
AyatollahKhomeiniconfiscatedallofthecompany'sassetsinIranwithoutcompensation,bringingtoan
endits70yearpresenceinIran.
[35]
In19701980sBPdiversifiedintocoal,mineralsandnutritionbusinesseswhichallweredivested
later.
[34]
1979to2000
TheBritishGovernmentsold80millionsharesofBPat$7.58in1979aspartofThatcherera
privatisation.Thissalerepresentedslightlymorethan5%ofBP'stotalsharesandreducedthe
government'sownershipofthecompanyto46%.
[67][68]
Aftertheworldwidestockmarketcrashon19
October1987,PrimeMinisterMargaretThatcherinitiatedthesaleofanadditionalGBP7.5billion
($12.2billion)ofBPsharesat333pence,representingthegovernment'sremaining31%stakeinthe
company.
[67][69][70]
InNovember1987theKuwaitInvestmentOfficepurchaseda10.06%interestin
BP,becomingthelargestinstitutionalshareholder.
[71]
ThefollowingMay,theKIOpurchasedadditional
shares,bringingtheirownershipto21.6%.
[72]
ThisraisedconcernswithinBPthatoperationsinthe
UnitedStates,BP'sprimarycountryofoperations,wouldsuffer.InOctober1988,theBritish
DepartmentofTradeandIndustryrequiredtheKIOtoreduceitssharesto9.6%within12months.
[73]
ThefinalversionoftheBPshield
logo,introducedin1989andused
until2002theshieldlogowas
originallydesignedbyARSaunders
in1920
PeterWalterswasthecompanychairmanfrom1981to1990.
[74]
Duringhisperiodaschairmanhereducedcompany'srefining
capacityinEurope.
[74]
In1982,thedownstreamassetsofBP
CanadaweresoldtoPetroCanada.In1984,StandardOilof
CaliforniawasrenamedtoChevronCorporationanditbought
GulfOilthelargestmergerinhistoryatthattime.
[75]
Tosettle
theantitrustregulation,ChevrondivestedmanyofGulf's
operatingsubsidiaries,andsoldsomeGulfstationsandarefinery
intheeasternUnitedStatestoBritishPetroleumandCumberland
Farmsin1985.
[76]
In1987,BritishPetroleumnegotiatedthe
acquisitionofBritoil
[77]
andtheremainingpubliclytradedshares
ofStandardOilofOhio.
[66]
Atthesameyearitwaslistedonthe
TokyoStockExchangewhereitsshareweretradeduntil
delistingin2008.
[78]
WalterswasreplacedbyRobertHortonin1989.Hortoncarried
outamajorcorporatedownsizingexerciseremovingvarious
tiersofmanagementattheHeadOffice.
[79]
In1992,BritishPetroleumsoldoffits57%stakeinBP
Canada(upstreamoperations),whichwasrenamedasTalismanEnergy.
[80]
JohnBrowne,whohad
joinedBPin1966androsethroughtherankstojointheboardasmanagingdirectorin1991,was
appointedgroupchiefexecutivein1995.
[81]
BritishPetroleumenteredintoRussianmarketin1990andopeneditsfirstservicestationinMoscowin
1996.In1997,itacquired10%stakeinRussianoilcompanySidanco,whichlaterbecameapartof
TNKBP.
[82]
2000to2010
UnderJohnBrowne,BritishPetroleumacquiredotheroilcompanies,transformingBPintothethird
largestoilcompanyintheworld.BritishPetroleummergedwithAmoco(formerlyStandardOilof
Indiana)inDecember1998,becomingBPAmocoplc.
[83][84]
MostAmocostationsintheUnitedStates
wereconvertedtoBP'sbrandandcorporateidentity.In2000,BPAmocoacquiredArco(Atlantic
RichfieldCo.)andBurmahCastrol.
[85][86][87][88]
Aspartofthemerger'sbrandawareness,thecompany
helpedtheTateModerngalleryofBritishArtlaunchRePresentingBritain15002000.
[89]
In2001,in
responsetonegativepressonBritishPetroleum'spoorsafetystandards,thecompanyadoptedagreen
sunburstlogoandrebrandeditselfasBP("BeyondPetroleum")plc.
[84]
Inthebeginningofthe2000s,BPbecametheleadingpartner(andlateroperator)oftheBakuTbilisi
CeyhanpipelineprojectwhichopenedanewoiltransportationroutefromtheCaspianregion.
[90]
On1
September2003,BPandagroupofRussianbillionaires,knownasAAR(AlfaAccessRenova),
announcedthecreationofastrategicpartnershiptojointlyholdtheiroilassetsinRussiaandUkraine.As
aresult,TNKwascreated.
[91]
In2004,BP'solefinsandderivativesbusinesswasmovedintoaseparateentitywhichwassoldtoIneos
in2005.
[92][93]
In2007,BPsolditscorporateownedconveniencestores,typicallyknownas"BP
Connect",tolocalfranchiseesandjobbers.
[94]
StevenKoonin,BP'sthenChief
Scientist,speakinginthecompany
boardroomin2005(toprightof
picture)
PresidentBarackObamameeting
withBPexecutivesattheWhite
HouseinJune2010todiscusstheoil
spillintheGulfofMexico
On23March2005,15workerswerekilledandmorethan170
injuredintheTexasCityRefineryexplosion.Tosavemoney,
majorupgradestothe1934refineryhadbeenpostponed.
[95]
Brownepledgedtopreventanothercatastrophe.Threemonths
later,'ThunderHorsePDQ',BP'sgiantnewproductionplatform
intheGulfofMexico,nearlysankduringahurricane.Intheir
rushtofinishthe$1billionplatform,workershadinstalleda
valvebackwards,allowingtheballasttankstoflood.Inspections
revealedothershoddywork.Repairscostinghundredsof
millionswouldkeepThunderHorseoutofcommissionforthree
years.
[95]
LordBrowneresignedfromBPon1May2007.Thenewchief
executivebecameheadofexplorationandproductionTony
Hayward.
[96]
In2009,HaywardshiftedemphasisfromLordBrowne'sfocusonalternativeenergy,
announcingthatsafetywouldhenceforthbethecompany's"numberonepriority".
[97]
In2009,BPobtainedaproductioncontractduringthe2009/2010Iraqioilservicescontractstenderto
developtheRumailafieldwithjointventurepartnerCNPC,whichcontainanestimated17billion
barrels(2.7 10
9
m
3
)ofoil,accountingfor12%ofIraq'soilreservesestimatedat143.1billionbarrels
(22.75 10
9
m
3
).
[98][99]
InJune2010,theBP/CNPCconsortiumtookoverdevelopmentofthe
field,
[100][101]
whichwastheepicentreofthe1990Gulfwar.
[102][103]
2010topresent
On1October2010,BobDudleyreplacedTonyHaywardasthe
company'sCEOaftertheDeepwaterHorizonoilspill.
[104]
After
theoilspillBPannouncedadivestmentprogramtosellabout
$38billionworthofnoncoreassetsby2013tocompensateits
liabilitiesrelatedtotheaccident.
[105][106]
InJuly2010,itsoldits
naturalgasactivitiesinAlbertaandBritishColumbia,Canada,to
ApacheCorporation.
[107]
ItsolditsstakeinthePetroperijand
BoquernfieldsinVenezuelaandintheLanTayandLanDo
fields,theNamConSonpipelineandterminal,andthePhuMy3
powerplantinVietnamtoTNKBP,
[108][109]
forecourtsand
supplybusinessesinNamibia,Botswana,Zambia,Tanzaniaand
MalawitoPumaEnergy,
[110]
theWytchFarmonshoreoilfieldin
DorsetandapackageofNorthSeagasassetstoPerenco,
[111]
naturalgasliquidsbusinessinCanadatoPlainsAllAmericanPipelineLP,
[112]
naturalgasassetsin
KansastoLinnEnergy,
[113]
CarsonRefineryinSouthernCaliforniatoTesoro,SunrayandHemphillgas
processingplantsinTexas,togetherwiththeirassociatedgasgatheringsystem,toEagleRockEnergy
Partners,
[114][115][116][117]
theTexasCityRefineryandassociatedassetstoMarathon
Petroleum,
[118][119]
theGulfofMexicolocatedMarlin,Dorado,King,HornMountain,andHolstein
fieldsasalsoitsstakeinnonoperatedDianaHooverandRamPowellfieldstoPlainsExploration&
Production,
[105]
nonoperatingstakeintheDraugenoilfieldtoNorskeShell,
[120]
andtheUK'sliquefied
petroleumgasdistributionbusinesstoDCC.
[121]
BP'sworldheadquartersinSt.
James's,CityofWestminster,London
On15January2011,RosneftandBPannouncedadealtojointlydevelopEastPrinovozemelskyfieldon
theRussianarcticshelf.
[122]
However,thedealwasblockedbyBP'scoshareholdersinTNKBPdueto
adisputeoverRussianexplorationrightsbetweenthetwocompanies,andwasnullified.
[123]
InOctober
2012,RosneftreachedseparateagreementswithBPandAARtoacquireTNKBP,witheachdeal
subjecttoregulatoryapprovalthepriceforBP'sshareswas$12.3billionincashand18.5%ofRosneft's
stock.
[124]
Thedealwascompletedon21March2013.
[125][126]
InFebruary2011,BPformedapartnershipwithRelianceIndustries,takinga30%stakeinanewIndian
jointventureforaninitialpaymentof$7.2billion.
[127]
InSeptember2012,BPsolditssubsidiaryBP
Chemicals(Malaysia)Sdn.Bhd.,anoperatoroftheKuantanpurifiedterephthalicacid(PTA)plantin
Malaysia,toRelianceIndustriesfor$230million.
[128]
In20112013,BPcutdownitsalternativeenergybusiness.Thecompanyannounceditsdeparturefrom
thesolarenergymarketinDecember2011byclosingitssolarpowerbusiness,BPSolar.
[129][130]
In
2012,BPshutdowntheBPBiofuelsHighlandsprojectwhichwasdevelopedsince2008tomake
cellulosicethanolfromemergingenergycropslikeswitchgrassandfrombiomass.
[131][132][133]
By2013,BPhadfallenfromthesecondlargestoilcompanytothefourthaftersellingoffassetstocover
DeepwaterHorizonoilspillrelatedpayouts.
[134]
InJune2014,BPagreedadealwortharound$20billiontosupplyCNOOCwithliquefiednatural
gas.
[135]
Operations
BPhasoperationsinaround80countriesworldwide
[136]
withthe
globalheadquartersinEngland,locatedintheStJames'sareaof
London.
[137]
AsofNovember2013,thecompanyhadatotalof
83,900employees.
[4]
BPoperationsareorganisedintotwomain
businesssegments,UpstreamandDownstream.
[138]
Since1951,BPpublishesitsannualStatisticalReviewofWorld
Energy,whichisconsideredanenergyindustrybenchmark.
[139]
Operationsbylocation
UnitedKingdomandIreland
Asof2011thecompanyemploysmorethan15,000peopleintheUKandIreland,orabout20%ofits
totalworkforce.
[140][141]
BPhasamajorcorporatecampusinSunburyonThameswhichishometo
around4,500employeesandover40businessunits.
[142]
ItsNorthSeaoperationsareheadquarteredin
Aberdeen,Scotland,whereitemploysaround3,000people.
[143]
BP'stradingfunctionsarebasedat20
CanadaSquareinCanaryWharf,London,wherearound2,200employeesarebased.
[142]
BPhasthree
majorresearchanddevelopmentcentresintheUK.
[144]
TheBPchemicalsplantinSaltEnd,
UnitedKingdom
TheheadquartersofBPAmericain
WestlakePark,Houston
BPoperatesmorethan40offshoreoilandgasfields,four
onshoreterminalsandapipelinenetworkthattransportsaround
50percentoftheoilandgasproducedintheUK,accordingto
thecompany.
[145][146]
Asof2011,BPhadproduced5billion
barrels(790 10
6
m
3
)ofoilandgasequivalentintheNorth
Sea
[147]
andasof2012itslevelofproductionwasabout200,000
barrelsperday(32,000m
3
/d),
[148][149]
BPhasinvestedmore
than35billionintheNorthSeasincethe1960s,andin2012
announceditsplanstoinvestanother10billionuntil2017.The
companyannouncedthatitisfocusingitsinvestmentintheUK
NorthSeaintofourdevelopmentprojectsincludingtheClair,
Devenick,SchiehallionandLoyal,andKinnoulloilfields.
[150]
BPistheoperatoroftheClairoilfield,whichhasbeenappraisedasthelargesthydrocarbonresourcein
theUK.
[148]
InSaltendnearHull,BPoperatesapetrochemicalsplantthatproducesaceticacidandaceticanhydride
usedintheproductionofpharmaceuticals,textilesandotherchemicalproducts.
[149][151]
Atthesame
location,thecompanyoperatesabiofueltechnologydemonstrationplantinpartnershipwithDuPont,
whichusesfeedstockssuchaswheattoproducebiobutanol.
[152]
In2007BPformedajointventure
calledVivergowithABSugarandDuPonttobuildabiofuelplantnearHulltoconvertwheatinto
ethanoltheremainingplantmatterissoldasanimalfeed.
[153]
TheplantwentonlineinDecember
2012.
[154]
RetailsitesoperatedbyBPintheUKincludeover1,100servicestations.
[155]
Itsflagshipretailbrandis
BPConnect,achainofservicestationscombinedwithaconveniencestore,acafcalledthe"WildBean
Cafe",
[156][157]
andinmanystations,aM&SSimplyFoodshop.
[158]
UnitedStates
TheUSoperationscomprisenearlyonethirdofBP'sworldwide
businessinterests,
[159]
andtheUSisthecountrywiththegreatest
concentrationofitsemployeesandinvestments.
[160][161]
Asof
April2014,perthecompanywebsiteBPemploysapproximately
20,000peopleintheUS.
[162][163][164]
BP'smajorsubsidiaryintheUnitedStatesisBPAmerica,Inc.
basedinHouston,Texas,whichistheparentcompanyforthe
BP'soperationsintheUnitedStates.
[165]
BPExploration&
ProductionInc.,a1996establishedHoustonbasedsubsidiary,is
dealingwithoilexplorationandproduction,includingGulfof
Mexicoactivities.
[166]
BPCorporationNorthAmerica,Inc.,
providespetroleumrefiningservicesasalsotransportationfuel,heatandlightenergy,andpetrochemical
products.
[167]
BPProductsNorthAmerica,Inc.,a1954establishedHoustonbasedsubsidiary,is
engagedintheexploration,development,production,refining,andmarketingofoilandnaturalgas.
[168]
BPAmericaProductionCompany,aNewMexicobasedsubsidiary,engagesinoilandgasexploration
anddevelopment.
[169]
BPEnergyCompany,aHoustonbasedsubsidiary,isaproviderofnaturalgas,
power,andriskmanagementservicestotheindustrialandutilitysectorsandaretailelectricproviderin
TheThunderHorsePDQsemi
submersibleoilplatforminthe
ThunderHorseOilField
PartoftheTransAlaskaPipeline
System
Texas.
[170]
InMarch2014,itwasreportedthatBPwastomoveitsUSonshoreoilandgasasset
managementtoanewsubsidiary,inanefforttobettercompetewiththesmallercompaniesthat
dominatetheUSshalegasindustry.
[171]
BPisthesecondlargestproducerofoilandgasandthelargestleaseholderinthedeepwaterGulfof
Mexico.
[163]
Thecompanyproducesroughly10%ofitsglobaloutputintheregion,over189,000barrels
perday(30,000m
3
/d)ofoilequivalent.
[172]
Ofthesevenlargest
drillingplatformsintheGulf,fourareoperatedbyBP.
[173]
Asof
2012BPhasoilandgasproductionintheGulffromfields
includingAtlantis,MadDog,NaKika,andThunderHorse.The
companyalsoholdsstakesinfieldsoperatedbyothercompanies,
includingtheMars,Ursa,andGreatWhitefields.BPisthe
leaseholderofMississippiCanyonBlock252(Macondo
Prospect)andtheoperatoroftheMacondowell,thesiteofthe
DeepwaterHorizonexplosionandoilspill.
[174][175]
InDecember
2011,BPacquired11newlyavailableleasesforresource
explorationrightstoareasoffederalwatersintheGulfandin
June2012itacquired40furtherleasesinthecentralregionofthe
Gulf.
[159][176]
InMarch2014,theEPA'sbanbarringBPfrom
biddingonnewleasesintheGulf,imposedfollowingthe
Macondospill,waslifted.BPwon24bidsatauctionforleasesin
theregiontotalling$41.6million.
[163]
Asof2012,thecompanyoperatedabouttwothirdsofallAlaska
NorthSlopeproduction.
[177]
Itoperates13oilfields,four
pipelines,andownsastakeinsixadditionalfieldsintheNorth
Slope.
[178][179]
BPisthelargestpartnerwithjustunder50%
ownershipstakeinthe800mile(1,300km)longTransAlaska
PipelineSystem.
[180]
In2013BPproducedmorethan1,539millioncubicfeetperday
(43.6millioncubicmetresperday)ofnaturalgas.
[181]
Thecompanyisthecountry'ssixthlargestnatural
gasproducerwithatotalof21,000wells.
[182]
ItsUSLower48onshoredivisionhasshalepositionsin
theWoodford,Oklahoma,Fayetteville,Arkansas,Haynesville,Texas,EagleFord,TexasandUtica,
Ohioshales.
[183][184][185]
Ithasunconventionalgas(shalegasortightgas)stakesalsoinColorado,New
MexicoandWyoming,primarilyintheSanJuanBasin.
[186][187][188]
BPoperatesWhitingRefineryinIndianaandCherryPointRefineryinWashington,andhasastakein
theHuskyEnergyoperatedToledoRefineryinOhio.
[189][190][191][192]
Sincetheearly2000s,the
companyhasbeenfocusingitsrefiningbusinessonprocessingrefinedproductsfromoilsandsand
shales.
[190][193]
ThereareseveralthousandretailsitesintheUSoperatingunderaBPbrandincluding
BP,ARCOandAmpm.
[13]
OntheUSWestCoast,BPprimarilyoperatesservicestationsunderthe
ARCObrand.
[194][195]
ThecompanyownsthreepetrochemicalplantsintheUS,whichproduceapproximatelyfourmillion
tonsofpetrochemicalseachyear.
[196]
ItspetrochemicalplantinTexasCity,locatedonthesamesiteas
theformerlyownedTexasCityRefinery,producesindustrialchemicalsincludingpropyleneand
styrene.
[197]
BP'sDecatur,AlabamaandCooperRiver,SouthCarolinapetrochemicalplantsboth
producePTA,whichisusedintheproductionofsyntheticfibreforclothing,packagingandoptical
films.
[196][198][199]
TheDecaturplantalsoproducesparaxyleneandnaphthalenedicarboxlate.
[200]
Thecompany'salternativeenergyoperationsbasedintheUSinclude16windfarms.
[201][202]
Otherlocations
Africa
InEgypt,BPproducesapproximately15%ofthecountry'stotaloilproductionand40%ofitsdomestic
gas.
[203]
ThecompanyalsohasoffshoregasdevelopmentsintheEastNileDeltaMediterranean,andin
theWestNileDelta,
[204]
wherethecompanyhasajointinvestmentofUS$9billionwithRWEto
developtwooffshoregasfields.
[205][206]
BPisactiveinoffshoreoildevelopmentinAngola,whereitholdsaninterestinatotalofnineoil
explorationandproductionblockscoveringmorethan30,000squarekilometres(12,000sqmi).This
includesfourblocksitacquiredinDecember2011andanadditionalblockthatisoperatedbyBrazilian
nationaloilcompany,Petrobras,inwhichitholdsa40%stake.
[207]
Asia
BPhasastakeinexplorationoftwoblocksofoffshoredeepwaterassetsintheSouthChina
Sea.
[208][209]
InIndia,BPownsa30%shareofoilandgasassetsoperatedbyRelianceIndustries,including
explorationandproductionrightsinmorethan20offshoreoilandgasblocks,representingan
investmentofmorethanUS$7billionintooilandgasexplorationinthecountry.
[210]
BPhasmajorliquefiednaturalgasactivitiesinIndonesia,whereitoperatestheTangguhLNGproject,
whichbeganproductionin2009andhasacapacityof7.6milliontonnesofliquidnaturalgasper
year.
[211]
Alsointhatcountry,thecompanyhasinvestedintheexplorationanddevelopmentofcoalbed
methane.
[212]
BPoperatesinIraqaspartofthejointventureRumailaOperatingOrganizationintheRumailaoilfield,
theworld'sfourthlargestoilfield,whereitproducedover1millionbarrelsperday(160 10
3
m
3
/d)of
oilequivalentin2011.
[213][214]
Australia
InAustralia,BPoperatestwooutofthecountry'sfive
[215]
refineries:KwinanainWesternAustralia,
whichcanprocessupto146,000barrels(23,200m
3
)ofcrudeoilperdayandisthecountry'slargest
refinery,andtheBulwerIslandrefineryinQueensland,whichcanprocessupto102,000barrels
(16,200m
3
)ofcrudeperday.
[216][217]
CaucasusandtheCaspianregion
ABP"RoadTrain"intheAustralian
Outback
AGDH(subsidiaryofBP)oildepot,
Frontigan,Hrault,France.
BPoperatesthetwolargestoilandgasproductionprojectsinthe
Azerbaijan'ssectoroftheCaspianSea,theAzeriChirag
Guneshlioffshoreoilfields,whichsupplies80%ofthecountry's
oilproduction,andtheShahDenizgasfield.Italsoanddevelops
theShafagAsimancomplexofoffshoregeological
structures.
[218][219][220]
Inaddition,itoperatestheAzerbaijan's
majorexportpipelinesthroughGeorgiasuchasBakuTbilisi
Ceyhan,BakuSupsaandSouthCaucasuspipelines.
[221]
Europe(ex.UnitedKingdomandIreland)
BP'srefiningoperationsincontinentalEuropeincludeEurope's
secondlargestoilrefinery,locatedinRotterdam,the
Netherlands,whichcanprocessupto377,000barrels
(59,900m
3
)ofcrudeoilperday.
[222]
InadditiontoitsoffshoreoperationsintheBritishzoneofNorth
Sea,BPhasinterestsintheNorwegiansectionofthesea.Asof
March2013,BPholdsa19.75%stakeinRussia'sstate
controlledoilcompanyRosneft.
[126]
InSeptember2014,BPannounceditwouldacquirethe
ScandinavianaviationfuelbusinessStatoilFuel&Retailforan
undisclosedamount.
[223]
NorthAmerica(ex.UnitedStates)
BP'sCanadianoperationsareheadquarteredinCalgaryandthecompanyoperatesprimarilyinAlberta,
theNorthwestTerritories,andNovaScotia.Itpurchasescrudeoilforthecompany'srefineriesinthe
UnitedStatesandhasoilsandsholdingsinAlbertaandfouroffshoreblocksinNova
Scotia.
[224][225][226]
Thecompany'sCanadianoilsandsleasesincludejointventureswithHuskyEnergy
intheSunriseEnergyProject(50%),
[227]
andDevonEnergyinPike,
[228]
andapartnershipwithValue
CreationInc.inthedevelopmentoftheTerredeGraceoilsandslease.TheBP'sinvestmentinthe
SunriseProjectis1.6billionanditisexpectedtostartproductionin2014.
[229]
BPisthelargestoilandgasproducerinTrinidadandTobago,whereitholdsmorethan1,350square
kilometres(520sqmi)ofoffshoreassetsandisthelargestshareholderinAtlanticLNG,oneofthe
largestLNGplantsinWesternHemisphere.
[230]
SouthAmerica
InBrazil,BPholdsstakesinoffshoreoilandgasexplorationintheBarreirinhas,CearandCampos
basins,inadditiontoonshoreprocessingfacilities.
[231]
BPalsooperatesbiofuelproductionfacilitiesin
Brazil,includingthreecanesugarmillsforethanolproduction.
[232][233]
Mainbusinesssegments
Oilandnaturalgas
AnAralservicestationin
Weiterstadt,Germany
BPUpstream'sactivitiesincludeexploringfornewoilandnaturalgasresources,developingaccessto
suchresources,andproducing,transporting,storingandprocessingoilandnaturalgas.
[234][235]
UpstreamisresponsiblefortheoperationofBP'swells,pipelines,offshoreplatformsandprocessing
facilities.Theactivitiesinthisareaofoperationstakeplacein30countriesworldwide,including
Angola,Azerbaijan,Brazil,Canada,Egypt,India,Iraq,Norway,Russia,TrinidadandTobago,the
UnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.
[236]
Inadditiontotheconventionaloilexplorationand
production,BPhasastakeinthethreeoilsandsprojectsinCanada.
[107]
Oilrefiningandmarketing
BPDownstream'sactivitiesincludetherefining,marketing,
manufacturing,transportation,tradingandsupplyofcrudeoil,
petrochemicalsandpetroleumproducts.
[234]
Downstreamis
responsibleforBP'sfuels,lubricantsandpetrochemical
businessesandhasmajoroperationslocatedinEurope,North
AmericaandAsia.
[237]
AsofNovember2013,BPownedorheld
asharein14refineriesworldwide,ofwhichsevenwerelocated
inEuropeandthreewereintheUS.
[238]
Asof2013BPownedorhadasharein17petrochemical
manufacturingplantsworldwide.
[239]
Thecompany's
petrochemicalsplantsproduceproductsincludingPTA,paraxylene,andaceticacid.Itspetrochemicals,
lubricants,fuelsandrelatedservicesaremarketedinover70countries.
[240]
AirBPistheaviationdivisionofBP,providingaviationfuel,lubricants&services.Ithasoperationsin
over50countriesworldwide.BPShippingprovidesthelogisticstomoveBP'soilandgascargoesto
market,aswellasmarinestructuralassurance.
[241]
Itmanagesalargefleetofvesselsmostofwhichare
heldonlongtermoperatingleases.BPShipping'scharteringteamsbasedinLondon,Singapore,and
Chicagoalsocharterthirdpartyvesselsonbothtimecharterandvoyagecharterbasis.TheBPmanaged
fleetconsistsofVeryLargeCrudeCarriers(VLCCs),oneNorthSeashuttletanker,mediumsizecrude
andproductcarriers,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)carriers,liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)carriers,and
coasters.Alloftheseshipsaredoublehulled.
[242]
BPmarketspetroleumproductsinapproximately80countriesworldwide.
[4]
Ithasaround
17,800servicestations,whichareprimarilyoperatedundertheBPbrand.
[13]
BPConnectisBP's
flagshipretailformat,
[155]
althoughintheUSitisgraduallybeingtransitionedtotheampmformat.
[195]
InGermanyandLuxembourg,BPoperatesservicestationsundertheAralbrand,havingacquiredthe
majorityofVebalAGin2001andsubsequentlyrebrandeditsexistingstationsinGermanytotheAral
name.
[243]
OntheUSWestCoast,inthestatesofCalifornia,Oregon,Washington,Nevada,Idaho,
Arizona,andUtah,BPprimarilyoperatesservicestationsundertheARCObrand.
[244]
InAustraliaBP
operatesanumberofBPTravelCentres,largescaledestinationsiteslocatedwhich,inadditiontothe
usualfacilitiesinaBPConnectsite,alsofeaturefoodretailtenantssuchasMcDonald's,KFCand
Nando'sandfacilitiesforlonghaultruckdrivers.
[245]
CastrolisBP'smainbrandforindustrialandautomotivelubricantsandisappliedtoalargerangeofBP
oils,greasesandsimilarproductsformostlubricationapplications.
[246]
Alternativeandlowcarbonenergy
ABPphotovoltaic(PV)modulethat
iscomposedofmultiplePVcells.
TwoormoreinterconnectedPV
modulescreateanarray.
TheFowlerRidgeWindFarm
BPSolar,aformersubsidiaryofBP,wasamanufacturerand
installerofphotovoltaicsolarcellsheadquarteredinMadrid,
Spain,withproductionfacilitiesinIndiaandthePeople's
RepublicofChina.
[247][248]
Operatingsince1981whenBP
acquiredinitially50%ofLucasEnergySystemstobecome
LucasBPSolarSystems,
[249]
thecompanybecamewholly
ownedbyBPinthemid1980s.In1999itincreaseditsstakein
theAmericanSolarexplantto100%,butby2010itwasclosing
downthefactoryatFrederick,Maryland.
[250]
BPSolarwas
closedon21December2011.
[130]
BPestablishedanalternativeandlowcarbonenergybusinessin
2005,withplanstoinvest$8billionovera10yearperiodinto
renewableenergysourcesincludingsolar,wind,andbiofuels,
andnonrenewablesourcesincludingnaturalgasandhydrogen
power.Accordingtothecompany,itspentatotalof$8.3billion
intheseprojectsthroughcompletionin2013.
[251][252][253][254]
Asof2012,theBPAlternativeEnergybusinessemployed
5,000people.
[252][255]
Thedivisionishousedwithinthefirm's
"otherbusinessesandcorporate"unit,andthecompanydoesnot
breakoutitsfinancialdetails.
[251]
IntheUnitedStates,BPhasbuiltorpurchased16windfarms
withtotalgrosscapacityofaround2,600megawattsandanother2,000MWunderdevelopment.These
windfarmsincludetheCedarCreekWindFarm,TitanWindProject,SherbinoWindFarm,GoldenHills
WindProject,andFowlerRidgeWindFarm.
[201][202][256]
InApril2013,BPputitswindenergyunitup
forsale,toshiftitsfocusmoretoitsmainoilandgasbusinesses.
[201][202][257]
However,thesaleplan
wascancelledinJuly2013.
[258]
InBrazil,BPownstwoethanolproducersCompanhiaNacionaldeAcarelcoolandTropical
BioEnergiawiththreeethanolmills.
[259][260]
InEngland,ithasastakeinthebioethanolproducer
VivergoandtogetherwithDuPonthasabiobutanoldemonstrationplant.
[152][261]
BPhasinvestedinan
agriculturalbiotechnologycompanyChromatin,acompanydevelopingcropsthatcangrowonmarginal
landandthatareoptimizedtobeusedasfeedstockforbiofuel,
[262]
andVedrezyne,whichproduces
petrochemicalsinyeast.
[263][264]
TherelativelysmallsizeofBP'salternativeenergyoperationshasledtoallegationsofgreenwashingby
Greenpeace,
[265]
MotherJones
[266]
andoilandenergyanalystAntoniaJuhasz,
[267]
amongothers.
[268]
JuhasznotesBP'sinvestmentingreentechnologiespeakedat4%ofitsexploratorybudgetpriorto
cutbacks.
[269]
BP's2008budgetincluded$20billioninfossilfuelinvestmentand$1.5billioninall
alternativeformsofenergy.
[270]
TheAustralianpublicationTheMonthlyreportedinAugust2010that
BP'srenewablecapacitysoldannuallywas"minuscule",lessthan1000megawattsofwindandsolar
energyworldwide.
[271]
Corporateaffairs
BPstockvalue(open,high,lowand
closeprices)ontheNewYorkStock
Exchangein20002012
BPisthefifthlargestenergycompanybymarketcapitalization,
[7]
fifthlargestcompanyintheworld
measuredby2012revenues,andthesixthlargestoilandgascompanymeasuredby2012
production.
[8][9]
In2013,thecompany'srevenuewasUS$396.217billion,operatingincomewas$31.769billion
andnetincomewas$23.758billion.
[2]
Asof2013,83,900peopleemployedbythecompany
worldwide.
[4]
ThechairmanoftheBPboardofdirectorsisCarlHenricSvanbergandthechiefexecutiveofficeris
RobertDudley.
[272]
Stock
BPstockiscomposedoforiginalBPsharesaswellasshares
acquiredthroughmergerswithAmocoin1998andtheAtlantic
RichfieldCompany(ARCO)in2000.
[273][274]
Thecompany's
sharesareprimarilytradedontheLondonStockExchange,but
alsolistedontheFrankfurtStockExchangeinGermany.Inthe
UnitedStatessharesaretradedinUS$ontheNewYorkStock
ExchangeintheformofAmericandepositoryshares(ADS).One
ADSrepresentssixordinaryshares.
[275]
FollowingtheUnitedStatesFederalTradeCommission's
approvaloftheBPAmocomergerin1998,Amoco'sstockwas
removedfromStandard&Poor's500andwasmergedwithBP
sharesontheLondonStockExchange.
[273]
ThemergerwithAmocoresultedina40%increaseinshare
pricebyApril1999.
[276]
However,sharesfellnearly25%byearly2000,whentheFederalTrade
CommissionexpressedoppositiontoBPAmoco'sacquisitionofARCO.
[277]
Theacquisitionwas
ultimatelyapprovedinApril2000increasingstockvalue57centsoverthepreviousyear.
[274]
AftertheTexasCityRefineryexplosionin2005,stockpricesagainfell.ByJanuary2007,theexplosion,
coupledwithapipelinespillinAlaskaandproductiondelaysintheGulfofMexico,leftBP'sstock
down4.5%fromitspositionpriortotheTexasCityexplosion.
[278]
HoweverbyApril2007,stockshad
rebounded13%erasingthe8.3%lossfrom2006.
[279]
Decliningoilpricesandconcernsoveroil
sustainabilityalsocausedsharestofallinvalueinlate2008.
[280]
TheDeepwaterHorizonoilspillinApril2010initiatedasharpdeclineinshareprices,andBP'sshares
lostroughly50%oftheirvaluein50days.
[281]
BP'ssharesreachedalowof$26.97pershareon25June
2010totallinga$100billionlossinmarketvalue
[282]
beforebeginningtoclimbagain.Sharesreacheda
postspillhighof$49.50inearly2011
[283]
andasofApril2012sharesremaindownapproximately30%
fromprespilllevels.
[284]
On22March2013,BPannouncedan$8billionsharerepurchasewhichwillbeimplementedduring12
18months.
[285][286][287]
AsofApril2013,$300millionwasused,withaminimalimpacttotheshare
price.ThebuybackdecisionfollowedclosureoftheTNKBPdealandithastooffsetthedilutionto
earningspersharefollowingthelossofdividendsfromTNKBP.
[287]
Accordingtothecompanythe
buybackwouldprovideshareholdersneartermbenefitsfromthereshapingofthecompany'sRussian
business.
[285]
ThebuybackisalsoseenasawaytoinvestexcesscashfromtheTNKBPdeal.
[287]
Asof2012,38%ofBPshareswereheldbyAmericaninvestors,36%byBritishinvestors,and14%by
therestofEuropewiththeremainingsharesheldbyinvestorsfromothercountries.
[288]
Major
institutionalshareholdersincludeBlackRockInvestmentManagement(UK)Ltd.(5.39%asof19
February2013),Legal&GeneralInvestmentManagementLtd.(3.82%asof19February2013),and
CapitalResearch&ManagementCo.(GlobalInvestors)(2.33%asof19February2013).
[289]
Brandingandpublicrelations
Inthefirstquarterof2001thecompanyadoptedthemarketingnameofBP,andreplacedits"Green
Shield"logowiththe"Helios"symbol,agreenandyellowsunflowerlogonamedaftertheGreeksun
godanddesignedtorepresentenergyinitsmanyforms.BPintroducedanewcorporateslogan
"BeyondPetroleum"alongwitha$200Madvertisingandmarketingcampaign.
[290][291]
Accordingto
thecompany,thenewsloganrepresentedtheirfocusonmeetingthegrowingdemandforfossilfuels,
manufacturinganddeliveringmoreadvancedproducts,andtoenabletransitioningtoalowercarbon
footprint.
[292]
By2008,BP'sbrandingcampaignhadsucceededwiththeculminationofa2007EffieAwardfromby
theAmericanMarketingAssociation,andconsumershadtheimpressionthatBPwasoneofthegreenest
petroleumcompaniesintheworld.
[293]
BPwascriticisedbyenvironmentalistsandmarketingexperts,
whostatedthatthecompany'salternativeenergyactivitieswereonlyafractionofthecompany's
businessatthetime.
[294]
AccordingtoDemocracyNow,BP'smarketingcampaignamountedtoa
deceptivegreenwashingpublicrelationsspincampaigngiventhatBP's2008budgetincludedmorethan
$20billionforfossilfuelinvestmentandlessthan$1.5billionforallalternativeformsof
energy.
[269][270]
OilandenergyanalystAntoniaJuhasznotesBP'sinvestmentingreentechnologies
peakedat4%ofitsexploratorybudgetpriortocutbacks,includingthediscontinuationofBPSolarand
theclosureofitsalternativeenergyheadquartersinLondon.
[269][295]
AccordingtoJuhasz,"four
percent...hardlyqualifiesthecompanytobeBeyondPetroleum",citingBP's"aggressivemodesof
production,whetheritsthetarsands[or]offshore".
[296]
BPattainedanegativepublicimagefromtheseriesofindustrialaccidentsthatoccurredthroughthe
2000s,anditspublicimagewasseverelydamagedaftertheDeepwaterHorizonexplosionandGulfOil
spill.Intheimmediateaftermathofthespill,BPinitiallydownplayedtheseverityoftheincident,and
mademanyofthesamePRerrorsthatExxonhadmadeaftertheExxonValdezdisaster.
[297][298]
CEO
TonyHaywardwascriticisedforhisstatementsandhadcommittedseveralgaffes,includingstatingthat
he"wantedhislifeback."
[299]
SomeinthemediacommendedBPforsomeofitssocialmediaefforts,
suchastheuseofTwitterandFacebookaswellasasectionofthecompany'swebsitewhereit
communicateditseffortstocleanupthespill.
[300][301][302]
BPbeganarebrandingcampaigninlate2010,anddecidedtofocusitsbrandontheideaof"bringing
brilliantmindstogetherwithtechnologyatamassivescaletomeettheworld'senergyneeds",andfocus
itsmessagingontellingstoriesaboutpeople.
[303]
InFebruary2012BPNorthAmericalauncheda$500
millionbrandingcampaigntorebuilditsbrand.
[304]
Thecompany'sadvertisingbudgetwasabout$5millionperweekduringthefourmonthspillintheGulf
ofMexico,totalingnearly$100million.
[305][306]
InMay2012,BPtaskedapressofficestaffmembertoopenlyjoindiscussionsontheWikipediaarticle's
talkpageandsuggestcontenttobepostedbyothereditors.
[307]
Controversyemergedin2013overthe
amountofcontentfromBPthathadenteredthisarticle.
[308][309]
WikipediacofounderJimmyWales
statedthat,byidentifyinghimselfasaBPstaffmember,thecontributorinquestionhadcompliedwith
sitepolicyregardingconflictsofinterest.
[308]
Environmentalrecord
Positiononglobalwarming
In1997BPbecamethefirstmultinationaloutsidethereinsuranceindustrytopubliclysupportthe
scientificconsensusonclimatechange,whichEileenCaussen,PresidentofthePewCenteronGlobal
ClimateChangedescribedasatransformativemomentontheissue.
[310]
Priorto1997,BPwasa
memberoftheGlobalClimateCoalitionanindustryorganisationestablishedtopromoteglobalwarming
scepticismbutwithdrewin1997,saying"thetimetoconsiderthepolicydimensionsofclimatechangeis
notwhenthelinkbetweengreenhousegasesandclimatechangeisconclusivelyproven,butwhenthe
possibilitycannotbediscountedandistakenseriouslybythesocietyofwhichwearepart.WeinBP
havereachedthatpoint.".
[311][312]
InMarch2002,LordJohnBrowne,thegroupchiefexecutiveofBP,
declaredinaspeechthatglobalwarmingwasrealandthaturgentactionwasneeded.
[313]
Hazardoussubstancedumping19931995
InSeptember1999,oneofBP'sUSsubsidiaries,BPExplorationAlaska(BPXA),pleadedguiltyto
criminalchargesstemmingfromitsillegallydumpingofhazardouswastesontheAlaskaNorthSlope,
payingfinesandpenaltiestotaling$22million.BPpaidthemaximum$500,000incriminalfines,
$6.5millionincivilpenalties,andestablisheda$15millionenvironmentalmanagementsystematallof
BPfacilitiesintheUSandGulfofMexicothatareengagedinoilexploration,drillingorproduction.
Thechargesstemmedfromthe1993to1995dumpingofhazardouswastesonEndicottIsland,Alaska
byBP'scontractorDoyonDrilling.Thefirmillegallydischargedwasteoil,paintthinnerandothertoxic
andhazardoussubstancesbyinjectingthemdowntheouterrim,orannuli,oftheoilwells.BPXAfailed
toreporttheillegalinjectionswhenitlearnedoftheconduct,inviolationoftheComprehensive
EnvironmentalResponse,CompensationandLiabilityAct.
[314]
Airpollutionviolations
In2000BPAmocoacquiredARCO,aLosAngelesbasedoilgroup.
[85]
In2003CaliforniasSouth
CoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(AQMD)filedacomplaintagainstBP/ARCO,seeking$319
millioninpenaltiesforthousandsofairpollutionviolationsoveran8yearperiod.
[315]
InJanuary2005,
theagencyfiledasecondsuitagainstBPbasedonviolationsbetweenAugust2002andOctober2004.
ThesuitallegedthatBPillegallyreleasedairpollutantsbyfailingtoadequatelyinspect,maintain,repair
andproperlyoperatethousandsofpiecesofequipmentacrosstherefineryasrequiredbyAQMD
regulations.Itwasallegedthatinsomecasestheviolationswereduetonegligence,whileinothersthe
violationswereknowinglyandwillfullycommittedbyrefineryofficials.
[316]
In2005asettlementwas
reachedunderwhichBPagreedtopay$25millionincashpenaltiesand$6millioninpastemissions
fees,whilespending$20milliononenvironmentalimprovementsattherefineryand$30millionon
communityprogramsfocusedonasthmadiagnosisandtreatment.
[317]
In2013,atotalof474GalvestonCountyresidentslivingneartheBPTexasCityRefineryfileda$1
billionlawsuitagainstBP,accusingthecompanyof"intentionallymisleadingthepublicaboutthe
seriousness"ofatwoweekreleaseoftoxicfumeswhichbeganon10November2011."BPreportedly
releasedSulfurDioxide,MethylCarpaptan,DimethylDisulfideandothertoxicchemicalsintothe
atmospherereadsthereport.ThelawsuitfurtherclaimsGalvestoncountyhastheworstairqualityin
theUnitedStatesduetoBP'sviolationsofairpollutionlaws.BPhadnocommentandsaiditwould
addressthesuitinthecourtsystem.
[318][319][320][321][322]
Colombianfarmlanddamagesclaim
In2006,agroupofColombianfarmersreachedamultimilliondollaroutofcourtsettlementwithBPfor
allegedenvironmentaldamagecausedbytheOcensapipeline.
[323]
Anagreedstatementsaid:"The
ColombianfarmersgrouparepleasedtosaythatafteramediationprocesswhichtookplaceinBogotin
June2006atthejointinitiativeoftheparties,anamicablesettlementofthedisputeinrelationtothe
Ocensapipelinehasbeenreached,withnoadmissionsofliability."Thecompanywasaccusedof
benefitingfromaregimeofterrorcarriedoutbyColombiangovernmentparamilitariestoprotectthe
450mile(720km)OcensapipelineBPsaidthroughoutthatithasactedresponsiblyandthat
landownerswerefairlycompensated.
[324]
In2009,anothergroupof95ColombianfarmersfiledasuitagainstBP,sayingthecompany'sOcensa
pipelinecausedlandslidesanddamagetosoilandgroundwater,affectingcrops,livestock,and
contaminatingwatersupplies,makingfishpondsunsustainable.Mostofthelandtraversedbythe
pipelinewasownedbypeasantfarmerswhowereilliterateandunabletoreadtheenvironmentalimpact
assessmentconductedbyBPpriortoconstruction,whichacknowledgedsignificantandwidespreadrisks
ofdamagetotheland.
[325]
Canadianoilsands
InCanada,BPisinvolvedintheextractionofoilsands,alsoknownastarsandsorbituminoussands.
ThecompanyusesinsitudrillingtechnologiessuchasSteamAssistedGravityDrainagetoextractthe
bitumen.
[225][326][327]
MembersofUSandCanadianoilcompaniessaythatusingrecycledgroundwater
makesinsitudrillinganenvironmentallyfriendlieroptionwhencomparedwithoilsandsmining.
[328]
MembersofCanada'sFirstNationshavecriticizedBP'sinvolvementintheCanadianprojectforthe
impactstarsandsextractionhasontheenvironment.
[329]
NASAscientistJamesHansensaidthatthe
exploitationofCanadiantarsandswouldmean"gameoverfortheclimate".
[330][331]
In2010,activist
shareholdersaskedBPforafullinvestigationoftheproject,butweredefeated.
[332]
In2013shareholders
criticizedtheprojectforbeingcarbonintensive.
[333]
Healthandsafetyviolations
Citingconditionssimilartothosethatresultedinthe2005TexasCityRefineryexplosion,on25April
2006,theU.S.DepartmentofLabor'sOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)finedBP
morethan$2.4millionforunsafeoperationsatthecompany'sOregon,Ohiorefinery.AnOSHA
inspectionresultedin32perinstancewillfulcitationsincludinglocatingpeopleinvulnerablebuildings
amongtheprocessingunits,failingtocorrectdepressurizationdeficienciesanddeficiencieswithgas
monitors,andfailingtopreventtheuseofnonapprovedelectricalequipmentinlocationsinwhich
hazardousconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvaporsmayexist.BPwasfurtherfinedforneglectingto
developshutdownproceduresanddesignateresponsibilitiesandtoestablishasystemtopromptly
addressandresolverecommendationsmadeafteranincidentwhenalargefeedpumpfailedthreeyears
priorto2006.Penaltieswerealsoissuedforfiveseriousviolations,includingfailuretodevelop
operatingproceduresforaunitthatremovessulfurcompoundfailuretoensurethatoperating
proceduresreflectcurrentoperatingpracticeintheIsocrackerUnitfailuretoresolveprocesshazard
analysisrecommendationsfailuretoresolveprocesssafetymanagementcomplianceaudititemsina
timelymannerandfailuretoperiodicallyinspectpressurepipingsystems.
[334][335]
In2008BPandseveralothermajoroilrefinersagreedtopay$422milliontosettleaclassactionlawsuit
stemmingfromwatercontaminationtiedtothegasolineadditiveMTBE,achemicalthatwasonceakey
gasolineingredient.Leakedfromstoragetanks,MTBEhasbeenfoundinseveralwatersystemsacross
theUnitedStates.Theplaintiffsmaintainthattheindustryknewabouttheenvironmentaldangersbut
thattheyuseditinsteadofotherpossiblealternativesbecauseitwaslessexpensive.Thecompanieswill
alsoberequiredtopay70percentofcleanupcostsforanywellsnewlyaffectedatanytimeoverthenext
30years.
[336][337]
BPhasoneoftheworstsafetyrecordsofanymajoroilcompanythatoperatesintheUnitedStates.
Between2007and2010,BPrefineriesinOhioandTexasaccountedfor97percentof"egregious,
willful"violationshandedoutbytheU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA).BP
had760"egregious,willful"violationsduringthatperiod,whileSunocoandConocoPhillipseachhad
eight,CitgotwoandExxonhadone.
[338]
ThedeputyassistantsecretaryoflabouratOSHA,said"The
onlythingyoucanconcludeisthatBPhasaserious,systemicsafetyproblemintheircompany."
[339]
AreportinProPublica,publishedintheWashingtonPostin2010,foundthatoveradecadeofinternal
investigationsofBP'sAlaskaoperationsduringthe2000swarnedseniorBPmanagersthatthecompany
repeatedlydisregardedsafetyandenvironmentalrulesandriskedaseriousaccidentifitdidnotchange
itsways.ProPublicafoundthat"Takentogether,thesedocumentsportrayacompanythatsystemically
ignoreditsownsafetypoliciesacrossitsNorthAmericanoperationsfromAlaskatotheGulfof
MexicotoCaliforniaandTexas.Executiveswerenotheldaccountableforthefailures,andsomewere
promoteddespitethem."
[340]
TheProjectOnGovernmentOversight,anindependentnonprofitorganizationintheUnitedStates
whichinvestigatesandseekstoexposecorruptionandothermisconduct,listsBPasnumberoneontheir
listingofthe100worstcorporationsbasedoninstancesofmisconduct.
[341]
1965SeaGemoffshoreoilrigdisaster
InDecember1965,Britain'sfirstoilrig,SeaGem,capsizedwhentwoofthelegscollapsedduringan
operationtomoveittoanewlocation.Theoilrighadbeenhastilyconvertedinanefforttoquicklystart
drillingoperationsaftertheNorthSeawasopenedforexploration.Thirteencrewmemberswerekilled.
Nohydrocarbonswerereleasedintheaccident.
[342][343]
TexasCityRefineryexplosion
Fireextinguishingoperationsafter
theTexasCityrefineryexplosion
AerialviewofPrudhoeBay
InMarch2005,theTexasCityRefinery,oneofthelargestrefineriesownedthenbyBP,exploded
causing15deaths,injuring180peopleandforcingthousandsofnearbyresidentstoremainshelteredin
theirhomes.
[344]
A20foot(6.1m)columnfilledwith
hydrocarbonoverflowedtoformavapourcloud,whichignited.
Theexplosioncausedallthecasualtiesandsubstantialdamageto
therestoftheplant.
[345]
Theincidentcameastheculminationof
aseriesoflessseriousaccidentsattherefinery,andthe
engineeringproblemswerenotaddressedbythemanagement.
Maintenanceandsafetyattheplanthadbeencutasacostsaving
measure,theresponsibilityultimatelyrestingwithexecutivesin
London.
[346]
ThefalloutfromtheaccidentcloudedBP'scorporateimage
becauseofthemismanagementattheplant.Therehadbeen
severalinvestigationsofthedisaster,themostrecentbeingthatfromtheUSChemicalSafetyand
HazardInvestigationBoard
[347]
which"offeredascathingassessmentofthecompany."OSHAfound
"organizationalandsafetydeficienciesatalllevelsoftheBPCorporation"andsaidmanagementfailures
couldbetracedfromTexastoLondon.
[344]
Thecompanypleadedguiltytoafelonyviolationofthe
CleanAirAct,wasfined$50million,thelargesteverassessedundertheCleanAirAct,andsentenced
tothreeyearsprobation.
[348]
On30October2009,theUSOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)finedBPan
additional$87million,thelargestfineinOSHAhistory,forfailingtocorrectsafetyhazardsdocumented
inthe2005explosion.Inspectorsfound270safetyviolationsthathadbeenpreviouslycitedbutnotfixed
and439newviolations.BPappealedthefine.
[344][349]
InJuly2012,thecompanyagreedtopay$13
milliontosettlethenewviolations.AtthattimeOSHAfound"noimminentdangers"attheTexasplant.
Thirtyviolationsremainedunderdiscussion.
[350]
InMarch2012,USDepartmentofJusticeofficialssaid
thecompanyhadmetallofitsobligationsandsubsequentlyendedtheprobationaryperiod.
[351]
In
November2011,BPagreedtopaythestateofTexas$50millionforviolatingstateemissionsstandards
atitsTexasCityrefineryduringandafterthe2005explosionattherefinery.ThestateAttorneyGeneral
saidBPwasresponsiblefor72separatepollutantemissionsthathavebeenoccurringeveryfewmonths
sinceMarch2005.ItwasthelargestfineeverimposedundertheTexasCleanAirAct.
[352][353]
PrudhoeBay
InMarch2006,corrosionofaBPExplorationAlaska(BPXA)
oiltransitpipelineinPrudhoeBaytransportingoiltotheTrans
AlaskaPipelineledtoafivedayleakandthelargestoilspillon
Alaska'sNorthSlope.
[17]
AccordingtotheAlaskaDepartmentof
EnvironmentalConservation(ADEC),atotalof212,252US
gallons(5,053.6bbl803.46m
3
)ofoilwasspilled,covering2
acres(0.81ha)oftheNorthSlope.
[354]
BPadmittedthatcost
cuttingmeasureshadresultedinalapseinmonitoringand
maintenanceofthepipelineandtheconsequentleak.Atthe
momentoftheleak,pipelineinspectiongauges(knownas
"pigs")hadnotbeenrunthroughthepipelinesince
1998.
[355][356][357][358]
BPcompletedthecleanupofthespillbyMay2006,includingremovalof
contaminatedgravelandvegetation,whichwasreplacedwithnewmaterialfromtheArctic
tundra.
[354][359]
Followingthespill,thecompanywasorderedbyregulatorstoinspectthe35kilometres(22mi)of
pipelinesinPrudhoeBayusing"smartpigs".
[360]
InlateJuly2006,the"smartpigs"monitoringthe
pipelinesfound16placeswherecorrosionhadthinnedpipelinewalls.ABPcrewsenttoinspectthepipe
inearlyAugustdiscoveredaleakandsmallspill,
[360][361]
followingwhich,BPannouncedthatthe
easternportionoftheAlaskanfieldwouldbeshutdownforrepairsonthepipeline,
[361][362]
with
approvalfromtheDepartmentofTransportation.Theshutdownresultedinareductionof200,000
barrelsperday(32,000m
3
/d)untilworkbegantobringtheeasternfieldtofullproductionon2October
2006.
[363]
Intotal,23barrels(3.7m
3
)ofoilwerespilledand176barrels(28.0m
3
)were"containedand
recovered",accordingtoADEC.Thespillwascleanedupandtherewasnoimpactuponwildlife.
[364]
Aftertheshutdown,BPpledgedtoreplace26kilometres(16mi)ofitsAlaskanoiltransit
pipelines
[365][366]
andthecompanycompletedworkonthe16miles(26km)ofnewpipelinebytheend
of2008.
[367]
InNovember2007,BPExploration,Alaskapledguiltytonegligentdischargeofoil,a
misdemeanorunderthefederalCleanWaterActandwasfinedUS$20million.
[368]
Therewasnocharge
broughtforthesmallerspillinAugust2006duetoBP'squickresponseandcleanup.
[355]
On16
October2007,ADECofficialsreporteda"toxicspill"fromaBPpipelineinPrudhoeBaycomprising
2,000USgallons(7,600l1,700impgal)ofprimarilymethanol(methylalcohol)mixedwithcrudeoil
andwater,whichspilledontoagravelpadandfrozentundrapond.
[369]
Inthesettlementofacivilsuit,inJuly2011investigatorsfromtheU.S.DepartmentofTransportations
PipelineandHazardousMaterialsSafetyAdministrationdeterminedthatthe2006spillswerearesultof
BPXAsfailuretoproperlyinspectandmaintainthepipelinetopreventcorrosion.Thegovernment
issuedaCorrectiveActionOrdertoBPXAthataddressedthepipelinesrisksandorderedpipeline
repairorreplacement.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhadinvestigatedtheextentoftheoil
spillsandoversawBPXAscleanup.WhenBPXAdidnotfullycomplywiththetermsofthecorrective
action,acomplaintwasfiledinMarch2009allegingviolationsoftheCleanWaterAct,theCleanAir
ActandthePipelineSafetyAct.InJuly2011,theU.S.DistrictCourtfortheDistrictofAlaskaentereda
consentdecreebetweentheUnitedStatesandBPXAresolvingthegovernmentsclaims.Underthe
consentdecree,BPXApaida$25millioncivilpenalty,thelargestperbarrelpenaltyatthattimeforan
oilspill,andagreedtotakemeasurestosignificantlyimproveinspectionandmaintenanceofitspipeline
infrastructureontheNorthSlopetoreducethethreatofadditionaloilspills.
[370][371]
2008CaspianSeagasleakandblowout
On17September2008,agasleakwasdiscoveredandonegasinjectionwellblownoutintheareaof
theCentralAzeriplatformattheAzerioilfield,apartoftheAzeriChiragGuneshli(ACG)project,in
theAzerbaijansectorofCaspianSea.
[372][373][374]
Theplatformwasshutdownandthestaffwas
evacuated.
[372][373]
AstheWesternAzeriPlatformwasbeingpoweredbyacablefromtheCentralAzeri
Platform,itwasalsoshutdown.
[375]
ProductionattheWesternAzeriPlatformresumedon9October
2008andattheCentralAzeriPlatforminDecember2008.
[376][377]
AccordingtoleakedUSEmbassy
cables,BPhadbeen"exceptionallycircumspectindisseminatinginformation"andshowedthatBP
Thisarticleispartofaseriesaboutthe
DeepwaterHorizonoilspill
BPDeepwaterHorizonExplosionOilspillTimeline
VolumeandextentClosureResponseEnvironmental
impactHealthconsequencesEconomiceffectsReactions
InvestigationLitigationCompensation
Anchorhandlingtugscombatthefire
ontheDeepwaterHorizonwhilethe
UnitedStatesCoastGuardsearches
formissingcrew
Externalvideo
Frontline:TheSpill
(http://video.pbs.org/video/1625293496/)
(54:25),
Frontline
on
PBS
[385]
thoughtthecausefortheblowoutwasabadcementjob.ThecablesfurthersaidthatsomeofBP'sACG
partnerscomplainedthatthecompanywassosecretivethatitwaswithholdinginformationevenfrom
them.
[374][378][379]
2010TexasCityChemicalleak
BPhasadmittedthatmalfunctioningequipmentleadtothereleaseofover530,000pounds(240,000kg)
ofchemicalsintotheairofTexasCityandsurroundingareasfrom6Aprilto16May2010.Theleak
included17,000pounds(7,700kg)ofbenzene,37,000pounds(17,000kg)ofnitrogenoxides,and
186,000pounds(84,000kg)ofcarbonmonoxide.
[380][381]
InJune2012,over50,000TexasCity
residentsjoinedaclassactionsuitagainstBP,allegingtheybecamesickin2010asaresultofthe41
dayemissionsreleasefromtherefinery.TexashasalsosuedBPoverthereleaseofemissions.BPsays
thereleaseharmednoone.
[382]
InOctober2013,ajuryfoundthatBPwasnegligentinthecase,butduetothelackofsubstantial
evidencelinkingillnesstotheemissions,decidedthecompanywouldbeabsolvedofany
wrongdoing.
[383][384]
DeepwaterHorizonexplosionandoilspill
TheDeepwaterHorizonoilspillhashadasignificant
impactontheGulfofMexicoeconomyand
ecosystem,aswellasacontinuingfinancial,legal,
andpublicrelationsburdenforBP,whoseconduct
wasfoundtobe"reckless"inacourtrulingin
September2014.BPhadexpended$28billion
becauseofthespillbySeptember2014andfaced$18
billioninadditionalpenalties,which,TheNewYork
Timesreported,"castsacloudoverBPs
future."
[29][28]
On20April2010,thesemisubmersible
exploratoryoffshoredrillingrigDeepwaterHorizonlocatedin
theMacondoProspectintheGulfofMexicoexplodedaftera
blowout,killing11people,injuring16others.Afterburningfor
twodays,therigsankandcausedthelargestaccidentalmarine
oilspillinthehistoryofthepetroleumindustry,estimatedtobe
between8%and31%largerinvolumethantheearlierIxtocIoil
spill.
[18][386]
Beforethewellwascappedon15July2010,an
estimated4.9millionbarrels(210millionUSgal780,000m
3
)of
oilwasleakedwithplusorminus10%uncertainty.
[387]
810,000
barrels(34millionUSgal129,000m
3
)ofoilwascollectedor
burnedwhile4.1millionbarrels(170millionUSgal
650,000m
3
)enteredtheGulfwaters.
[388][389][390]
1.8millionUS
gallons(6,800m
3
)ofCorexitdispersantwasapplied.
[391][392]
ThespillhadastrongeconomicimpactontheGulfCoast's
economysectorssuchasfishingandtourism.
[393]
Accordingto
NOAA,Gulffisherieswererecoveringin2011,
[394]
butinlate
2012localfishermenreportedthatcrab,shrimp,andoyster
Stripeddolphins(Stenella
coeruleoalba)observedinemulsified
oilon29April2010
HeavyoilingofBayJimmy,
PlaqueminesParish15September
2010
fishingoperationshadnotyetrecoveredfromtheoilspillandmanyfearedthattheGulfseafood
industrywillneverrecover.
[395]
Inlate2011andMay2012,pressreportsindicatedareboundin
tourism,aidedbyBPadvertisingdollarsandconcurrentwithanationwideriseinhoteloccupancyrates.
However,itwasnotclearifstatesmostaffectedbytheoilspillwouldstilllagbehindothersastourism
improvesnationally.
[396][397]
A2013studyintheJournalofTravelResearchfoundthatthehotel
industryweatheredthespillbetterthanthevacationrentalindustry,andthattheoverallimpactwas
complexanddifficulttodetermine.
[398]
Environmentalimpact
Oilspillsareknownto
causebothimmediateand
longtermharmtohuman
healthand
ecosystems.
[370]
Research
intotheimpactsofthis
spillisongoing.
[399]
Studiesin2013suggested
thatasmuchasonethird
ofthereleasedoil
remainsinthegulf.
Furtherresearch
suggestedthattheoilon
thebottomoftheseafloorwasnotdegrading.
[400]
Oilinaffected
coastalareasincreasederosionduetothedeathofmangrovetreesandmarshgrass.
[401][402][403]
Researcherssaytheoilanddispersantmixture,includingPAHs,permeatedthefoodchainthrough
zooplankton.
[404][405][406]
In2013itwasreportedthatdolphinsandothermarinelifecontinuedtodiein
recordnumberswithinfantdolphinsdyingatsixtimesthenormalrate,
[407]
andhalfthedolphins
examinedinaDecember2013studywereseriouslyillordying.BPsaidthereportwasinconclusiveas
toanycausationassociatedwiththespill."
[408][409]
InOctober2013,AlJazeerareportedthatthegulfecosystemwas"incrisis",citingadeclineinseafood
catches,aswellasdeformitiesandlesionsfoundinfish.
[410]
InLouisiana,4.6millionpoundsofoily
materialwasremovedfromthebeachesin2013,overdoubletheamountcollectedin2012.Oilcleanup
crewsworkedfourdaysaweekon55milesofLouisianashorelinethroughout2013.
[411]
Oilcontinued
tobefoundasfarfromtheMacondositeastheFloridapanhandle,wherescientistssaidtheoiland
dispersantmixtureisembeddedinthesand.
[412][413][414]
Researcherslookingatsediment,seawater,
biota,andseafoodfoundtoxiccompoundsinhighconcentrationsthattheysaidwasduetotheaddedoil
anddispersants.
[415]
AlthoughGulffisheriesrecoveredin2011,
[394]
a2014studyoftheeffectsoftheoil
spillonbluefintunabyresearchersatStanfordUniversityandtheNationalOceanicandAtmospheric
Administration,publishedinthejournalScience,foundthattoxinsreleasedbytheoilspillsentfishinto
cardiacarrest.Thestudyfoundthatevenverylowconcentrationsofcrudeoilcanslowthepaceoffish
heartbeats.BPdisputedthestudy,whichwasconductedaspartofthefederalNaturalResourceDamage
AssessmentprocessrequiredbytheOilPollutionAct.
[416][417]
Thestudyalsofoundthatoilalready
brokendownbywaveactionandchemicaldispersantswasmoretoxicthanfreshoil.
[418]
Anotherpeer
reviewedstudy,releasedinMarch2014andconductedby17scientistsfromtheUnitedStatesand
AustraliaandpublishedinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,foundthattunaand
amberjackthatwereexposedtooilfromthespilldevelopeddeformitiesoftheheartandotherorgans.
BPrespondedthattheconcentrationsofoilinthestudywerealevelrarelyseenintheGulf,butTheNew
YorkTimesreportedthattheBPstatementwascontradictedbythestudy.
[419]
InFebruary2014,astudyfromUniversityofSouthFloridaresearchersshowedthepossibilitythat
subsurfaceoilparticlesfromDeepwaterHorizonhadtraveledunderwaterasfarsouthasSanibel,Florida
andreachedtheWestFloridaShelf.
[420]
Computermodelsshowedthepossibilityofsubsurfacecurrents
deliveringoiltothesurfaceinanupwellingofftheFloridaShelf.Fishalongthewaywerefoundtohave
diseasedliversfromfilteringhydrocarbonschemicallysimilartooilfromDeepwaterHorizon,causing
themimmunesystemproblems.Theteamconcluded:"thetransportofsubsurfacehydrocarbons...isboth
plausibleandconsistentwiththeobserveddistributionoffishlesions,fishliverchemistryandother
chemicalandecologicalevidence."
[421]
ABPspokesmandisagreedwiththeconclusion,sayingthat
waterandsedimentsamplestakenduringthespillhadnotdetectedDeepwaterHorizonoilontheFlorida
Shelf.
Oilparticlesburiedingulfsedimentcouldremaintherefor100years.
[420][421]
Effectsonhumanhealth
Researchdiscussedata2013conferenceincludedpreliminaryresultsofanongoingstudybeingdoneby
theNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalHealthSciencesindicatingthatoilspillcleanupworkerscarry
biomarkersofchemicalscontainedinthespilledoilandthedispersantsused.
[422]
Aseparatestudyis
followingthehealthissuesofwomenandchildrenaffectedbythespill.Severalstudiesfoundthata
"significantpercentage"ofGulfresidentsreportedmentalhealthproblemssuchasanxiety,depression
andPTSD.
[422]
AccordingtoaColumbiauniversitystudyinvestigatingthehealtheffectsamong
childrenlivinglessthan10milesfromthecoast,morethanathirdoftheparentsreportphysicalor
mentalhealthsymptomsamongtheirchildren.
[422]
Australia's"60Minutes"reportedthatpeoplelivingalongthegulfcoastwerebecomingsickfromthe
mixtureofCorexitandoil.
[423]
SusanShaw,oftheDeepwaterHorizonoilspillStrategicSciences
WorkingGroup,says"BPtoldthepublicthatCorexitwas'asharmlessasDawndishwashing
liquid'...ButBPandtheEPAclearlyknewaboutthetoxicityoftheCorexitlongbeforethisspill."
AccordingtoShaw,BP'sownsafetysheetonCorexitsaysthatthereare"highandimmediatehuman
healthhazards".
[424]
Cleanupworkerswerenotprovidedsafetyequipmentbythecompany,andthe
safetymanualswere"rarelyifever"followed,ordistributedtoworkers,accordingtoaNewsweek
investigation.Thesafetymanualsread:"Avoidbreathingvapor"and"Wearsuitableprotective
clothing."
[425][426]
Oilcleanupworkersreportedthattheywerenotallowedtouserespirators,andthat
theirjobswerethreatenediftheydid.
[427][428][429]
ApeerreviewedstudypublishedinTheAmericanJournalofMedicinereportedsignificantlyaltered
bloodprofilesofindividualsexposedtothespilledoilanddispersantsthatputthematincreasedriskof
developinglivercancer,leukemiaandotherdisorders.
[430]
BPdisputeditsmethodologyandsaidother
studiessupporteditspositionthatdispersantsdidnotcreateadangertohealth.
[431]
In2014,astudywaspublishedinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceswhichfoundheart
deformitiesinfishexposedtooilfromthespill.Theresearcherssaidthattheirresultsprobablyapplyto
humansaswellasfish.
[419]
Criminalprosecutions
On11March2011,theUSDepartmentofJusticeformedthe"DeepwaterHorizonTaskForce"to
consolidateseveralfederalagencies'investigationsintopossiblecriminalchargesstemmingthe
explosionandspill.
[432]
On14November2012,theDOJannouncedthatBPandtheDOJhadreacheda
$4billionsettlementofallfederalcriminalchargesrelatedtotheexplosionandspill,thelargestofits
kindinUShistory.Underthesettlement,BPagreedtopleadguiltyto11felonycountsofmanslaughter,
twomisdemeanors,andafelonycountoflyingtoCongressandagreedtofouryearsofgovernment
monitoringofitssafetypracticesandethics.BPalsopaid$525milliontosettlecivilchargesbythe
SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionthatitmisledinvestorsabouttheflowrateofoilfromthe
well.
[21][433]
Aspartoftheannouncementofthesettlement,BPsaiditwasincreasingitsreservefora
trustfundtopaycostsandclaimsrelatedtothespilltoabout$42billion.
[21]
Onthesameday,theUS
governmentfiledcriminalchargesagainstthreeBPemployeestwositemanagerswerechargedwith
manslaughterandnegligence,andoneformervicepresidentwithobstruction.
[21]
NeartheendofNovember2012,theU.S.GovernmenttemporarilybannedBPfrombiddinganynew
federalcontracts,citingthecompanyslackofbusinessintegrity.
[434]
AsofFebruary2013,criminal
andcivilsettlementsandpaymentstothetrustfundhadcostthecompany$42.2billion.
[435]
BPsuedto
havethe2012banlifted,andinMarch2014BPandtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreached
anagreementtolifttheban.BP'sabilitytobidforleasesisconditionalonitmeetingnewethicaland
corporategovernancestandards,aswellascomplyingwithsafetyprocedures,acodeofconductfor
officers,andshowing"zerotolerance"forretaliationagainstwhistleblowersamongitsemployeesand
contractors.Environmentalandconsumergroupsattackedtheliftingofthebanasunwarranted.Public
Citizensaiditletsacorporatefelonandrepeatoffenderoffthehookforitscrimesagainstpeopleand
theenvironment.
[436]
JusticeDepartmentsuit
On15December2010,TheUSDepartmentofJusticefiledacivilandcriminalsuitagainstBPandother
defendantsforviolationsundertheCleanWaterActintheU.S.DistrictCourtfortheEasternDistrictof
Louisiana.
[437][438]:70
Thecasewasconsolidatedwithabout200others,includingthosebroughtbystate
governments,individuals,andcompaniesunderMultiDistrictLitigationdocketMDLNo.2179,before
U.S.DistrictJudgeCarlBarbier.
[439][440]
TheJusticeDepartmentcontendsthatBPcommittedgross
negligenceandwillfulmisconduct,whichBPcontests,andisseekingthestiffestpenaltiespossible.
[441]
Thecasewascarefullywatched,becausearulingofgrossnegligencewouldresultinafourfold
increaseinCleanWaterActpenalties,whichwouldcausethepenaltiestoreachapproximately$17.6
billion,andwouldincreasedamagesintheothersuitsaswell.
[25][26][27]
Anyfinesfromgross
negligencewouldhitBP'sbottomlineveryhard,becausetheywouldnotbetaxdeductible.
[442]
The
companypaidnofederalincometaxtotheU.S.governmentin2010becauseofdeductionsrelatedtothe
spill.
[443]
Theconsolidatedtrial'sfirstphasebeganon25February2013,todeterminetheliabilityofBP,
Transocean,Halliburton,andothercompanies,andtodeterminewhetherthecompaniesactedwithgross
negligenceandwillfulmisconduct.
[24][444][445]
Thesecondphasebeganon30September2013,and
focusedonthehowmuchoilspilledintothegulfandwhowasresponsibleforstoppingit.
[446]
Thethird
phase,settobegininJanuary2015,willfocusonallotherliabilitythatoccurredintheprocessofoil
spillcleanupandcontainmentissues,includingtheuseofdispersants.
[447][448]
Testjurytrialswill
followtodetermineactualdamageamounts.
[449][449][450]
OnSeptember4,2014,JudgeBarbierruledinthefirstphaseofthecasethatBPhadcommittedgross
negligence.HerejectedBPsassertionthatotherpartieswereequallyresponsiblefortheoilspill,and
ruledthat"itsemployeestookrisksthatledtothelargestenvironmentaldisasterinU.S.history.
BarbierfoundthatBPwasreckless,whiletheothertwodefendants,TransoceanLtd.andHalliburton
Co.,werenegligent,andborelessresponsibilityforthespill.Heapportionedfaultat67percentforBP,
30percentforTransoceanand3percentforHalliburton.TherulingmeansthatBP,whichhadalready
spentmorethan$28billiononcleanupcostsanddamageclaims,maybeliableforanother$18billionin
damages,fourtimestheCleanWaterActmaximumpenaltiesandmanytimesmorethanthe$3.5billion
BPhadalreadyallotted.BarbierruledthatBPhadactedwithconsciousdisregardofknownrisks.BP
stronglydisagreedwiththerulingandfiledanimmediateappeal.
[29]
[28]
Civilproceedingsandclaimssettlement
InJune2010,afterameetingintheWhiteHousebetweenPresidentObamaandBPexecutives,the
presidentannouncedthatBPwouldpay$20billionintoatrustfund,thatwillbeusedtocompensate
victimsoftheoilspill.Thefundwouldnotsupersedeindividualorstate'srightsforfutureclaims.BP
alsosetaside$100milliontocompensateoilworkerswholosttheirjobsbecauseofthespill.
[451][452]
Thefund,knownastheGulfCoastClaimsFacility(GCCF),wasadministeredbyattorneyKenneth
FeinberguntilitwassucceededbyacourtsupervisedsettlementprograminJune2012.
[453]
InJanuary
2014,apaneloftheU.S.FifthCircuitCourtofAppealsrejectedaneffortbyBPtocurbpaymentof
whatitdescribedas"fictitious"and"absurd"claimstothesettlementfundforbusinessesandpersons
affectedbytheoilspill.BPsaidadministrationofthesettlementfundwasmarredbythefactthatpeople
withoutactualdamagescouldfileaclaim.ThecourtruledthatBPhadn'texplained"howthiscourtor
thedistrictcourtshouldidentifyorevendiscerntheexistenceof'claimantsthathavesufferedno
cognizableinjury.'"
[454]
On2March2012,BPandbusinessesandresidentsaffectedbythespillreachedasettlementofroughly
100,000suitsclaimingeconomiclosses.BPoriginallyprojectedthatitssettlementcostswouldbe$7.8
billion.AsoflateOctober2013ithadboostedthisestimateto$9.2billion,andsaiditcouldbe
"significantlyhigher."
[454][455]
Politicalinfluence
ReleaseofLockerbiebomber
BPlobbiedtheBritishgovernmenttoconcludeaprisonertransferagreementwhichtheLibyan
governmenthadwantedtosecurethereleaseofAbdelbasetalMegrahi,theonlypersonconvictedfor
the1988LockerbiebombingoverScotland,whichkilled270people.BPstatedthatitpressedforthe
conclusionofprisonertransferagreementamidfearsthatdelayswoulddamageits"commercial
interests"anddisruptits900millionoffshoredrillingoperationsintheregion,butitsaidthatithadnot
beeninvolvedinnegotiationsconcerningthereleaseofMegrahi.
[456][457]
Politicalcontributionsandlobbying
AccordingtotheCenterforResponsivePolitics,BPwastheUnitedStates'136thlargestdonorto
politicalcampaigns,havingcontributedmorethanUS$6.6millionsince1989,70%and29%ofwhich
wenttoRepublicanandDemocraticrecipients,respectively.
[458]
InFebruary2002,BP'sthenchiefexecutive,LordBrowneofMadingley,renouncedthepracticeof
corporatecampaigncontributions,saying:"That'swhywe'vedecided,asaglobalpolicy,thatfromnow
onwewillmakenopoliticalcontributionsfromcorporatefundsanywhereintheworld."
[459]
Whenthe
WashingtonPostreportedinJune2010thatBPNorthAmerica"donatedatleast$4.8millionin
corporatecontributionsinthepastsevenyearstopoliticalgroups,partisanorganizationsandcampaigns
engagedinfederalandstateelections",mostlytoopposeballotmeasuresintwostatesaimingtoraise
taxesontheoilindustry,thecompanysaidthatthecommitmenthadonlyappliedtocontributionsto
individualcandidates.
[460]
Duringthe2008USelectioncycle,BPemployeescontributedtovariouscandidates,withBarack
Obamareceivingthelargestamountofmoney,
[461]
broadlyinlinewithcontributionsfromShelland
Chevron,butsignificantlylessthanthoseofExxonMobil.
[462]
In2009BPspentnearly$16millionlobbyingtheUSCongress.
[463]
In2011,BPspentatotalof
$8,430,000onlobbyingandhired47lobbyists.
[464]
Marketmanipulationinvestigationsandsanctions
TheUSJusticeDepartmentandtheCommodityFuturesTradingCommissionfiledchargesagainstBP
ProductsNorthAmericaInc.(subsidiaryofBPplc)andseveralBPtraders,allegingtheyconspiredto
raisethepriceofpropanebyseekingtocornerthepropanemarketin2004.
[465][466][467]
In2006,one
formertraderpleadedguilty.
[466]
In2007,BPpaid$303millioninrestitutionandfinesaspartofan
agreementtodeferprosecution.
[468]
BPwaschargedwithcorneringandmanipulatingthepriceofTET
propanein2003and2004.BPpaida$125millioncivilmonetarypenaltytotheCFTC,establisheda
complianceandethicsprogram,andinstalledamonitortooverseeBPstradingactivitiesinthe
commoditiesmarkets.BPalsopaid$53millionBPintoarestitutionfundforvictims,a$100million
criminalpenalty,plus$25millionintoaconsumerfraudfund,aswellasotherpayments.
[469]
Alsoin
2007,fourotherformertraderswerecharged.ThesechargesweredismissedbyaUSDistrictCourtin
2009onthegroundsthatthetransactionswereexemptundertheCommoditiesExchangeActbecause
theydidn'toccurinamarketplacebutwerenegotiatedcontractsamongsophisticatedcompanies.The
dismissalwasupheldbytheCourtofAppealsforthe5thCircuitin2011.
[467]
InNovember2010,USregulatorsFERCandCFTCbegananinvestigationofBPforallegedly
manipulatingthegasmarket.TheinvestigationrelatestotradingactivitythatoccurredinOctoberand
November2008.
[470][471]
Atthattime,CFTCEnforcementstaffprovidedBPwithanoticeofintentto
recommendchargesofattemptedmarketmanipulationinviolationoftheCommodityExchangeAct.BP
deniedthatitengagedin"anyinappropriateorunlawfulactivity."InJuly2011,theFERCstaffissueda
"NoticeofAllegedViolations"sayingithadpreliminarilydeterminedthatseveralBPentities
fraudulentlytradedphysicalnaturalgasintheHoustonShipChannelandKatymarketsandtrading
pointstoincreasethevalueoftheirfinancialswingspreadpositions.
[472]
BP'sLondonoffices,alongwiththoseofRoyalDutchShellandStatoil,wereraidedinMay2013by
regulatorsfromtheEuropeanCommission,beginninganinvestigationintoallegationsthecompanies
reporteddistortedpricestothepricereportingagencyPlatts,inorderto"manipulatethepublished
prices"forseveraloilandbiofuelproducts.TheECisprobingallegationsthecompaniescolludedtorig
pricesformorethanadecade.
[473][474][475][476][477][478]
Seealso
ListofcompaniesbasedinLondon
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