Kevin'sNORAD HQ notes

Lieutenant General Findley (CF)

3/1/04
1968 Pilot, flew helicopters in CF Army
Arrived NORAD HQ summer 2001 as Director of Operations (ND)
Was the Battlestaff Director on 9/11
Promoted to Deputy Commander ofNORAD summer 2003

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Two things going on, the VG exercise + real-world operation re Russian EX

(Vigilant Guardian-O1 + Operation Northern Denial)
OND = NORAD demonstration of resolve against the Russian air EX
ALL NORAD fully manned on morning of9111
Gen. F was just coming off the night shift (paired up with the daytime for the
Russians. Equated to the A-list personnel being on the night watch, and the
ones who inherited the situation on 9/11)
.
Shift change was roughly 0700 Mountain time (0900 Eastern)
Battlestaff and Command Center received word of real world HJ around 0640
MT, from CONR via a telephone line.
Air Warning Center (AWC) would have received the notification also.
The involvement of Otis fighters was "NEADS' call", though Gen. F does
recall some conversations about it. He spoke frequently with CAPT Jelineck
(CF) who was the
Reports came in that the first WTC hit was from a "small aircraft."
Just after the second WTC hit, the Battlestaff and CCwere still trying to
figure out if either or both hits were in fact the reported HJ alc. The true SA
was not clear at NORAD HQ level at this time.
Gen. F and the entire battlestaff + CC did know that it was a coordinated
terrorist attack after the second WTC hit.
Battlestaff + CC communications were with CONR.
Gen. F's role was to forward information to Gen. Eberhart (who was at the
time in the old HQ building).
Gen. F didn't recall specifically when Gen. E arrived at CMOC, though he
knew Gen. E was working the National Command Authority (NCA) issues
"very hard" from his office and during his transit to CMOC.
Gen. E may have still been in route CMOC when UA93 crashed.
Communications with NMCC: A Significant Event Conference call was
initiated. Gen. F was on it very briefly, but Colonel Mike Cook (NJ33),
Colonel Bob Seeton (NJ2), and CAPTJelineck were the ones primarily on the
telecon. The DDOat NMCC pulled the telecon together.
.
Info received on the SEC telecon would be passed to/from the Battlecab and
CC floor via "call-outs" - verbally.
FAA Involvement:
Situational Awareness for NORADHQ was solely provided by CONR (and
indirectly by NEADS)

Kevin's NORAD HQ notes

Gen. F vaguely recalled a report, after the second WTC hit, of AA 11 still
being airborne and headed south towards Washington D.C. - though he
mentioned that it was just added to the many reports coming into the BS + CC
at the time. He commented that they were all definitely trying to figure out
how many HJ there were and which ones went into the WTC. Gen. F added
that the confusion "certainly could have resulted in the thinking that AAll
was AA77."
BS + CC had to rely on the FAA for SA and he doesn't recall getting much
information at all forwarded via the "loop" (telecon).
The FAA "system" was not up to the 9/11 situation, but is today. Mentions
how important the DEN line is and that it fully meets the capability
requirements of today (though; he said, it took three months or so to fully get
air discipline incorporated into the nation's air traffic situation).
Said that today the radars are now all tied together "so we can all see and
share the information."
HJ is sti11a law enforcement issue, but with instant SA and information
sharing.
Asked about the Airline's role on 9/11 and after, Gen. F replied that they were
"bri11iantpartners, and allow us to ca11into their centers and sometimes get
onto the loop." He mentions the usefulness of ACARS.
- To Gen. F, the main difference following the attacks was the change in
culture. Pre-9111 NORAD had no direct connectivity to/from the Airlines, it
was always done via the FAA. Today there are direct lines of communication
between NORAD and the Airlines, TSA, etc. The coordination aspects have
really been worked out in the last 2.5 yrs since 9/11.
Gen. F characterized the pre-9Il1 HJ protocol (FAA> NMCC > NORAD >
CONR> NEADS) as a "good call" considering the pre-9/11 culture. The
i effective NORAD instruction on 9/11 "makes perfect sense" with that
mindset. However, "all bets were off when that second airliner hit the WTC."
Gen. F stressed the great initiative shown to handle a situation that had never
occurred, or had been predicted previously.'
Scrambles:
Pre-9/11 scrambles usually allotted for 10-15 minutes to get airborne, usually
towards the 15 minute time. Getting airborne in 6 minutes was
"ou tstanding."
Langley Scramble:
Gen. F knew it was because of another HJ aircraft heading towards
Washington D.C. Didn't get, or recall, the exact tail number, etc.
The report of another aircraft heading toward Washington caused the Langley
scramble.
Gen. F believes that it was, or should have been conveyed on the SEC
telecon.
Didn't recall the report of a VFR 6 miles out. Commented that NORAD HQ
had no SA prior to the impact of AA77.

Kevin's NORAD HQ notes

Asked about the impact the Langley fighters had on the situation, Gen. F
responded that they decided to put them over Washington D.C. but "were still
not entirely sure of exactly who was who ... "
Delta 1989:
Was reported over the loop, heading toward Cleveland.
Recalls that CONR was working frantically to get assets to intercept it.
Gen. F said that they were "closely monitoring that one through the FAA"
(though this doesn't fully mesh with his earlier depiction of FAA
involvement, likely means that CONRINEADS were getting that info from the
FAA, not NORAD HQ).
NORAD HQ couldn't track Delta 1989, it had to be forward-told via Granite
Sentry, which was very difficult to keep up with via manual input.
The FAA representative in the BS + CC was "Reg" (doesn't recall last name),
and Gen. F thought he eventually established direct calls into the FAA (WOC
ofCC?).
Reg was in very close proximity to Gen. F and they knew Delta 1989's origin
and flight plan.
Gen. F wasn't sure if they actually believed !?elta 1989 was an actual Hl.
UA93:
Around that time, NORAD HQ did know that there were three crashes.
Gen. F recalled repeatedly asking if all HJ were accounted for.
He recalled receiving notification of a crash in Pennsylvania - and that no
prior information on UA93 was received by NORAD HQ. (Staff comment:
and therefore no prior point-outs by the FAA on UA93 prior to crash).
Doesn't recall the "5th flight" Canadian elc.
ROE + Shoot Down:
SEC transitioned into an ATCC.
Didn't participate directly in the VP discussion of shoot down.
Col. Cook put down the phone and conveyed that the VP gave authority to
shoot down alc. Gen. F believes he spoke to General Arnold at CONR via the
Red Switch to both convey and confirm the VP guidance:
Gen. F believes that CONR had heard the same guidance simultaneously, as
Gen. Arnold probably had someone on the loop as well.
Gen. F's recollection is that the VP guidance occurred after the reported crash
ofUA93.
What did that order mean to the pilots? Gen. F believed that the order
would/should have been conveyed directly to the pilots, and he believes that
they in fact did get the order (Staff note: they did not).
The time function would have been the key determinant to what a pilot would
have done. Gen. F stated that time allowing, any engagement would have
gone up the line (NEADS, CONR, HQ, etc.) but just how far up would have
depended on timing issues.

Kevin's NORAD HQ notes

According to Gen. F they never exercised such situations with commercial alc
or any non-military alc prior to 9/11.
Emergency order to engage would/could have allowed NEADS commander to
order action (applicable to the morning time only).
On 9/11 Gen. F had no idea that Andrews fighters were airborne. Didn't get
word until around 9/12.
Changing the ROE was probably not the explicit intention of going to
DEFCON 3. Gen. F saw the change as more ofa decision for global. posture
and readiness; not for Air Defense ROE. Gen. F believes that the change
didn't make it any easier for the pilots to take timely action, though he also
added that "in an emergency I don't think there would have been any
hesitation" (to engage an alc demonstrating hostile intent - staff language)
Gen. F stated that the VP's explicit emergency authority for Washington D.C.
was "very helpful" because the transition ROE wasn't tailored for the
situation they faced on 9/11.
Wasn't aware of weapons free.
Impact weapons free on the pilots? Not sure it would have had any real effect
ashe thought it unlikely that a pilot would have taken the decision to engage
unto himself.
Post-event AARs / Hotwashes / etc.:
Immediately used RADES radar data.
''Never had a formal after action because it is still an ongoing operation."
Though, Gen. F then said that some efforts were instantly coordinated via
Gen. E directives (RADES radar analysis, timeline reconstruction, and "who
said what to whom + why"
Any AAR on why request for assistance (and information flow) didn't work
out according 'to protocols? Gen. F replied that they intuitively knew that it
didn't work correctly or as needed, and therefore worked out solutions and
fixes within a matter of hours or days following the attacks. (Staff note:
implied that an after action-type effort wasn't necessary to fix what was
broken).
Any AAR on AA 77? Gen. F replied that the ability to see it wasri't there,
even by the FAA.
CAPT Jelineck did lead an immediate hotwash (of the logs and timeline of
events) with his watch crew.
9/18 press release was assisted by the Analysis "folks" - Dr. Finkleman and
company. Gen. F said there "wasn't it huge focus on it at the time."
Gen. E did task out "what happened?"
When was it recognized that some of the key times of the 9/18 release were
incorrect? "The times were given to HQ by the Sector."
Asked about the latest HQ timeline (provided to the Commission at the end of
February) Gen. F stated that Colonel Moulton was the pac and coordinated it
with CONR and NEADS.
Gen. F did state that he has read the NEADS transcripts of 9/11
communications.

Kevin's NORAD HQ notes

Asymmetric Threat
Always worked HJ in training, but never with aircraft being used as a weapon.
Examples of traditional HJ were given by the General (1. a deranged
individual; 2. Terrorists with political objectives.
Gen. F stressed that most of the "thousands" of real-world HJ since 1994 were
of the traditional type.
"Then ... " according to Gen. F, WMD;,.typescenarios were added (WMD
cargo aboard commercial alc) - mainly in tabletop type exercises. "To
reinforce the fact that ROE went beyond NORAD HQ, and required higher-up
political authorities."
.
Any air defense training to protect the National Capital Region (NCR) pre9/11? ''No. Not in Canada either."
Future Recommendations:
None specifically mentioned.
Noted that the FAA radars are getting old. DOD and FAA are working to
resolve the situation (looking at "WAS")
Visibility is key.
.

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