Q.1 Explain the boot process?

Three phases avaabe n BOOT Process

1. Ros kerne nt phase
2. Base Devce Conguraton
3. System boot phase
1. Ros Kernel init phase (PHASE1)
A. Post (power on sef test)
In ths post t w do basc hardware checkng
B. Then t w go to NVRAM and check the boot st for ast boot devce (hdsk0 or hdsk1).
C. Then t w check the BLV (hd5) n boot devce.
D. Then t w check the boot mage
E. Then boot mage s moved to memory.
F. Then kerne w execute.
2. Base Deice con!"#ration (PHASE2)
A. Here cfgmgr w run for devce conguraton.
$. S%ste& Boot Phase (PHASE$)
A. Kerne w execute.
B. The pagng space (hd6) w get start.
C. Then foowng e system w be mounted /, /var. /usr, /home. /tmp
D. Kerne start the nt process, t w read the /etc/nttab e and execute the foowng
process.
/etc/rc.boot,
srcmstr
/etc/rc.tcpp
/etc/rc.net
The above network reated es /etc/rc.tcpp, /etc/rc.net, used to congure the p address
and routng.
E. Then t w start the system by defaut run eve 2.
NOTE:
Run eve 2: It contans a of the termna process and daemons that are run n the mut user
envronment. Ths s defaut run eve.
/etc/nttab e contans four eds, 1.Identer, 2.Runeve, 3.Acton, 4.Command
Q.2 Explain the 'D( concepts?
ODM generay used for Mantan the System nformaton, whenever we nsta and
recongure the hardware devce and software, that nformatons added n ODM,
Many ODM used to store the foowng nformatons
1. Hardware vta product data nformaton
2. Software nformaton
3. Smt menu
4. Nm
5. TCPIP
6. Error og
1. Devce conguraton nformaton
2. Dspay nformaton for SMIT (menus, seectors, and daogs)
3. Vta product data for nstaaton and update procedures
4. Communcatons conguraton nformaton
5. System resource nformaton.
But we cannot see any ODM nformaton n e format, but ths ODM nformaton avaabe n
many es and dherent path,
1. /etc/ob|repos
2. /usr/b/ob|repos
3. /usr/share/b/ob|repos
NOTE:
For ODM some varabe entry avaabe n /etc/envronment e.U shoud not edt anythng n
ths e. If you want to check the varabe entry usng command
#env
The above command s used to dspay the varabe detas
'D( has t)o *in+s o, Databases
1. Pre-dened (PdDv)
2. Customzed(CuDv)
1. Pre+e!ne+
In ths predened Database has one Ob|ect cass (PdDv) and Ob|ects .e.
PdDv (Ob|ect cass)
Ob|ect: (Physca Informatons)
Foppy drve
Harddsk drve
Mouse ke ths a the devces.
2. -#sto&i.e+
In ths customzed Database has one Ob|ect cass (CuDv) and Ob|ects .e.
CuDv (Ob|ect cass)
Ob|ects: (Instaed conguraton nformatons)
hdsk0
hdsk1
fd0
sa0
rmt0
cd0
scs0 ke ths a the devces
'D( States/
0hat is aailable state an+ +e!ne+ state ,or the +eice?
ODM has two states
1. Avaabe (devce status w be 1)
2. Dened (devce status w be 0)
Suppose we are nstang one HDD n server. That devce s currenty accessbe ths s
avaabe state.
Suppose that nstaed devce s removed from server or hdd has faed. Ths case that devce
s moved to dened state. .e. that devce conguraton s avaabe n server but currenty
devce s not accessbe.
We can see ths avaabe and dened devce status usng odmget command
1o+&"et -#D ( It w dspay the customzed devce status)
'D( -o&&an+s/
For ob|ect:
1. odmadd
2. odmchange
3. odmget
4. odmdeete
1. o+&a++
The above command s used to manuay we can add ob|ect nformaton n ODM
2. o+&chan"e
The above command s used to change conguratons for ob|ect n ODM
$. o+&"et
1 o+&"et 23 na&e4h+is*5 -#D
The above command s used to dspay the speced ob|ect hdsk0 nformaton n ODM
We can see ths avaabe and dened devce status usng odmget command
1 o+&"et -#D (It w dspay the customzed devce status)
6. o+&+elete
1 o+&+elete 2o -#D 23 na&e4h+is*5
The above command s used to deete the speced ob|ect hdsk0 n ODM.
For ob|ect cass:
1. odmcreate
2. odmdrop
3. odmshow
1. odmcreate
The above command s used to manuay we can add ob|ect cass (PdDv) n ODM
2. odmdrop
The above command s used to stop the speced Ob|ect cass n ODM
3. odmshow
The above command s used to dspay the speced ob|ect cass n ODM
NOTE:
You shoud not add, deete, change, for ob|ect and ob|ect cass n ODM
(100 % we dont have permssons for ODM)
Q. $ 0hat are the installations aailable in A789 Explain? 'R
Explain the 7nstallation proce+#res in A789 an+ explain? 'R
Di:erence bet)een &i"ration installation an+ preseration installation?
'S 7;S<A==A<7';
Three knds of OS nstaatons avaabe n AIX
1. New and Compete Overwrte
2. Mgraton
3. Preservaton
1. ;e) an+ -o&plete 'er)rite/
Ths s New nstaaton; n ths nstaaton we have three optons
A. Start nstaaton wth defaut settngs
B. Change/show nstaaton settngs and nsta
C. Start mantenance mode for recovery
B. Start nstaaton wth defaut settngs
Ths s norma nstaaton
C. Change/show nstaaton settngs and nsta
In ths nstaaton we can change the nstaaton dsk (hdsk0, or hdsk1), Desktop optons.
D. Start mantenance mode for recovery
Ths s used for recover the exstng OS probems. (Boot mage, Boot st, Fe systems
probems).
2. (i"ration/
In ths mgraton Instaaton, Operatng system Updated from ower eve to hgher eve .e.
Ax 5.1 To Ax 5.3 or Ax 5.2 To Ax 5.3 ,
NOTE:
In ths nstaaton System data w not be ahected except the /tmp e system. .e. /tmp e
system w be deeted and newy created.
$. Preseration/
Ths nstaaton s overwrtng the exstng OS and user data drectory /home ony
persevered, rest of the drectores /, /var, /tmp, /etc, /dev, /opt w be deeted and newy
created.
NOTE: In ths nstaaton we can preserve addtona drectores aso, suppose f you want
preserve /opt, ths case u shoud put /opt e system entry n /etc/preserve.st e.
Q.6 Ho) )ill %o# con!"#re the &irrorin"? 'R
Ho) )ill %o# +o the &irrorin" in A78? 'R
Ho) )ill %o# chan"e the boot se3#ence? 'R
Ho) )ill %o# install the boot i&a"e?
The foowng steps w gude you trough the mrrorng of an AIX rootvg.
Ths nfo s vad for AIX 4.3.3, AIX 5.1, AIX 5.2 and AIX 5.3.
Make sure you have an empty dsk, n ths exampe ts hdsk1
Add the dsk to the vg va "extendvg rootvg hdsk1
Mrror the vg va: "mrrorvg rootvg"
Adapt the bootst to add the current dsk, the system w then fa to hdsk1 s hdsk0
fas durng startup
o do bootst -o -m norma
o ths w st currenty 1 dsk, n ths exmape hdsk0
Run a bosboot on both new dsks, ths w nsta a software needed for boot on the
dsk
o bosboot -ad hdsk0
o bosboot -ad hdsk1
o do bootst -m norma hdsk0 hdsk1
OR
Frst seect the dsk whch you want to use for the mrror, dea woud be an dsk whch s
attached to a dherant scs adapter.
Then add the dsk to the datavg ke:
extendvg datavg hdskx
than you can create the mrror by usng the mrrorvg command ,
mrrorvg -m datavg hdskx
hdskx s your destnaton dsk !
After that Ouorum w be dsabed for the voumegroup ,to actvate ths the voumgroup
must be vared oh and vared on.
You can add the -S ag to the command whch causes the synchronzng of the dsks to
happen n the background.
A more back to the bascs opton s to
create the mrrorng by yoursef by creatng copes of each separate ogca voume, ths can
be done by usng the mkvcopy command.
To remove mrrorng , use the unmrrorvg command or the rmvcopy command.
Q.> Ho) )ill %o# i+enti,% the &irrore+ ?@?
# svg - rootvg
PP sze w be doubed than LP.
Q.A Explain PP9 =P
Ph%sical Partition (PP)/
Storage space from physca voumes s dvded nto physca parttons (PPs).
The sze of the physca parttons s dentca on a dsks beongng to the
same VG.
=o"ical Partition (=P)/
Logca voumes consst of one or more ogca parttons (LPs). Each ogca
partton has at east one correspondng physca partton. A ogca partton
and a physca partton aways have the same sze. You can have up to three
copes of the data ocated on dherent physca parttons
Q.B Ho) )ill %o# !n+ the lo"ical +eice?
# svg - |VGNAME|
Q.C Ho) )ill %o# a++ ne) HDD to serer an+ explain the HDD installation
Proce+#res? 'R
Ho) )ill %o# a++ P? to one ?@?
First you connect hard disk and run the cfgmgr command it will detect the hdd.
# cfgmgr (It will detect the all the devices)
# sdev -Cc dsk (t w show the pv name ke hdsk1, hdsk2)
# extendvg rootvg hdsk2
Q.D Ho) )ill %o# create the ?@?
We can create VG by usng mkvg commands
1&*" 2s $2 2% +ata" h+is*6
The above command s creatng datavg usng pv hdsk4 and pp sze s 32MB
Q.15 Ho) )ill %o# increase the !le s%ste& si.e?
Using chfs command we can rename and increase the size of the file system online
We want to increase file system size
#chfs a size=+block size /filesystem name
#chfs a size=+32m /filesystem name
#chfs-a size=+4g /filesystem name
+lock size ! We can mention the size using locks ("#$% locks & '())
+*"m ! We can mention the size using ()
+$g ! We can mention the size using +)
Q. Ho) )ill %o# chec* the !le s%ste&s si.e? once %o# hae chec*e+ the !les%ste&
%o# ,o#n+ one o, the EoptEapps !les%ste& is D>F ho) # %o# +o !rst?
1 +, 2" (t w show the esystem sze n GB)
1 !n+ EoptEapps Gx+e Gsi.e H1526 Gls Isort Gr HA
Q.11 Ho) )ill %o# rena&e the =?9 an+ JS?
In ths change LV opton we can change LV name and permssons for the LV usng chv
command. Fe system shoud be unmounted to change v name.
1chl 2n ne)lna&e ol+lna&e
1lsl testl
Output s some detas about testv
1chl 2n ne)l testl
After executng the above command the testv renamed to newv
Ho) to rena&e the JS?
Now we want to rename /newfs to /testfs then your command w be
1ch,s 2& Etest,s Ene),s (;ee+ to re&o#nt !le s%ste& ,or chan"es to ta*e e:ect)
After executng the above command /newfs renamed as /testfs
Q.12 Ho) )ill %o# conert ;or&al ?@ to Bi" ?@?
#chvg -B <VGNAME>
Ho) )ill %o# conert ;or&al ?@ to Scalable ?@?
#varyohvg <VGNAME>
#smtty chvg
1. Seect VG
2. Seect "Yes " n Change to scaabe VG format?
Convert Norma VG to Scaabe VG
#chvg -G <VG NAME>
Q.1$ 0hat is the +i:erence bet)een ;or&al ?@ an+ Bi" ?@?
VG Type Maxmum
PVs
Maxmum LVs Maxmum PPs/VG Maxumum PP Sze
Norma VG 32 256 1016*32=32512 1 GB
Bg BG 128 512 1016*128=1300
48
1 GB
Scaabe
VG
1024 4096 2097152 128 GB
Q.16 S#ppose one P? ,ails in (irror ?@9 an+ %o# hae to con!"#re ne) P? to that
&irror ?@ an+ &irrorin" has to be con!"#re+ a"ain? 'R
Ho) )ill %o# re&oe the ,aile+ P? in &irrore+ ?@ explain the proce+#res?
# svg -p rootvg
rootvg:
PV_NAME PV STATE TOTAL PPs FREE PPs FREE DISTRIBUTION
hdsk0 actve 542 264 109..00..00..46..109
hdsk1 actve 542 278 88..00..00..81..109
KHere %o#r &a*in" s#re that both +is*s are assi"ne+ to the ol#&e "ro#p
# svg - rootvg
rootvg:
LV NAME TYPE LPs PPs PVs LV STATE MOUNT POINT
hd5 boot 1 2 2 cosed/syncd N/A
hd6 pagng 64 128 2 open/syncd N/A
hd8 |fsog 1 2 2 open/syncd N/A
hd4 |fs 6 12 2 open/syncd /
hd2 |fs 127 254 2 open/syncd /usr
hd9var |fs 4 8 2 open/syncd /var
hd3 |fs 37 74 2 open/syncd /tmp
hd1 |fs 3 6 2 open/syncd /home
hd10opt |fs 21 42 2 open/syncd /opt
dumpv sysdump 14 14 1 open/syncd N/A
KHere %o#r chec*in" to &a*e s#re thereLs a 1/2 relationship9 &eanin" that there
are copies. ;otice +#&pl. 7tLs not copie+ so )e nee+ to &a*e s#re +#&pl +ata
isnLt on the ,ailin" +is*. <o chec*9 r#nM

$ sv - dumpv
dumpv:N/A
PV COPIES IN BAND DISTRIBUTION
hdsk0 014:000:000 100% 000:014:000:000:000
<his is tellin" #s that the lo"ical ol#&e +#&pl is on h+is*5. 7, h+is*1 is the
,ailin" +is*9 then )e are o*a%. 'ther)ise9 )e )o#l+ hae to &i"rate the +ata oer
to the "oo+ +rie an+ procee+.
# unmrrorvg rootvg hdsk1
# reducevg rootvg hdsk1
# rmdev - hdsk1 -d
Be,ore %o# po)er +o)n9 itLs a "oo+ i+ea to chec* the s%ste& to &a*e s#re it )ill
boot ,ro& the "oo+ +rie. Do that b% per,or&in"M
# bootnfo -b
hdsk1
<his tells %o# )hat +rie it )as last boote+ #p. 0e )ant to chan"e this to boot to
the ne) +rie9 soM
# bosboot -ad /dev/hdsk0
An+ chec* bootlist
# bootst -m norma -o
;'0 0E -A; P'0ER D'0; <HE B'8 A;D REP=A-E <HE DR7?E
'nce +is* has been replace+9 po)er #p the serer. 'nce at co&&an+ pro&pt9
r#nM
# cfgmgr
<his )ill install the ne) +eice an+ allo) the 'S to see it.
# sdev -Cc dsk
hdsk0 Avaabe 40-60-00-4,0 16 Bt LVD SCSI Dsk Drve
hdsk1 Avaabe 40-60-00-8,0 16 Bt LVD SCSI Dsk Drve
(a*e s#re that the 'S sa%s itLs aailable. 7, it is9 )e can assi"n it to a ol#&e
"ro#p.
# extendvg rootvg hdsk1
<his )ill assi"n it a P?7D an+ assi"n it to the ol#&e"ro#p root" to &a*e it
aailable ,or #se. ;o) )e can &irrorM
# mrrovg rootvg
<his )ill ta*e a little )hile as itLs ta*in" all +ata no) on h+is*5 an+ &a*in" a cop%
to h+is*1.
# svg -p rootvg
rootvg:
PV_NAME PV STATE TOTAL PPs FREE PPs FREE DISTRIBUTION
hdsk0 actve 542 264 109..00..00..46..109
hdsk1 actve 542 278 88..00..00..81..109
'nce itLs &irrorin"9 )e can &a*e s#re itLs assi"ne+ to root" b% +oin" the aboe.
0e can also chec* to &a*e s#re there are copiesM
# svg - rootvg
rootvg:
LV NAME TYPE LPs PPs PVs LV STATE MOUNT POINT
hd5 boot 1 2 2 cosed/syncd N/A
hd6 pagng 64 128 2 open/syncd N/A
hd8 |fsog 1 2 2 open/syncd N/A
hd4 |fs 6 12 2 open/syncd /
hd2 |fs 127 254 2 open/syncd /usr
hd9var |fs 4 8 2 open/syncd /var
hd3 |fs 37 74 2 open/syncd /tmp
hd1 |fs 3 6 2 open/syncd /home
hd10opt |fs 21 42 2 open/syncd /opt
dumpv sysdump 14 14 1 open/syncd N/A
;o) )e nee+ to &o+i,% the bosboot to recreate the boot i&a"eM
# bosboot -a
Do#ble chec* %o#r bootlist to &a*e s#re h+is*1 is in thereM
# bootst -m norma -o
Q.1> Ho) &an% =?Ls Aailable in root"9 explain the +etails?
1ls" 2l root"
H+1 Eho&e
H+2 E#sr
H+$ Et&p
H+6 E
H+> boot (B=?)
H+A pa"in"
H+C N,s lo"
H+Dar Ear
H+15opt Eopt
De,a#lt pa"in" space resi+es in )hich =??
H+A pa"in"
Q.1A Di:erence bet)een OJS an+ OJS2 Jile s%ste&?
Functon |FS |FS2
Maxmum Fe System Sze 1 TB 4 PB
Maxmum Fe Sze 64 GB 4 PB
Number of Inode Fxed, set at FS creaton Dynamc
Inode sze 128 Bytes 512 Bytes
Fragement Sze 512 512
Bock Sze 4096 4096
Drectory Organzaton Lnear B-tree
Compresson Yes No
Defaut Ownershp at
creaton
sys:sys root:system
Ouotas Yes Yes
Q.1B 0hat is ?@DA an+ ?@SA?
?@DA/ The Voume Group Descrptor Area(VGDA) s an area on a dsk that contans
nformaton about Voume group that the physca voume beongs to.
It aso ncudes the nformaton about the propertes and status of a Physca and ogca
voumes that are part of the voume group.
There s at st one VGDA per Physca voume. Informaton form VGDAs of a the dsks that
are part of the same Voume Group must be dentca. The VGDA nterna archtecture and
ocaton on the dsk depends on the type of the Voume Group (Orgna, Bg, or Scaabe).
?@SA/ The Voume Group Status Area(VGSA) s used to descrbe the state of a physca
parttons form a physca voumes wthn a Voume Group. The VGSA ndcates f a partton
contans accurate or stae nformaton.
VGSA s used for montorng and mantaned data copy synchronzaton. The VGSA s
essentay a btmap and ts archtecture and ocaton on the dsk s depends on the Voume
Group type.
=?-B/ A Logca Voume Contro Bock(LVCB) contans mportant nformaton about the
ogca voumes. Such as number of the ogca parttons or dsk aocaton pocy.
For standard voume groups, the LVCB resdes on the rst bock of user data wthn the LV..
For Bg voume groups, there s addtona LVCB nformaton n VGDA on the dsk.
Q.1C Ho) )ill %o# +o the per,or&ance &onitorin" in A78 serers?
PERJ'R(A;-E (';7<'R7;@
In ths performance montorng we can check foowng thngs
1. -p# bo#n+
2. (e&or% bo#n+
$. ;et)or* bo#n+
6. 7E' bo#n+
1. -PP bo#n+
Usng Topas command we can check the server performance montor, the foowng thngs
we can montor.
1. processor (CPU Usage)
2. Network (KB n / KB out)
3. Memory (Page n / Page out)
4. I/O (HDD read and wrte)
5. Top 8 process
2. (e&or% bo#n+
Usng vmstat command we can montor the memory bound
1&stat 2 $
After ths command executon, t w show the memory page n and page out process. Wthn
2 seconds, 3 outputs s dspayed
Suppose you are checkng pagng space usage usng command sps
1lsps 2s
11% - ths s norma
40% - Server runnng on sow performance
70% - users cannot ogon the server,
Some error message w appear (fork exst faed)
$. ;et)or* bo#n+
Usng topas command we can montor the network bound, n ths network montor we can
nd KB n and KB out process.
6. 7E' bo#n+
Q. Ho) )ill the chec* the per,or&ance o, the +is*?
Usng ostat command we can montor the I/O bound
In ths I/O bound we can montor the dsk usage, suppose you are usng two or three heavy
used e system n one PV that tme that partcuar PV usage w be very hgh
Q.1D Explain Pa"e 7n an+ Pa"e '#t 'perations?
pa"e ins
Incremented for each page read n by the vrtua memory manager. The count
s ncremented for page ns from page space and e space. Aong wth the page out
statstc, ths represents the tota amount of rea I/O ntated by the vrtua memory
manager.
pa"e o#ts
Incremented for each page wrtten out by the vrtua memory manager. The
count s ncremented for page outs to page space and for page outs to e space. Aong wth
the page n statstc, ths represents the tota amount of rea I/O ntated by the vrtua
memory manager.
Q.25 Explain the pa"in"?
PA@7;@ SPA-E
Pagng space s congured for addtona system performance .e. f rea memory s occupes
some system process, that tme further process s moved to pagng space temporary. If rea
memory s gettng free, then process moved from pagng space to rea memory. Ths pagng
space s assgned from HDD space.
Normay pagng space s congured doube sze of the rea memory
If system has 512MB RAM, then pagng space sze w be 1GB.
In ths pagng space we can do foowng thngs
1. Lst pagng space
2. Create pagng space
3. Change pagng space
4. Actvate pagng space
5. Deactvate pagng space
6. Remove pagng space
Q. Ho) )ill %o# list the c#rrent pa"in" space con!"#ration an+ pa"in" #sa"e?
1. =ist pa"in" space
Usng sps command we can vew the pagng space detas
1lsps 2a (It w dspay the pagng space detas)
Q. Ho) )ill %o# create the a++itional pa"in" space?
2. -reate Pa"in" space
Usng mkps command we can create the pagng space
1&*ps 2s 15 root" h+is*2
s- sze
10 - no of LP sze
Rootvg - specfyng the VG
Hdsk2 - pagng space created n PV hdsk2 (PP aocated from hdsk2)
Then pagng space has created and name w be pagng00
Usng mkv command we can create pagng space usng dherent name.
Generay pagng name w be pagng00, pagng01, pagng02,
1&*l 2% ne)pa"in" 2t pa"in" root" 15 h+is*2
1lsps 2a
Pagng00 , newpagng
$. -han"e pa"in" space
Q. Ho) )ill %o# increase pa"in" space si.e?
Usng chps command we can ncrease, decrease, auto on, and auto oh the pagng space.
1chps 2s > ne)pa"in" (5 LPs added wth newpagng) - To ncrease
1chps 2+ $ ne)pa"in" (3 LPs reduced from newpagng - To Decrease
1chps Ga% ne)pa"in" (To start the pagng space at startup)
1chps 2an ne)pa"in" (To stop the pagng space automatc startup at boot)
6. Actiate pa"in" space
Usng swapon command we can actvate the pagng space
1s)apon E+eEne)pa"in" (To actvate pagng space)
The pagng space s actve stage, and then one entry w be avaabe n /etc/swapspaces
e.
>. Deactiate pa"in" space
Usng swapoh command we can deactvate the pagng space
1s)apon E+eEne)pa"in" (To deactvate pagng space)
The pagng space s deactvated, then that pagng space entry s removed from
/etc/swapspaces
A. Re&oe pa"in" space
Usng rmps command we can remove the pagng space
1r&ps ne)pa"in"
NOTE:
Before removng the pagng space, pagng space shoud be omne, then we can remove the
pagng space, otherwse t w gve some errors
Q.21 Explain Stic*% bit9 Pser 7+9 @ro#p 7+?
Here we w dscuss about the 3 speca attrbutes other than the common
read/wrte/execute.
Exampe:
drwxrwxrwt - Stcky Bts - chmod 1777
drwsrwxrwx - SUID set - chmod 4777
drwxrwsrwx - SGID set - chmod 2777
Stic*% bit
Stcky bts are many set on drectores.
If the stcky bt s set for a drectory, ony the owner of that drectory or the owner of a e
can deete or rename a e wthn that drectory.
Exampe:
Consder you have a drectory " test ".
chmod t to " 777 ". Ths gves permssons for a the users to read, wrte and execute.
chmod +t test
Exampe: s -a
drwxrwxrwt 2 a1 a1 4096 |un 13 2008 .
-rw-rw-r-- 1 a1 a1 0 |un 11 17:30 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 b2 b2 0 |un 11 22:52 2.txt
From the above exampe a1 s the owner of the test drectory.
a1 can deete or rename the es 1.txt and 2.txt.
b2 can deete or rename the e 2.txt ony.
SP7D G Q Set Pser 7D R
SUID bt s set for es ( many for scrpts ).
The SUID permsson makes a scrpt to run as the user who s the owner of the scrpt, rather
than the user who started t.
Exampe:
If a1 s the owner of the scrpt and b2 tres to run the same scrpt, the scrpt runs wth the
ownershp of a1.
If the root user wants to gve permssons for some scrpts to run by dherent users, he can
set the SUID bt for that partcuar scrpt.
So f any user on the system starts that scrpt, t w run under the root ownershp.
Note:
root user much be very carefu wth ths.
S@7D G Q Set @ro#p 7D R
If a e s SGID, t w run wth the prveges of the es group owner, nstead of the
prveges of the person runnng the program.
Ths permsson set aso can make a smar mpact. Here the scrpt runs under the groups
ownershp.
You can aso set SGID for drectores.
Consder you have gven 2777 permsson for a drectory. Any es created by any users
under ths drectory w come as foows.
Exampe:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 b2 a1 0 |un 11 17:30 1.txt
In the above exampe you can see that the owner of the e 1.txt s b2 and the group owner
s a1.
So both b2 and a1 w have access to the e 1.txt.
Now ets make ths more ntrestng and compcated.
Create a drectory "test". Chmod t to 2777. Add stcky bt to t.
Exampe:
mkdr test
chmod 2777 test
chmod +t test
s -a test
drwxrwsrwt 2 a1 a1 4096 |un 13 2008 test
From the above permsson set you can understand that SGID and stcky bt s set for the
foder "test".
Now any user can create es under the test drectory.
Exampe:
drwxrwsrwt 2 a1 a1 4096 |un 13 2008 .
-rw-rw-r-- 1 b2 a1 0 |un 11 17:30 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 c3 a1 0 |un 11 17:30 2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 d4 a1 0 |un 11 17:30 3.txt
So a the a1 user has access to a the es under the test drectory. He can edt, rename or
remove the e.
b2 user has access to 1.txt ony, c3 has access to 2.txt ony...
If stcky bt was not set for the test drectory, any user can deete any es from the test
drectory, snce the test drectory has 777 permssons.
But now t not possbe.
Exampe:
If d4 tres to remove 1.txt
rm -f 1.txt
rm: cannot remove `1.txt': Operaton not permtted
Q.22 Ho) )ill %o# creatin" #sers?
In ths user management we can do foowng commands
1. Create user
2. Lst user
3. Change user
4. Remove user
5. Set password for users
1. -reate #ser
Usng mkuser command we can create a new user, suppose you want to create new user,
1&*#ser lin"a&
After ths command executon, ngam home drectory created n /home/ngam/
ngam user conguraton detas stored n /etc/passwd
Now you can ogn the termna usng ngam user name wthout password.
Then you have to set the password for ngam user usng command passwd
1pass)+ lin"a&
Enter new password: ******
Conrm password agan: ******
After ths command executon password assgned to ngam user and ngam user password
conguraton entry added n /etc/securty/passwd.
NOTE: user conguraton data stored n /usr/b/securty/mkuser.sys
Whenever ogn the server that ast ogn nformatons stored n /etc/securty/astog e.
2. =ist #ser
Usng suser command we can st the user propertes, .e. user home drectory, she, group,
etc. except password
1ls#ser all (It w st a the user nformatons except password)
1ls#ser S#serna&eT (It w st ony user nformatons except password)
$. -han"e #ser
Usng chuser command we can change user propertes, .e. user home drectory, she group,
etc. except password
Whenever you create a user that user home drectory by defaut created n /home e
system, and defaut group s stah.
Suppose we want to change the user group to system, then your command w be.
1ls#ser S#serna&eT (t w show user propertes ncudng group nformaton)
1ch#ser p"rp4s%ste& S#serna&eT (now user s assgned to prmary group system and
secondary group s assgned to stah)
1ls#ser S#serna&eT (It w st moded user propertes, group s system, stah)
Lke ths we can change a the user propertes
6. Re&oe #ser
Usng rmuser command we can remove the user, suppose you want to remove user
1r&#ser S#serna&eT
After ths command executon, partcuar user w be deeted.
>. Set pass)or+ ,or Psers
Usng passwd command we can set password for user and root
1pass)+ S#serna&eT
Enter new password: *****
Conrm password: *****
We are changng password for user from root path, t w not ask exstng password for user,
because root s admnstrator ogn.
Suppose you are changng password from user ogn, t w ask exstng password, because
user shoud know the exstng password before changng the new password. Otherwse any
user can change the user password. Ths not recommended securty.
$pwd
/home/<username>
Upass)+ S#serna&eT
Enter the od password: *****
Enter the new password: *****
Conrm password agan: *****
NOTE: Suppose you are forgotten root password that tme what you w do.
Answer: boot the server wth BOS Cd and go to mantenance mode, access the rootvg, then
you can change the password for root.
Lke ths we can change the password for users.
@R'PP (A;A@E(E;<
In ths group management we can do foowng thngs,
1. Create group
2. Lst group
3. Change group
4. Remove group
1. -reate "ro#p
Usng mkgroup command we can create the group, suppose you want to create orace
group.
1&*"ro#p oracle
After ths command executon new orace group has created and ths group s added n
/etc/group e.
2. =ist "ro#p
Usng sgroup command we can st group nformatons. Suppose we want to st orace
group nformaton
1ls"ro#p oracle (t w dspay the orace group nformatons, gname, gd, members)
1ls"ro#p all (It w st a group detas)
$. -han"e "ro#p
Usng chgroup command we can change the group nformatons.
1ch"ro#p options oracle
6. Re&oe "ro#p
Usng rmgroup command we can remove a group, suppose we want to remove orace group.
1r&"ro#p oracle
After ths command executon orace group removed and group conguraton nformaton
removed from /etc/groups es.
Q.2$ 0hile creatin" the #sers9 #ser attrib#tes is ta*en ,ro& )hich !le ,or #ser
con!"#ration?
Pser a+&inistration relate+ !les
The foowng es are referenced whe dong user admnstraton:
EetcEsec#rit%Eeniron Contans the envronment attrbutes for users.
EetcEsec#rit%Elastlo" Contans the ast ogn attrbutes for users.
EetcEsec#rit%Eli&its Contans process resource mts for users.
EetcEsec#rit%E#ser Contans extended attrbutes for users.
E#srElibEsec#rit%E&*#ser.+e,a#lt Contans the defaut attrbutes for new users.
E#srElibEsec#rit%E&*#ser.s%s Customzes new user accounts.
EetcEpass)+ Contans the basc attrbutes of users.
EetcEsec#rit%Epass)+ Contans password nformaton.
EetcEsec#rit%Elo"in.c," Contans system defaut ogn parameters.
EetcE#t&p Contans a record of users ogged nto the system.
EarEa+&E)t&p Contans connect-tme accountng records.
EetcEsec#rit%E,aile+lo"in Records a faed ogn attempts.
EetcE&ot+ Contans the message to be dspayed every tme a user
ogs n to the system.
EetcEeniron&ent Speces the basc envronment for a processes.
EetcEpro!le Speces addtona envronment settngs for a users.
UH'(EE.pro!le Speces envronment settngs for a specc user.
EetcE"ro#p Contans the basc attrbutes of groups.
EetcEsec#rit%E"ro#p Contans the extended attrbutes of groups.
Q.26 0hat are the contents aailable in EetcEpass)+ !le?
;a&e/Pass)or+/Pser7D/Principle@ro#p/@ecos/Ho&eDirector%/Shell
ora15"r2/V/25B/256//Eho&eEora15"r2/E#srEbinEbash
Q.2> )hat are the entries aailable in EetcEsec#rit%Epass)+ !le?
Q.2A Explain the Bac*#p t%pes in A78? 'R
Explain the bac*#p an+ restore Process?
In ths chapter we can do foowng thngs usng backup and restore commands
1. backup
2. restore
3. rootvg backup
4. restore rootvg backup
5. non rootvg backup(other than rootvg)
6. restore non rootvg backup(other than rootvg)
7. rewnd, e|ect and erase the tape
1. Bac*#p
Usng backup and tar command to we can take fu backup and ncrementa backup.
Usng tar command we can take norma backup, n ths tar we cannot take day wse
ncrementa backup
1tar 2c, +estination so#rce
1tar 2c, E+eEr&t5 E#srEsbin
1bac*#p 2i, E+eEr&t5 E#srEsbin (For AIX fu backup)
/usr/sbn drectory es s backup to tape
Usng backup command we can take ncrementa backup, ths backup command s
partcuary for AIX.
In ths backup command we can specfy the day (0(sun) - 6(sat)).
Suppose you want to take Sunday backup then your command w be
1bac*#p G5 2, +estination so#rce
1bac*#p G5 2, E+eEr&t5 Ear
1bac*#p GA 2, E+eEr&t5 Ear (Saturday backup)
/var e system og s backup to tape
Lke ths we can take norma and ncrementa backup n AIX
2. Restore
Usng tar and restore command we can restore the data n server
Usng tar command we can restore data to server, ths s norma restore
1tar 2x, E+eEr&t5
The tape backup s restored to /data drectory.
Usng restore command we can restore the data
1restore 2x+, E+eEr&t5
The tape data s restored n current drectory.
Lke ths we can restore the data n AIX
$. root" bac*#p
Q. 0hile %o# are ta*in" root" bac*#p %o# nee+ to ta*e onl% ,e) thin"s ho) )ill
%o# ta*e?
Usng mksysb command we can take the rootvg (AIX OS) backup
1&*s%sb 2i E+eEr&t5
1&*s%sb 2ie E+eEr&t5 (excude backup - pease read NOTE message)
opton s used for crate the mage.data e created n tape
Ths mage.data e contans a the e system nformatons n rootvg whe restore the
rootvg backup, before start the restore t w read the nformatons from the mage.data e
After the command executon rootvg backup created n tap, suppose OS got corrupted, that
tme we can restore the os from rootvg backup.
NOTE: Whe takng rootvg backup we can excude unwanted e systems n backup process.
Suppose you not requred foowng e systems n mksysb backup,
/var - og es
That tme you shoud put entry n /etc/excude.rootvg,
Whe creatng the rootvg backup, rst tape s sptted n to 4 bocks (bock sze s 512)
Frst bock has boot mage.
The BOS boot mage contans a copy of the systems kerne and devce drvers
needed to boot from the mksysb tape. It s created by the bosboot command.
Second bock has foowng thngs, 1. /tapebksze, 2. /mage.data, 3. bosnst.data.
1. /tapebksze
The /tapebksze e contans the bock sze the tape drve was set to when the mksysb
command was run.
2. /mage.data
The /mage.data e store the nformaton about rootvg, ke vg, pp, pp sze, v, v sze, FS
The mage.data e resdes n /var/adm/ras/mage.data
3. /bosnst.data
The ./bosnst.data e aows you to specfy the requrements at the target system
and how the user nteracts wth the target system. Ths e contans the
customzed BOS nsta procedures and dctates how the BOS nsta program w
behave. You can customze ths e before ssung the mksysb command or use a
procedure to customze ths e after the mage backup s done.
Thrd bock has dummy toc e,
The dummy tabe of contents (TOC) s used so that the mksysb tape contans the
same number of mages as a BOS nsta tape.
Fourth bock has data, that s rootvg orgna data
6. Restore root" bac*#p
Usng restore command we can restore the rootvg backup
Boot server wth bos (base operatng system) Cd, then go to mantenance mode and access
the rootvg, then run the foowng command
1restore 2< 2+ 2 23 2, E+eEr&t5
Or
Boot server wth bos CD, then go to mantenance mode and ntate the rootvg backup (one
opton avaabe n mantenance mode).
Lke ths we can restore the rootvg backup
>. Bac*#p the non root" bac*#p
Usng savevg command we can backup the non rootvg backup
Suppose your server has 3 voume groups
1ls"
Rootvg
Datavg
Oracevg
#
Now you want to take datavg backup, then your command w be
1sae" 2i, E+eEr&t5 E+ata"
1sae" 2ie, E+eEr&t5 E+ata"
Datavg voume group s backup to tape
NOTE: Whe takng restvg backup we can excude unwanted e systems n backup process.
Suppose you not requred foowng e systems n mksysb backup,
/var - og es
That tme you shoud put entry n /etc/excude.datavg,
A. Restore the non root" bac*#p
Usng restvg command we can restore the non rootvg backup
1rest" 2x+, E+eEr&t5
After command executon datavg backup restored to server wth same name whe mportng
vg we can change the vg name.
B. Re)in+9 ENect9 Erase the tape
Usng tct command we can rewnd, e|ect and erase the tape drve.
1tctl 2, E+eEr&t5 re)in+ (To rewnd the tape)
1tctl 2, E+eEr&t5 eNect (To e|ect the tape)
1tctl 2, E+eEr&t5 erase (To erase the tape content)
Q.24 TL ! g"a#ation $cti%ity on &'( $&)*
Frst Downoad the Latest ML/TL as requred by your pro|ect from beow nk.
http://www-933.bm.com/eserver/support/xes/xcentra/pxpacks/53
t w downoad n c:/downoad drector by defaut or you can customze the downoad
ocaton. A es w be wth .bh extenton.
Before Up gradng the TL/ML you need to do fowng actvty.
1 Take two copes of mksysb
2 Take system conguraton output n a e such whatever the e set nstaed on the
machne.
3 Take approva from appcaton team, database team and customer.
;o) +o the ,ollo)in" steps.
You w put a the TL es to the AIX server usng ftp or wnscp. In a drectory.
Suppose you have putted a the TL es n /TL drectory Then og nto your server go to
the /TL drectory
You w execute #nutoc . (. Represent current drectory)
It w create a .toc e, through t you can read what are the eset ncuded n ths TL
After that you w execute #smtty update_a
Here you w put .(dot) as current drectory n nput devce, rst check the preie) onl% ,
seect co&&it no, sae base %es rest of opton eave as t s .
You w get the output
It showed ok now you can move to update the TL.
Fnay you press F3 to get back and change preie) onl% option no9 and -o&&it no
It w take 20 to 30 mnute to update the TL, now you can check the e set nstaed
successfuy usng #ppchk -v ,
And you check the #oseve -s, t w show the atest eve of TL.
-bash-3.00$ oseve -s
5300-11-01-0944
Q.2> Ho) to chec* the <= or (=.
1 inst!x 27 I"rep (=
Q.2A 0hat is =PAR an+ D=PAR?
=PAR E D=PAR
We can congure LPAR and DLPAR n P690 Servers,
LPAR (Logca parttons)
In snge server we can nsta mutpe operatng systems, ke AIX 5.1, AIX 5.2, AIX 5.3, Sus
Lnux, AIX 4.3, usng LPAR concept
The above Os are nstang n snge server, before that we have to partton the hardware
resources, ke processors and memory, Harddsk,
Usng HMC (Hardware Management Consoe) we can partton and operate the LPAR servers
Suppose you have one P690 server wth 16 CPUs and 16GB Ram, n ths server we can
make 16 parttons,
Now each parttons has 1 CPU and 1GB Ram,
Suppose one partcuar Os assgned for 500 users that tme we have to assgn addtona
hardware resources to that partton, onne we can assgn the hardware resources usng
HMC. No need to reboot the server, ths concept caed DLPAR (dynamc Logca Partton)
Lke ths we can create the LPAR / DLPAR
HMC - t s a desktop pc (Lnux OS) connected wth P690 server through Communcaton
(com port) cabe or R|45 Ethernet cat cabe
Usng HMC we can Create, Deete, and Change the Logca Parttons
Ths LPAR server has hypervsor Controer, a the nformatons stored n ths hypervsor,
and t s used to mantan the server
Accessin" &etho+s/
1. wsm (Web based system management , usng ths concept we can access the LPAR
servers from wndows desktops)
2. ssh (Secured she, usng ths concept we can access the LPAR servers through tenet)
Q.2B Ho) )ill %o# con!"#re =PAR an+ D=PAR?
Q. Ho) &an% t%pes o, =PAR. 0hich t%pe o, =PAR %o# are #sin"?
Q.2C Ho) to chan"e the *ernel ,ro& $2 bit to A6 bit?
A78 -o&&an+ on *ernel/
-o&&an+ to chec* the bos i&a"e.
/bn/spp - bos.64bt to see f bos.64bt s nstaed & commtted.
-or- /bn/ocae64 error message f on 32bt machne such as:
Coud not oad program /bn/ocae64:
Cannot run a 64-bt program on a 32-bt machne.
Or use:
# bootnfo -K dspays the current kerne word sze of "32" or "64"
# bootnfo -y tes f hardware s 64-bt capabe
# bootnfo -p If t returns the strng 32 t s ony capabe of runnng the
32-bt kerne. If t returns the strng chrp the machne s
capabe of runnng the 64-bt kerne or the 32-bt kerne.
Or use:
# /usr/bn/getconf HARDWARE_BITMODE
Ths command shoud return the foowng output:
64
H'0 <' -HA;@E KER;E= ('DE 'J 7B( A78 >= (>.1)
The AIX 5L has pre-congured kernes. These are sted beow for Power
Processors:
/usr/b/boot/unx_up 32 bt un-processor
/usr/b/boot/unx_mp 32 bt mut-processor kerne
/usr/b/boot/unx_64 64 bt mut-processor kerne
Swtchng between kerne modes means usng dherent kernes. Ths s smpy
done by pontng the ocaton that s referenced by the system to these kernes.
Use symboc nks for ths purpose. Durng boot AIX system runs the kerne
n the foowng ocatons:
/unx
/usr/b/boot/unx
The base operatng system 64-bt runtme eset s bos.64bt. Instang bos.64bt aso
nstas
the /etc/methods/cfg64 e. The /etc/methods/cfg64 e provdes the opton of enabng or
dsabng
the 64-bt envronment va SMIT, whch updates the /etc/nttab e wth the oad64bt ne.
(Smpy addng the oad64bt ne does not enabe the 64-bt envronment).
The command spp - bos.64bt reveas f ths eset s nstaed. The bos.64bt eset
s on the AIX meda; however, nstang the bos.64bt eset does not ensure that you w
be abe
to run 64-bt software. If the bos.64bt eset s nstaed on 32-bt hardware, you shoud be
abe
to compe 64-bt software, but you cannot run 64-bt programs on 32-bt hardware.
The syscas64 extenson must be oaded n order to run a 64-bt executabe. Ths s done
from
the oad64bt entry n the nttab e. You must oad the syscas64 extenson even when
runnng
a 64-bt kerne on 64-bt hardware.
To determne f the 64-bt kerne extenson s oaded, at the command ne, enter genkex |
grep 64.
Informaton smar to the foowng dspays:
149bf58 a3ec /usr/b/drvers/syscas64.ext
<o chan"e the *ernel &o+e ,ollo) steps belo):
1. Create symboc nk from /unx and /usr/b/boot/unx to the ocaton
of the desred kerne.
2. Create boot mage.
3. Reboot AIX.
Beow sts the detaed actons to change kerne mode:
<o chan"e to $2 bit #niGprocessor &o+e/
# n -sf /usr/b/boot/unx_up /unx
# n -sf /usr/b/boot/unx_up /usr/b/boot/unx
# bosboot -ad /dev/pdevce
# shutdown -r
<o chan"e to $2 bit &#ltiGprocessor &o+e/

# n -sf /usr/b/boot/unx_mp /unx
# n -sf /usr/b/boot/unx_mp /usr/b/boot/unx
# bosboot -ad /dev/pdevce
# shutdown -r
<o chan"e to A6 bit &#ltiGprocessor &o+e/
# n -sf /usr/b/boot/unx_64 /unx
# n -sf /usr/b/boot/unx_64 /usr/b/boot/unx
# bosboot -ad /dev/pdevce
# shutdown -r
IMPORTANT NOTE: If you are changng the kerne mode to 32-bt and you w run
9.2 on ths server, the foowng ne shoud be ncuded n /etc/nttab:
oad64bt:2:wat:/etc/methods/cfg64 >/dev/consoe 2>&1 # Enabe 64-bt execs
Ths aows 64-bt appcatons to run on the 32-bt kerne. Note that ths
ne s aso mandatory f you are usng the 64-bt kerne.
In AIX 5.2, the 32-bt kerne s nstaed by defaut. The 64-bt kerne, aong wth |FS2
(enhanced |ournaed e system), can be enabed at nstaaton tme.
Q.2D A78 stan+s ,or )hat?
A78 stan+s ,or A+ance+ 7nteractie Exec#tie.
Q.$5 A78 >= in this = stan+s ,or )hat?
A78 >= in this = stan+s ,or =in#x. 7t s#pports aix pac*a"es.
Q.$1 Ho) )ill %o# !n+ the serial no. o, the serer?
# prtconf |pg
Q.$2 Ho) )ill %o# chec* no. o, processor in the serer?
Ans. prtconf |pg
sdev -Cc processor
Q.$$ 0hat co&&an+ %o# )ill #se to chec* the lo) &e&or% space?
Dspay RAM Sze on AIX
# sdev -C|grep mem
Now f memory devce s mem0, then type
#sattr -E mem0
topas
vmstat
Q.$6 Ho) )ill the chec* the per,or&ance o, the +is* ?
Usng ostat command we can montor the I/O bound
In ths I/O bound we can montor the dsk usage, suppose you are usng two or three heavy
used e system n one PV that tme that partcuar PV usage w be very hgh
# ostat -d hdsk0 hdsk1 5 W montor dsk actvty ony for physca voumes hdsk0 1
Q.$> Ho) )ill %o# chec* the cl#ster stat#s ?
# cstat command s used to check custer status.
Q.$A 0hat is s&itt%.script ?
The smt.scrpt e contans the actua AIX commands that SMIT runs n order to execute a
task.
Q.$B 0hat is .netrc? 0hat is #se o, this hi++en !le?
The UH'(EE.netrc e contans nformaton used by the automatc ogn feature of the
rexec and ftp commands. It s a hdden e n a user's home drectory and must be owned
ether by the user executng the command or by the root user. If the .netrc e contans a
ogn password, the e's permssons must be set to 600 (read and wrte by owner ony).
Q.$C Ho) )ill %o# re&oe the +eice ,or e" / G tape ?
Re&oe Deice
Suppose you want to remove devce from server. Suppose t s one HDD.
Frst you have removed the HDD from server. Then you checkng devce conguraton detas
usng
1ls+e 2-c +is*
Or
1o+&"et -#D
It w show the devce status
There s two optons s avaabe n devce remova
1r&+e 2+l h+is*>
The above command s used to remove hdsk5 devce from ODM (compete remova from
OS)
After executng the above command ths hdsk5 conguraton s not avaabe n ODM
1o+&"et -#D I "rep h+is*>
It wont dspay anythng because devce conguraton s removed from ODM
Suppose you want to remove devce from the server not from ODM
Ths case you shoud use the foowng command.
1r&+e 2l h+is*>
The above command s used to remove hdsk5 devce from server, ths devce conguraton
s avaabe n ODM (not from OS)
After executng the above command ths hdsk5 conguraton s avaabe n ODM and devce
status s dened
1o+&"et -#D I "rep h+is*>
It w show Hdsk5 conguraton detas but devce status s 0
If you want nsta hdsk5 devce agan, you shoud run the foowng command
1c,"&"r
1c,"&"r scsi5 (Drecty you can search devce on Parent devce scs0)
After executng above commands the devce hdsk5 become to Avaabe state.
And devce status s 1
Q.$D Please explain the inittab !le G )hat is resp)an an+ once !el+ is #se+?
The /etc/nttab e contros the ntazaton process.
The /etc/nttab e suppes the scrpt to the init command's roe as a genera
process dspatcher. The process that consttutes the ma|orty of the init
command's process dspatchng actvtes s the /etc/getty ne process, whch
ntates ndvdua termna nes. Other processes typcay dspatched by the
init command are daemons and the she.
<he EetcEinittab !le
7+enti!er / R#n leel / Action / -o&&an+
7+enti!er / One to fourteen character ed.
R#n =eel / 0 to 9
Action/
Respa)n/ It the process does not exst, start the process. Do not wat for ts termnaton.
Restart the process f des.
0ait/ Starts the process and wat for ts termnaton.
'nce/ Starts the process and do not wat for termnaton. If des do not restart t.
Boot/ Starts the process durng system start up. Do not wat for ts termnaton. If termnates
do not restart t.
Boot)ait
Po)er,ail
Po)er)ait
':
-o&&an+/ A she command to execute.
Commands to pay wth /etc/nttab e.
# mktab "xcmd:2:respa)n:nd / -type f > /dev/nu 2>&1"
Adds record n /etc/nttab e.
# stab xcmd
Dspay new record added n /etc/nttab e.
# chtab "xcmd:2:once:nd / -type f > /dev/nu 2>&1"
Change the acton ed on the exstng record n /etc/nttab e.
# rmtab xcmd
Remove entry for the /etc/nttab e.
'r+er o, the EetcEinittab !le
1. init+e,a#lt
2. s%sinit
$. Po)er ,ail#re +etection(po)er,ail)
6. (#lti#ser chec*(rc)
>. EetcE!rstboot(,bchec*)
A. S%ste& Reso#rce control(src&str)
B. Start <-PE7P +ae&on(rctcpip)
C. Start ;JS +ae&on(rcn,s)
D. cron
15. pb clean#p(piobe)
11. "ett% ,or the console(cons)
Q.65 Ho) )ill %o# enable telnet in aix?
Uncomment tenet entry from /etc/netd.conf e.
Restart the netd servce
# startsrc -s netd
Q.61 )hat is the +e,a#lt si.e o, =<@?
Logca track group (LTG) sze s the maxmum aowed transfer sze for an I/O
dsk operaton. You can use the l3#er%p command to nd the LTG sze for a physca dsk
# querypv -M hdsk0
256
Q.62 +i: bet)een sh#t+o)n an+ reboot?
hat(1M) brngs down the machne to the PROM (on SPARC) mmedatey,
wth very tte regard to runnng the scrpts n /etc/rc|0-6|.d to
take thngs down ceany. reboot(1M) s the same, except nstead of
|ust stoppng the OS, t reboots the machne.
Q.6$ )hat is s*#l*er?
The skuker command purges es n the /tmp drectory, es oder than a
speced age, a.out es, core es, and ed.hup es. It s run day as part of
an accountng procedure run by the cron command durng oh peak perods
(assumng you have turned on accountng).
Q.66 ho) to chec* the +e,a#lt "ate)a%?
1 netstat 2rn
Q.6> ho) to chec* boot lo"?
1 alo" 2o 2t boot
1 alo" 2o 2t console
Q.6A )hat is +i: bet)een &*,s an+ cr,s?
crfs w create a |FS/|FS2 es system as we as the ogca voume assocated whereas mkfs
w create a Fe System over an aready created Logca Voume=2E
crfs=09Adds a e system=2E The smaest e system s equa to one PP=2E
crfs -v |fs -g datavg -a sze=3D32M -m /user : creates a |FS of 32 MB wth /user as the mount
pont n VG datavg=2E
crfs -v |fs2 -g rootvg -a sze=3D128M -m /data -A yes -p rw -a agbksze=3D2048 : creates a
|FS2 of 128 MB wth /data as the mount pont, automatcay mounted at system restart (-A),
wth 4K as the smaest e system bock sze that can be aocated to a e=2E
mkfs=09Makes a new e system on a speced exstng devce (LV)=2E
mkfs -s 64M /data /dev/vdata : creates an empty 64 MB e system on LV vdata=2E
mkfs -o name=3D/user /dev/vuser : creates an empty e system on the /dev/vuser devce,
wth mount pont /user=2E The new e system occupes the entre devce and has the
defaut fragment sze (4096 bytes) and the defaut nbp rato (4096)=2E
Q.6B )hat is saebase co&&an+ )ill +o?
The savebase command stores customized information for base devices for use during
phase 1 of system boot. By default, the savebase command retrieves this information
from the /etc/objrepos directory.
Q.6C <ro#ble Shootin"
6.6.$ -o&&on boot =ED co+es
D#rin" s%ste& initiali.ation9 serers )ith operator panel +ispla%s )ill sho) =ED
co+es that proi+e in,or&ation abo#t the stat#s o, the boot process. So&e co+es
are chec*points that in+icate )hich point in the boot process the serer has
reache+. <hese co+es +epen+ on the t%pe o, serer.
Jor exa&ple9 on a serer )ith a ,o#r character +ispla%9 E1J1 in+icates that the
s%ste&G+e!ne+ console has been actiate+9 )hile JJ1 in+icates this on a serer
)ith a three character +ispla%. -o+es in the ,or& o, Jxx9 )here xx is a
hexa+eci&al n#&ber9 are "enerall% relate+ to !r&)are.
'ther co+es in+icate that a ,a#lt has been +etecte+. <he &ost co&&on =ED
co+es that in+icate boot proble&s an+ ho) to "et aro#n+ the& to "ettin" %o#r
s%ste& #p an+ r#nnin" a"ain are "ien in <able 6G$.
<able 6G$ -o&&on start#p =EDs an+ sol#tions
=ED 251 G Da&a"e+ boot i&a"e
1. Access %o#r root" b% ,ollo)in" the proce+#re +escribe+ in 6.6.29 WAccessin" a
s%ste& that )ill not bootX on pa"e 15>.
2. -hec* the E an+ Et&p !le s%ste&s. 7, the% are al&ost ,#ll9 create &ore space.
$. Deter&ine the boot +is* b% #sin" the lsl G& h+> co&&an+.
6. Recreate the boot i&a"e #sin" bosboot Ga G+ E+eEh+is*n9 )here n is the +is*
n#&ber o, the +is* containin" the boot lo"ical ol#&e.
>. -hec* ,or -HE-KS<'P errors in the error lo". 7, s#ch errors are ,o#n+9 it is
probabl% ,ailin" har+)are.
A. Sh#t +o)n an+ restart the s%ste&.
=ED 22$G22D G 7nali+ boot list
1. Set the *e% &o+e s)itch to serice (J> ,or s%ste&s )itho#t *e%loc*) an+ po)er
#p
the &achine.
2. 7, +ispla% contin#es nor&all%9 chan"e the *e% &o+e s)itch to ;or&al an+
contin#e
)ith step $. 7, %o# +o not "et the pro&pt9 "o to step 6.
$. 0hen %o# "et the lo"in pro&pt9 lo" in an+ ,ollo) the proce+#re +escribe+ in
6.6.19
W<he bootlist co&&an+X on pa"e 15$ to chan"e %o#r bootlist. -ontin#e )ith
step B.
6. Jollo) the proce+#re in 6.6.29 WAccessin" a s%ste& that )ill not bootX on pa"e
15>
to access %o#r root" an+ contin#e )ith step >.
>. Deter&ine the boot +is* b% #sin" the lsl G& h+> co&&an+.
A. -han"e the bootlist ,ollo)in" the proce+#re "ien in 6.6.19 W<he bootlist
co&&an+X
on pa"e 15$.
B. Sh#t +o)n an+ restart %o#r s%ste&.
112 7B( Eserer p> an+ pSeries A+&inistration an+ S#pport ,or A78 >= ?>.$
=ED >>19 >>>9 an+ >>B G -orr#pte+ !le s%ste&9 corr#pte+ OJS lo"9 an+ so on
1. Jollo) the proce+#re +escribe+ in 6.6.29 WAccessin" a s%ste& that )ill not
bootX on
pa"e 15> to access the root" be,ore &o#ntin" an% !le s%ste&s (choice 2 on
the
?ol#&e @ro#p 7n,or&ation screen).
2. ?eri,% an+ correct the !le s%ste&s as ,ollo)s/
,sc* G% E+eEh+1
,sc* G% E+eEh+2
,sc* G% E+eEh+$
,sc* G% E+eEh+6
,sc* G% E+eEh+Dar
$. Jor&at the OJS lo" a"ain b% #sin" the co&&an+/
E#srEsbinElo",or& E+eEh+C
6. Pse lsl G& h+> to obtain the boot +is*.
>. Recreate the boot i&a"e #sin" the co&&an+/
bosboot Ga G+ E+eEh+is*n
0here n is the +is* n#&ber o, the +is* containin" the boot lo"ical ol#&e.
=ED >>29 >>69 an+ >>A G S#per bloc* corr#pte+ an+ corr#pte+ c#sto&i.e+ 'D(
+atabase
1. Repeat steps 1 thro#"h 2 ,or =EDs >>19 >>>9 an+ >>B.
2. 7, ,sc* in+icates that bloc* C is corr#pte+9 the s#per bloc* ,or the !le s%ste& is
corr#pte+ an+ nee+s to be repaire+. Enter the co&&an+/
++ co#nt41 bs46* s*ip4$1 see*41 i,4E+eEh+n o,4E+eEh+n
)here n is the n#&ber o, the !le s%ste&.
$. Reb#il+ %o#r OJS lo" b% #sin" the co&&an+/
E#srEsbinElo",or& E+eEh+C
6. 7, this soles the proble&9 stop hereM other)ise9 contin#e )ith step >.
>. Yo#r 'D( +atabase is corr#pte+. Restart %o#r s%ste& an+ ,ollo) the proce+#re
"ien in 6.6.29 WAccessin" a s%ste& that )ill not bootX on pa"e 15> to access
root"
)ith choice 2 on the ?ol#&e @ro#p 7n,or&ation screen.
A. (o#nt the root an+ #sr !le s%ste&s as ,ollo)s/
&o#nt E+eEh+6 E&nt
&o#nt E#sr
B. -op% the s%ste& con!"#ration to a bac* #p +irector%/
&*+ir E&ntEetcEobNreposEbac*#p
cp E&ntEetcEobNreposE-#K E&ntEetcEobNreposEbac*#p
C. -op% the con!"#ration ,ro& the RA( !le s%ste& as ,ollo)s/
cp EetcEobNreposE-#K E&ntEetcEobNrepos
D. Pn&o#nt all !le s%ste&s b% #sin" the #&o#nt all co&&an+.
15. Deter&ine the boot +is* b% #sin" the lsl G& h+> co&&an+.
11. Sae the clean 'D( to the boot lo"ical ol#&e b% #sin" the co&&an+/
saebase G+E+eEh+is*n
)here n is the +is* n#&ber o, the +is* containin" boot lo"ical ol#&e.
12. Reboot9 i, the s%ste& +oes not co&e #p9 an+ reinstall B'S.
=ED >>$ G -orr#pte+ EetcEinittab !le
1. Access the root" )ith all !le s%ste&s &o#nte+ b% ,ollo)in" the proce+#re
+escribe+ in 6.6.29 WAccessin" a s%ste& that )ill not bootX on pa"e 15>.
2. -hec* ,or ,ree space in E9 Ear9 an+ Et&p b% #sin" the +, co&&an+.
$. -hec* the EetcEinittab !le an+ correct the inittab proble&s i, there is one e&pt%
inittab !le9 &issin" inittab !le9 or )ron" entr% in inittab !le.
6. -hec* proble&s )ith/

EetcEeniron&ent !le
EbinEsh
EbinEbsh
EetcE,sc*
EetcEpro!le
E.pro!le
>. Sh#t +o)n the s%ste& an+ reboot.
,.
<o create l o, N,s2 o, lp si.e 2
1 &*l Gt N,s2 G% t&pl root" 2
-reate Jiles%ste&
1 cr,s G N,s2 G+ t&pl G& Et&p&nt
=o"ical ?ol#&e (ana"er (=?() -o&&an+s ,or A78
Glossary
Te"m +efinition
-ournaled File
.ystem (-F.)
File system that uses a /ournaled log for faster0 more reliale data
recovery
1ogical 2artition
(12)
3he 14 is made u5 of 12s. 3he 12 corres5onds to ' or more (in the
case of mirroring) 22s.
1ogical 4olume
(14)
3he 4+ is sudivided into logical volumes and each 14 can have a
file system on it.
2hysical 2artition
(22)
6ll 5hysical volumes are sudivided into 55s. 22s are all the same
size.
2hysical 4olume
(24)
7isk that is eing managed y 14(.
8ootvg
7efault volume grou5 created during installation. 3he vg holds the
9. filesystems ( :0:usr0 :home0 :5roc :o5t0 :tm50 :var and swa5 s5ace )
4olume +rou5
(4+)
6rea of storage that consists of one or more 24s
Command Summary
,omman# +efinition
chfs ;a size&<#='" yte
locks> <file system>
Increases the size of a /ournaled file system to the total
numer of ='" yte locks s5ecified
chfs ;a size&<+='" yte
locks> <mount 5oint>
Increases the size of a /ournaled file system y the
addional numer of ='" yte locks s5ecified. For
e?am5le @chfs -a size=+3-32./ /s"@
chlv ;n <newname> <oldname>
Ahange the name of a logical volume (it must e
inactive)
crfs ;v /fs ;m <mount 5oint> ;g
<volume grou5> ;a size&<# of
='" yte locks>
crfs ;v /fs ;m <mount 5oint> ;d
<logical volume>
3his command makes a logical volume0 mount 5oint
with a /ournaled file systemB
creates a /fs file system on a logical volume
df ;k .hows the disk usage of logical volumes on the server.
e?5ortvg <volume grou5> removes a volume grou5 from a machine
e?tendvg <volume grou5>
<5hysical volume>
6dds a new 5hysical volume to an e?isting volume
grou5
im5ortvg ;y <volume grou5>
<5hysical volume>
add a volume grou5 to another machine
lslv <logical volume> C;l0 mD
1ists information aout the logical volumes. 3he ;l
o5tion lists the disks in the logical volume.
ls5v <5hysical volume> C;l0 (0
5D
1ists the disks on the server0 including the 5hysical
volume will give details aout that disk. 3he ;l o5tion
will list the details of how the filesystems are distriuted
on the disk.
lsvg <volume grou5> C;lD
1ists the volume grou5s on the server0 including the
volume grou5 name will give details aout that vg. 3he
;l o5tion will list the logical volumes in the volume
grou5.
lsv5cfg 1ists each v5ath and the hdisks that make u5 the v5ath
mklv ;y <new lv> <vg> (akes a logical volume in a volume grou5
mksys ;l ;f <device> makes a ootale acku5 of rootvg
mkvg ;y <volume grou5>
<5hysical volume> . . .
<5hysical volume>
(akes a volume grou5 out of one or more 5hysical
volumes
mount <logical volume> <file
system> or
mount <filesystem> if it is
already in :etc:filesystems
(ounts the file system for use.
reducevg <volume grou5>
<5hysical volume>
8emoves a 5hysical volume from a volume grou5
rmfs <file system> removes a file system and itEs logical volume
rmlv <lv> 8emoves a logical volume (it must e inactive)
savevg ;l ;f <device> <volume
grou5>
makes a acku5 co5y of another volume grou5
umount <file system> Unmounts the filesystem.
dismount the file system

Sample LVM Procedures:
Filesystem Procedures
0"oce#"e to c"eate a filesystem sing 1234
3ee belo5 the !"oce#"e fo" c"eating a logical %olme an# a filesystem sing 1234
0"oce#"e to e6ten# the size of filesystem sing 1234
.. 7#f7 to see the filesystem8 it9s c""ent size8 : tilization an# the name of it9s logical %olme
2. 7lsl% ;logical<%olme=7 to sho5 info"mation abot the logical %olme incl#ing it9s
%olme g"o! name.
3. 7ls%g ;%olme<g"o!=7 to sho5 info"mation abot the %olme g"o!8 incl#ing nmbe" of
f"ee !!9s an# the !! size
4. &f the"e a"e not enogh f"ee !!9s then see belo5 fo" !"oce#"e to a## a #isk to a %olme
g"o!.
>. 7chfs -a size= +4.-43?4 ;(@ABT<0@&BT=7 to g"o5 the filesystem by 2 C'
D4.-43?4=2E.?24E.?24E.?24/>.2F
B@TG4 C"o5ing the file system 5ill atomatically g"o5 the logical %olme
/. #f7 sho5s the file system9s c""ent size is 2 C' mo"e than befo"e.
T"obleshooting e6ten#ing the size of a filesystem sing 1234
G""o" (essage4 ?>./-HIH e6ten#l%4 (a6imm allocation fo" logical %olme ;LJ<Bame= is
>.2.
(a6imm nmbe" of L0s fo" the logical %olme has been e6cee#e# - mst inc"ease the
allocation
,alclate the nmbe" of L0s nee#e# = LJ 3ize in (' / L0 size in ('
chl% -6 ;ne5<ma6<l!s= ;logical<%olme=
0"oce#"e to "emo%e a file system
.. Anmont the filesystem
2. Kemo%e the logical %olme 7"ml% ;l%<name=7
3. Kemo%e the filesystem info"mation f"om /etc/filesystems
0"oce#"e to "e#ce the size of a file system - sha"eol# is Imb an# nee#s to be "e#ce# to
4mb
.. ,"eate the file system
.. c"fs -% Lfs -m /s"/sha"ene5 -g "oot%g -a size=I.-2
2. this makes a logical %olme in the "oot %olme g"o! of 4(' that ses Lfs
2. (ont the %olme
.. mont /s"/sha"ene5
3. (o%e the files f"om the ol# file system D/s"/sha"eol#F
.. c# /s"/sha"eol#
2. ta" cf - M Dc# /s"/sha"ene5N ta" 6%f -F
3. c#
4. Anmont the file systems
.. mont /s"/sha"ene5
2. mont /s"/sha"eol#
>. Kemo%e the ol# file system an# it9s logical %olme
.. "mfs /s"/sha"eol#
/.
.. chfs -m /s"/sha"eol# /s"/sha"ene5
H. (ont the ne5 filesystem
.. mont /s"/sha"eol#
I. +elete the tem!o"a"y mont !oint
.. "m#i" /s"/sha"e
Logical Volume Procedures
0"oce#"e to c"eate a logical %olme an# filesystem in a %olme g"o! sing 1234
.. ls%g to #ete"mine the size of the 00
2. lsl% in simila" logical %olmes to #ete"mine if mi""o"ing is in effect
3. ,alclate the nmbe" of 00s nee#e# fo" the logical %olme
.. bc
2. scale=2
3. ;size of l% in ('=/;size of 00 in ('=
4. Oit
4. mkl% -y 7;LJ<B$(G=7 ;JC<B$(G= ;# of L03= --= c"eates the logical %olme
>. c"fs -% Lfs -# ;LJ<B$(G= -m /;(@ABT0@&BT= -$ yes --= makes the filesystem8 c"eates
the mont!oint an# !ts it in /etc/filesystems
/. mont /;(@ABT0@&BT= --= monts the ne5 fileystem
H. #f /;(@ABT0@&BT= --= %e"ifies the mont an# the size of the ne5 filesystem
I. ,heck the o5ne"shi! an# !e"missions of the ne5 mont !oint
.. ls -l# ;mont!oint=
2. cho5n o5ne"4g"o! ;mont!oint=
3. chmo# ))) ;mont!oint=
-. &f mi""o"ing is in effect8 then mi""o" this logical %olme to anothe" #isk Do"iginal an# .
mi""o"F4
.. mkl%co!y -s y ;LJ<B$(G= 2
,heck to see if all of the logical %olmes in a %olme g"o! a"e mi""o"e#
ls%g -l
(i""o" a logical %olme afte" the fact
mkl%co!y -s y ;LJ<B$(G= 2

Volume Group Procedures
0"oce#"e to c"eate a %olme g"o!4
.. ls#e% -, -c #isk -= lists a%ailable #isks Dan# the h#isk#F on the se"%e"
2. mk%g -y 7;JC<B$(G=7 h#isk# --= c"eates the %olme g"o! on the name# ha"# #isk
3. %a"yon%g ;JC<B$(G= --= acti%ates the %olme g"o!
0"oce#"e to a## a #isk to a %olme g"o! De6ten# the %olme g"o!F
e6ten#%g ;%g= ;#isk#=
Je"ify the #isk has been sccessflly a##e# to the %g
ls%g -! ;%g=
0"oce#"e to mi""o" the "oot%g4
.. ls!% --= #ete"mine the h#isk#
2. e6ten#%g "oot%g h#isk;nmbe"= --= a## the h#isk to the %olme g"o!
3. ls!% --= %e"ify that the h#isk has been sccessflly a##e# to the %olme g"o!
4. ch%g -Q 9n9 "oot%g --= change the Oo"m so that the %g 5ill stay acti%e if one of the
mi""o"s fail
>. mi""o"%g -3 -c 2 "oot%g --= mi""o" all of the logical %olmes in the %olme g"o!
/. ls%g -l "oot%g --= %e"ify sccessfl mi""o"ing D!!s 5ill a!!ea" 7stale7 ntil synch"onization
is com!leteF.
H. bosboot -a --= !#ate the boot image info"mation
I. bootlist -m no"mal -o h#isk? h#isk. --= c"eate a ne5 bootlist
-. bootlist -m no"mal -o --= %e"ify the bootlist is co""ect
0"oce#"e to inc"ease the nmbe" of L09s a%ailable
$ssme 5e "ecei%e an e""o" that the ma6imm nmbe" of L09s ha# been e6cee#e#8 an# the
ma6imm nmbe" of L09s #efine# 5as ..??4
.. 7ls%g ;%olme<g"o!=7 to sho5 the total 009s a%ailable in the %olme g"o! =.2>?
2. 7ls%g -l ;%olme<g"o!=7 to sho5 the total 009s se# in all logical %olmes in that %olme
g"o! Dsho5e# sys.log8 the Lfs log 5as sing 2 009sF
3. 7chl% -6 .24I ;logical<%olme=7 to change the ma6imm nmbe" of L09s f"om ..?? to
.24I D.2>? 009s in the %olme g"o! - 2 009s se# by the Lfs log = .24I a%ailableF
Physical Disk Procedures
0"oce#"e to fin# #isks/%!aths that a"e nallocate#
ls%!cfg
This 5ill sho5 #isks/%!aths an# the %olme g"o! they a"e allocate# to
ls!%Mg"e! Bone
This 5ill sho5 !%s an# 5hethe" they a"e asssociate# 5ith a %olme g"o!
Bote4 2o" %!aths8 the h#isks 5ill sho5 as none8 bt they may be allocate# to a %!ath - yo
mst g"e! each h#isk 5ith the ls%!cfg
0"oce#"e to make a ne5 ln a%ailable to $&)
$llocate the ne5 ln on the 3$B
Kn 7cfgmg"7
Je"ify the ne5 %!atch/h#isk by "nning 7ls%!cfg7
The"e shol# be a ne5 %!ath an# it shol# be a%ailable 5ith no %olme g"o! - if not8
"e"n cfgmg"
0"oce#"e to list the 0Js in a %olme g"o!4
ls%g -! ;%olme g"o!=
&'( has annonce# 7$&)>L7. ItEs essentialy 6IF 4ersion =. 3he E1E stands
for @1inu? 6ffinity@. 6 statement that 6IF is going to su55ort some of the
1inu? 62IEs and interfaces (for instanceB the :5roc filesystem)
.ome changes to the filesystem limits0 virtual I2Es0 dynamic dealocation
of swa5s5aces.
Asing 3(&T is 5roaly very different from your normal way of doing
system administration0 ut could 5rove very useful in the long run. In
some areas0 in 5articular 3A2:I20 GF.0 etc.0 you can also do things the
normal way0 ut it is unfortunately difficult to know e?actly when the
normal way works. 6gain0 always using .(I3 is 5roaly your est way
to go0 even when you have to learn a new tool.
What .(I3 actually does is uild u5 commands with all reHuired o5tions
to 5erform the functions reHuested and e?ecute them. 3he commands
called and the out5ut they 5roduce are stored in the files smit.scri5t
and smit.log in your home directory. 1ooking in smit.scri5t may teach
you more aout system administration.
Po5 #o & im!o"t an /etc/!ass5# o" /etc/g"o! file
f"om anothe" bo6*
If the other o? is non;6IF0 co5y the 5assword and grou5 entries for
the non;system users into 6IFEs :etc:5asswd and :etc:grou5 files.
3hen run :in:5wdck ;t 611. 3his will create the 5ro5er entries in
the shadow 5assword file (:etc:security:users). Iou should also run
usrck and gr5ck.
3o du5licate the 5assword and grou5 entries from another 6IF o?0
co5y :etc:5asswd0 :etc:grou50 :etc:security:5asswd0 :etc:security:grou50
:etc:security:user0 :etc:security:limits0 :etc:security:environ. 3he
last three are o5tional unless you modified them. If you modified
:etc:security:login.cfg0 you should also co5y that file.
Po5 to fsck the "oot filesystem
Iou can run fsck either in maintenance mode or on mounted filesystems.
3ry thisB
'. oot from diskette (6IF * only ;;; 6IF $ oot from A7 or ta5e)
". select maintenance mode
*. ty5e :etc:continue hdisk# e?it (re5lace hdisk# with oot disk if
not hdisk#)
$. fsck :dev:hd$
Po5 can & nmont /s" to "n fsck on it*
In order to fsck :usr0 it has to e unmounted. )ut :usr cannot e
unmounted ecause :in is symolically linked to :usr:in. 6lso
:etc:fsck is symolically linked to :usr:sin:fsck.
3o work around this0 when you oot from the oot:maintenance diskettes
and enter maintenance mode0 enter @getrootfs hdisk# sh@ instead of
@getrootfs hdisk#@ where hdisk# is the name of the oot disk. 3hen run
@fsck :dev:hd"@.
Po5 #o & see/change !a"amete"s like nmbe" of
!"ocesses !e" se"*
Iou can use .(I3 as descried elow or sim5ly use lsattr:chdev.
3he former will list the current setting as inB
# lsattr ;J ;l sys# ;a ma?u5roc
ma?u5roc $# (a?imum # of 5rocesses allowed 5er user 3rue
and you can then increase the ma?u5roc 5arameterB
# chdev ;l sys# ;a ma?u5roc&"##
sys# changed
If you /ust ty5e Elsattr ;J ;l sys#E you will get a list of all
5arameters0 some of which can e changed ut not others.
If you want to use smit0 do as followsB
smit
.ystem Jnvironments and 2rocesses
Ahange : .how 95erating .ystem 2arameters
; on this screen you can change y overty5ing the following fieldsB
; (a?imum numer of 289AJ..J. allowed 5er user
; (a?imum numer of 5ages in lock I:9 )UFFJ8 A6AKJ
; (a?imum Lytes of real memory allowed for ()UF.
; toggle fields e?ist forB
; 6utomatically 8J)993 system after a crash (false:true)
; Aontinuously maintain 7I.L I:9 history (true:false)
Po5 #o & sh"ink the #efalt !aging s!ace on h#/*
create a 5aging s5ace to use tem5orarily
mk5s ;s "# ;a rootvg
change default 5aging s5ace hd, so it is not used at ne?t reoot
ch5s ;a n hd,
swa5on :dev:5aging##
sysdum5dev ;5 :dev:5aging##
U5date information in oot logical volume
osoot ;ad :dev:hdisk#
reoot
remove current hd, and create a new one of smaller size
rm5s hd,
mklv ;y hd, ;t 5aging rootvg <size of 2. in $ (eg locks>
swa5on :dev:hd,
change the dum5 device ack to hd,B
sysdum5dev ;5 :dev:hd,
U5date information in oot logical volume
osoot ;ad hdisk#
change current 5aging device (5aging##) so it is inactive at ne?t oot
ch5s ;a n :dev:5aging##
shutdown0 reoot0 remove 5aging## using the commandB
rm5s 5aging##
Iou can check your 5aging s5ace with Mls5s ;aM
The s5a!!e" seems to se eno"mos amonts of !aging s!ace8 5hy*
When you run 5s0 you may see a line likeB
U.J8 2I7 NA2U N(J( .O 8.. 33 .363 3I(J A(7
root # #.#N '$N *%,="% %,%% ; . 'PB#, swa55er
3his is normal ehavior0 the swa55er looks to 5s like it has the entire
5aging s5ace 5lus real memory allocated.
Po5 #o & "emo%e a committe# l!!*
install5 has a new o5tion0 uninstall (;u) which can e used to remove l55s. )JW68J of 5re;
reHuisite chains.
Po5 can & "eco%e" s!ace afte" installing !#ates*
Bote4 &f yo a"e a /s" se"%e"8 #o not se this becase the files
mentione# belo5 a"e nee#e# by /s" clients an# cannot be #elete#.
Install5 creates numerous files in :usr to clean u5 after failed:re/ected installs and also for de;
installing uncommitted l55s. 9nce you have A9((I3ted 5ackages you can remove these files
safely. 7e5ending on your installation activity the numers can e significantB hundreds;to;
thousands of files0 megaytes of data.
Files eligile for removal are associated with each @5roduct@ you have installedQ the largest
collection eing due to os. 6fter A9((I3ting os l55s0 you may safely remove all files of the
formB
:usr:l55:os:deinstlR
:usr:l55:os:instSU$R
:usr:l55:osadt:deinstlR
and :usr:l55:osadt:instSU$R
Iou may re5eat this for all additional A9((I3ted 5roducts (e.g.0oste?t'0 osnet0 ?lc) you have
on your system.
3his 5rolem of lingering install files is a known defect in install5. If you have installed 23F
U$''P'' (or any su5erseder of itB U$'"*TP0 U$'**,,0 U$'*$"=) the deadwood in :usr will not
e Huite as 5revalent. Go single 23F currently availale com5letely corrects this 5rolem.
9n my own *"#0 the following freed u5 '".$( in :usrB
# rm ;8 :usr:l55:os:deinstlR
# rm ;8 :usr:l55:os:instSU$R
Where are the 6IF log files ke5tU
6IF logs messages as s5ecified in :etc:syslog.conf. KereEs an
e?am5le
#
R.errQkern.deugQauth.noticeQuser.none :dev:console
R.errQkern.deugQdaemon0auth.noticeQmail.critQuser.none :var:adm:messages
l5r.deug :var:adm:l5d;errs
R.alertQkern.errQdaemon.errQuser.none o5erator
R.alertQuser.none root
R.emergQuser.none R
# for loghost machines0 to have authentication messages (su0 login0 etc.)
# logged to a file0 un;comment out the following line and ad/ust the
# file name as a55ro5riate.
#
# if a non;loghost machine chooses to have such messages
# sent to the loghost machine0 un;comment out the following line.
#
auth.notice :var:log:authlog
mail.deug :var:log:syslog
# following line for com5atiility with old sendmails. they will send
# messages with no facility code0 which will e turned into @user@ messages
# y the local syslog daemon. only the @loghost@ machine needs the following
# line0 to cause these old sendmail log messages to e logged in the
# mail syslog file.
#
user.alert :var:log:syslog
#
# non;loghost machines will use the following lines to cause @user@
# log messages to e logged locally.
#
user.err :dev:console
user.err :var:adm:messages
user.alert Mroot0 o5eratorE
user.emerg R
Po5 can & log info"mation abot ft! accesses to a file*
') In :etc:syslog.conf0 add the lineB
daemon.deug :tm5:daemon.log
") # touch :tm5:daemon.log
# refresh ;s syslogd
*) (odify your inetd.conf so that ft5d is called with the @;l@ flag.
Iou may also want the @;d@ flag. 3his can e done with Esmit inetdconfE.
6ll the syslog messages from various system daemons should now a55ear in
the file @:tm5:daemon.log@.
Po5 #o & fin# a file name f"om the ino#e nmbe"*
ncheck ;i nnnn :mnt5oint
How do I set the tty name associated with a physical port?
1etEs say you wanted to make a tty on the s' 5ort and call it rs#### and a tty on the s" 5ort and
call it rs###'.
Iou could runB
mkdev ;c tty ;s rs"*" ;t tty ;l rs#### ;5 sa# ;w s' # creates rs####
and
mkdev ;c tty ;s rs"*" ;t tty ;l rs###' ;5 sa' ;w s" # creates rs###'
Po5 #o & se mksysb to clone a system*
I use the following ste5s on the master machine to clone an 6IF systemB
') 8emove the 5assword from root.
") 8emove the GI. line from the end of the :etc:grou5 file (the last
line with the +B )
*) Ahange most of the level E"E designations in :etc:initta to level
E*E to 5revent them from eing started u5 when the new system is
ooted (the minimum ones to change are rc.nfs and rc.tc5i5)
$) )oot in service mode and change the name and i5 address to a @s5are@
set to avoid address collision.
=) Alear :tm50 :usr:tm5 and :usr:s5ool:l5d:stat.
,) 8un mkszfile and edit it to e sure :usr is as small as 5ossileQ
then mksys from the command line.
3he aove changes allow me to oot in normal mode the first time0 get in
as root0 change the aove files ack and do the other things necessary
to configure the new system.
3hen0 of course0 I go ack and clean u5 and reoot my master machine.
GoteB ' and " lets you log in even if you canEt get on the network.
It 5revents the login 5rocess from trying to reach an GI. server.
.te5 " needed only if you use GI..
Po5 #o & "emo%e a non-e6istant !hysical %olme*
3o delete a 5hantom disk from the 97( use reducevg with the 5vid instead of the disk name.
Iou are running some command such as lsvg or varyonvg and it is gri5ing aout a disk that is no
longer findale rightU In that warning message0 it should give you a 5vid. 3ry one of the
following0 (noteB reducevg u5dates the 4+76 ut not the 97().
reducevg ;f <vgname> <5vid>
ldelete5v ;g 4+id ;5 24id
;g 8eHuired0 s5ecify the 4+id of the volume grou5 you are
removing the 5hysical volume from
;5 8eHuired0 s5ecify the 24id of the 24 to e removed
Po5 #o & kill a !"ocess that igno"es kill -QA&T -Q&LL -3T@0
If there is i:o 5ending in a device driver0 and the driver does not catch the signal0 you canEt kill it ;
a reoot is the only way to clear it.
Furthermore0 if the 5rocess stays hung for more than a few minutes0 you can find out what device
is wedged y doing this ;;
N echo trace ;k V(e?5r <5id> : "=,) W crash W tee stack
Po5 can & see 7console7 messages*
Use the swcons command to redirect the console to a file. 9r use chcons to do it 5ermanently.
Po5 #o & me"ge my /etc/!ass5o"# an# /etc/sec"ity/!ass5o"# fo" ,"ack*
:usr:sin:mrg5wd. Iou must have 5ermissions to read :etc:security:5assword.
& lost the "oot !ass5o"#8 5hat shol# & #o*
)oot from oot diskettes0 ootale ta5e0 or ootale A7.
6t the Installation:(aint menu select item $0 @.tart a limited functionX
maintenance shell.
6t the suseHuent @#@ 5rom5t enter the commandB
getrootfs hdiskG
(where @G@ is re5laced y the numer of a disk on your system
that is in rootvg.)
3hat will run for aout a minute or so and you get a # 5rom5t ack. 6t this
5oint you are logged in as root in single user mode.
Ahange to :etc:security and edit the 5asswd file. 7elete the three lines
under rootB 5assword0 u5date time (or whatever itEs called)0 and
flags. .ave the file.
3hen at the 5rom5t0 give root a new 5assword.
.hutdown:reoot in normal mode. 1og in with new 5assword.
6IF )asic Interview Yuestions
'. Kow will you list the users who are currently logged inU
6nsB who0 finger0 f
". Kow will you get the login and log out timeU
6nsB last
*. What are the fields in :etc:5asswdU
6nsB Uname02assword 6ttriute0User I70+rou5 I70+ecos0Kome 7irectory01ogin
.hell
$. What is R and Z .ymols indicate in :etc:5asswd fieldsU
6nsB R indicates that account is not activated0Z Indicates that 5asswd has een assigned
and the account is activated.
=. Kow can u change the shell for the 5articular userU
6nsB VK9(J:.5rofile
,. Kow can u change the root shell 5rom5tU
6nsB 5s'&XshellSnameX
P. Kow to make a 24 availaleU
6nsB chdev ;l hdisk" ;a 5v&yes
%. Kow to list lvEs in rootvg0 what is the out5ut of o5ened:syncd0 closed:syncd and
o5en:staleU
6nsB lsvg ;l rootvg0 Indicates the 14 state for the lvEs. 95en:stale indicates the logical
volumes is o5ened ut contains 5artitions that are not current. 95ened:syncd o5ened
and synchronized. Alosed:syncd not o5ened and synchronized.
T. 3ell aout 2erformance (onitoringU
6nsB to5as0 svmon0 vmstat0 iostat0 netstat0 sar 0entstat0 lvmstat0 l5arstat0 l5stat.
'#. Kow can we get the Getwork .tatisticsU
6nsB netstat. ifconfig
''. Kow can u get the 9. nameU
6nsB uname
'". Kow can u get the 9. 4ersionU
6nsB uname ;v
'*. Kow to list the 2aging .5aceU
6nsB ls5s ;a
'$. What is meant y 2atchesU
6nsB Its a fi? for the 5rolems that are encounter currently. JgB 6268
'=. What is the difference etween initta and crontaU
6nsB initta is used for .ystem Initialization and cronta is used for .cheduling.
',. 3ell aout oot 5rocessU
6nsB 29.30 .ystem 89.0 .oftware 89.0 Lernel Initialization0 * 5hases of ooting.
'P. What is the role of cfgmgr in oot devicesU
6nsB It configures ase devices and non;ase devices.
'%. Kow to refresh the inittaU
6nsB It automatically refresh for every ,# seconds.
'T. Kow to check the maintenance level and technology levelU
6nsB oslevel ;r
"#. Kow to increase File .ystem sizeU
6nsB chfs ;a size&+'# ;m :doli
"'. Kow to go the end of the file in vi JditorU
6nsB shift+g (ca5s +)
"". What is 97(U
6nsB 97( is a re5ository which stores the o5erating system related information such
as interfaces0 softwares0 tc5i5 configuration.
"*. What is mirrorvgU
6nsB mirrorvg command is used to mirror data from one 24 to another 24 in the same
4+.
"$. What are the Aom5onents of 14(U
6nsB 4olume +rou50 2hysical 4olume0 2hysical 2artition0 1ogical 4olume0 1ogical
5artition.
"=. Kow to check the availale size of the 24 in 4+ and migration of 24U
6nsB ls5v hdisk#0 migrate5v source5v destination5v egB migrate5v hdisk# hdisk'
",. What is the use of 3elinitU
6nsB It is used to set the runlevel.
"P. Which command to list active vgU
6nsB lsvg ;o
"%. Kow to view the run levelU
6nsB who ;r0 cat :etc:.init.state
"T. Kow will u create the userU
6nsB mkuser username0 mkuser ;a username (for admin)
*#. What are the changes will occur while creating a userU
6nsB :etc:security:user0 etc:security:limits0 :etc:security:environ0 etc:5asswd.
*'. Kow will you s5ecify the ig vgU
6nsB mkvg ;) ;y vgname ;s '"% hdisk#
*". Kow will u view the modified time of a fileU
6nsB ls ;lt
**. What is HuorumU
6nsB It is used to maintain the data integrity of a 5articular vg. Used for retrieving
data.
*=. Kow will u change the runlevelU
6nsB 3elinit.
*,. What is 5age in and 5age outU
6nsB 2age inB (oving the 5rocess or data from the real memory to the virtual memory
in the hard disk.
2age outB (oving the 5rocess or data from the virtual memory to the real memory.
*%. Kow will u list the active usersU
6nsB who
*T. Who ;r
dis5lays the run level and who ; last system start u5 time.
$#. What is the use of tar commandU
6nsB It is used to co5y and retrieve files into the archive and out of the archives.
$". Kow to monitor the file growthU
6nsB )y im5leming the Huota using Huotaon command.
$*. What is Huota and how to work with HuotaU
6nsB It is an effective way to control the use of disk s5ace. Using Huotaon command
we can enale the Huota for a 5articular file system or for a 5articular user.
JgB '. chfs ;a [Huota&userHuotaX :home
Huotaon ;u :usr:3ivoli:tsm:server:d
$$. Kow to increase or decrease the HuotaU
6nsBUsing edHuota command.
$=. In which 5hase :etc:initta is usedU
6nsB 3hird 5hase
Kow to view the real memory sizeU
6nsB ootinfo ;r0 5rtconf ;m
What are the daemons for the GfsU
6nsBr5c.mountd0 iod0 nfsd0 r5c.statd0 r5c.lockd.
What is the cron daemonU
6nsB It is a 5ower scheduler and a long running ackground 5rocess which is used to
e?ecute a /o 5eriodically.
=#. What is the use of [iX flag in mksys commandU
6nsB i flag is for .:image file which is used to collect the information aout the
filesystems0 logical volumes0 mount 5oint of the rootvg which is eing acked.
Kow to change the *" it kernel to ,$ it kernelU
6nsB # ln ;sf :usr:li:oot:uni?S,$
# ln ;sf :usr:li:oot:uni?S,$ :usr:li:oot:uni?
# osoot ;ad :dev:i5ldevice
=". What is the use of uname ;v and oslevel commandU
6nsB 3o find the version of the os we are using uname ;v and to see the version.
8elease.modification.fi? we are using oslevel command.
=*. What is zomie 5rocessU
6nsB It is a dead 5rocess that is no longer e?ecuting ut still recognized in 5rocess
tale. It is also known as defunct.
Kow to dis5lay the files of size larger than =#() in :usrU
6nsB find :usr ;size =#( ;5rint.
==. A5u 5erformance monitoring commandU
6nsB 3o5as0 .ar
=,. Kow to increase the size of the file systemU
6nsB chfs ;a size & +'#( ;m:doli
=P. Kow to give write 5ermission for the file which has een mountedU
6nsB While using the mount command s5ecify the rw 5ermission.
=%. Kow to get hel5 if there is no man 5ageU
6nsB .mit can e used.
=T. Kow to increase the 5aging s5aceU
6nsB ch5s command
Kow to trouleshoot if the system is too slowU
6nsB Lill the unwanted 5rocess which consumes the c5u resources using 5s command.
What is the out5ut for iostatU
6nsB c5u statistics0 i:o statistics of entire system0 disks0 ta5es and file systems.
,". What is the use of mkuser0 lsuser and how to list the grou5sU
6nsB mkuser command is used to create normal user accout or admin0 lsuser lists the
user account attriutes and to list the grou5 use the command lsgrou5.
,*. What is use of e?tendlv commandU
6nsB it is used to add the logical 5artitions to the e?isting 1ogical volume.
,$. Kow to e?tend the user s5ace HuotaU
6nsB edHuota command can e used to e?tend the user s5ace.
,=. What is the last ste5 in ooting 5rocessU
6nsB 1J7 dis5lays are turned off and the init 5rocess will continue to the ne?t
command in the :etc:ininta.
,,. Kow to list the logical volumesU
6nsB lslv
,P. What is the use of skulker commandU
6nsB 3o delete the tem5orary files in the file systems.
,%. 3ell me aout the 6IF installation ste5sU
6nsB
,T. Kow will you create the file systemsU
6nsB crfs ;v ty5e of file systems ;g rootvg ;a size &'#( ;m :fs'
P#. 7ifference etween cronta and init taU
6nsB Aronta is used to schedule the /os and init ta will contain the entry for the
commands that has to e e?ecuted.
P'. Aan we create a filesystem directlyU
6nsB File systems can also e without creating 14.
P".3y5es of file systemsU
6nsB /fs0 /fs"0 cdrfs0 nfs
P*.7ifference :w at and crontaU
Aronta u can schedule lot of 5rocess for any time.)ut using at command only one
5rocess to e schedule.at is an tem5orary ut cronta for 5ermanent 5rocess.
P$. What is the command to list the 5vU
6nsB ls5v
P=. What are all the 5v stateU
6nsB active0 missing0 removed.
P,. What is the cronta and how will u do schedulingU
6nsB Aron ta is used for scheduling the /os and for scheduling we can use cronta ;e
command.
PP. If the size of the file system is not ale to changeU 3rouleshoot the issueU
6nsB (ay e the Huota is turned on for that file system.
P%. Kow will u mirror the 1ogical volumeU
6nsB Using mklvco5y command.
%'. What is .UI70 .+I70 sticky itU
6nsB .UI7 is used to set user id for a 5articular file so that0 that 5articular can access
that file. It is inheriting the 5ower of the su5er user.
.+I7B .+I7 is used to set the grou5 id so that every one in the grou5 can access that
file.
.ticky itB .ticky it is an access right flag used to set 5ermissions for the so that no
other user can rename or delete that file.
%". Yuorum
6ns B 3he minimum numer of nodes that must e running in order for the +2F.
daemon to start.
(irroring vg
6ns B # mirrorvg vgname
7ifference etween -F. and -F."

2nction 123 1232
$"chitect"al ma6imm file
system size
. T' 4 0'
$"chitect"al ma6imm file
size
/4 C' 4 0'
Bmbe" of i-
no#es
2i6e# +ynamic
&no#e size .2I bytes >.2 bytes
2"agment size >.2 >.2
'lock size 4?-/ 4?-/
+i"ecto"y
o"ganization
Linea" '-t"ee
,om!"ession

Res Bo
+efalt o5ne"shi! at
c"eation
sys.sys "oot.system
3C&+ of #efalt file
mo#e
3C&+=on 3C&+=off
Qotas Res Res
What is mean y -F.
6ns B 3his ty5e of file system is named /ournaled ecause the system uses
/ournaling techniHues to maintain the integrity of control structures.
Jach /ournaled file system must reside on a distinct /fs logical volume.
3he file system size will e a multi5le of the size of a logical 5artition.
Kow can you take a acku5 of file and give synta?U
6ns B 3he acku5 command acks u5 files and file systems.
JgB 3o ack u5 all the files in the : (root) file system that have een modified since the
last level # acku50 enterB
# acku5 ;' ;u ;f :dev:rmt# :
Kow will take a acku5 rootvg
6ns B #mksys !i
What u mean y rmt#
6nsB 3a5e drive
Kow can you retrieve the error record from error log
6nsB #err5t
2ath of error log
6nsB :var:adm:ras:errlog
1J7 "#'
6ns B 7amaged )oot image
Kow can list the h:w errors
6nsB #diag
Kow will you list the s:w which are installed in 6IF
6ns B #lsl55
8un levels
6ns B 6 run level is a software configuration that allows only a selected grou5 of
5rocesses to e?ist.
What you mean y oslevel
6ns B oslevel is the command to know 4ersion08elease0(aintenance0Fi?level
Kow can you get the login and logout time
6ns B #last
Aan u mirror the lv0 if yes means what is the command
6ns B Ies0 Using mklvco5y command.
Using mklvco5y we can create and synchronize e?tra co5ies of logical 5artitions
If you enters the command ut you cannot get the out5ut what is the 5rolem
6ns B Aheck the command and its flag.
Aheck whether that commands fileset is installed or not.
What is mean y alog
6ns B alog is a file which contains the error log ha55en during ooting 5rocess.
2ath B :var:adm:ras:ootlog

:etc:5asswd fields
6ns B nameB5asswdBuseridB5gr5BgecosBhomedirBshell
Kow to dis5lay the environment variales
6ns B #env or #5rintenv
What is the difference etween du and df
6ns B du summarizes disk usuage.
7is5lays the numer of locks used for files.
du command uses the files in the current directory.

df re5orts information aout s5ace on file systems.
7is5lays information aout total s5ace and availale s5ace on file system
Kow to activate the ,$ it kernel
6ns B 3here are two kernels availale in the :usr:li:oot directoryB
uni?Sm5 *";it kernel for multi5rocessor systems
uni?S,$ ,$;it kernel for ,$;it 5rocessor systems
3he following e?am5le 5rovides the commands to run to enale the ,$;it kernel
after system installationB
# ln ;sf :usr:li:oot:uni?S,$ :uni?
# ln ;sf :usr:li:oot:uni?S,$ :usr:li:oot:uni?
# osoot ;ad :dev:i5ldevice
osootB )oot image is "*'*P ='" yte locks.
# shutdown ;r
6fter the system has reooted0 it will e running the ,$;it kernel.
3o reactivate the *";it kernel0 follow the same 5rocedure0 sustituting uni?Sm5 for
uni?S,$0 de5ending on your system ty5e.
3o verify your settings0 e?ecute the following commandB
# ls ;al :uni?
lrw?rw?rw? ' root system "' Gov '' ''B*# :uni? ;> :usr:li:oot:uni?S,$
What is the 5ur5ose of sudo
6ns B 3o inherit the 5ower of su5er user to e?ecute a 5articular command.
Kow can we untar the tar file
6ns B tar !?vf 5ath:file name
Kow can we clear the error log details
6ns B #errclear
7ifference etween error log and err5t
6ns B errlog B writes error log entry to :dev:error file.
errlog suroutine is used y a55lication 5rograms.
err5t B generates error re5ort from entries in error log.
7oesn\t 5erform error log analysis.

Kow to remove the failed hdisk in a vg if it mirrored
inode and it\s information
6ns B 3he inode contains control information aout the file0 such as ty5e0 size0 owner0
and the date and time when the file was created0 modified0 or last accessed.
It also contains 5ointers to data locks that store the actual data of the file.
Jvery file has a corres5onding inode.
#ls !i
7is5lays inode numer for all files.
#istat :usr:in:ksh

:etc:host file details
6ns B 3his file contains the hostnames and their address for hosts in the network.
3his file is used to resolve a hostname into an internet address.
File Format is0
Internet 6ddress Kostname #Aomments
Kow to refresh the services
6ns B #refresh !s serviceSname
Where the su5er lock co5ies are maintained
6ns B *'
st
lock
Kow can u retrieve the su5er lock if the su5er lock gets corru5ted
6ns B using dd command we can restore0
Kow will you increase and decrease the 5aging s5ace
6ns B #ch5s !s 5agings5aceSname ] increase
#ch5s !d 5agings5aceSname ] decrease
Kow to check the I2 address.
6ns B #ifconfig !a
What are the details contain in ifconfig
Kow to check the system information
6ns B #lscfg !v5s W more
Kow to check the device details
6ns B #lscfg deviceSname
What is mean y 5atchesU
6ns B 5tf and a5ar are the 5atches.
Aan we set the alias I2 to the Jthernet and howU
6ns B 3hrough the ifconfig command we can ind multi5le network addresses to a
single network interface y defining an alias. 3o ind an alias to a network interface0
run the commandB
#ifconfig Interface 6ddress Cnetmask GetmaskD alias
e?am5leB
#ifconfig tr# '#.'.".* netmask "==."==."==.# alias
Is it retain the alias I2 after restarting the system
6ns B yes0 the system retain the alias I2 address after restarting the system0 if we want
to remove the alias I2 give like
#ifconfig tr# '#.'.".* netmask "==."==."==.# delete
If you do not s5ecify which alias to e removed from a network interface0 the system
will default and remove the 5rimary network address from the interface.
In how many ways we will check the os 4ersionU
6ns B #oslevel
#uname !v
Kow to list the hard 7isks details
6ns B #ls5v 5vname
for egB #ls5v hdisk#
Kow to check the A2U activitiesU
6ns B )y using lot of 5erformance monitoring tools we can check the c5u activities.
.ome im5ortant commands are to5as0 iostat and sar.
Kow to check the routing taleU
6ns B #netstat ;r (or)
#netstat !nr
Alient im5ortant files and 5arameter
o5t file contents
6ns B 95t contains third 5arty deails.
Kow to check the server name in client side
Kow to u5 the interface
6ns B 3o activate the network interface run the command
#ifconfig Interface C6ddressD Cnetmask GetmaskD u5 (or)
#ifconfig Interface u5
Kow to check the default gateway
6ns B #netstat ;rn
What is 4+76
6ns B 3he volume grou5 descri5tor area (4+76) is an area on the disk that contains
information 5ertinent to the volume grou5 that the 5hysical volume elongs to. It also
includes information aout the 5ro5erties and status of all 5hysical volume and logical
volumes that are 5art of the volume grou5. 3he information from 4+76 is used and
u5dated y 14( commands. 3here is at least one 4+76 5er 5hysical volume.
3he4+76 internal architecture and location on the disk de5ends on the ty5e of the
volume grou5.
3y5es of the 4+
6ns B
Gormal 4+
)ig 4+
.calale 4+
Kow can you list the 5v\sU
6ns B #ls5v
1. How do you create an LV?
Ans: #mklv y lv!name vg!name ""s pv!name
2. How do you create a filesystem on a given LV?
Ans: # crfs v #fs d $dev$lv!name m $mount!point
3. !at is "ournaled #ile $ystem?
Ans: %t maintains a log in corresponding log device before committing any changes to &'
and thus maintains integrity of file system.
%. !at are t!e types of filesystems in &'(?
Ans: ()*, ()*+, ,-.)*, /)*
). !at are t!e differences between "#$ and "#$2 #$?
Ans: ()*0 inode allocation 1hile creating file systems is static
()*+ %node allocation is dynamic
()*0 ma2imum file system size is 1 TB
()*+0 3a2imum file system size is 4 "B
()*0 %node size is 1+5 Bytes
()*+ %node size is 61+ bytes
*. !at is t!e file responsible to tell about t!e filesystems?
Ans: $etc$filesystems
+. How will you troubles!oot t!e file system problem?
Ans: using fsck and logform
,. !ere you -eep t!e s!ared folders in &'(?
Ans: $etc$e2ports
.. !at e/portfs 0a command does?
Ans: %t reads entries from $etc$e2ports and updates $etc$2tab
11. !at is inode?
Ans: %t is an %nde2 node and points to the another inode or a datablock
11. !at is superbloc-?
Ans: )irst block of any file system and contains 3eta data of its like no of inodes and free
list of inodes etc.
12. !at is t!e daemon responsible for error log?
Ans: errdemon
13. !at is t!e pat! for default log file?
Ans: $var$adm$ras$errorlog
1%. How do you restrict remote user?
Ans: chuser rlogin7false user!name
1). How do you list filesystems?
Ans: lsfs
1*. !at are t!e stan2as in /etc/filesystem?
Ans: dev7, 3ount7, &og7, 'fs7, ,heck7, Type7

1+. How do you c!ec- error log?
Ans: # errpt 0a
1,. !at is /proc file system?
Ans: contains process related information of all processes 1hich are presently running.
1.. !at is t!e command to c!ange t!e password of anot!er user by a user 0
admin 3ot!er t!an root user4 w!o can set t!e passwords for users?
Ans: p1dadm
21. 'n t!e above 5uestion user 6admin7 belongs to w!ic! group?
Ans. *ecurity
21. How will you set t!e password for a user w!ose password lengt! must be
eig!t c!aracters?
Ans: smit chuser or # chuser minlen75 user!name 8ntries 1ill be updated in
$etc$security$user
22. !ere is t!e password for a user stores?
Ans: $etc$security$pass1d
23. !at are t!e fields available in t!e8 /etc/security/passwd file?
Ans: last update, pass1ord and flag
2%. !at are t!e fields available in /etc/passwd file?
Ans: username: pass1ord indication: uid: gid: gcos: homedirectory: shell
2). !at are t!e actions will ta-e !appen w!ile e/porting vg?
Ans: .emoves that vg entry from odm
.emoves corresponding filesystem entries related to '9 from $etc$filesystems.
2*. 9ne V: is e/ported from a system and imported in anot!er system t!ere
created some new filesystems in t!at V:. ;ow to import t!at V: bac- to t!e old
system w!at command you s!ould e/ecute?
A/*: importvg & y vgname pvname
2+. !at is t!e V:<& information?
Ans: '9 id, &' names, "' count, total "":s, free "":s, lv count, &T9 etc.
;<se # l=ueryvg p hdisk2 At>
2,. !ile importing V: t!e /etc/filsystems will get updated= from w!ere t!e
information of file systems it gets?
Ans: &',B of each lv ;mount point information 1ill reside in &',B if the mount point length
is less than 1+5 characters>
2.. How will you set t!e customi2ed >?&$@ for all users?
Ans: Add the entry in $etc$security$user0 %n default *ection
31. !at is LV? and its components? !at is t!e advantage of LV? in &'(.?
Ans: '9, "', &', )%&8*?*T83*, )ile systems can be e2tended beyond the limit of "' size to
multiple "'s.
31. Aan we add BV of different si2es into an e/isting V:? How to fully utili2e t!e
!dd space?
Ans ?es 1e can add "' of different sizes to e2isting '9. ,hange t factor
32. How you find out t!e c!aracteristics of V:? !at are t!e main features you
loo- for?
Ans: #lsvg vgname. /@. ""s, )ree ""s, stale ""s etc
33. !at is stale partition?
Ans: Ahen a pp is out of synchronization it sho1s as stale partition.
3%. How many BBs can be pointed by a LB? 's t!e si2e of LB increases wit!
mirroring of BBs?
Ans: B ""s can be pointed a &". /o the size of &" does not increase 1ith "" mirroring
3). !at are t!e information you get in V:<& ?
Ans: "" size, "' count, ma2 ""s, &' names etc, )ree ""s,
3*. !at is t!e difference between V:<& C V:$&?
Ans:
3+. !at is LVAD?
&vname, no of copies, inter policy, intra policy, no. of lps, lvid etc
3,. !at is 5uorum? :ive details.
Ans: 61C of total '9-A information is called =uorum
3.. !at is EtF factor?
Ans: by t factor 1e can increase ma2 no. of ""s from default 1D1E. 82: t+ 1ill make +DB+
ma2 physical partitions.
%1. How you ma-e concurrent V: ?
Ans: mkvg , y vgname pvname
%1. !at are daemons in ;#$ ? :ive details of eac! daemon ?
Ans : nfsd, rpc.mountd, rpc.statd, rpc.lockd and at client side biod
%2. !en we reopen an e/ported file after wor-ing on it we get stale error. !at
is t!e reason F
%3. !at is t!e difference between networ- interface and networ- devices?
Ans: interface is logical device for tcpip net1orking, net1ork devices are physical adapter.
%%. How to add 'B by aliasing to a networ- device ?
Ans: ifconfig enD 1GB.G.+DD.++H +66.+66.+66.D alias
%). !at is netmas- ?
Ans: to differentiate bet1een net1ork address and host address.
%*. :ive an e/ample of class D networ-
Ans: 1BD.1D.+DD.D
%+. !at is loopbac- address and its utility ?
Ans: %" address 1+H.D.D.1 is called loopback address and is used by the node to check the
functioning of its o1n tcpip sevices.
%,. !ere to add gateway in t!e networ- ? Aan we use router as gateway ?
Ans: to connect bet1een t1o different net1orks. ?es 1e can use router as gate1ay.
%.. !at is t!e difference between /etc/passwd and /etc/security/passwd ?
Ans: user information are stored in $etc$pass1d . encrypted pass1d is stored
$etc$security$pass1d
)1. How to disable t!e loc- of a user w!en !e !as crossed t!e failed login limits?
!ic! is t!e file to loo- into it?
Ans: chuser account!locked7true user. $etc$security$user
)1. !at is t!e difference between systemwide profile and .profile of an user ?
Ans: .$profile of user overrides the env variables set by $etc$profile
)2. !at difference you find in Gsu root and Gsu 0 root ?
Ans: *u root initializes the environment to that of root.
)3. !at is umas- and w!y we re5uire it ?
Ans: The umask value is deducted from default permission value HHH of a file 1hen created.
)%. !at is tcb and !ow it wor-s ?
Ans: trusted computing base. Ahen it is enable only trusted commands are e2ecuted by
verifying 1ith $etc$security$sysck.cfg.
)). !at is 5uota and give full synta/ of commands.
Ans: it fi2es the limits for files and sizes for each user. Iuota
)*. !at is trusted pat! and trusted s!ell?
Ans:
)+. How you enable &AL in a file.
Ans: e2tended permission to be set in file. To set use the command acledit,aclget,aclput
),. How to find out t!e c!aracteristics of an user ? !at is difference between
Glsuser and GlsattrF
Ans: lsuser, by lsattr 1e can find out the attributes of a device
).. !at is t!e procedure to configure remote printer?
Ans: enable lpd daemon, create a =ueue and connect it to remote =ueue
*1. !at is difference between defined and available state in 9<? ?
Ans: defined means it is already configured but not available for use. Available means the
device is ready for use.
*1. How you see maintenance level in &'(? !at is t!e ot!er command t!an
Goslevel 0r
Ans: instfi2
*2. How you install ?L in &'(?
Ans: #smitty update!all
*3. !at is t!e procedure in installing a pac-age in &'( ? !at is applied =
commited= rejected states ?
Ans: applied for testing of package only, committed: to install the package into the
system. .e#ect: to re#ect the package if it fails in applied state
*%. Aan we install ?L) and ?L* simultaneously in applied state in same mac!ine?
Ans: yes 1e can
*). 'f we remove ?L) from t!e m/c= will t!e ?L* will wor- ?
Ans: yes it 1ill 1ork
**. !at is difference between bac-up and arc!ive ?
Ans: archive: the backup data stored permanently for retrieval later date. Backup is a
regular process like full backup, differential backup, incremental backup.
*+. !at is t!e difference between incremental and differential bac-up ?
Ans: %n diff. Bacup it is compared 1ith last full backup. %n incremental backup it is compared
to last backup.
*,. !at is crontab and !ow to sc!edule a job to run at )pm on every $aturday?
Ans: to schedule to run a process at particular time. 8dit the crontab file by crontab e or
crotab l J crontmp, edit the crontmp by synta2 m, h, day of month, month, day of 1eek
$process. Then start the process by crontab crontmp
*.. !at is t!e location w!ere cron 5ueues are being maintained
Ans: $var$spool$cron$crontabs
+1. !ere errorlog files are stored ?
Ans: $var$adm$ras$errlog
+1. !en t!ere is a problen in a system w!at to do first ?
Ans: lookinto error log by errpt a command
+2. !at is difference between errorlog and alog files ?
Ans: alog gives the information on boot error.
+3. !at is t!e boot se5uence in &'( and give t!e details of eac! step of booting.
Ans:
+%. !at is m-sysb bac-up? !at are advantages we get out of it?
Ans: rootvg backup, sytem can be restored in case of failure, "" size can be changed,
filesystem size can be reduced by shrink
+). Aan we do t!e m-sysb bac-up and savevg of ot!er vg on same tape? :ive t!e
reason.
Ans: /o
+*. !at is t!e procedure to retrieve only /etc/!osts file from m-sysb tape? :ive
commands wit! e/act synta/.
Ans: #tctl f $dev$rmtD re1ind
#restore s4 2=vf $dev$rmtD.1 .$etc$hosts
++. How you increase t!e si2e of a file system by ):D? :ive command details.
Ans: #chfs a size7K69 $data
+,. !at are t!e tools available for performance monitoring?
Ans: sar, vmstat, topas
+.. !en you tell t!e system is AB> Dound or memory bound?
Ans: .un the sar command. %f the value of C<*8. K C*?* is more than 5DC 1e call the
system is ,"< bound. .un the vmstat command. %f "% and "@ is high 1e call the system to
be memory bound.
,1. How will you c!ec- a given file system is large filesystem enabled?
Ans: lsfs = fsname, if bf7true the given filesystem supports big filsystem
,1. !at is command to see ?&A address of ;'A
Ans: # lscfg l entD v
,2. How will you c!ec- t!e serial no of t!e system?
Ans: uname a
,3. How will you see t!e parent device for en1?
Ans: # odmget = Lname like enDM ,u-v
,%. !at is t!e fastpat! for $$& H&'<?
Ans. # smit ssaraid
,). How will you c!ec- t!e given !dis-n !as !ow many no of Bdis-s of your $$&
bo/?
Ans: # ssae2late l hdiskn
,*. !at is t!e command to list all supported !ardware by your system?
Ans: lsdev " N
,+. How will you list t!e total no adapters your system !ave?
Ans: lsdev ,c adapter
,,. !at is t!e command to see your dumpdevice?
Ans: sysdumpdev l
,.. !at is t!e default dumpdevice?
Ans: $dev$hdE
.1. List t!e file system !d1= !d2 etc and w!at t!ey are meant for?
Ans:
.1. How will you see t!e !ard ware errors?
Ans: # errpt d N
.2. How to clear t!e all errorlog messages?
Ans:# errclear D
.3. How to ma-e t!e secondary dumpdevice permanently active?
Ans: # sysdumdev " s $dev$222.
.%. Iell me t!e steps to replace t!e one !dd belongs to t!e mirrored rootvg?
Ans. 82plain the detailed procedure
.). !at is t!e command to move an lv to anot!er !dd?
Ans: # migratepv l lv!name hdisk2 hdisky
.*. How to disable a user from remote login?
Ans: # chuser rlogin7false user!name
.+. How to prevent all users to login from t!e remote?
Ans: # touch $etc$nologin ;82cept root all users can not login from remote>
.,. How to add a pv into a V:?
Ans: # e2tendvg vg!name pv!name
... How to see t!e ftp service is running or not? How to enable it?
Ans: lssrc s inetd, startsrc s inetd or startsrc t ftpd
111. !at are t!e differences between 'B&I over 'B aliasing and replacement?
Ans: 82plained the complete details of both methods.
111. !at is t!e difference between ?9>;IJIH>K and ?9>;IJ&>I9?&I'A in
/etc/filesystems?
Ans: @* related )ile systems 1hich are mounted at the time of boot process 1ill have
OA<T@3AT%,: attribute and other filesystem 1hich can be mounted along 1ith system
startup
Aill have OT.<8: attribute.
112. !at is stic-y bit and tell me e/ample?
Ans: *ticky bit permission 1ill be set to directory so as all user can make use of the files in
that directory, but only o1ner can delete the file.
113. !at is setuid and tell me e/ample?
Ans: A file 1hich is having *<%- 1ill be e2cuted as if its effective id 8g. $etc$pass1d
11%. 'f I and $ permissions are set for t!e files w!at does it mean?
Ans: Ahen *ticky bit and *<%- permission set on directory and file 1hich are not 1ith
e2ecutable permissions set respectively 1ill sho1n like this.
11). How to c!ec- a V: is mirrored or not?
Ans: %f a lp is mapped to more than one pp by lsvg l vgname command then '9 is said
to be mirrored.
11*. !at are t!e differences between &'( ).1 and ).3?
Ans:
11+. !at is t!e difference between ><B and IAB?
Ans:T,"0 ,onnection oriented and ackno1ledgment for packet transmitted.
<-"0<ser -atagram protocol0 ,onnectionless and no ackno1ledgment for the packets
transmitted.
11,. How to restore a single file of rootvg from m-sysb bac-up tape media?
Ans: restore *4 2vf $dev$rmtD .$PfilenameJ
11.. How to format a log file system?
Ans: logform Pdevice nameJ
111. !at is t!e difference between applied and committed s/w?
Ans: applied state soft1are can be re#ected if don:t 1ork properly if it suite then it can be
committed. A soft1are 1hich 1as committed canOt be re#ected only 1ay is uninstall.
111. How to commit applied state software?
Ans: installp cgQ Pfileset nameJ
112. !at is t!e difference between !ard and soft mount in ;#$?
Ans: )or Nard mount the client keep tries to mount the file system until it succeeds. Ahere
as the *oft 3ount tries to mount the file system for fe1 attempts if it is not succeeded in a
given attempts it gives up.
113. !at is t!e command to ma-e t!e !dis- as bootable 3bosboot4?
Ans: bosboot ad $dev$hd6.
11%. !at is t!e lpp resource in ;'??
Ans. %t has soft1are image to be installed at client.
11). How to list all file systems?
Ans: lsfs
11*. How will you edit t!e crontab?
Ans: crontab e
crontab l J filename, edit file and crontab filename.
11+. How do you list all volume groups?
Ans. &svg
11,. How do you mirror rootvg?
Ans. 82tendvg rootvg hdiskn, mirrorvg rootvg hdiskn, bosboot ad, bootlist m normal
hdisk2, hdiskn.
11.. !at are t!e commands you used for performance monitoring?
Ans. 'mstat, sar, iostat, topas etc.
121. How will you come to -now t!e system re5uired more real memory using
vmstat?
Ans. %f pi and "o count is more ;if paging activity is more even though it has enough paging
space>
121. !at is t!e use of &I command and !ow will you list t!e jobs?
Ans: @ne time operation for a given time. At= &
122. How do you e/clude some file systems w!ile ta-ing m-sysb bac-up?
Ans: By mentioning the file systems name in e2clude.rootvg
123. How do you list t!e pv in system?
Ans: lspv
12%. !at are t!e &'( installation met!ods?
Ans: ,omplete and over1rite, preservation installation and migration
12). !at are t!e prere5uisites before attempting migration installation?
Ans: Take the system backup, check for hard1are and s$1 compatibility for ne1ly installable
os. "repare 1ith remedies for kno1n problems.
12*. How to roll bac- to t!e previous ?L level if t!e newly installed ?L !ad
problem wit! applications.
Ans: %f ne1ly installed 3& is in applied state, re#ect it. %f it is committed state remove the fi2
and reinstall the previous 3&.
12+. !at are t!e difference between applied state and committed state?
Ans: %f 1e select applied state it 1ill not replace the previous level and 1ill have option to
commit or re#ect the ne1ly installed s$1. %n committed state ne1ly installed s$1 1ill
over1rite the e2isting s$1 and 1ill not have option to re#ect.
12,. !at is /etc/filesystems and w!at is its role?
Ans: $etc$filesystem has information regarding file systems, its mount point type of file
system etc. %ts main purpose to mount and check the file systems as per the parameters
mentioned in it.
12.. How to see t!e paging space?
Ans: lsps a
131. How to increase t!e paging space?
Ans: chps s pp:s devicename.
131. !at is t!e default paging space device?
Ans: hdE
132. !at is 9<? C Location of <atabase #iles
AnsR @-3 is database 1hich contains the information of devices S system configuration.
$etc$ob#repos, $usr$lib$ob#repos, $usr$share$lib$ob#repos
133. :ive details of eac! database files.
Ans: $etc$ob#repos: contains customized database
$usr$lib$ob#repos: contains predefined database
$usr$share$lib$ob#repos: contains soft1are vital product data
13%. How to set password !istory?
Ans: $etc$security$user
13). How to set two or t!ree password?
13*. !at !appens w!en e/ecute e/portvg C importvg?
Ans: 82portvg: removes info. of particular '9 from @-3
%mportvg: Add info. @f from '9-A of disk to @-3
13+. !at is ;#$ C file names of ;#$?
/)* is distributed file system 1hich provide remote access of file system.
)ile name: $etc$e2ports
13,. How to set permissions for e/ported directory?
<sing $etc$e2ports
13.. !at are t!e types of 'nstallation in &'(?
Ans: ,omplete$@ver1rite 3igration and "reservation %nstallation.
1%1. !at is migration installation?
Ans: )or <pgrading the version of A%Q.
1%1. Aan we preserve /var file system in preservation installation?
Ans: By default it removes $var files system. No1ever by specifying in $etc$preserve.list
1e can retain the $var filesystem .
1%2. 'f you confirmed rootvg is completely cras!ed and no bac-up is available
w!at are t!e actions to be performed?
Ans: .einstall @*, apply the re=uired 3& level and install $configure all apllications. %mport
all volume groups.
1%3. How to create a user using command prompt by specific !ome directory8
Ans: #mkuser 0a $2222$user1 user1
1%%. !at is 2ombie process?
Ans: %t is dead process but it sho1s in the process list

1%). !at are LV? components?
Ans: 82plained all components like ""s, &"s, etc.
1%*. !at is command to create LV
Ans: # mklv 0t type 0y lv!name vg!name no.of ""s pvname
1%+. How to create a Vg8
Ans: mkvg 0y vgname pvname1 pvanme+
1%,. !at is t!e pat! for sulog?
Ans: $var$adm$sulog
1%.. !at is pat! for wtmp?
Ans: $var$adm$1tmp
1)1. !at is t!e pat! for failedlogin?
Ans $etc$security$failedlogin
1)1. !at ma-es difference w!en you su wit! L and wit!out L ?
A/s: Aith 0 env variable 1ill set for ne1ly s1itched user.
1)2. !at are env variables?
Ans: "ATN, TT, "A-, *N8&&, 8-%T@., etc.
1)3. !at component we can not install once installation is carried out?
Ans: T,B
1)%. How will you c!ec- w!et!er IAD is installed or not?
Ans: $usr$bin$tcbck
1)). How will you list applied $/?
Ans: lslpp 0l U gerp apllied
1)*. !at is difference between applied state and committed state installation?
A/s Applied state 0 ,an be committed of re#ected
,ommitted state0 ,an not be re#ected.
1)+. !at is t!e difference between bac-up and arc!ive?
Ans: Backup: "erforms regularly and recycle the media periodically.
Archive: )or preserving data for longer times and media should have good =uality for
preserving data and less seek time is re=uired for data retrieval on need basis.
1),. How to -ill a process?
Ans: By confirming the process 1hether it controlled by *., or %nit, if it is init use kill
command of if it is by *., use stopsrc.
1).. !at is s!ell?
Ans ,ommand intrepeter.
1*1. How to c!ec- ?L version?
Ans: # oslevel 0r
1*1. 'f t!e system !ad ?L version + and rootvg is courrpted and needs to restore
m-sysb. Dut m-sysb bac-up was ta-en wit! ?L) How to go about?
Ans: .estore mksysb and update ne1 3& version 1ith H.
1*2. !at is stic-ybit can we set it for file?
Ans: To prevent deletion of each other files of users 1ho had common directoryF
*tickybit set for a file is no use.
1*3. !at is t!e purpose of c!mod
Ans To assign file$directory permissions for user$group$others
1*%. How will you c!ec- t!e attributes of a user?
Ans: lsuser
1*). How will you prevent user form logging remote?
A/s # chuser 0a rlogin7false username
1**. 'f t!e uptime file is corrupted !ow will you see t!e server uptime?
Ans: # 1ho 0b
1*+. !at is t!e difference between differential and incremental bac-up?
Ans: -ifferential backup 1ill take the backup of the data modified 1.r.t to its previous full
backup 1hereas incremental backup 1ill take the backup of modified data 1.r.t its previous
backup.
1*,. How do you add pv in s!ared vg?
Ans. 82plain detailed procedure.
1*.. !at is t!e significance of . wit! -ill command?
Ans: %t surly kills the process and 1ill not save any
1+1. How will you list t!e specific attributes of a user?
Ans: lsuser 0a id home username
1+1. How will u see t!e version and ?L of &'(?
Ans: oslevel r for version and instfi2 ik Ugrep 3& for 3&
1+2. How will u c!ec- t!e errors during booting?
Ans: alog command
1+3. How will u c!ec- t!e errors after booting?
Ans: errpt command
1+%. <etailed information about ;#$?
Ans: 82plain about /)* and the daemons at server and client
1+). !at is LV??
Ans. &ogical 'olume manager0 e2plained its advantages and all of its components.
1+*. !at is t!e parameter used for inodes w!ile creating filesystem?
Ans: nbpi
1++. K/plain t!e installation procedure for installing &'(
Ans. 82plained the complete installation procedure and narrated type os installation
1+,. How to repair a file system?
Ans. )sck and logform
1+.. !at is super bloc-?
Ans: )irst block of every file system 1hich contains meta data of the file system and its
alternate block is B1.
an you explain the steps to Mirroring rootvg in your environment?
Mirroring rootvg protects the operating system from a disk failure. Mirroring
rootvg requires a couple extra steps compared to other volume groups. The
mirrored rootvg disk must be bootable *and* in the bootlist. Otherise! if the primary
disk fails! you"ll continue to run! but you on"t be able to reboot.
#n brief! the procedure to mirror rootvg on hdisk$ to hdisk% is
%. &dd hdisk% to rootvg' extendvg rootvg hdisk%
(. Mirror rootvg to hdisk%' mirrorvg rootvg hdisk% )or smitty mirrorvg*
+. ,reate boot images on hdisk%' bosboot -ad .dev.hdisk%
/. &dd hdisk% to the bootlist'bootlist -m normal hdisk$ hdisk%
0. 1eboot to disable quorum checking on rootvg. The mirrorvg turns off quorum by
default! but the system needs to be rebooted for it to take effect.
What is VPN and how it works?
& 234 is a private netork that uses a public netork )usually the #nternet* to
connect remote sites or users together. #nstead of using a dedicated! real-orld
connection such as leased line! a 234 uses virtual connections routed rough the
#nternet from the company"s private netork to the remote site or employee.
What is daemon?
& daemon )pronounced 566-muhn* is a program that runs continuously and exists for
the purpose of handling periodic service requests that a computer system expects to
receive. The daemon program forards the requests to other programs )or processes*
as appropriate. 6ach server of pages on the 7eb has anHTTPD or 8ypertext Transfer
3rotocol daemon that continually aits for requests to come in from 7eb clients and
their users.
There are several daemon in &#9 environment! such as! sshd! inetd! and so on.
Can you describe SN in your own word?
& storage area netork ):&4* is a high-speed special-purpose netork )or subnetork*
that interconnects different kinds of data storage devices ith associated data servers
on behalf of a larger netork of users. Typically! a storage area netork is part of the
overall netork of computing resources for an enterprise. & storage area netork is
usually clustered in close proximity to other computing resources such as #;M 3oer0
boxes but may also extend to remote locations for backup and archival storage! using
ide area netork carrier technologies such as &TM or :O46T .
& storage area netork can use existing communication technology such as #;M"s
optical fiber 6:,O4 or it may use the neer <ibre ,hannel technology. :ome :&4
system integrators liken it to the common storage bus )flo of data* in a personal
computer that is shared by different kinds of storage devices such as a hard disk or a
,5-1OM player.
:&4s support disk mirroring! backup and restore! archival and retrieval of archived
data! data migration from one storage device to another! and the sharing of data
among different servers in a netork. :&4s can incorporate subnetorks ith
netork-attached storage )4&:* systems.
So you mention NS! but What is NS?
4etork-attached storage )4&:* is hard disk storage that is set up ith its on
netork address rather than being attached to the department computer that is
serving applications to a netork"s orkstation users. ;y removing storage access and
its management from the department server! both application programming and files
can be served faster because they are not competing for the same processor
resources. The netork-attached storage device is attached to a local area netork
)typically! an 6thernet netork* and assigned an #3 address. <ile requests are mapped
by the main server to the 4&: file server.
4etork-attached storage consists of hard disk storage! including multi-disk 1&#5
systems! and softare for configuring and mapping file locations to the netork-
attached device. 4etork-attached storage can be a step toard and included as part
of a more sophisticated storage system knon as a storage area netork ):&4*.
4&: softare can usually handle a number of netork protocols! including Microsoft"s
#nternetork 3acket 6xchange and 4et;6=#! 4ovell"s 4etare #nternetork 3acket
6xchange! and :un Microsystems" 4etork <ile :ystem. ,onfiguration! including the
setting of user access priorities! is usually possible using a 7eb broser.
What is SM"P and how it works?
:MT3 ):imple Mail Transfer 3rotocol* is a T,3.#3 protocol used in sending and
receiving e-mail. 8oever! since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the
receiving end! it is usually used ith one of to other protocols! 3O3+ or #M&3! that
let the user save messages in a server mailbox and donload them periodically from
the server. #n other ords! users typically use a program that uses :MT3 for sending e-
mail and either 3O3+ or #M&3 for receiving e-mail. On =nix-based systems! sendmail is
the most idely-used :MT3 server for e-mail. & commercial package! :endmail!
includes a 3O3+ server. Microsoft 6xchange includes an :MT3 server and can also be
set up to include 3O3+ support.
:MT3 usually is implemented to operate over #nternet port (0.
#o you have any idea about N"?
:hort for Network Address Translation, an #nternet standard that enables a local-area
netork )>&4* to use one set of #3 addresses for internal traffic and a second set of
addresses for external traffic. & NAT box located here the >&4 meets the #nternet
makes all necessary #3 address translations.
4&T serves three main purposes'
3rovides a type of fireall by hiding internal #3 addresses
6nables a company to use more internal #3 addresses. :ince they"re used
internally only! there"s no possibility of conflict ith #3 addresses used by
other companies and organi?ations.
&llos a company to combine multiple #:54 connections into a single
#nternet connection.
$xplain #%CP and its uses to an environment?
:hort for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a protocol for assigning dynamic #3
addresses to devices on a netork. 7ith dynamic addressing! a device can have a
different #3 address every time it connects to the netork. #n some systems! the
device"s #3 address can even change hile it is still connected. 58,3 also supports a
mix of static and dynamic #3 addresses.
5ynamic addressing simplifies netork administration because the softare keeps
track of #3 addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. This
means that a ne computer can be added to a netork ithout the hassle of
manually assigning it a unique #3 address. Many #:3s use dynamic #3 addressing for
dial-up users.
What does SNMP stands &or?
:hort for Simple Network anagement Protocol, a set of protocols for managing
complex netorks. :4M3 orks by sending messages! called 3rotocol 5ata =nits! to
different parts of a netork. :4M3-compliant devices! called &gents! store data about
themselves in Management #nformation ;ases and return this data to the :4M3
requesters.
What do you know about "CP#ump?
T,3dump is a common computer netork debugging tool that runs under the
command line. #t allos the user to intercept and display T,3.#3 and other packets
being transmitted or received over a netork to hich the computer is attached.
Tcpdump orks on most =nix-like platforms' >inux! :olaris! ;:5! Mac O: 9! 83-=9 and
&#9 among others. On 7indos! 7in5ump can be used@ it"s a port of tcpdump to
7indos.
Aou must have a root or super user authority to use T,3dumps in =4#9 like
envrionment.
%ow do ' remove a volume group with no disks?
This is a very common question about &#9 >2M and # kne that you ill ask me this
one. 7ithin a volume group there is a 2olume Broup 5escriptor &rea )2B5&* hich is
kinda a suitcase of lvm information. This is hat allos you to pick up your drives
and take them to another machine! importvg them! and get filesystems automatically
defined.
7hat happens! hen you importvg the volume group! the command goes out and
reads the 2B5& and finds out about all the logical volumes and filesystems that may
exist on the
volume group. #t then checks for clashes )name conflicts! etc..* on its on machine
and then! populates its on database ith information about the ne volume group
and
its associated logical volumes. #n cases of file systems! it ill go into the
.etc.filesystems file and add the ne filesystem entries that came along ith the
imported volume group.
The main question # see is #"ve taken aay the disks! but ho do # get rid of the
volume group. The question should really say! 8o do # get rid of the volume group
#4<O1M&T#O4 since that"s all you have on the system. Aou"ve got possible entries in
the .etc.filesystems and definitely entries in the O5M. Cust do'
exportvg
#t does a reverse importvg! except it doesn"t go off and read the 2B5&. #t nukes
anything relating to the volume group in the .etc.filesystems and O5M. The only time
this on"t ork is if the system detects that the volume group is varied on. Then! it
ould be like trying to change tires on a moving car! e on"t let you do itD
%ow do you you get rid o& a disk that is no longer really in the V(?
#n this case! you 5O4"T ant to do an exportvg. 7hat you ant to do is tell the
system you ant to cut out the memory of the old! bad disk from the 1:.E$$$ &45
from the 2B5& of the volume group. Aou simply do' reducevg -d -f
or if the hdname can"t be found'
reducevg -d -f
;e careful ith this command. =nlike the exportvg command! actions done
ith this command 7#>> affect the 2B5& information on the platter.
What is Capacity on #emand?
,apacity on 5emand ),o5* encompasses the various capabilities for you to
dynamically activate one or more resources on your server as your business peaks
dictate. Aou can activate inactive processors or memory units that are already
installed on your server on a temporary and permanent basis.
=sually! the ,apacity on 5emand is used for #;M :ystem i0F and e:erverF i0 and #;M
:ystem p0F and e:erver p0 0($! 00$! 0G$! 0H$! and 0H0 models. :ome servers include
a number of active and inactive resources. &ctive processors and active memory units
are resources that are available for use on your server hen it comes from the
manufacturer. #nactive processors and inactive memory units are resources that are
included ith your server but are not available for use until you activate them.
What is %ardware Management Console )%MC*?
The 8M, is a server or stand alone machine that provides a graphical user interface
tool to manage several 3oer :ystems. The 8M, manages system through hypervisor
and operating system. <rom version G it is truly eb based and you can configure!
installs and manage! partitioned! virtuali?ation most of your 3oer0 and E boxes via
8M,. There are many tasks you can do ith 8M,! such as!
3oering off and on of the partition
,onfigure and activate resources to the system
,reates and stores >3&1 profiles and allocated resources to them.
8M, do the dynamic memory reconfiguration of the partition.
:etup 2#O server and 2#O client thru 8M, and do micro-partition! create
storage
pool and processor pool ith it
3rovide virtual console to the partition
Most of the time e installed dual 8M, for redundancy and make sure to achieve
more uptime in a ide system
Why do ' need a %ardware Management Console! anyway?
Aou need a 8M, if you plan to'
I ,onfigure and manage logical partitions and partition profiles )selected models can
configure >#4=9 partitions ithout a 8M,*.
I 3erform 5>3&1 )dynamic >3&1* functions.
I &ctivate and manage ,apacity on 5emand resources.
Aou can also use the 8M, to'
I 3erform service functions
I Manage frames )toers*! #O3s and #O&s. * 4ote that you cannot see belo the #O& to
the device level.
I Manage system profiles )yes! you can have more than oneD*
I 3oer on and poer don. The :ervice 3rocessor is alays hot if there is poer to
the server.
I &ctivate and manage 2irtuali?ation 6ngine technologies.
I 0(0$ emulation so you can get a console up on a i0.O: partition or a virtual terminal
indo for &#9 or >#4=9.
What is kernel?
The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system! the core that
provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. & synonym
isnucleus. & kernel can be contrasted ith a shell! the outermost part of an operating
system that interacts ith user commands. !ernel and s"ell are terms used more
frequently in =4#9 operating systems than in #;M mainframe or Microsoft 7indos
systems.
Typically! a kernel )or any comparable center of an operating system* includes an
interrupt handler that handles all requests or completed #.O operations that compete
for the kernel"s services! a scheduler that determines hich programs share the
kernel"s processing time in hat order! and a supervisor that actually gives use of the
computer to each process hen it is scheduled. & kernel may also include a manager
of the operating system"s address spaces in memory or storage! sharing these among
all components and other users of the kernel"s services. & kernel"s services are
requested by other parts of the operating system or by application programs through a
specified set of program interfaces sometimes knon as system calls.
What is +MC?
The 1esource Monitoring and ,ontrol )1M,* subsystem is the scalable backbone of
1:,T that provides a generali?ed frameork for managing resources ithin a single
system or a cluster. #ts generali?ed frameork is used by cluster management tools to
monitor! query! modify! and control cluster resources. 1M, provides a single
monitoring and management infrastructure for both 1:,T peer domains and
management domains. 1M, can also be used on a single machine! enabling you to
monitor and manage the resources of that machine. 8oever! hen a group of
machines! each running 1M,! are clustered together! the 1M, frameork allos a
process on any node to perform an operation on one or moreresources on any other
node in the domain.
What in&ormation is stored in ,b-ect #ata ManagerJ
#t is a database of system and device configuration information integrated into #;M"s
&#9 operating system. The O5M is unique to &#9 compared to other =4#9 operating
systems.
6xample of information stored in the O5M database are'
4etork configuration
>ogical volume management configuration
#nstalled softare information
5evices that &#9 has drivers for
>ogical devices or softare drivers
3hysical hardare device installed
Menus! screens and commands that :M#T uses
$xplain a little about Vital Product #ata )VP#*?
235 in &#9 and >inux is a collection of configuration and informational data associated
ith a particular set of hardare or softare. 235 refers to a subset of database
tables in the ObKect 5ata Manager )O5M*! Therefore the 235 and O5M terms are
sometimes referred to interchangeably.
2ital product data )235* stores information such as part numbers! serial numbers! and
engineering change levels from the ,ustomi?ed 235 obKect class or platform specific
areas! not all devices contain 235 data.
#oes %CMP work on di&&erent operating systems?
Aes. 8&,M3 is tightly integrated ith the &#9 0> operating system and :ystem p
servers alloing for a rich set of features hich are not available ith any other
combination of operating system and hardare. 8&,M3 20 introduces support for the
>inux operating system on 3O761 servers. 8&,M3 for >inux supports a subset of the
features available on &#9 0>! hoever this mutli-platform support provides a common
availability infrastructure for your entire enterprise.
What applications work with %CMP?
&ll popular applications ork ith 8&,M3 including 5;(! Oracle! :&3! 7eb:phere! etc.
8&,M3 provides :mart &ssist agents to let you quickly and easily configure 8&,M3
ith specific applications. 8&,M3 includes flexible configuration parameters that let
you easily set it up for Kust about any application there is.
#oes %CMP support dynamic .P+! C/o#! ,n0,&& Co#! or C1/?
8&,M3 supports 5ynamic >ogical 3artitioning! ,apacity =pgrade on 5emand! On.Off
,apacity on 5emand and ,apacity ;ackup =pgrade.
'& a server has .P+ capability! can two or more .P+s be con&igured with uni2ue
instances o& %CMP running on them without incurring additional license charges?
Aes. 8&,M3 is a server product that has one charge unit' number of processors on
hich 8&,M3 ill be installed or run. 1egardless of ho many >3&1s or instances of
&#9 0> that run in the server! you are charged based on the number of active
processors in the server that is running 8&,M3. 4ote that 8&,M3 configurations
containing multiple >3&1s ithin a single server may represent a potential single
point-of-failure. To avoid this! it is recommended that the backup for an >3&1 be an
>3&1 on a different server or a standalone server.
#oes %CMP support non3'1M hardware or operating systems?
Aes. 8&,M3 for &#9 0> supports the hardare and operating systems as specified in the
manual here 8&,M3 20./ includes support for 1ed 8at and :=:6 >inux.
What is nmon tool do?
The nmon tool is designed for &#9 and >inux performance specialists to use for
monitoring and analy?ing performance data! including'
,3= utili?ation
Memory use
Lernel statistics and run queue information
5isks #.O rates! transfers! and read.rite ratios
<ree space on file systems
5isk adapters
4etork #.O rates! transfers! and read.rite ratios
3aging space and paging rates
,3= and &#9 specification
Top processors
#;M 8TT3 7eb cache
=ser-defined disk groups
Machine details and resources
&synchronous #.O M &#9 only
7orkload Manager )7>M* M &#9 only
#;M Total:torageN 6nterprise :torage :erverN )6::* disks M &#9 only
4etork <ile :ystem )4<:*
5ynamic >3&1 )5>3&1* changes M only p:eries p0 and Open3oer for either
&#9 or >inux
&lso included is a ne tool to generate graphs from the nmon output and create .gif
files that can be displayed on a 7eb site.
What is .ogical Volume Manager).VM* means?
The set of operating system commands! library subroutines and other tools that allo
you to establish and control logical volume storage is called the >ogical 2olume
Manager )>2M*.
What is a .ogical partition?
& logical partition )>3&1* is the division of a computer"s processors! memory! and
hardare resources into multiple environments so that each environment can be
operated independently ith its on operating system and applications.
$xplain Network 4ile Systems)N4S*?
The 4etork <ile :ystem )4<:* is a distributed file system that allos users to access
files and directories of remote servers as if they ere local. :uppose!
:erver &! that makes its file systems! directories! and other resources available for
remote access. ,lient"s computers! or their processes! that use a server"s resources.
6xport the act of making file systems available to remote clients.
Mount the act of a client accessing the file systems that a server exports.
What is Network 'n&ormation Service )N'S*?
4#: as developed to simplify the task of administrating a number of machines over a
netork. #n particular as the requirement to maintain copies of common files )e.g.
passord! group and host* across different systems.
What is so&tware +'# .evels do?
1edundant &rrays of #ndependent 5isks )1&#5* is formally defined as a method to store
data on any type of disk medium.
.#P
The >ight 5irectory &ccess 3rotocol )>5&3* defines a standard method for accessing
and updating information in a directory )a database* either locally or remotely in a
client-server model.
What is the command to view the active vgU
Kow do u configure the 7iskU
3ell me .te5s to configure the 4+U
Kow do u add a new disk in 4+U
What are the 6ttiutes of 14(U
7escrie aout 14( 6dva:7is.6dvU
Kow do u find the fi? is installedU
Kow to u e?tend the F.U
6ttriutes of F.U
1ist all the 14 in systemU
Kow do u find the 22 size of the 4+U
Kow do u create the 55 size of *" () in 4+U
What is the 1imitation of 4+U
Kow do u disale the 5aging s5aceU
What is 1268U
What is the command to view the active vgU
lsvg ;o
Kow do u configure the 7iskU
WJ K64J IG.3611 3KJ 7I.L
#cfgmgr
automatic detecting the disk after that
#chdev ;l hdisk' ;a 5v&yes
#ls5v
hdisk#
hdisk'
'. '.Kow will you mirror a volume and how will you find if a volume is mirrored U
". 6 system is echoing the 5ing ut not ale to login via telnet why U
*. what is the migration 5ath from $.* to =.' U (or any versions)
$. 6 system is ale to 5ing within the network ut not outside why U
=. What are the com5onents of a K6A(2 U
,. What are the resource grou5s in K6A(2U
P. What are the a5ar install if so for what U
APAR(Authorzed Progarm anayss Report): It's a x for the known ssues wth
any software.
%. Kow will you log in or start the system in what mode if you don^_`t know the root
5asswordU
1. Restart the system usng #shutdown -r
2. Press F5 whe bootng
3. Seect 'Mantenance mode for recovery
4. Enter new root password
T. What is i5 address and sunet means U
IP Address: t's a unque address for dentfyng the system n the network.
Subnet: A Subnet mask s a 32-bt number that masks an IP address,
and dvdes the IP address nto network address and host address. It s used
to dentfy network address of an IP address by perfomng btwse AND
operaton on the netmask.
'#. what ty5es of san or nas devices were used U
''. Were the storage on the hard drive or any ta5e used U
'". how will you check the if a system is 5aging e?cessively U
'*. 3here is too much of 5rocessor utilization what could e 5ossile reasonU
'$. Kow is 5aging s5ace is allocatedU
14.Depend on utzaton% of sys,wat and usr
a) If sys s showng hgh vaue, there may be more kerne system cas
b) If usr s hgh ,the appcaton space s usng CPU for ther operaton
c) If wat s hgh ,the CPU s watng for somethng (memory,Dsk or Network)
Aso check for wat queue and run queue ...(from topas)
The abow factors w gve the prmary eason of CPU usage
The CPU utzaton can be montored usng "vmstat" or "sar" ...(Note:- topas
command w use more CPU than other standard montorng commands .So
do not use topas whe system havng hgh CPU utzaton)
Use tprof command to record CPU utzaton of ntvdua process
'=. Kow will you configure sendmail U
',. Kow will you assign su5eruser 5rivilege to an ordinary user tem5orarily
'P. )ased on what one will choose to use shell or 5erl scri5ting U
'%. 7ifference etween telnet or ssh ."#. Kow will you truncate a log file U
'T. What is a sticky it what is the effect on file and directory U
"#. Why is the . not included in the 5athU
"'. Kow will you mirror a volume and how will you find if a volume is mirrored U
"". 6 system is echoing the 5ing ut not ale to login via telnet why U
"*. what is the migration 5ath from $.* to =.' U
"$. 6 system is ale to 5ing within the network ut not outside why U
"=. What are the com5onents of a K6A(2 U
",. What are the resource grou5s in K6A(2U
"P. What are the a5ar install if so for what U
"%. Kow will you log in or start the system in what mode if you don^_`t know the root
5asswordU
"T. What is i5 address and sunet means U
*#. what ty5es of san or nas devices were used U
*'. Were the storage on the hard drive or any ta5e used U
*". how will you check the if a system is 5aging e?cessively U
**. 3here is too much of 5rocessor utilization what could e 5ossile reasonU
*$. Kow is 5aging s5ace is allocatedU
*=. Kow will you configure sendmail U
*,. Kow will you assign su5eruser 5rivilege to an ordinary user tem5orarily
*P. )ased on what one will choose to use shell or 5erl scri5ting U
*%. 7ifference etween telnet or ssh .
*T. Kow will you truncate a log file UWhat is a sticky it what is the effect on file and
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