Doc: AA-SM-002

Revision: A
Page: 1
D.1.0.0 ROUND, SOLID, THICK AND THIN-WALLED SECTIONS
1. Solid round rod. Maximum torsional shear stress occurs at the outer surface r.
T = 10000 Nmm
r = 20.0 mm
J = 251327
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
0.80
MPa
#NAME?
2. Thick-walled round tube. Maximum torsional shear stress occurs at the outer surface r
o
.
T = 10000 Nmm
r
o
= 20.0 mm
r
i
= 15.0 mm
J = 171806
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
1.16
MPa
#NAME?
3. Thin-walled round tube. Maximum torsional shear stress occurs at the outer surface r.
T = 10000 Nmm
r = 20.0 mm
t = 5.00 mm
J = 251327
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
0.80
MPa
#NAME?
r >> t
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
r
r
o
r
i
r
t
Note: It is assumed that sufficient stiffness exists at the ends of the member so that a
section will maintain its geometric shape during torsion.
= 0.5 . p . r
4
= T . r / J
= 0.5 . p . (r
o
4
- r
i
4
)
= T . r
o
/ J
= 2 . p . t . r
3
= T . r / J
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 2
D.2.0.0 RECTANGULAR, SOLID AND THIN-WALLED SECTIONS
4. Solid rectangular or square bar. Maximum torsional shear stress occurs at point c .
T = 10000 Nmm
a = 50.0 mm
b = 30.0 mm
k
1
= 0.2087 #NAME?
J = 281737
mm
4
#NAME?
k
2
= 204.0 mm #NAME?
f
S
=
0.91
MPa
#NAME?
a >= b
5. Thin-walled rectangular or square bar with constant wall thickness.
T = 10000 Nmm
a = 50.0 mm
b = 30.0 mm
t = 2.00 mm
J = 95070
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
1.86
MPa
#NAME?
6. Thin-walled rectangular or square bar with varying wall thickness.
T = 10000 Nmm
a = 50.0 mm
b = 30.0 mm
t
1
= 2.00 mm
t
2
= 1.50 mm
J = 85942
mm
4
f
S1
=
1.84
MPa
#NAME?
f
S2
=
2.45
MPa
#NAME?
J = 2t
1
t
2
(a - t
2
)
2
(b - t
1
)
2
/[(b - t
1
)t
1
+ (a - t
2
)t
2
]
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
b
a
t
b
a
t
2
t
1
Note: It is assumed that sufficient stiffness exists at the ends of the member so that a
section will maintain its geometric shape during torsion.
b
a
c
c
= 1 / 3 - 0.21 . (b / a) . (1 - [b
4
] / [12 . a
4
])
= k
1
. a . b
3
= 3 . a + 1.8 . b
= T . k
2
/ (a
2
. b
2
)
= 2 . t . ([a - t]
2
) . ([b - t]
2
) / (a + b - 2 . t)
= T / (2 . t . [a - t] . [b - t])
= T / (2 . t
1
. [a - t
2]
. [b - t
1]
)
= T / (2 . t
2
. [a - t
2]
. [b - t
1]
)
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 3
D.3.0.0 OTHER SHAPES
7. Solid elliptical section. Maximum torsional shear stress occurs at point c .
T = 10000 Nmm
a = 50.0 mm
b = 30.0 mm
J = 3118493
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
0.14
MPa
#NAME?
a >= b
8. Thin-walled elliptical tube with constant wall thickness.
T = 10000 Nmm
a = 50.0 mm
b = 30.0 mm
t = 1.50 mm
J = 514315
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
0.71
MPa
#NAME?
a and b to midpoint of t
9. Solid hexagonal rod. Maximum torsional shear stress at point c , mid-point of each side.
T = 10000 Nmm
d = 50.0 mm
J = 751875
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
0.43
MPa
#NAME?
10. Solid triangular rod. Maximum torsional shear stress at point c , mid-point of each side.
T = 10000 Nmm
a = 50.0 mm
J = 135316
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
1.60
MPa
#NAME?
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
c
c
b
a
b
a
c
d
c
a
= p . a
3
. b
3
/ (a
2
+ b
2
)
= 2 . T / (p . a . b
2
)
= 4 . p . a
2
. b
2
. t / (2 . [a
2
+ b
2
])
0.5
= T / (2 . p . a . b . t)
= 0.1203 . d
4
= T / (0.188 . d
3
)
= a
4
. 3
0.5
/ 80
= 20 . T / a
3
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 4
D.3.0.0 OTHER SHAPES (continued)
11. Circular section with one side flattened. Maximum torsional shear stress at point c .
T = 10000 Nmm
r = 20.0 mm
a = 30.0 degrees
z = 0.13 #NAME?
k
1
=
1.5708 see note
k
2
=
1.2449 see note
a =< 90
o
J = 251328
mm
4
#NAME?
f
S
=
1.00
MPa
#NAME?
Note: The coefficients k
1
and k
2
are calculated from the following equations:
Reference: Roark and Young, 6th edition, page 349, case 7
12. Circular section with opposite sides flattened. Maximum shear stress at point c .
T = 10000 Nmm
r = 20.0 mm
h = 7.3 mm
z = 0.64 #NAME?
k
3
=
0.1919 see note
k
4
=
0.2715 see note
J = 30698
mm
4
h/r > 0.2 #NAME?
f
S
=
4.60
MPa
h/r > 0.4
#NAME?
Note: The coefficients k
3
and k
4
are calculated from the following equations:
Reference: Roark and Young, 6th edition, page 350, case 9
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
r
c
2a
r
c
c
h
= 1 - cos(radians[a])
= k
1
. r
4
= T / (k
2
. r
3
)
= (r - h) / r
= k
3
. r
4
= T / (k
4
. r
3
)
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 1
D.1.0.0 THICK-WALLED OPEN SECTIONS
References:
[1] Boeing Design Manual BDM-6400
[2] Bombardier Strength Manual
is the peak stress at point 'c' Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
The terms in Equation 3 for the coefficient 'n' are:
D = diameter of the largest inscribed circle
r = fillet radius (use a positive value for r )
f = angle between segments in radians
A = cross sectional area of the segment, not the entire section
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
Sections with r / t > 2.5 (ratio of the fillet radius to leg thickness) are considered thick-
walled sections.

To determine torsional constants of complex shapes, open sections are separated
into tee and/or angle segments as shown below. Torsional constant J is a sum of the
constants of constituent segments, and it is calculated from Equation 2.
In these sections the stress concentration at the fillet radius is taken into consideration.
The maximum torsional shear stress occurs at the fillet radius.
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 2
D.1.0.0 THICK-WALLED OPEN SECTIONS (continued)
1. Angle Segment
t
1
= 0.12 mm t
1
>= t
2
t
2
= 0.10 mm
b
1
= 1.10 mm
b
2
= 0.85 mm
r = 0.10 mm
f = 1.57 radians
Segment Area Equation 4
Diameter of
the Largest In- Equation 5
-scribed Circle
Coefficient Equation 6
Coefficient Equation 7
Coefficient Equation 8
Torsional Constant Equation 9
A = 0.219
mm
2
D = 0.164 mm
a = 0.111
n = 0.195 mm
K
1
= 0.00059
mm
4
K
2
= 0.00027
mm
4
J = 0.00094 mm
4
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 3
D.1.0.0 THICK-WALLED OPEN SECTIONS (continued)
2. Tee Segment
t
1
= 0.12 mm
t
2
= 0.10 mm
b
1
= 1.10 mm
b
2
= 0.85 mm
r = 0.10 mm
f = 1.57 radians
Segment Area Equation 10
Equation 11
Coefficient for t
1
>= t
2
Equation 12
Coefficient for t
2
>= t
1
Equation 13
A = 0.221
mm
2
#NAME?
D = 0.190 mm #NAME?
a = 0.194 #NAME?
n = 0.231 mm #NAME?
K
1
= 0.00059
mm
4
#NAME?
K
2
= 0.00027
mm
4
#NAME?
J = 0.00112 mm
4
#NAME?
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Diameter of the Largest
Inscribed Circle
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion
Doc: AA-SM-002
Revision: A
Page: 4
D.1.0.0 THICK-WALLED OPEN SECTIONS (continued)
3. Complex Section - Example
Section 1 - Angle
Section 2 - Tee
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4
t
ype
= Angle Tee None None mm
t
1
= 0.12 0.12 0.00 0.00 mm
t
2
= 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 mm
b
1
= 1.10 1.10 0.00 0.00 mm
b
2
= 0.85 0.85 0.00 0.00 mm
r = 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 radians
f = 1.57 1.57 0.00 0.00
A = 0.219 0.221 0.00 0.00
mm
2
D = 0.164 0.190 0.00 0.00 mm
a = 0.111 0.194 0.00 0.00
n = 0.195 0.231 0.00 0.00 mm
K
1
= 0.00059 0.00059 0.00 0.00
mm
4
K
2
= 0.00027 0.00027 0.00 0.00
mm
4
J
i
=
0.00094 0.00112
0.00 0.00
mm
4
T
i
=
13.7 16.3 0.0 0.0
Nmm
T in the table above is the amount of torque on each segment, and it is a direct ratio
of the segment J to the total J .
J = 0.0021
mm
4
Torsional Constant of the Entire Section
T
o
= 30 Nmm Applied Torque
Torsional shear stresses are calculated from Equation 1:
f
SA
= 2838 MPa Shear Stress at Point A
f
SB
= 3360 MPa Shear Stress at Point B
Prepared by: R. Abbott Date: April 2009 Checked by:___________________Date:__________
Standard Stress Methods
Torsion