SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS FOR PART I ENGINEERING

FORMULA SHEET

FS/1054-1055/12

1. Logarithm and exponential function

ax = ex ln a
The graph of y = ln x is
y

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y = ln x

2. Trigonometry and hyperbolic functions

Trigonometric identities
sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A
sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos(A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan(A B) =
1 tan A tan B




A+B
AB
sin A + sin B = 2 sin
cos
2
2




A+B
AB
sin A sin B = 2 cos
sin
2
2




A+B
AB
cos A + cos B = 2 cos
cos
2
2




A+B
AB
cos A cos B = 2 sin
sin
2
2
2 sin A cos B = sin(A B) + sin(A + B)
2 cos A cos B = cos(A B) + cos(A + B)
2 sin A sin B = cos(A B) cos(A + B)
The graphs of the three elementary trigonometric functions between 2 and 2 are:
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2 3/2 /2

/2

Graph of cos
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3/2

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Graph of sin
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2
1

2 3/2 /2

/2

3/2

1
2

Graph of tan
Relationships for Plane Triangle
A

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a
b
c
=
=
sin A
sin B
sin C
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A,

b2 = c2 + a2 2ca cos B,

c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C

Hyperbolic functions
cosh x =

1 x
e + ex ,
2

sinh x =

1 x
e ex .
2

cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1
The graphs of sinh x, cosh x and tanh x are
y

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y = cosh x

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y = sinh x
x

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y = tanh x

Formulae involving the hyperbolic functions may be obtained from the corresponding trigonometric ones on
the previous page by replacing every product of sines and implied sines by minus the corresponding product
of hyperbolic sines. Thus, for instance, tan A tan B is an implied product of sines since it can be written
(sin A sin B)/(cos A cos B) and so, to obtain the corresponding formula, terms in tan A tan B would be replaced
by tanh A tanh B.
3. Differentiation
function

derivative

tan x

sec2 x

cot x

cosec2 x

sec x

sec x tan x

cosec x

cosec x cot x

sinh x

cosh x

cosh x

sinh x

tanh x

sech2 x

tan1 x

1
1 + x2
1

1 x2
1

1 x2
1

1 + x2
1

2
x 1
1
1 x2

sin1 x
cos1 x
sinh1 x
cosh1 x
tanh1 x

4. Complex numbers
Eulers formula
ej = cos j sin .

5. Vectors
Triple vector product
a (b c) = (a c)b (a b)c

6. Matrices
The inverse of a matrix A can be expressed
A1 =

adjA
|A|

7. Newton Raphson iteration formula

If xn is an approximation to a root of f (x) = 0 then a better approximation is usually
xn+1 = xn

f (xn )
f 0 (xn )

8. Approximate integration
In the following approximations fr = f (xr ) , where xr = x0 + rh .
1. Trapezium rule
Z

xn


f (x) dx h

x0

1
1
f0 + f1 + f2 + . . . + fn1 + fn
2
2

2. Simpsons rule (in which n must be even)

Z

xn

f (x) dx
x0

9. Power series


1 
h f0 + 4 (f1 + f3 + . . . + fn1 ) + 2 (f2 + f4 + . . . + fn2 ) + fn
3

n(n 1) 2
x + ... +
(1 + x) = 1 + nx +
2!
n

where

 
n
xr + . . . ,
r

 
n(n 1)(n 2) . . . (n r + 1)
n
=
.
r
r!

If n is a positive integer the above series terminates and is convergent for all x.
If n is not a positive integer the series is infinite and converges for |x| < 1.
ex = 1 + x +
ln(1 + x) = x

x2
xr
+ ... +
+ ...
2!
r!

for all x

x2
x3
xr
+
. . . + (1)r+1
+ ...
2
3
r

cos x = 1
sin x = x

x2
x4
(1)r x2r
+
... +
+ ...
2!
4!
(2r)!

x3
x5
(1)r x2r+1
+
... +
+ ...
3!
5!
(2r + 1)!
4

for 1 < x 1
for all x
for all x

Taylors theorem
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f 0 (a) +
where
Rn (x) =

(x a)2 00
(x a)n (n)
f (a) + . . . +
f (a) + Rn (x) ,
2!
n!

(x a)n+1 (n+1)
f
(c),
(n + 1)!

a<c<x

10. Fourier series

The Fourier series expansion of a piecewise continuous periodic function f (t) of period T is





X
1
2nt
2nt
a0 +
an cos
+ bn sin
,
2
T
T
n=1
where
2
an =
T

T /2
Z


f (t) cos

2nt
T


dt,

T /2

2
bn =
T

T /2
Z


f (t) sin

2nt
T


dt,

T /2

11. Laplace transforms

Table
L {f (t)} F (s)

f (t)

A
,
s
1
,
sa

A
eat
tn ,

Re(s) > 0
Re(s) > a

n!
,
sn+1

,
s2 + 2
s
,
2
s + 2

n = 1, 2 . . .
sin t
cos t
eat f (t)

Re(s) > 0
Re(s) > 0
Re(s) > 0

F (s a)

tn f (t)

(1)n

df
dt

dn F
dsn

sF (s) f (0)

d2 f
dt2

s2 F (s) sf (0)

H(t a)

eas
s

f (t a)H(t a)

eas F (s)

df
(0)
dt

for

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

12. Statistics
Mean
X=
variance
2
SX
=

n
1 X
Xi ,
n i=1

n
X

1
1
Xi 2
n 1 i=1
n

n
X

Xi

!2

i=1

Tables of the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution are given below:

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

(z)

.5000

.6915

.8413

.9332

.9772

.9938

.9987

(z)

0.90

0.95

0.975

0.99

0.995

0.999

0.9995

1.2816

1.6449

1.9600

2.3263

2.5758

3.0902

3.2905

End of Formula Sheet