5.

0 DISCUSSION
6.0 QUESTION
1. Field engineers are often found talking of oti!u! !oisture "ontent #O$C% "onditions
&'ile "onstru"ting of road su()grade. Define and e*lain t'is ter!+ (ringing out "learl,
t'e i!ortan"e it osses and t'e !et'ods (, &'i"' it is "ontrolled.
Field engineers are often found talking of optimum moisture content (OMC) conditions
while constructing of sub- grade. When the values of the dr densit and moisture content are
plotted the resulting curve has a peak value of dr densit. !he corresponding moisture content
is known as the optimum moisture content (OMC). !he reason for this is that at low w values
the soil is stiff and difficult to compact" resulting in a low dr densit with a high void ratio# as
w is increased the water lubricates the soil" increasing the workabilit and producing high dr
densit and low void ratio" but beond OMC pore water pressures begin to develop and the
water tends to keep the soil particles apart resulting in low dr densities and high void ratios.
With all soils an increase in the compactive effort results in an increase in the ma$imum dr
densit and a decrease in the optimum moisture content.
Once the ideal moisture content and bulk densit are determined in the lab this information
can then be used during field compaction of the fill material. !hen" field moisture and densit is
determined. !he engineer on site can use this information to determine when field densit is
%&' of the lab derived value. (t this point field compaction ma be considered sufficient.
Controlling the moisture content of road sub-grade during construction will reduce the risk
of damage to the sub-grade. !he stabilit of unbound pavement materials generall decreases
with increasing moisture content or the )egree of *aturation ()O*). !he )O* is a measure of
the ratio of the volume of water to the combined volume of air voids and water within a
material. ( material with a )O* of +&&' is full saturated and has a ver high pore pressure and
high instabilit under load. (s the )O* reduces" the reduction in pore water pressure also
reduces with a corresponding increase in stabilit.
2.Dis"uss t'e !et'od of "o!a"tion of
(a) Co'esion less soil
One of the method to compat this soil is vibrofloatation. Consists of clindrical tube" eccentric
weight and water ,et.-ibrofloat is sunk in to the ground and vibrator motion develops an
enlarged hole..ole is backfilled with suitable granular material.(pplicable up to about /& m.
*pacing of vibrofloatation depends on initial densit and desired densit. 0suall 1m spacing
can enhance relative densit up to 2& '.
#(% Co'esi-e soils
One of the method to compact this soil is b dnamic compaction. ( crane is used to lift a
concrete or steel block weighing up to 3&& k4 up to a height of 5& to 3& m. From this height"
weight is allowed to freel fall on the ground surface. !he process is repeated over the area. *oil
at surface is disturbed. 6t is then refilled and levelled. )epth of compaction is up to +1 m. !he
method is 7uick and produces uniform settlement.
8.0 CONCLUSION
!he sand replacement test is to determine the in situ densit of natural or compacted soils
using sand pouring clinders. !he relationship that can be established between the dr densit
with known moisture content is as follows8 *and replacement method (standard method" but
does not appl to fill a big stone embankment and other porous materials" holes or large degree
of compaction test) is the use of the basic principles of particle si9e &./& : &.;&mm or &.13 :
&.3&mm uniform clean sand" from the whereabouts of a certain high degree of freedom to the
test inside the cave" according to their unit weight the same principle to measure the volume of
test hole (ie" using standard test hole sand to replace the aggregate)" and in accordance with the
moisture content of aggregate to calculate the sample of the measured dr densit.
9.0 REFERENCES
+. )onald Mcglinche" Characterisation of <ulk *olids" 1&&3" C=C >ress )! (frika.
1. 4orli9a Muhammad" concrete laborator"(1&&;). ?radation !est. (1&&2)" 4orli9a
Muhammad" Fa,ar <akti.*dn.<hd