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The USRP under 1.5X Magnifying Lens!
By:
Firas Abbas Ha!a
Rev 1.0
Last updated: 12-Jun-2008
This d"#uen$ is dedi#a$ed $" %&URA'( )"uni$y *es+e#ia,,y $he de-e,"+ing $ea. and
is #"nsidered as +ar$ "f %&U Radi" +r"/e#$.
GNU Radio is free software; you can redistriute it and!or "odify it under t#e ter"s of t#e GNU
Genera$ %u$ic License as pu$is#ed y t#e &ree 'oftware &oundation; eit#er version () or *at
your option+ any $ater version.
GNU Radio is distriuted in t#e #ope t#at it wi$$ e usefu$) ut ,-./0U. 1N2 ,1RR1N.2;
wit#out even t#e i"p$ied warranty of 34R5/1N.16-L-.2 or &-.N4'' &0R 1
%1R.-5UL1R %UR%0'4. 'ee t#e GNU Genera$ %u$ic License for "ore detai$s.
2ou s#ou$d #ave received a copy of t#e GNU Genera$ %u$ic License a$on7 wit# GNU Radio. -f
not) write to t#e &ree 'oftware &oundation) -nc.) 81 &ran9$in 'treet) 6oston) 31 02110-1(01)
U'1.
Tab,e "f )"n$en$s
References ......................................................................................................................................... (
,ords 3ust 6e 'aid .......................................................................................................................... (
'tartin7 Notes .................................................................................................................................... :
U'R% ................................................................................................................................................. 8
1;5 'ection ................................................................................................................................. <
;15 'ection ................................................................................................................................. <
1u=i$iary -nput!0utput 1na$o7 5#anne$s: .................................................................................... >
1u=i$iary ;i7ita$ -!0 %orts: ........................................................................................................... >
&%G1 ............................................................................................................................................ >
;au7#teroards ........................................................................................................................... 11
6asic .?!R? ;au7#teroards ................................................................................................. 11
Low &re@uency .?!R? ;au7#teroards ................................................................................ 11
.AR? ;au7#teroards ........................................................................................................... 12
;6'R? ;au7#teroards ......................................................................................................... 12
R&? ;au7#teroards .............................................................................................................. 12
.rou$es#ootin7 .......................................................................................................................... 12
%ower .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Genera$ Buestions ........................................................................................................................... 1(
&%G1 Aeri$o7 Buestions ................................................................................................................. 20
1;C8<2 5odec Buestions ............................................................................................................... 2<
5ontro$$in7 &%G1 Re7isters Buestions .......................................................................................... 28
;i7ita$ ;own 5onverter Buestions ................................................................................................. (0
;i7ita$ U% 5onverter Buestions ...................................................................................................... (8
;i7ita$ -!0 %ins 5ontro$ Buestions ................................................................................................. (C
;au7#teroards Buestions .............................................................................................................. ::
5DD -nterfacin7 Buestions .............................................................................................................. 82
R''- 3easure"ent Buestions ........................................................................................................ <8
3ot#eroard Re-5$oc9in7 Buestions ............................................................................................. >0
Loadin7 &%G1 6it 'trea" Buestions ............................................................................................. >(
.i"in7 Latency Buestions .............................................................................................................. >8
U'6 5ontro$$er &?2 Buestions ...................................................................................................... >>
%a7e 2 of C0
Referen#es
.#e fo$$owin7 references #ave ein7 used to write t#is docu"ent.
- Gnuradio 3ai$in7 arc#ives.
- Gnuradio wi9i wesite.
- www.ettus.co"
- ;awei '#en tutoria$s.
- U'R% User and ;eve$operEs Guide docu"ent.
- 3'c .#esis F;esi7n of a #ardware p$atfor" for narrow-and 'oftware ;efined Radio
app$icationsG y Ha$en ,ater"eyer
- www.7ps-sdr.co"
- U'R% used -nte7rated 5ircuits ;atas#eets.
0"rds Mus$ Be Said
- .#e Gnuradio "ai$in7 $ist is a treasure and so"e "ai$in7 $ist answers s#ou$d e 7o$d wei7#ted.
- %$ease send feedac9 corrections for any tec#nica$ "ista9es especia$$y t#ose $ae$ed y
I&-?34I
- Gnuradio is 7reat and i"pressive proJect and t#e U'R% is an a"aKin7 device. - a$ways as9 "y
se$f) #ow t#ey ui$d t#is 7reat proJectL ,eE$$ never 9now t#e answer.
%a7e ( of C0
S$ar$ing &"$es
1. .#e "ateria$ of t#is docu"ent was "ain$y *not a$$+ were ta9en fro" t#e "ai$in7 arc#ive posts
of *Gnuradio ;eve$opers tea"+:
- 4ric 6$osso"
- 3att 4ttus
- Jo#nat#an 5or7an
- 6rian %ada$ino
2+ 'o"e ti"es) - invent t#e @uestions w#en - see i"portant infor"ation f$ippin7 in t#e discussion
wit#out ein7 as9ed.
(+ .o find t#e ori7ina$ posts in t#e "ai$in7 arc#ive Just pic9 *copy+ so"e ordered words and start
searc#in7 *paste it+ in:
#ttp:!!$ists.7nu.or7!arc#ive!#t"$!discuss-7nuradio!
.#en you wi$$ 9now w#o said *or "ay e as9ed+ t#ese tec#nica$ infor"ation.
:+ .#e answers and tec#nica$ infor"ation in t#is docu"ent are not necessari$y 100M correct and
error free. 5orrections and feedac9 are #i7#$y we$co"ed and appreciated.
8+ - t#in9 it is wron7 to say t#at so"e @uestions are si$$y; a i7 tree was on$y a s"a$$ seed in so"e
day.
<+ No docu"entation for inand-si7na$in7 and no "-$oc9 in t#is docu"ent revision. 3ay e in
t#e future *- #ope+ it wi$$ e inc$uded y "e or so"eone e$se.
>+ - #ope t#at; t#is docu"ent is usefu$.
%a7e : of C0
USRP
.#e Universa$ 'oftware Radio %erip#era$) or U'R% *pronounced NusurpN+ is desi7ned to a$$ow
7enera$ purpose co"puters to function as #i7# andwidt# software radios. -n essence) it serves as
a di7ita$ aseand and -& section of a radio co""unication syste".
.#e asic desi7n p#i$osop#y e#ind t#e U'R% #as een to do a$$ of t#e wavefor"-specific
processin7) $i9e "odu$ation and de"odu$ation) on t#e #ost 5%U. 1$$ of t#e #i7#-speed 7enera$
purpose operations $i9e di7ita$ up and down conversion) deci"ation and interpo$ation are done on
t#e &%G1.
.#e true va$ue of t#e U'R% is in w#at it ena$es en7ineers and desi7ners to create on a $ow
ud7et and wit# a "ini"u" of effort. 1 $ar7e co""unity of deve$opers and users #ave
contriuted to a sustantia$ code ase and provided "any practica$ app$ications for t#e #ardware
and software. .#e powerfu$ co"ination of f$e=i$e #ardware) open-source software and a
co""unity of e=perienced users "a9e it t#e idea$ p$atfor" for your software radio deve$op"ent.
U'R% 3ot#eroard
%a7e 8 of C0
.#e U'R% #as : #i7#-speed ana$o7 to di7ita$ converters *1;5s+) eac# at 12 its per sa"p$e)
<:3'a"p$es!sec. .#ere are a$so : #i7#-speed di7ita$ to ana$o7 converters *;15s+) eac# at 1: its
per sa"p$e) 1283'a"p$es!sec. .#ese : input and : output c#anne$s are connected to an 1$tera
5yc$one 4%1512 &%G1. .#e &%G1) in turn) connects to a U'62 interface c#ip) t#e 5ypress
&?2) and on to t#e co"puter. .#e U'R% connects to t#e co"puter via a #i7# speed U'62
interface on$y) and wi$$ not wor9 wit# U'61.1.
'o in princip$e) we #ave : input and : output c#anne$s if we use rea$ sa"p$in7. /owever) we can
#ave "ore f$e=ii$ity *and andwidt#+ if we use co"p$e= *-B+ sa"p$in7. .#en we #ave to pair
t#e" up) so we 7et 2 co"p$e= inputs and 2 co"p$e= outputs.
A') Se#$i"n
.#ere are : #i7#-speed 12-it 1; converters. .#e sa"p$in7 rate is <:3 sa"p$es per second. -n
princip$e) it cou$d di7itiKe a and as wide as (23/K. .#e 1; converters can andpass-sa"p$e
si7na$s of up to aout 2003/K. -f severa$ decie$s of $oss is to$era$e) t#en) -& fre@uency as #i7#
as 800 3/K can e di7itiKed. /owever) if we sa"p$e a si7na$ wit# t#e -& $ar7er t#an (23/K) we
wi$$ introduce a$iasin7 and actua$$y t#e and of t#e si7na$ of interest is "apped to so"e p$aces
etween -(23/K and (23/K. 'o"eti"es t#is can e usefu$) for e=a"p$e) we cou$d $isten to t#e
&3 stations wit#out any R& front end. .#e #i7#er t#e fre@uency of t#e sa"p$ed si7na$) t#e "ore
t#e 'NR wi$$ e de7raded y Jitter. 1003/K is t#e reco""ended upper $i"it.
.#e fu$$ ran7e of t#e 1;5s is 2A pea9 to pea9) and t#e input is 80 o#"s differentia$. .#is is
:0",) or 1<d6". .#ere is a pro7ra""a$e 7ain a"p$ifier *%G1+ efore t#e 1;5s to a"p$ify t#e
input si7na$ to uti$iKe t#e entire input ran7e of t#e 1;5s) in case t#e si7na$ is wea9. .#e %G1 is
up to 20d6. ,it# 7ain set to Kero) fu$$ sca$e inputs are 2 Ao$ts pea9-to-pea9 differentia$. ,#en set
to 20 d6) on$y .2 A p-p differentia$ input si7na$ is needed to reac# fu$$ sca$e. .#is %G1 is software
pro7ra""a$e.
-f si7na$s are 15-coup$ed) t#ere is no need to provide ;5 ias as $on7 as t#e interna$ uffer is
turned on. -t wi$$ provide an appro=i"ate$y 2A ias. -f si7na$s are ;5-coup$e) a ;5 ias of
A55!2 *1.<8A+ s#ou$d e provided to ot# t#e positive and ne7ative inputs) and t#e interna$
uffer s#ou$d e turned off. .#e 1;5 AR4& provides a c$ean 1 A reference
'A) Se#$i"n
1t t#e trans"ittin7 pat#) t#ere are a$so : #i7#-speed 1:-it ;1 converters. .#e ;15 c$oc9
fre@uency is 128 3'!s) so Ny@uist fre@uency is <:3/K. /owever) we wi$$ proa$y want to stay
e$ow it to "a9e fi$terin7 easier. 1 usefu$ output fre@uency ran7e is fro" ;5 to aout ::3/K.
.#e ;15s can supp$y 1A pea9 to a 80 o#" differentia$ $oad) or 10", *10d6"+. .#ere is a$so
%G1 used after t#e ;15) providin7 up to 20d6 7ain. .#is %G1 is software pro7ra""a$e. .#e
;15 si7na$s *-0U.%O1!-0U.NO1 and -0U.%O6!-0U.NO6+ are current-output) eac# varyin7
etween 0 and 20 "1. .#ey can e converted into differentia$ vo$ta7es wit# a resistor.
%a7e < of C0
Au1i,iary 2n+u$3(u$+u$ Ana,"g )hanne,s:
.#ere are 8 1u=i$iary ana$o7 input c#anne$s connected to $ow speed 10 it 1;5 inputs *$ae$ed
1U?O1;5O11O1) 1U?O1;5O61O1) 1U?O1;5O12O1) 1U?O1;5O62O1)
1U?O1;5O11O6) 1U?O1;5O61O6) 1U?O1;5O12O6) and 1U?O1;5O62O6+ w#ic# can
e read fro" software. .#ese 1;5s can convert up to 1.283'%' and #ave a andwidt# of around
200 H/K. .#ese ana$o7 c#anne$s are usefu$ for sensin7 t#e R''- si7na$ $eve$s) te"peratures) ias
$eve$s)..etc.
1dditiona$$y) t#ere are 8 ana$o7 output c#anne$s connected $ow-speed 8it ;15 outputs. .#ese
are 1U?O;15O1O1) 1U?O;15O6O1) 1U?O;15O5O1) 1U?O;15O1O6) 1U?O;15O6O6
and 1U?O;15O5O6. .#ese ;15s can e used for supp$yin7 various contro$ vo$ta7es suc# as
e=terna$ varia$e 7ain a"p$ifiers contro$. -n addition) t#ere are two additiona$ ;15s *$ae$ed
1U?O;15O;O1 and 1U?O;15O;O6+ w#ic# are constructed usin7 12 it si7"a-de$ta
"odu$ator wit# e=terna$ si"p$e $ow pass fi$ter.
.#e U'R% "ot#eroard connectors *R?1 and .?1+ s#are one set of t#e : ana$o7 output
c#anne$s *1U?O;15O1O1 to 1U?O;15O;O1 for R?1 and .?1+ and eac# #ave 2
independent ana$o7 input c#anne$s *1U?O1;5O11O1 and 1U?O1;5O61O1 for R?1 and
1U?O1;5O12O1 and 1U?O1;5O62O1 for .?1+. .#e R?6 and .?6 s#are t#eir ot#er own
independent set. .#ere is a$so 1U?O1;5OR4& w#ic# can provides a reference $eve$ for 7ain
settin7 if it is necessary.
Au1i,iary 'igi$a, 23( P"r$s:
.#e U'R% "ot#eroard #as #i7# speed <: it di7ita$ -!0 ports. .#ese are divided in two 7roups
*(2 it for -0OR? and (2 it for -0O.?+. .#ese di7ita$ -!0 pins are connected to t#e
dau7#teroards interface connecters *R=1) .=1) R=6 and .=6+. 4ac# of t#ese connectors #as 1<
it di7ita$ -!0 its. .#ese si7na$s can e contro$$ed fro" software y readin7!writin7 to specia$
&%G1 re7isters and eac# can e independent$y confi7ured eit#er as di7ita$ input or di7ita$ output.
'o"e of t#ese pins are used to contro$ specific operations on t#e insta$$ed dau7#teroards suc# as
contro$$in7 t#e se$ection of receivin7 R& input port) in auto"atic trans"it!receive "ode)
contro$$in7 power supp$y feedin7 for different .? and R? parts) synt#esiKer $oc9 detection)Petc.
-t can e a$so used to i"p$e"ent 1G5 processin7 and can e very #e$pfu$ in deu77in7 &%G1
i"p$e"entations w#en connected to a $o7ic ana$yKer.
FP%A
%roa$y understandin7 w#at 7oes on t#e U'R% &%G1 is t#e "ost i"portant part for t#e GNU
Radio users. 1s s#own in t#e fi7ure e$ow) a$$ t#e 1;5s and ;15s are connected to t#e &%G1.
.#is piece of &%G1 p$ays a 9ey ro$e in t#e U'R% syste". 6asica$$y w#at it does is to perfor"
#i7# andwidt# "at#) and to reduce t#e data rates to so"et#in7 you can s@uirt over U'62.0. .#e
%a7e > of C0
&%G1 connects to a U'62 interface c#ip) t#e 5ypress &?2. 4veryt#in7 *&%G1 circuitry and U'6
3icrocontro$$er+ is pro7ra""a$e over t#e U'62 us.
.#e standard &%G1 confi7uration inc$udes di7ita$ down converters *;;5+ i"p$e"ented wit# :
sta7es cascaded inte7rator-co" *5-5+ fi$ters. 5-5 fi$ters are very #i7#-perfor"ance fi$ters usin7
on$y adds and de$ays. &or spectra$ s#apin7 and out of and si7na$s reJection) t#ere is a$so (1 tap
#a$fand fi$ters cascaded wit# t#e 5-5 fi$ters to for" co"p$ete ;;5 sta7e. .#e standard &%G1
confi7uration i"p$e"ents 2 co"p$ete di7ita$ down converters *;;5+. 1$so t#ere is an i"a7e wit#
: ;;5s ut wit#out #a$fand fi$ters. .#is a$$ows 1) 2 or : separate R? c#anne$s.
-n t#e : ;;5 i"p$e"entation) in t#e R? pat# we #ave : 1;5s) and : ;;5s. 4ac# ;;5 #as two
inputs - and B. 4ac# of t#e : 1;5s can e routed to eit#er of - or t#e B input of any of t#e :
;;5s. .#is a$$ows for #avin7 "u$tip$e c#anne$s se$ected out of t#e sa"e 1;5 sa"p$e strea".
.#e fi7ure e$ow s#ows t#e $oc9 dia7ra" of t#e U'R% di7ita$ down converter.
%a7e 8 of C0
Now $etQs see t#e di7ita$ down converter *;;5+. ,#at does it doL &irst) it down converts t#e
si7na$ fro" t#e -& and to t#e ase and. 'econd) it deci"ates t#e si7na$ so t#at t#e data rate can
e adapted y t#e U'6 2.0 and is reasona$e for t#e co"putersQ co"putin7 capai$ity. .#e
co"p$e= input si7na$ *-&+ is "u$tip$ied y t#e constant fre@uency *usua$$y a$so t#e -&+ e=ponentia$
si7na$. .#e resu$tin7 si7na$ is a$so co"p$e= and centered at 0. .#en we deci"ate t#e si7na$ wit# a
factor N.
.#e deci"ator can e treated as a $ow pass fi$ter fo$$owed y a down sa"p$er. 'uppose t#e
deci"ation factor is N. -f we $oo9 at t#e di7ita$ spectru") t#e $ow pass fi$ter se$ects out t#e and
R-&s!N) &s!NS) and t#en t#e down sa"p$er de-spread t#e spectru" fro" R-&s) &sS to R-&s!N) &s!NS.
'o in fact) we #ave narrowed t#e andwidt# of t#e di7ita$ si7na$ of interest y a factor of N.
Re7ardin7 t#e andwidt#) we can sustain (236!sec across t#e U'6. 1$$ sa"p$es sent over t#e
U'6 interface are in 1<-it si7ned inte7ers in -B for"at) i.e. 1<-it - and 1<-it B data *co"p$e=+
w#ic# "eans : ytes per co"p$e= sa"p$e. .#is resu$tin7 in a *(236yte per sec!:6yte+ 83e7a
co"p$e= sa"p$es!sec across t#e U'6. 'ince co"p$e= processin7 was used) t#is provides a
"a=i"u" effective tota$ spectra$ andwidt# of aout 83/K y Ny@uist criteria. 0f course we can
se$ect "uc# narrower ran7es y c#an7in7 t#e deci"ation rate. &or e=a"p$e) suppose we want to
desi7n an &3 receiver. .#e andwidt# of a &3 station is 7enera$$y 200 9/K. 'o we can se$ect t#e
deci"ation factor to e 280. .#en t#e data rate across t#e U'6 is <:3/K ! 280 T 28< 9/K) w#ic#
is we$$ suited for t#e 200 9/K andwidt# wit#out $osin7 any spectra$
infor"ation. .#e deci"ation rate "ust e in R8) 28<S. &ina$$y t#e co"p$e= -!B si7na$ enters t#e
co"puter via t#e U'6. .#atQs t#e software wor$dU
Note t#at w#en t#ere are "u$tip$e c#anne$s *up to :+) t#e c#anne$s are inter$eaved. &or e=a"p$e)
wit# : c#anne$s) t#e se@uence sent over t#e U'6 wou$d e -0 B0 -1 B1 -2 B2 -( B( -0 B0 -1 B1)
%a7e C of C0
Petc. -n "u$tip$e R? c#anne$s *1)2) or :+ ) a$$ input c#anne$s "ust e t#e sa"e data rate *i.e.
sa"e deci"ation ratio+.
1t t#e .? pat#) t#e story is pretty "uc# t#e sa"e) e=cept t#at it #appens reverse$y. ,e need to
send a aseand -!B co"p$e= si7na$ to t#e U'R% oard. .#e di7ita$ up converter *;U5+ wi$$
interpo$ate t#e si7na$) up convert it to t#e -& and and fina$$y send it t#rou7# t#e ;15.
.#e di7ita$ up converters *;U5+ on t#e trans"it side are actua$$y contained in t#e 1;C8<2
50;45 c#ips) not in t#e &%G1 *as s#own in t#e fi7ure e$ow+. .#e on$y trans"it si7na$
processin7 $oc9s in t#e &%G1 are t#e 5-5 interpo$ators. .#e interpo$ator outputs can e routed
to any of t#e : 50;45 inputs.
-n "u$tip$e .? c#anne$s *1 or 2+ a$$ output c#anne$s "ust e t#e sa"e data rate *i.e. sa"e
interpo$ation ratio+. Note t#at .= rate "ay e different fro" t#e R? rate.
.#e U'R% can operate in fu$$ dup$e= "ode. -n t#is "ode) trans"it and receive sides are
co"p$ete$y independent of one anot#er. .#e on$y consideration is t#at t#e co"ined data rate over
t#e us "ust e (2 3e7aytes per second or $ess.
%a7e 10 of C0
'augh$erb"ards
0n t#e "ot#er oard t#ere are four s$ots) w#ere you can p$u7 in up to 2 R? asic dau7#ter oards
and 2 .? asic dau7#ter oards or 2 R&? oards. .#e dau7#ter oards are used to #o$d t#e R&
receiver interface or tuner and t#e R& trans"itter. .#ere are s$ots for 2 .? dau7#ter oards)
$ae$ed .?1 and .?6) and 2 correspondin7 R? dau7#ter oards) R?1 and R?6. 4ac# dau7#ter
oard s$ot #as access to 2 of t#e : #i7#-speed 1; ! ;1 converters *;15 outputs for .?) 1;5
inputs for R?+.
.#is a$$ows eac# dau7#ter oard w#ic# uses rea$ *not -B+ sa"p$in7 to #ave 2 independent R&
sections) and 2 antennas *: tota$ for t#e syste"+. -f co"p$e= -B sa"p$in7 is used) eac# oard can
support a sin7$e R& section) for a tota$ of 2 for t#e w#o$e syste". Nor"a$$y) we can see t#at t#ere
are two '31 connectors on eac# dau7#ter oard. ,e usua$$y use t#e" to connect t#e input or
output si7na$s. No anti-a$ias or reconstruction fi$terin7 is provided on t#e U'R% "ot#eroard.
.#is a$$ows for "a=i"u" f$e=ii$ity in fre@uency p$annin7 for t#e dau7#teroards.
4very dau7#teroard #as an -25 44%R03 *2:L502: or 2:L5028+ onoard w#ic# identifies t#e
oard to t#e syste". .#is a$$ows t#e #ost software to auto"atica$$y set up t#e syste" proper$y
ased on t#e insta$$ed dau7#teroard. .#e 44%R03 "ay a$so store ca$iration va$ues $i9e ;5
offsets or -B i"a$ances. -f t#is 44%R03 is not pro7ra""ed) a warnin7 "essa7e is printed
every ti"e U'R% software is run.
4ac# .? dau7#teroard #as a pair of differentia$ ana$o7 outputs w#ic# are updated at 128 3'!s.
.#e si7na$s *-0U.%O1!-0U.NO1 and -0U.%O6!-0U.NO6+ are current-output. 1$so 4ac# R?
dau7#teroard #as 2 differentia$ ana$o7 inputs *A-N%O1!A-NNO1 and A-N%O6!A-NNO6+ w#ic#
are sa"p$ed at a rate of <: 3'!s.
.#ere are severa$ 9inds of dau7#ter oards avai$a$e now:
Basi# TX3RX 'augh$erb"ards
4ac# #as two '31 connectors t#at can e used to connect e=terna$ up!down tuners or si7na$
7enerators. ,e can treat it as an entrance or an e=it for t#e si7na$ wit#out affectin7 it. 'o"e for"
of e=terna$ R& front end is re@uired. .#e 1;5 inputs and ;15 outputs are direct$y transfor"er-
coup$ed to '31 connectors *80V i"pedance+ wit# no "i=ers) fi$ters) or a"p$ifiers. .#e 6asic.?
and 6asicR? 7ive direct access to a$$ of t#e si7na$s on t#e dau7#teroard interface *inc$udin7 1<
its of #i7#-speed di7ita$ -!0) '%- and -25 uses) and t#e $ow-speed 1;5s and ;15s+. 4ac# of
t#e 6asic .?!R? oards #as $o7ic ana$yKer connecters for t#e 1< 7enera$ purpose -0s. .#ese pins
can e used to #e$p deu77in7 your &%G1 desi7n y providin7 access to interna$ si7na$s.
L"4 Fre5uen#y TX3RX 'augh$erb"ards
.#e L&.? and L&R? are very si"i$ar to t#e 6asic.? and 6asicR?) respective$y) wit# 2 "ain
differences. 6ecause t#e L&.? and L&R? use differentia$ a"p$ifiers instead of transfor"ers)
t#eir fre@uency response e=tends down to ;5. .#e L&.? and L&R? a$so #ave (0 3/K $ow pass
fi$ters for anti-a$iasin7.
%a7e 11 of C0
T6RX 'augh$erb"ards
.#is is a receive-on$y dau7#ter oard. -t is a co"p$ete A/& and U/& receiver syste" ased on a
.A tuner "odu$e. .#e R& fre@uency ran7es fro" 803/K to 8<03/K) wit# an -& andwidt# of
<3/K.
1$$ tunin7 and 1G5 functions can e contro$$ed fro" software. .ypica$ noise fi7ure is 8 d6. .#is
oard is t#e on$y U'R% dau7#teroard w#ic# is N0. 3-30 capa$e.
'BSRX 'augh$erb"ards
'i"i$ar to t#e .AR? oard) t#is is a$so a receive-on$y. -t is a co"p$ete receiver syste" for 800
3/K to 2.: G/K wit# a ( -8 d6 noise fi7ure. .#e ;6'R? features a software contro$$a$e
c#anne$ fi$ter w#ic# can e "ade as narrow as 1 3/K) or as wide as <0 3/K. .#e ;6'R? is
3-30 capa$e) and can power an active antenna via t#e '31.
RFX 'augh$erb"ards
.#e R&? fa"i$y of dau7#teroards is a co"p$ete R& transceiver syste". .#ey #ave -ndependent
$oca$ osci$$ators *R& synt#esiKers+ for ot# .? and R? w#ic# ena$es a sp$it-fre@uency operation.
1$so) it #as a ui$t-in .!R switc#in7 and si7na$ .? and R? can e on sa"e R& port *connector+ or
in case of R? on$y) we can use au=i$iary R? port. 3ost oards #ave ui$t-in ana$o7 R''-
"easure"ent. 1$$ oards are fu$$y sync#ronous desi7n and 3-30 capa$e. &or R&?
dau7#teroards R& fre@uency ran7e) c#ec9:
www.ettus.co"
Tr"ub,esh""$ing
,#en first powered up) a L4; on t#e U'R% s#ou$d e f$as#in7 at aout (-: ti"es per second.
.#is indicates t#at t#e processor is runnin7) and #as put t#e device in a $ow power "ode. 0nce
fir"ware #as een down$oaded to t#e U'R%) t#e L4; wi$$ $in9 at a s$ower rate.
P"4er
.#e U'R% is powered y a <A :1 15!;5 power converter. .#e converter is capa$e of C0-
2<0A15) 80!<0 /K operation) and so s#ou$d wor9 in any country. -f t#ere is a need to use anot#er
power supp$y) t#e connector is a standard 2.1""!8.8"" ;5 power connector. .#e U'R%
"ot#eroard itse$f on$y needs 8A) ut a <A supp$y is needed to supp$y its dau7#teroards. -t
draws aout 1.<1 wit# 2 dau7#teroards fi=ed on it. .#e power can e c#ec9ed to e connected to
t#e U'R% y seein7 a $in9in7 L4; on it. -f t#ere is no $in9in7 L4;) c#ec9 a$$ power
connections) and c#ec9 for continuity in t#e power fuse *&801) near t#e power connector+. -f t#e
fuse needs rep$ace"ent) it is siKe 0<0() ratin7 ( a"ps.
%a7e 12 of C0
%enera, 7ues$i"ns
B+ ,#en t#e U'R% is p$u77ed in) t#e L4; to t#e ri7#t of t#e U'6 contro$$er $in9s at a fast rate
of aout ( ti"es per second. 0nce a U'R% app$ication starts) t#at rate s$ows down to aout 1 ti"e
per second. ,#at contro$s t#e $in9in7 of t#e L4;sL
1+ .#e L4;s are contro$$ed y t#e onoard &?2 U'6 contro$$er. ,#en you first power t#e usrp
up) a very s"a$$ pro7ra" is $oaded out of t#e 28< yte 44%R03. .#at code puts t#e 1;C8<2Qs
into a $ow-power state and runs a ti7#t $oop t#at $in9s t#e $ed aout ( ti"es per second. 'ee
usrp!fir"ware!src!usrp2!eepro"Oinit.c. 0nce t#e Nre7u$arN fir"ware is $oaded) t#e s$ow $in9in7
is done in t#e ti"er interrupt service routine) isrOtic9. 'ee usrp!fir"ware!src!usrp2!usrpO"ain.c
B+ - see N0N NUN NuN NaN c#aracters appear on t#e screen w#en - run "y 7nuradio pro7ra". -
understand t#ey appear w#en data f$ow fro" U'R% to %5 is stopped or so"et#in7. - a" curious
w#at is t#e "eanin7 of t#ese c#aracters isL ;oes faster %5 #e$p reducin7 suc# data f$ow trou$esL
1+ NuN T U'R%
NaN T audio *sound card+
N0N T overrun *%5 not 9eepin7 up wit# received data fro" usrp or audio card+
NUN T underrun *%5 not providin7 data @uic9$y enou7#+
aUaU TT audio underrun *not enou7# sa"p$es ready to send to sound card sin9+
uUuU TT U'R% underrun *not enou7# sa"p$e ready to send to U'R% sin9+
u0u0 TT U'R% overrun *U'R% sa"p$es dropped ecause t#ey werenQt read in ti"e.
2es) a faster "ac#ine wi$$ 7enera$$y cure t#is pro$e". .#is assu"es t#at youQre not as9in7 t#e
U'6 to do so"et#in7 t#at it canQt. -n our est case) we sustain (236!s across t#e U'6. - su77est
avoidin7 -nte$ 5e$eron or ot#er Ncac#e cripp$edN parts.
B+ ;oes t#e nu"er of Qu0Qs correspond to t#e nu"er of sa"p$es droppedL
1+ No. 0verrun detection is current$y i"p$e"ented y po$$in7 at appro=i"ate$y 10/K. -f youQre
tryin7 to receive constant$y strea"in7 data) you s#ou$dnQt see any u0Qs.
B+ /ow t#e U'R% oots *w#at is t#e ootin7 se@uence+L
1+ .#e U'R% itse$f contains no R03-ased fir"ware) "ere$y a few ytes t#at specify t#e vendor
-; *A-;+) product -; *%-;+ and revision. ,#en t#e U'R% is p$u77ed in to t#e U'6 for t#e first
ti"e) t#e #ost-side $irary sees an un-confi7ured U'R%. -t can te$$ itQs un-confi7ured y readin7
t#e A-;) %-; and revision. .#e first t#in7 t#e $irary code does is down$oad t#e 8081 code t#at
%a7e 1( of C0
defines t#e e#avior of t#e U'6 perip#era$ contro$$er. ,#en t#is code oots) t#e U'R% si"u$ates
a U'6 disconnect and reconnect. ,#en it reconnects) t#e #ost sees a different device: t#e A-;)
%-; and revision are different. .#e fir"ware now runnin7 defines t#e U'6 endpoints) interfaces
and co""and #and$ers. 0ne of t#e co""ands t#e U'6 contro$$er now understands is $oad t#e
&%G1. .#e $irary code) after seein7 t#e U'R% reconnect as t#e new device) 7oes to t#e ne=t
sta7e of t#e oot process and down$oads t#e &%G1 confi7uration it strea". 0nce t#e
fir"ware #as een down$oaded to t#e &?2) it sets an interna$ re7ister and reoots itse$f) t#is ti"e
presentin7 custo" product and vendor -;Es) w#ic# t#e #ost detects as t#e &?2 disconnectin7
fo$$owed y t#e connection of a custo" U'6 device.
B+ ,#at too$s are you usin7 to do t#e &%G1 pro7ra""in7L 1nd w#ic# too$s did you use to
$ayout t#e U'R% "ot#eroardL
1+ .#e &%G1 is pro7ra""ed in Aeri$o7) and co"pi$ed wit# Buartus fro" 1$tera. .#e
"ot#eroard $ayout was done in %1;') ut t#e $ayout fi$es are not distriuted. .#e sc#e"atics
are done in 74;1.
B+ 5an we use ;5-;5 converter wit# outputs 8A to power U'R%L
1+ .#e U'R% "ot#eroard can operate fro" 8A) ut "ost of t#e dau7#teroards re7u$ate t#e <A
down to 8A) so we rea$$y need aout 8.8 to 8.>8 A to operate correct$y.
B+ ,#at is t#e "a=i"u" ;5 supp$y vo$ta7e for t#e U'R%L 5an we use 1(.8AL
1+ No) it isnQt. .#e U'R% itse$f uses a $inear re7u$ator) so puttin7 1(.8 A in wi$$ resu$t in "ore
t#an 10 additiona$ watts ein7 dissipated. 1$so) "any of t#e capacitors on t#e dau7#teroards are
siKed for <A input) and "i7#t $ow wit# "ore t#an 10 A.
B+ ,#at is U'R% "ot#eroard fuse ratin7L
1+ .#e fuse siKe is 0<0(. Ratin7 is (1"ps.
B+ - t#in9 t#e 4%1512B2:058 &%G1 runs at "uc# #i7#er c$oc9 speeds t#an <:3/K.
1+ ,#en t#e &%G1 is routed) t#ere isnQt "uc# "ore s$ac9 aove t#e <:3/K for &"a= *or so -
t#ou7#t+.
%a7e 1: of C0
B+ /ow contro$ si7na$in7 is doneL ,#at is t#e protoco$ for itL ,#en - use t#ese $ines:
src T usrp.sourceOc *0) deci"+
src.setOr=Ofre@ *0) -&Ofre@+
src.setOp7a*0)20+
/ow actua$$y it 7ets trans$ated and conveyed to t#e &%G1 "asterOcontro$ "odu$e on &%G1 to do
t#e needfu$L
1+ %$ease ta9e a $oo9 at t#e code in usrpOstandard.W#)ccX) usrpOasic.W#)ccX) and usrpOpri"s.
W#)ccX. .#ey a$$ 7o over t#e U'6 as contro$ "essa7es to endpoint 0. .#e contro$ "essa7es are
parsed in t#e &?2 and acted upon. Genera$$y spea9in7 t#ey end up issuin7 transactions on t#e
-25 us or '%- us.
.#e &%G1 re7isters) 1;C8<2 re7isters and dau7#teroards appear on t#e '%- us. .#e
confi7uration 44%R03Es and dau7#teroards appear on t#e -25 us. 'ee t#e U'R% sc#e"atics
for detai$s.
.#e usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!usrpOspiOdefs.# contains t#e definition for t#e '%- us. .#e
usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!usrpOi2cOaddr.# contains t#e standard -25 addresses. 'o"e dau7#teroards
use ot#ers t#at are a function of w#ic# s$ot t#e dau7#teroard is p$u77ed into.
B+ /ow i7 are t#e U'R% uffersL
1+ .#e U'R% #as uffers at t#ree points in t#e pat#:
0n t#e #ost: current$y 836 .?) 836 R=. * I&-?34I +
0n t#e 5ypress &?2 U'6 perip#era$: 2H6 .? and 2H6 R=. * I&-?34I +
0n t#e &%G1: :H6 .? and :H6 R?.
B+ ,#en - #ave two R? 5#anne$s) t#en #ow e=act$y is t#e r=Ouffer used to store and 9eep t#e
data co"in7 fro" 2 R? pat#s separatedL
1+ .#e different pat#s a$ternate in t#e &-&0. .#e data is in t#is order:
5/1--
5/1-B
5/2--
5/2-B
etc.
B+ - wis# to ui$d Just one R? wit# #a$fand fi$ter and one .?. .#e present usrpOstd.v# #as 2r=)
1t= or :r=. ,#at do - need to do toL
1+ 4dit t#e fi$e confi7.v# ) t#en unco""ented t#e $ine:
!!Yinc$ude N..!inc$ude!co""onOconfi7O1r=#O1t=.v#N
%a7e 18 of C0
1nd co""ent t#e $ine:
Yinc$ude N..!inc$ude!co""onOconfi7O2r=#O2t=.v#N
6y usin7 F!!G) t#is wi$$ now inc$udes 1 .? and 1 R? wit# #a$fand fi$ter.
B+ .#in7s w#ic# cou$d e contro$$ed fro" %yt#on on &%G1 and 1;!;1 converters are:
Gains and ;eci"ation Rate. 5an its!sa"p$e of 1;!;1 converters e contro$$ed fro" pyt#onL
,#at e$se is contro$$a$e fro" %yt#onL
1+ .#e 1;5s a$ways sa"p$e at 12 its. .#e ;15s are a$ways 1: its. .#e data processed in t#e
U'R% is a$ways 1< its. &ro" pyt#on you can switc# to 8-it sa"p$es over t#e U'6. .#is a$$ows
you to dou$e your sa"p$e rate "a9e it *1<3'%'+.
B+ -Qve een p$ayin7 wit# t#e usrper app$ication. - a" a$e to read and write to t#e C8<2 c#ips
o9ay ut a$$ atte"pts at usin7 i2cOread fai$L ,#at is t#e "e"ory "apL
1+ - usua$$y prefer to do t#is 9ind of e=peri"entation fro" %yt#on) ut in any event youQre
proa$y usin7 an inva$id -25 address. 'ee usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!usrpOi2cOaddr.#
Note a$so) t#at if w#at youQre rea$$y tryin7 to do is read t#e contents of one of t#e 44%R03Qs)
youQre "uc# etter off usin7 readOeepro".
Z&ro" pyt#on:
u T usrp.sin9Oc*0+ I or u T usrp.sourceOc*0+
I returns a strin7
s T u.readOeepro"*i2cOaddr) eepro"Ooffset) nytes+
print s
I returns a strin7
s T u.readOi2c*i2cOaddr) nytes+
print s
B+ /ow we contro$ auto trans"it!receive switc# de$ayL
1+ .#is a$$ows so"eone *fro" %yt#on+ to "anua$$y adJust t#e ti"in7 offset of t#e auto-
trans"it!receive switc#in7 to etter a$i7n wit# t#e trans"itted data w#en usin7 an e=terna$
trans"it!receive switc#.
-n a previous code) t#e auto trans"it!receive function wou$d switc# ased on w#et#er or not t#ere
was data in t#e trans"it &-&0 of t#e &%G1. Unfortunate$y) t#is wou$d not ta9e into account t#e
pipe$ine de$ay of t#e &%G1 interpo$ator and 1;C8<2 ;15 up converter. ;ependin7 on t#e
interpo$ation ratio used in t#e trans"it side) t#is cou$d resu$t in t#e 1.R switc#in7 si7na$ 7oin7
#i7# up to 28 us ear$y) and 7oin7 $ow up to (8 us efore t#e data was co"p$ete$y trans"itted. -f
%a7e 1< of C0
so"eone were usin7 a fast e=terna$ R=!.= switc#) t#is cou$d resu$t in s$icin7 off t#e end of a
trans"ission.
.#e new capai$ity adds an independent) confi7ura$e de$ay to t#e risin7 and fa$$in7 ed7es of t#e
1.R si7na$) "easured in c$oc9 tic9s. .o use) once one #as a$ready confi7ured 1.R operation as
needed) one needs to ca$$ two new dau7#teroard functions:
sudev.atrOsetOt=Ode$ay*c$oc9Otic9sOtoOde$ayOt=+ I Risin7 ed7e
sudev.atrOsetOr=Ode$ay*c$oc9Otic9sOtoOde$ayOr=+ I &a$$in7 ed7e
t#at wou$d e QsetOatrOt=Ode$ayQ and QsetOatrOr=Ode$ayQ.
...w#ere QsudevQ is t#e oJect created for t#e dau7#teroard in use.
Unfortunate$y) t#e est way *ri7#t now+ is to fi7ure out w#at va$ues to po9e in #ere are to "easure
t#e offset on an osci$$oscope etween t#e onset of t#e 1.R si7na$ and t#e power output fro" t#e
dau7#teroard.
,eQre wor9in7 on a way to as9 t#e &%G1 itse$f w#at va$ues s#ou$d e set *or even set t#ese y
defau$t+) ut #avenQt wor9ed out yet t#e est way to do t#is. ;ifferent e=terna$ R=!.= switc#es
#ave different needs so t#ere isnQt a one siKe fits a$$.
4"pirica$$y "easured) t#ou7#) t#e pipe$ine de$ay t#rou7# t#e U'R% trans"it pat# is aout 80
tic9s D ( tic9s [ interpo$ation rate. -t see"s t#e fa$$in7 ed7e needs so"ew#at $on7er t#an t#is to
co"p$ete$y drop to Kero ener7y and t#is "ay e data dependent) so a7ain) t#e est course is to
"easure wit# your particu$ar app$ication.
B+ ,#at is t#e U'R% 5$oc9 reference instai$ityL
1+ .#e c$oc9 #as a 20 pp" specification) ut at roo" te"perature) -t is typica$$y wit#in 8 pp".
B+ /ow t#e e=pected in-and .? ti"esta"ps "ay wor9L
1+ /ere is t#e order - was t#in9in7:
- &?2 receives pac9et to e sent to &%G1
- &?2 sends entire 812 yte pac9et to t#e &%G1
- &%G1 #as state "ac#ine to process t#e pac9et w#ic# does t#e fo$$owin7
- 5#ec9 to e sure it can fi7ure out w#ere t#e pac9et #as to 7o
- 5#ec9 to e sure t#e &-&0 is not fu$$
- Read t#e $en7t# of t#e pac9et
- &i$$ up t#e receivin7 &-&0 unti$ it is fu$$ or tota$ $en7t# of pac9et #as een reac#ed
- -f t#e pac9et $en7t# was reac#ed *w#ic# "i7#t e $ess t#an 812+) s9ip t#e rest since itQs
paddin7
- 4$se if t#e &-&0 is fu$$) $oop and fi$$ t#e &-&0 unti$ t#e pac9et $en7t# #as een reac#ed
- &%G1 #as co""and and c#anne$ state "ac#ines w#ic# do t#e fo$$owin7
wit# t#e t=Oc"d and t=Oc#anne$ &-&0s
- Read out ti"esta"p and $en7t# fro" pac9et
- 4nsure ti"esta"p is in t#e future
%a7e 1> of C0
- -f ti"esta"p is in t#e past) s9ip t#e rest of t#e pac9et and set
appropriate f$a7
- 4$se wait unti$ t#e current ti"e is reac#ed
- -f current ti"e is reac#ed) send out t#e siKe of t#e pac9et
B+ - was Just wonderin7 w#et#er t#e U'R% #as 7ot so"e te"perature specs t#at - s#ou$d ta9e into
account.
1+ 1$$ of t#e c#ips in t#e U'R% are specified over at $east t#e 0->05 ran7e. 1t roo" te"perature
t#e U'R% can run a$$-out continuous$y for days at a ti"e. 1ny enc$osure s#ou$d ta9e t#e power
consu"ption of t#e syste" into account. .#is can e as #i7# as 18-18 ,atts dependin7 on w#at
dau7#teroards you use.
B+ -s t#e $oopac9 interface wor9in7 on t#e U'R%) and #ow to ena$e itL
1+ .#ere is a $oopac9 interface in t#e current &%G1 code. -tQs ena$ed y writin7 to t#e
&RO30;4 re7ister. Grep t#e veri$o7 for N$oopac9N) and $oo9 at fp7aOre7sOco""on.W#)vX
B+ - was wonderin7 w#y can t#e U'R% Non$yN ac#ieve (2 36ytes!sec) i.e. 28< 3its!sec
w#ereas t#e U'6 2.0 specifications are :80 36its!secL
1+ .#e U'R% easi$y does 28< "e7aits per second *(2 "e7aytes!s+. .#e U'6 2.0 raw si7na$in7
rate is :80 "e7aits per second) or <0 "e7aytes per second. 2ou canQt 7et t#e fu$$ :80 ecause
t#ere is over#ead fro" pac9et #eaders) ti"e etween pac9ets) etc. ,e cou$d proa$y s@ueeKe a
$itt$e "ore andwidt# out of t#e us) ut it isnQt a priority for now. .#e U'R% needs data to 7o
ot# ways) so t#ere are so"e fir"ware de$ays in t#e 8-it processor t#at runs in t#e interface c#ip.
-f so"eone cared) it is proa$y possi$e to repro7ra" t#e fir"ware so t#at w#en no data is ein7
trans"itted) t#e auto"atic #ardware "ode is used. .#e fir"ware wou$d #ave to 9now) or e to$d)
w#en to switc# in and out of t#is "ode. 6ut t#is wou$d 7ain 28M "ore andwidt#U
B+ .#e U'R% R&? oards #ave aout 20 3/K andwidt# on ot# .? and R? sides) and can
operate fu$$ dup$e= as $on7 as you separate t#e .? and R? fre@uencies *.? and R? #ave separate
%LL synt#esiKers+. -s t#ere a way to "ove 203/K-wide si7na$s etween t#e #ost "ac#ine and t#e
R&?L
1+ 20 3/K andwidt# indicates t#e widt# of t#e aseand fi$ters. .#us) you can tune di7ita$$y
anyw#ere D!- 10 3/K fro" t#e L0. -f you use 1< it sa"p$es) you canQt 7et t#at "uc# over t#e
U'6 us at once.
'o w#y is 20 3/K usefu$L /ere are ( e=a"p$e scenarios:
%a7e 18 of C0
- 2ou cou$d si"u$taneous$y receive or trans"it 2 separate si7na$s w#ic# are : 3/K wide eac#)
w#ic# are separated y 12 3/K.
- 2ou can use 8 it sa"p$es) and 7et 1< 3/K of andwidt#. -f you were a radio astrono"er) you
cou$d use :-it sa"p$es and 7et (2 3/K of andwidt#.
- 2ou cou$d do a wideand "odu$ation and de"odu$ation in t#e &%G1. 2ou wou$d e a$e to
dea$ wit# "uc# wider si7na$s) and send a $ower it rate over t#e us.
B+ .#e ;5 offset is auto"atica$$y re"oved in #ardware) ut we can turn t#is feature off. -s t#ere
a software f$a7 in t#e code - can switc# it offL
1+ 'ee:
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!wi9i!Usrp&%G1
Under N5o""on Re7istersN:
18 &RO;5O0&&'4.O5LO4N ;5 offset contro$ $oop ena$e
%a7e 1C of C0
FP%A 6eri,"g 7ues$i"ns
B+ ,ou$d e it possi$e to "odify t#e U'R% &%G1 Aeri$o7 codeL
1+ 2es. -t is possi$e. .#e top $eve$ of t#e veri$o7 source for t#e &%G1 can e found #ere:
usrp!fp7a!top$eve$!usrpOstd!usrpOstd.v
t#e u$9 of t#e code is #ere:
usrp!fp7a!sdrO$i![.v
B+ - wou$d $i9e to reco"pi$e a$$ t#e veri$o7 fi$es for t#e &%G1 in order to #ave a etter
understandin7 of t#e ro$e of eac# "odu$e. - e$ieve t#e pro7ra" used to co"pi$e t#e fi$es was
Buartus --. -s t#at correctL
1+ -f you want to ui$d t#e &%G1 .rf fi$e fro" source *not re@uired; we provide pre-co"pi$ed
.rf fi$es in usrp!fp7a!rf directory+) youQ$$ need 1$teraQs no cost Buartus -- deve$op"ent too$s.
,eQre current$y ui$din7 wit# Buartus -- ,e 4dition.
.#e proJect fi$e is usrp!fp7a!top$eve$!usrpOstd!usrpOstd.@pf. .#e top-$eve$ veri$o7 fi$e is
usrp!fp7a!top$eve$!usrpOstd!usrpOstd.v. .#e u$9 of t#e veri$o7 "odu$es are contained in
usrp!fp7a!sdrO$i![.v
B+ /ow t#e data co"in7!7oin7 to t#e 1;C8<2 is #and$ed in t#e &%G1L
1+ -n t#e &%G1 R? 'ide) in t#e ;5 offset re"ova$ process) t#ey are assi7ned on input. /ere is
w#ere it #appens:
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!trun9!usrp!fp7a!sdrO$i!adcOinterface.vIL(:
we can see t#at t#e input of t#e r=Odcoffset "odu$e is assi7ned:
.adcOin*Wadc0R11S)adc0)(Q0X+
,#ic# is a 1 it si7n e=tension) t#e 12 ori7ina$ its) t#en ( its of 0Qs.
,#i$e in t#e &%G1 .? 'ide *as can e seen e$$ow+:
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!trun9!usrp!fp7a!top$eve$!usrpOstd!usrpOstd.vIL1>C
w#atever 1<-its are co"in7 fro" t#e t=Oc#ain "odu$e is truncated y 2-its and sent out to t#e
;15s.
B+ .#e t=Oc#ain.v "odu$e uses a "odu$e ca$$ed p#aseOacc. -t ta9es as inputs *a"on7 ot#ers+ a
>it seria$ address and (2 it seria$ data and outputs t#e (2it p#ase.
;oes anyone #ave any idea w#at t#at "odu$e does and w#at its purpose is in t#e t=Oc#ainL
%a7e 20 of C0
1+ -t is not ena$ed. -f ena$ed) t#is code wou$d i"p$e"ent di7ita$ up conversion in t#e
&%G1) instead of usin7 t#e ;U5 in t#e 1;C8<2. N.6.) t#is code #asnQt een tested in so"et#in7
$i9e a coup$e of years and "ay #ave suffered it rot.
B+ - was $oo9in7 at t#e seria$Oio.v "odu$e ut - a" not sure w#at its purpose is or w#at it doesL
1+ .#e seria$Oio.v is on$y used for writin7 and readin7 t#e &%G1 re7isters.
B+ .#e data arrives as a seria$ input *fro" U'6 us+ to t#e &?2 c#ip. .#en) it 7ets to t#e &%G1 as
a 1<it para$$e$ input fro" t#e G%-& us. .#at input is ca$$ed usOdata in t#e &%G1. /owever)
upon readin7 t#e veri$o7 code of t#e seria$Oio.v "odu$e) it see"s t#at t#is "odu$e does a seria$ to
para$$e$ conversion of t#e ';- input and puts it into t#e (2 it seria$Odata output re7ister. - a"
confused as to w#et#er t#e seria$ data fro" t#e U'6 is converted to para$$e$ in t#e &?2 c#ip or
w#et#er t#e data sent to t#e &%G1 is seria$ ut a veri$o7 "odu$e inside t#e &%G1 converts it to
para$$e$. 'o - a" not sure w#et#er t#e data co"in7 fro" t#e U'6 to t#e usrpOstd.v "odu$e is t#e
1<it input usOdata or t#e ';- input.
1+ .#e actua$ data to!fro" t#e ;15s!1;5s *;U5s!;;5s+ 7oes across t#e 1<-it G%-& us.
*I&-?34I not a$$ t#e as9ed @uestion is answered+
B+ - a" $oo9in7 at t#e top$eve$ "odu$e ustpOstd.v -t is "y understandin7 t#at t#e data to e sent
co"in7 fro" t#e %5 or t#e data received 7oin7 to t#e %5 is t#e NusdataN inout.
.#e ot#er inouts ioOt=Oa) ioOt=O) ioOr=Oa and ioOr=O are t#e si7na$ 7oin7 to!co"in7 fro" t#e
dau7#teroards. - a" sti$$ confused on w#at is t#e purpose of t#e fo$$owin7 inputs: r=OaOa)
r=OOa) r=OaO) r=OO and t#e fo$$owin7 outputs: t=Oa) t=OL
1+ .a9e $oo9 at 1;C8<2 ;ata '#eetUUUUUUUUUUU
B+ - a" $oo9in7 at t#e trans"ission uffer *t=Ouffer.v+ veri$o7 code. 'o it see"s t#at it uses two
c$oc9 si7na$s. .#e t=c$9 si7na$ is used to read fro" t#e fifoO:9 w#i$e t#e usc$9 si7na$ is used to
write to t#e fifoO:9. ,#at are t#e c$oc9 speeds for t#ose c$oc9 si7na$sL*I&-?34I is t#e @uestion
correctL+
1+ .#e U'6 c$oc9 is :8 3/K) provided y t#e &?2.*I&-?34I is t#e answer enou7#L+
B+ 0ne of t#e inputs to t#e usrpOstd "odu$e is ';-. ,#at is t#e ori7in of t#is inputL
1+ .#e 8081 it-an7s t#e ';- data) c$oc9) and stroe $ines. .#ey are Ns$owN co"pared to ot#er
&%G1 actions. 'ee usrp-[!fir"ware!src!usrp1!spi.c
%a7e 21 of C0
B+ .#e "e"ory a$$ocated for eac# of t#e &-&0 in t=Ouffer and r=Ouffer is twice t#eir
capacity.....i.e <8H QitsQ*81C2 ytes+ as seen fro" t#e co"pi$ation report of Buartus. -s t#ere any
specific reasonL
1+ .#e &-&0s are :H $ines $on7) wit# eac# $ine 1< its.
B+ -n t#e cordic.v) 1< it vector =i) yi and Ki are passed as input. .#en cordic constants are pre-
defined. ,#at Nwire Ritwidt#D1:0S =iOe=t T WW2W=iRitwidt#-1SXX)=iX;N state"ent is doin7. -s it
Just nor"a$ concatenation and assi7n"entL
1+ 2es) we are si7n-e=tendin7 =i.
B+ .#e \posed7e c$oc9) if reset is set) t#en =0) y0) K0 is initia$iKed to Q0Q. Ne=t) w#en ena$e is
set) K0 is assi7ned a$$ its e=cept t#e first two. 1nd t#e first 2 its are used for t#e case state"ent.
-n t#is case state"ents) t#e first 2 its are used to deter"ine t#e @uadrants and accordin7$y adJust
t#e @uadrant *an7$e+ for =iOe=t and yiOe=t y C0 or 180 or 2>0 or (<0 de7ree. 6ut - a" not sure. -s
t#is correctL
1+ 2es
B+ 3any instances of cordicOsta7e are defined and t#ey are passed input va$ues =0) y0) K0 and
constants c00 etc. - a" not sure w#at NI*itwidt#D2)Kwidt#-1)0+N in t#is instance definition doesL
1+ .#e FI* +G is used to pass para"eters to t#e "odu$e ein7 instantiated.
B+ -n cordicOsta7e.v) if reset is set t#en =o) y0 and Ko are set to 0. 1nd w#en ena$e is
set) va$ue of K is c#ec9ed. 3y understandin7 of cordic $o7ic is t#at) if say t#at current an7$e is :8)
and desired is 20) t#en sutract fro" t#e current an7$e) and "a9e correspondin7 adJust"ents on =
a=is and y a=is varia$es. .#is state"ent c#ec9s if NKOisOposN and does ne=t operation
respective$y. - a" not sure w#at N=i - WWs#iftD1WyiRitwidt#-1SXX)yiRitwidt#-2:s#iftSXN is actua$$y
doin7. 3y understandin7 of cordic is t#at ased on an7$e adJust"ents) operations of "u$tip$es of
2 are carried out on =-a=is and y-a=is varia$e. 1nd WX state"ent are used for concatenation in
veri$o7.
1+ 'i7n e=tension
%a7e 22 of C0
B+ -n cordic.v) =o) yo and Ko are in continuous assi7n"ent "ode and are updated every ti"e a
=12) y12 or K12 va$ue c#an7es respective$y. Not e=act$y sure #ow t#e e=act desired an7$e is
otained in cordic.v. .#e a$7orit#" t#at - read "ade continuous adJust"ents on Qcurrent an7$eQ so
t#at it conver7ed to t#e desired an7$e. - donQt see t#at step #appenin7 in cordic.vL
1+ /ere #ow it 7oes. -f t#e an7$e is positive) it is reduced. -f t#e an7$e is ne7ative) it is increased.
-t a$ways 7ets c$oser to Kero.
B+ /ow we write a test enc# for t=Oc#ain.vL
1+ .o write a test enc#) you wou$d need to set t#e interpo$ation fre@uency proper$y and if you
wanted to use t#e 50R;-5) t#at wou$d #ave to e setup proper$y as we$$ for t#e p#ase
accu"u$ator. 2ou wou$d t#en stroe your sa"p$es in at a rate of &s w#ere &s is so"e fraction of
t#e tota$ c$oc9 speed and &s[interpOrate T t#e c$oc9 rate. 2ou t#en #ave to stroe every &s to
send your sa"p$es t#rou7# t#e c#ain.
2ou a$so need to assert t#e interpo$atorOstroe and sa"p$eOstroe on a consistent fre@uency asis
- e7: once every 18 c$oc9 cyc$es. 2ou canQt Just rando"$y assert and de-asserts t#e".
2ou #ave no fre@uency set. - e$ieve t#is fre@uency s#ou$d e t#e p#ase difference etween
sa"p$es of t#e 50R;-5 for eac# sa"p$e t#at 7oes in w#ere 2](1-1 is e@ua$ to 2[%-. 2ou
proa$y want to see a sine wave or so"e fi$tered si7na$ - try a pu$se train) W1) 0) 1) 0) ...X or you
can down$oad a "at#Orea$.v "odu$e - wrote fro" #ere:
#ttp:!!www.7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!ranc#es!deve$opers!K#uoc#en!si"u$ations!urstO
test!"at#Orea$.v
- used it in t#e test enc# #ere to create so"e sines and cosines:
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!ranc#es!deve$opers!K#uoc#en!si"u$ations!urstOtest!te
stOc#anOfifoOreader.v
B+ ;o peop$e Just urn t#eir Aeri$o7 code to t#e oard to test itL
1+ &or pre-synt#esis) R.L si"u$ation and testin7) - use -51RU' Aeri$o7 under Linu= and
G.H,ave. Note t#at if you p$an on usin7 it wit# -51RU' Aeri$o7) you wi$$ need one of t#e $atest
deve$oper snaps#ots as t#e code - wrote found so"e pro$e"s in t#eir rea$ va$ue #and$in7.
-t is definite$y N0. reco""ended you Just put it into an &%G1 and run wit# it as you rea$$y #ave
no idea w#atQs 7oin7 on inside t#ere. 1ccurate "ode$in7 can rea$$y #e$p wit# your deu77in7
ti"e.
B+ - went t#rou7# t#e "ai$in7 $ist and fi7ured out t#at t#e current Aeri$o7!A/;L code
i"p$e"entation occupies C8M of &%G1Qs resources. /owever) t#ere were so"e "ai$s t#at pointed
t#at reducin7 so"e receiver functiona$ities cou$d free so"e &%G1 resources. /owL
%a7e 2( of C0
1+ .#ereQs a #eader fi$e:
GNUORadio^usrp^fp7a^top$eve$^usrpOstd^confi7.v#
.#at #eader contro$s t#e ui$d confi7uration and is now functiona$. 3odify it to use t#e fi$e:
GNUORadio^usrp^fp7a^top$eve$^inc$ude^co""onOconfi7O1r=#O1t=.v#
.#is is #ow:
!! Unco""ent t#is for 1 R? c#anne$ *w! #a$fand+ _ 1 trans"it c#anne$
Yinc$ude N..!inc$ude!co""onOconfi7O1r=#O1t=.v#N
.#is wi$$ free up a $ot of space on t#e &%G1 for e=peri"entationU
B+ -n r=Oc#ain.v) w#at are t#e fo$$owin7 si7na$s forL
-sa"p$eOstroe.v
-deci"atorOstroe.v
-#Ostroe.v
-seria$Oaddr)seria$Odata)seria$Ostroe
-deu7data)deu7ctr$
1+ sa"p$eOstroe fo$$ows t#e fu$$ speed sa"p$es co"in7 fro" t#e 1;5 and feeds t#e input of t#e
deci"atin7 5-5 fi$ter.
deci"atorOstroe is 7enerated y t#e deci"atin7 5-5 fi$ter to feed t#e sa"p$es into t#e #a$fand
&-R fi$ter at t#e specified and deci"ated rate. ,#en t#e deci"ation y N ta9es p$ace) you 7et a
sa"p$e 1!N cyc$es. .#is ratio is preserved t#rou7#out t#at part of t#e c#ain.
.#e #Ostroe co"es out of t#e #a$fand deci"atin7 &-R fi$ter. .#is is a constant deci"ation y
2) ut is asserted w#en t#e &-R fi$ter #as an output to pass out of t#e R? c#ain.
seria$O[ is t#e interface used for re7ister writin7. -f you want to "odify any of t#e re7isters
wit#in t#e "odu$e) t#e si"p$e seria$ interface fro" t#e &?2 -Z &%G1 is w#at c#an7es t#e". -n
t#is case) t#ey are used to "odify t#e re7ister for p#ase accu"u$ation wit#in t#e &%G1 for t#e
cordic.
deu7[ is Just used for deu7 as t#e na"e su77ests. -n t#e current i"p$e"entation in t#e trun9) it
$oo9s $i9e t#e input to t#e #a$fand &-R fi$ter is w#at output on t#e deu7 us. *I&-?34I+
&or infor"ationa$ purposes) t#e interpo$ation stroes and fi$terin7 "odu$es are found #ere:
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!trun9!usrp! f+ga !sdrO$i!"asterOcontro$.v
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!trun9!usrp! f+ga !sdrO$i!cicOinterp.v
#ttp:!!7nuradio.or7!trac!rowser!7nuradio!trun9!usrp! f+ga !sdrO$i!stroeO7en.v
.#e re7ister is a si"p$e re7ister updated once t#e seria$ data is proper$y written *read: ato"ic
operation+. .#e stroeO7en is a down counter w#ic# resets to t#e input of w#atever t#at rate
re7ister is feedin7 t#e "odu$e w#en t#e counter 7ets down to 0.
B+ /ow "any c$oc9 cyc$es does it ta9e t#e cordic "odu$e to output va$id data and w#y is t#e
cordic a$7orit#" i"p$e"ented *in cordic.v+ fi=ed at 12 iterationsL
%a7e 2: of C0
1+ -t is a pipe$ined "odu$e w#ic# ta9es sa"p$es at t#e fu$$ rate and t#rou7# 12 pipe$ine sta7es
outputs t#e rotated vector. ,#y 12 was pic9ed is proa$y a siKe issue since you create re7isters
and f$ops for eac# sta7e. 2ou can "a9e t#e pipe$ine deeper and even varia$e if you want. .#ere
is a .0;0 in t#ere w#ic# su77ests "a9in7 it a varia$e $en7t# - not sure if t#e co""ent "eans at
runti"e or at ui$d ti"e) ut #ave a 7o at it.
B+ 5an we use 3e7a ce$$ 1$tera $oc9sL
1+ 2es. &or e=a"p$e) $i9e t#e t=OusOfifo and r=OusOfifo) you can Just te$$ Buartus to 7enerate
t#e appropriate dua$ c$oc9 &-&0 N"e7ace$$N for you. -n t#is way) 3att did t#at to 7enerate t#e
fifoO29 and fifoO:9 $oc9s t#at weQre current$y usin7. 'ee t#e Buartus "anua$ and t#e N5yc$one
;evice /andoo9N for supported confi7urations.
B+ .#e fo$$owin7 is t#e settin7Ore7 "odu$e
"odu$e settin7Ore7
* input c$oc9) input reset) input stroe) input wire R<:0S addr)
input wire R(1:0S in) output re7 R(1:0S out) output re7 c#an7ed+;
-n t#e :
..^7nuradio-(.0.2^usrp^fp7a^sdrO$i!"asterOcontro$.v "odu$e)
- see setttin7Ore7 "odu$e is ca$$ed as fo$$ow:
settin7Ore7 I*Y&RO31'.4RO5.RL+
srO"strOctr$*.c$oc9*"asterOc$9+).reset*1Q0+).stroe*seria$Ostroe+).addr*seria$Oaddr+).in*seria$Odat
a+).out*"asterOcontro$s++;
/owever) in:
..^7nuradio-(.0.2^usrp^fp7a^sdrO$i!settin7Ore7.v "odu$e) t#e settin7Ore7 "odu$e #as an output
si7na$ ca$$ed Nc#an7edN.5an anyone p$ease te$$ "e w#at wi$$ #appen to t#at Nc#an7edN si7na$L
1+ .#e Fc#an7edG si7na$ is not used in "ost p$aces) and is $eft out.
%a7e 28 of C0
A'89:; )"de# 7ues$i"ns
B+ - was $oo9in7 at t#e 1;C8<2 data s#eet) and it see"s t#at in t#e trans"it pat#) t#ere is on$y
one 1:it input ut t#e c#ip outputs 2 .? si7na$s. ;oes t#is "ean t#at if we want to output two
si7na$s) t#e data #as to e inter$eaved efore ein7 sent to t#e 1; c#ipL - a" not sure w#y t#ere
are 2 outputs ut on$y 1 inputL
1+ .#e data sent to t#e 1;C8<2 is inter$eaved) -B-B-B-B-B.
B+ - a" tryin7 to fi7ure out #ow t#e 1;C8<2 3=&4 is setup:
R? 'ide:
1. -s t#e interna$ ;LL used to sa"p$e faster t#an <:3'%'L -f so) w#at is t#e ;LL rateL -s it
possi$e t#is wou$d ever want to e usedL
2. -s t#e /i$ert &i$ter ever usedL
.? 'ide:
1. -s t#e /i$ert &i$ter ever usedL
2. -s t#e N50 ever usedL
(. -s t#e interpo$ation fi$ter ever usedL
:. -s t#e fi=ed R&s!:)&s!8S se$ecta$e "i=er ever usedL
8. -s t#e .? data ever sent as rea$-on$y instead of -!B fro" t#e &%G1 w#en it is actua$$y a
co"p$e= si7na$L
1u= 'ide:
1re any of t#e au=i$iary 1;5!;15s used for 1G5!A50 settin7L
1+ R? 'ide:
1- .#e ;LL is used to dou$e t#e sa"p$e rate so t#at t#e [;15s[ can sa"p$e at 1283/K. .#e
1;5s stay at <:3/K.
2- No
.? 'ide:
1- No
2- 2es) a$$ t#e ti"e *ot# coarse and fine+. -n t#e up converter *in t#e 1;C8<2) fro" fi7ure ( in
t#e C8<2 datas#eet+) t#ey sp$it t#e co"p$e= "u$tip$y into 2 parts -- coarse and fine. .#e fine part
*$oc9 ;+ runs at 1!: of t#e sa"p$e rate. .#is "eans t#at it can on$y "ove t#e fre@ency 1!:t# as
far. .#e $oc9 is t#en fo$$owed y t#e := interpo$ation *6$oc9 5+) and t#en t#e coarse
"odu$ation) 6$oc9 6. 6$oc9 6 on$y "oves t#e si7na$ D!- fs!: or fs!8.
(- 2es) a$ways.
:- 2es
8- No) we a$ways send -!B to t#e C8<2. .#ere are a coup$e of use cases) w#ere you "i7#t want to
send rea$ data) ut we donQt i"p$e"ent t#e".
1u=:
%a7e 2< of C0
2es) a$$ of t#e". ;etai$s depend on t#e specific dau7#teroard. .#e au= ;15!1;5Qs are a$$ run
to t#e dau7#teroards.
B+ /ow 1;C8<2 re7isters "aintainedL
1+ .#e 1;C8<2 is contro$$ed over '%-. .#e code t#at sets up t#e 1;C8<2Qs is contained in
usrpOasic.cc and usrpOstandard.cc. 3ost of it is in t#e constructors. 2ou "ay a$so want to ta9e a
$oo9 at t#e U'R% "ot#eroard sc#e"atic to see #ow everyt#in7 is wired to7et#er.
B+ - #ave two 6asicO.= dau7#teroards) so eac# one uses different 1;C8<2. 1re t#e 2 1;C8<2
ot# 7et t#ere c$oc9 in fro" t#e usrp "ot#eroard) and t#at is t#e sa"e c$oc9L
1+ .#e 1;C8<2s *w#ic# are on t#e "ot#eroard+ ot# 7et t#e sa"e c$oc9 fro" 1;C81( c$oc9
distriution -5. .#e on$y difference is t#at t#e c$oc9 si7na$ 7oes t#rou7# separate *ut identica$+
fi$ters on its way to eac# 1;C8<2.
B+ ,ou$d you p$ease iterate "ore on t#e concept of 1;C8<2 %G1L
1+ -tQs an ana$o7 a"p$ifier wit# a software contro$$a$e 7ain. 0n t#e R= pat# it #as steps of 1.0 d6
efore 1;5. 0n t#e .? pat#) t#e steps are 0.1 d6 after t#e ;15. 'ee t#e 1;C8<2 datas#eet for
detai$s. .#e %G1 is contro$$ed over t#e '%- seria$ us fro" t#e &?2 *as are a$$ t#e 1;C8<2
re7isters+.
B+ - need a way to update t#e 1U?O;15 port on t#e C8<2) ut apparent$y t#at is #and$ed y t#e
U'6 "icrocontro$$erU -s t#at correctL .o set up t#e 1U?O;15 do - #ave to waste U'6
andwidt#L
1+ .#e U'R% is wired suc# t#at on$y t#e &?2 can contro$ t#e 1;C8<2s and you cannot c#an7e it
fro" &%G1. /owever) you can c#an7e t#is #ardware wirin7 y addin7 R2001) R200:) and R2008
to t#e U'R%. 1$$ s#ou$d e `ero-o#" resistors. 6e carefu$) ecause you wi$$ now #ave "u$tip$e
drivers of t#ese nets. 2ouQ$$ need to #ave t#e &?2 '.0% drivin7 t#e" efore you "a9e t#e &%G1
drive t#e".
.#is wi$$ a$$ow t#e &%G1 to contro$ t#e 1;C8<2s. 2ou can a$so "a9e t#e &%G1 contro$ t#e
tunin7 of t#e R&?-series dau7#teroards.
%a7e 2> of C0
)"n$r",,ing FP%A Regis$ers 7ues$i"ns
B+ 5an anyone te$$ "e w#ere t#e re7isters are and #ow - can read!write to t#e"L
1+ 0nce you create a usrp.sourceOc*+ or usrp.sin9Oc*+ oJect) you can ca$$:
u T usrp.sourceOc*+
u.OwriteOfp7aOre7*re7no) va$+
.#e &%G1 re7isters are write-on$y. 2ou "ay ca$$:
u.OreadOfp7aOre7*re7no+
...ut t#e return va$ue wi$$ eit#er e Kero or a se"i-docu"ented set of deu77in7 va$ues unre$ated
to t#e re7ister nu"er you put.
.#e &%G1 re7ister definitions are in:
usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!fp7aOre7sOco""on.#
usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!fp7aOre7sOstandard.#
N0.4: -t is possi$e to da"a7e your #ardware y incorrect$y settin7 t#ese re7isters - e$ieve
settin7Ore7.v is instantiated w#erever t#ere is a re7ister w#ic# can e written to. 6ein7 a$e to
#ave access to every re7ister "a9es for a very #airy pro$e". .#e &%G1 re7isters are not set
usin7 -25) t#ey are set wit# '%-. .#ere is a$ready a "ec#anis" for readin7 ac9 va$ues over '%-)
ut it is on$y set up to read ac9 8 va$ues now) "ost$y for readin7 -!0 pins and R''- $eve$s) ut
not every re7ister. 'ee seria$Oio.v and settin7Ore7.v
B+ ,#at &%G1 re7isters are used for '%-) -25 contro$L 0r are t#ey Just a standard re7istersL
1+ 1$$ t#e -25 and '%- stuff is outside t#e &%G1. .#e '%- is a seria$ us w#ic# is used to set
re7isters on t#e dau7#teroards) t#e &%G1) and t#e 1;C8<2 are contro$$ed fro" t#e &?2 on$y.
B+ -Q" tryin7 to read and write t#e &%G1 re7isters usin7 Just t#e $iusrp. 3y write returns NtrueN)
ut t#e read returns 0) re7ard$ess of w#ic# &%G1 re7ister - read!write to. &or e=a"p$e:
if *ut=-ZOwriteOfp7aOre7*&RO1;5O0&&'4.O0)0=>>>>++
int readre7va$ue2 T *ut=-ZOreadOfp7aOre7*&RO1;5O0&&'4.O0++;
,#y is t#atL
1+ .#e &%G1 re7isters are write-on$y. ,#en readin7) instead of t#e re7ister contents) you 7et
Qreadac9Q re7ister contents w#ic# are actua$$y a nu"er of usefu$ si7na$s inside t#e &%G1. 'ee
$ine nu"ers (0: and (08 of usrpOstd.v to see w#at si7na$s are read ac9. .#e typica$ way of
%a7e 28 of C0
dea$in7 wit# write-on$y re7isters is to "aintain a s#adow copy in your code t#at you update every
ti"e you write to a re7ister) and t#en if you $ater want to NreadN t#e re7ister) Just $oo9 at t#e
s#adow copy. 2ou can a$so use t#is if you want to do a read-"odify-write.
B+ - e$ieve t#at t#e user-defined &%G1 re7isters donQt e=ist in t#e veri$o7 code. ;o - need to add
t#e" "anua$$yL - was 7oin7 to do t#at in usrpOstd.v.
1+ 5orrect. .#e actua$ re7isters are not instantiated *t#ey wou$d 7et pruned out anyway durin7
synt#esis if you did.+ -f you are writin7 custo" &%G1 code) you can instantiate any nu"er of:
settin7Ore7 I*&ROU'4RO??+ userOre7*...+;
...in w#atever veri$o7 "odu$e you create) and Just e sure to inc$ude:
usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!fp7aOre7sOstandard.#.
.#e pat# in t#e inc$ude state"ent wi$$ vary dependin7 on w#ere your veri$o7 "odu$e is in t#e fi$e
syste". 1$so) if you are addin7 settin7 re7isters to e=istin7 "odu$es) t#en t#e Finc$udeG "ay
a$ready e done it for you.
&ina$$y) t#e constants &ROU'4RO0 t#rou7# &ROU'4RO18 are avai$a$e fro" 5DD y inc$udin7:
usrp!fir"ware!inc$ude!fp7aOre7sOstandard.#
*a7ain) pat# "ay vary.+
B+ -s t#ere a way to read fro" t#e &%G1 re7isters fro" usrperL
1+ No.
Z&ro" pyt#on:
I returns (2-it int
v T u.OreadOfp7aOre7*re7no+
Note t#at t#ere are on$y : reada$e re7isters) and - stron7$y su77est t#at you use
u.readOio*w#ic#Odoard+ instead of direct$y readin7 re7ister 1 or 2.
re7no resu$t
----- --------------------------
1 *ioOr=Oa aa 1<+ b ioOt=Oa I read dau7#teroard i!o pins
2 *ioOr=O aa 1<+ b ioOt=O I read dau7#teroard i!o pins
( returns const 0=aa88ff>> I donQt count on t#is
: returns const 0=f0f0C(1a I donQt count on t#is
&2-) t#e Nnor"a$N pyt#on interface to t#e usrp is defined in 7r-usrp!src!usrp1.i
%a7e 2C of C0
'igi$a, '"4n )"n-er$er 7ues$i"ns
B+ -n t#e &%G1 ;;5) are - and B sa"p$es ein7 7enerated fro" co"p$e= sa"p$esL .#e
adcOinterface "odu$e Just see"s to "u$tip$e= t#e sa"e co"p$e= sa"p$e to 2 $inesL
1+ .#e 1;5 interface "odu$e ta9es care of de"u=in7 t#e received si7na$ into - and B si7na$s.
.#en every pair of -B is routed to a ;;5.
B+ ,#at is t#e purpose of "u$tip$e=er in t#e &%G1 receive pat#L
1+ .#e 3U? is $i9e a router or a circuit switc#er. -t deter"ines w#ic# 1;5 *or constant Kero+ is
connected to eac# ;;5 input. .#ere are : ;;5s. 4ac# #as two inputs. ,e can contro$ t#e 3U?
usin7 usrp.set_mux() "et#od in %yt#on.
.#e 3u= va$ue is ca$cu$ated y:
3 2 1
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Q3 | I3 | Q2 | I2 | Q1 | I1 | Q0 | I0 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
4ac# :-it - fie$d is eit#er 1;5 0)1)2)(
4ac# :-it B fie$d is eit#er 1;5 0)1)2)( or 0=f *input is const Kero+
1$$ &%G1 ;;5 BQs "ust e 0=f or none of t#e" "ay e 0=f.
,e te$$ eac# input ;;5 input *-0) B0) -1 ... -() B(+ w#ic# 1;5 is connected to it y usin7 : its
*0) 1) 2) ( or 0=f+. 'o a (2-it inte7er wou$d e enou7# for a$$ 8 inputs to 9now w#ic# 1;5 is
connected. 0f course an inte7er in #e=adeci"a$ syste" wi$$ e "ore convenient if we want to use
t#e set_mux() "et#od. &or "ost rea$ sa"p$in7 app$ications) t#e B input of eac# ;;5 is constant
Kero. 'o @uite often we donQt need to "odify t#e standard confi7uration of t#e &%G1. 1ctua$$y it
is anticipated t#at t#e "aJority of U'R% users wi$$ never need to use anyt#in7 ot#er t#an t#e
standard &%G1 confi7uration.
B+ - want to insert a fi$ter &-R pass and after t#e output of 1;5 and efore t#e input of ;;5.
,#atQs t#e sa"p$in7 fre@uency for t#is fi$ter &-RL -s correct to insert t#is fi$terL
1+ .#e sa"p$e rate of t#e 1;5 is <:3sps. .#e sa"p$es t#en 7o t#rou7# t#e 50R;-5 to
7enerate co"p$e= pairs) t#en t#rou7# a 5-5 wit# "ini"u" deci"ation of :) and t#en t#rou7# a
#a$fand 2:1 deci"atin7 fi$ter. .#e $ac9 of #ardware "u$tip$iers inside t#e &%G1 re@uires you to
run a re$ative$y si"p$e fi$ter un$ess you are runnin7 at N$owN sa"p$e rates w#ic# a$$ow you to
seria$iKe t#e data 7oin7 t#rou7# one or two "u$tip$iers and accu"u$ate t#e output.
%a7e (0 of C0
B+ /ow t#e &%G1 #a$fand fi$ter i"p$e"ented) and w#y we cannot deci"ate y $ess t#an 8 in
standard &%G1 confi7urationL
1+ -t #as (1 taps. .#e current i"p$e"entation of t#e #a$fand fi$ter in t#e &%G1 re@uires 8 c$oc9s
to process t#e (1 taps. 'ee t#e co""ents aout ti"in7 in fp7a!sdrO$i!#!#a$fandOdeci".v
.#is wor9s fine wit# deci"ation 8 or #i7#er. .o run at deci"ation :) youQ$$ need to use a ui$d of
t#e &%G1 t#at does not contain t#e #a$fand fi$ter) or youQ$$ need to re-i"p$e"ent t#e #a$fand)
suc# t#at it uses two "u$tip$iers instead of one. -n addition to t#e standard 2 R= *wit# #a$fand+ 2
.= ui$d) t#e [current[ code contains an &%G1 i"a7e wit# : R? pat#s *wit#out t#e #a$fand+ and
wit# 0 trans"it pat#s. -tQs not insta$$ed y defau$t.
B+ 1;5 sa"p$es at <:3/K) and passes t#rou7# ot# - and B c#anne$s over t#e 2:-it R? us.
-nterna$ to t#e &%G1) t#e 5-5 auto"atica$$y deci"ates y a va$ue of at $east :. .#e #a$fand
deci"atin7 &-R fi$ter interna$ to t#e &%G1 deci"ates y a fi=ed va$ue of 2. .#is 7ives a "ini"u"
deci"ation rate of 8) $eavin7 83sps 7oin7 over t#e U'6 of t#e U'R%. -s t#is correctL
1+ 2es. Note t#at so"e &%G1 ui$ds donQt contain t#e #a$f-and.
,it# 1<-it - _ B deci" T 8 -Z 83'!sec -Z (236!sec.
,it# 8-it - _ B deci" T : -Z 1<3'!sec -Z (236!sec
B+ -s t#ere any ot#er way to decrease t#e sa"p$e rate eside t#e U'R% deci"OrateL
1+ .#e deci"Orate sets #ow "uc# deci"ation is done in t#e &%G1. 2ou can of course perfor"
additiona$ deci"ation in software. 2ouQd proa$y want to use 7r.firOfi$terOccf for t#at Jo. .#e
first ar7u"ent is t#e deci"ation rate.
Note:
.o use : c#anne$s) you "ust use t#e stdO:r=O0t=.rf &%G1 i"a7e. -f you use t#e stdO:r=O0t=.rf
i"a7e) t#e deci"ation rate "ust e aT 128. -f you need "ore deci"ation) you "ust do it in
software.
B+ 1re odd deci"ation nu"ers o9L 5an - use a deci"ation of 128L
1+ ,it# t#e stdO:r=O0t=.rf i"a7e) - e$ieve odd nu"ers wi$$ wor9. .#ey wi$$ not wor9 wit#
stdO2r=#O2t=.rf
B+ - wonder #ow to ca$cu$ate t#e fre@uency reso$ution of t#e U'R% 50R;-5 a$7orit#"L
1+ .#is paper is rea$$y 7ood for understandin7 t#e 50R;-5:
#ttp:!!we.nJit.edu!c#9J2!50R;-5.pdf
%a7e (1 of C0
-t is specifica$$y written to $oo9 at &%G1 i"p$e"entations) w#ic# is nice. 1s - understand it) t#e
U'R% uses t#e 50R;-5 as descried in section (.1 of t#at paper. 1 p#ase accu"u$ator is used to
spin t#e an7$e around) and t#e "odu$ated sin!cos or =i is t#e output on =o and yo after 12
iterations of t#e a$7orit#". .#e va$ue of Ko s#ou$d e Kero) and any error $eftover s#ou$d e
represented on t#at output. .#e reso$ution s#ou$d rea$$y e #ow s$ow$y you can spin t#e Ki
co"ponent w#i$e "aintainin7 accuracy out of t#e 50R;-5. -t "ay e t#at wit# 12 iterations and
1<-it inputs 0.01 /K is possi$e) w#ereas "ore iterations or $ar7er inputs "i7#t 7et etter
reso$ution) ut - suspect youQre rea$$y past t#e point of di"inis#in7 returns at t#at point.
.#e Np#ase 7eneratorN part of t#e 50R;-5 $oc9 wor9s y incre"entin7 a (2-it p#ase re7ister
y a fi=ed a"ount per c$oc9 cyc$e. .#e fu$$ siKe of t#e re7ister represents 2[%-*+ of p#ase) or one
cyc$e of t#e wavefor". .#e user pro7ra""ed p#ase incre"ent per c$oc9 cyc$e t#en represents
fre@uency.
-n t#e receive c#ain of t#e &%G1) t#e p#ase 7enerator is c$oc9ed at <: 3/K. .#us) t#e "ini"u"
de$ta-fre@uency *a one it c#an7e in t#e p#ase incre"ent re7ister+ is <: 3/K ! pow*2) (2+ T
0.01:C /K.
.#us) for ;5) t#e p#ase incre"ent va$ue is Kero) for 0.01:C /K) it is 1) for 0.02C8 /K) it is 2) a$$
t#e way up to (2 3/K) w#ere it is pow*2) (1+. 2ou can a$so tune ne7ative fre@uencies) w#ere -1
creates -0.01:C/K) etc.
.#e 50R;-5 $oc9 t#en uses t#e resu$tin7 Nsawtoot#N p#ase va$ue to rotate t#e inco"in7 si7na$
y t#at a"ount) resu$tin7 in co"p$e= fre@uency conversion. .#e &%G1 50R;-5 dea$s wit# p#ase
and not fre@uency) so t#ere is no concept of fre@uency reso$ution for it. .#e one ein7 used in t#e
U'R% #as 1: its of %/1'4 reso$ution. &re@uency reso$ution is contro$$ed y t#e N50) or p#ase
accu"u$ator. -n our case it #as (2 its of reso$ution. <: 3/K!2](2 is your fre@uency reso$ution
in /K.
B+ -f we want a deci"ation of <:) w#at is t#e response of t#e 5-5 fi$ter *deci"ation y (2+) /6&
*deci"ation y 2+ and t#e cascaded 5-5D/6& *tota$ deci"ation <:+ in t#e ;;5L
1+ &or deci"ation (2) t#e response of t#e 5-5 *: sta7es+ fre@uency response fro" 0 to 23/K is
s#own e$ow:
%a7e (2 of C0
.#e /6& fre@uency response is s#own e$ow *nor"a$iKed fre@uency+:
%a7e (( of C0
.#e cascaded response *5-5 D /6&+ is s#own e$ow *nor"a$iKed fre@uency+:
%a7e (: of C0
'igi$a, UP )"n-er$er 7ues$i"ns
B+ 'o fro" w#at - understand) in t#e trans"it side t#e di7ita$ up converters are i"p$e"ented in
t#e 1;C8<2 c#ip ut t#e interpo$ation is done in t#e &%G1. - e$ieve in t#e receive side t#e down
conversion is done in t#e &%G1. 'o w#y canQt we do t#e sa"e for t#e trans"it side and
i"p$e"ent t#e ;i7ita$ U% 5onverters in t#e &%G1L
1+ 0n t#e trans"it side we use our own 5-5 to interpo$ate fro" w#atever ratio co"es over t#e
U'6 to (2 3'!s. .#is is sent to t#e C8<2 w#ic# t#en interpo$ates a7ain y a factor of four to
rin7 us to 128 3'!s. .#e up converter is in t#e C8<2 as you say. -n t#e receive side) t#e down
conversion is done in t#e &%G1) ecause t#e C8<2 does not #ave a down converter in t#e R?
pat#. .#e us 7oin7 to t#e .? pat# on t#e C8<2 is "u$tip$e=ed *- t#en B sa"p$es+) and we run it at
our nor"a$ c$oc9 rate of <: 3/K. .#is "eans we can on$y 7et (2 3'!s co"p$e= across it. -f we
did t#e up conversion in t#e &%G1) we wou$d t#us e $i"ited to aout a 12 3/K carrier.
B+ .#e 1;C8<2 c#ip contains interpo$ation fi$ters as we$$. 5ou$d t#ose e used instead of t#e 5-5
interpo$ators on t#e &%G1L -n t#at way) ot# t#e up conversion and t#e interpo$ation wou$d e
done in t#e 1;C8<2 c#ip and "ore space wou$d e avai$a$e on t#e &%G1L
1+ ,e use t#ose interpo$ation fi$ters a$ready) ut t#ey on$y do a factor of :) so we sti$$ need a 5-5
in t#e &%G1.
B+ ,#at #appened to t#e cicOintOs#ifter.v fi$e in t#e U'R% sourceL - a" $oo9in7 at re-ena$in7
up conversion in t#e &%G1 ut cannot see" to $ocate t#is fi$e.
1+ -tQs sti$$ in: usrp!fp7a!sdrO$i!cicOintOs#ifter.v
B+ -s t#e data ein7 c$oc9ed out of t#e U'R% to ;15 is at <:3spsL
1+ 3ore precise$y) t#ere are two inter$eaved c#anne$s) eac# runnin7 at (23'!s. .#e 1;C8<2
interpo$ates eac# strea" y :) 7ivin7 two strea"s at 1283'!s.
B+ .#ere are two points t#at interpo$ation can #appen - inside t#e 1;C8<2 and interna$
to t#e &%G1. ,it#in t#e &%G1) t#e 5-5 fi$ter is t#e interpo$atin7 structure and #as a varia$e
rate) w#ereas t#e 1;C8<2 #as a fi=ed interpo$ation rate of 2= if a rea$-on$y si7na$ is ein7 used) or
%a7e (8 of C0
:= is possi$e if inter$eaved wit# -!B at <:3sps - 7ivin7 t#e sa"p$e rate of -!B (23sps.-s t#at
correctL
1+ 2es.
B+ - a" unsure w#at t#e "ini"u" interpo$atin7 rate of t#e 5-5 is) or t#e "a=i"u" for t#at
"atterL
1+ -tQs proa$y 1 or 2) t#ou7# - dout itQs een tested. .#e *wor9a$e+ "a=i"u" is deter"ined
y t#e widt# of t#e inter"ediate sta7es of t#e 5-5. - e$ieve weQre 7ood to 128 in t#e &%G1 5-5.
B+ ,#o sets t#e interpo$ation rate of t#e 5-5 interna$ to t#e &%G1 to 7et fro" t#e specified
nu"er of sa"p$es per sy"o$ fro" a "odu$ator $oc9 in GNU Radio to a nu"er t#at t#e 5-5
can interpo$ate into <:3spsL
1+ .#e code in usrpOstandard.cc contro$s t#e &%G1 interpo$ation rate. .#e rates do not #ave to e
powers of two. &ro" t#e user point of view t#e net interpo$ation rate "ust e in R:) 812S and a
"u$tip$e of :. .#is is a$$ contro$$ed in usrpOstandard.cc.
B+ .#ere are 2 co"p$e= interpo$ators i"p$e"ented in t#e &%G1 *say int0) and int1+. .#ere are :
rea$ *ie) 2 co"p$e=+ up converters i"p$e"ented in t#e ;15 c#ips *say ;150) ;151) ;152)
;15(+. .#e "u= routes - and B of int0 and int1 to t#e appropriate ;15s.
-s it true t#at ;150)1 are #ardwired to t#e .?1 side of t#e U'R% and dac2)( to t#e .?6L 1$so)
is t#e second co"p$e= interpo$ator used on$y if nc#anne$s T 2L
1+ 2es.
B+ - found out t#at t#e "a= .? fre@ is $i"ited in usrpOstandard.cc to ::3/K *since
U'4O&%G1O.?O50R;-5 is undefined+. Now) since a 1283'ps s#ou$d safe$y ensure <:3/K)
w#at is actua$$y i"posin7 t#at $i"itationL
1+ -ts set y t#e passand of t#e interpo$ator in t#e 1;C8<2. .#e di7ita$ up converters in t#e
1;C8<2 donQt a$$ow you to set t#e fre@uency to va$ues c$ose to t#e Ny@uist fre@uencies *fro"
::3/K to 8:3/K+. 'ince it sa"p$es at 128 3/K) t#e pro#iited ran7es are around "u$tip$es of
<: 3/K.
B+ -Q" #avin7 trou$e understandin7 e=act$y #ow to 7o aout sendin7 two independent) rea$-
va$ued si7na$s to different '31 connectors on t#e sa"e trans"it dau7#teroardsL
%a7e (< of C0
1+ 1s t#e software is current$y ui$t) you cannot send two independent) rea$-va$ued si7na$s to
different connectors on t#e sa"e trans"it dau7#teroard. .#e reason is t#at we are usin7 t#e
di7ita$ up-converters in t#e 1;C8<2) and #ave t#e 1;C8<2Qs confi7ured in
N;ua$ 5#anne$ 5o"p$e= ;15 ;ataN "ode. 'ee pa7es 20-21 of t#e 1;C8<2 datas#eet. -f you
on$y need two independent .? c#anne$s) t#e @uic9 fi= is to use two 6asic .= dau7#teroards.
.#is is supported. Just te$$ t#e U'R% t#at youQre usin7 two c#anne$s of data) and t#en provide a
strea" wit# two inter$eaved c#anne$s of - _ B data. 1n additiona$ t#ou7#t is t#at if you donQt
need di7ita$ up-conversion) - donQt t#in9 it wou$d ta9e "uc# to 7et two independent c#anne$s out.
2ou s#ou$d e a$e to use t#e e=istin7 &%G1 and #ost code) and Just "anua$$y Ja" t#e ri7#t
"a7ic va$ues into t#e 1;C8<2 re7isters 1C and 20. 3a9e sure t#at you continue to run t#e :=
interpo$ator on t#e 1;C8<2 so a$$ t#e data rates re"ain t#e sa"e. 2ou can write t#e 1;C8<2 re7s
fro" pyt#on usin7:
u T usrp.sin9Os*...+
u.OwriteOC8<2*w#ic#Ocodec) re7no) va$ue+ I note t#e $eadin7 O c#aracter
I w#ic#Ocodec is 0 or 1 for side 1 or 6
Loo9 in usrpOstandard.cc at usrpOstandardOt=::usrpOstandardOt= to see #ow we nor"a$$y setup
t#ese re7isters.
B+ 1t w#at rate s#ou$d - send t#e sa"p$es to t#e t=Oc#ainsL -s every : c$oc9 cyc$esL .#ey see" to
e contro$$ed y t=Ostroe) ut - fai$ed to understand w#at t#is si7na$ actua$$y "ean.
1+ .#e "ini"u" interpo$ation rate is : due to t#e 5-5 fi$ter $i"itations) so once every : wi$$
yie$d one side of t#e spectru". - e$ieve 128 is t#e ot#er end of t#e spectru") ut you s#ou$d set
a constant for t#e rate so we can test wit# different ones. .#e t=Ostroe #appens once every rate
c$oc9 cyc$es - wit# w#ic# it wi$$ send in a new sa"p$e. .#at stroe sends a new va$ue down t#e
.? strea" and reads a new one ready for t#e ne=t t=Ostroe.
B+ ,#at is t#e point of t#e usOreset and t#e c$earOstatus si7na$L .#ey are ot# input to current
t=Ouffer.
1+ - a" not sure of t#is - ut - a" assu"in7 to stop!reset t#e trans"it pat# and c$ear any status
"essa7es respective$y.
B+ ,e #ave "u$tip$e U'R%s c$oc9-sync#roniKed) ut we #avenQt found a way to set t#in7s up so
t#at t#e different sa"p$e strea"s #it t#e ;!1 converters at t#e sa"e c$oc9.
1+ ,e #ave 7otten "u$tip$e U'R%s sync#roniKed for receive. .#at &%G1 code and #ost code is in
t#e suversion. &or trans"it) t#e pro$e" cou$d e a it "ore difficu$t) dependin7 on w#et#er you
can dea$ wit# a constant p#ase difference etween t#e trans"ittin7 U'R%s or not *3-30 vs ea"
for"in7+. -f you need t#e p#ases to e identica$ etween t#e U'R%s t#en you wi$$ #ave to c#an7e
t#e veri$o7 suc# t#at you are no $on7er usin7 t#e di7ita$ up converters in t#e 1;C8<2 and instead
i"p$e"ent t#e ;U5 in t#e &%G1. .#is is ecause t#ereQs no way to direct$y contro$ t#e p#ase
%a7e (> of C0
accu"u$ator in t#e 1;C8<2. -f you can dea$ wit# a constant p#ase offset) t#en a strate7y si"i$ar to
w#at 3arin used for R= s#ou$d wor9 for .?.
B+ 3y @uestions are re7ardin7 t=Oc#ain.v. - a" a it confused as to #ow t#e f$ow of t#e code
wou$d proceed. .#ere is no Na$waysN state"ent in t#e code.
1+ .#is is Just wirin7 a coup$e t#in7s to7et#er to 7et t#e trans"ission c#ain to wor9 at t#e fu$$
c$oc9 rate. .#ere are ( "ain co"ponents #ere: a p#ase accu"u$ator) a 50R;-5 and an
interpo$atin7 5-5 fi$ter. .#e aseand si7na$s are fed into t#e 50R;-5 a$on7 wit# a p#ase fro"
t#e p#ase accu"u$ator. &or eac# sa"p$e t#at 7oes in) t#e p#ase accu"u$ator rotates. .#is
7enerates an -& t#at is "i=ed wit# your aseand si7na$. .#e interpo$atin7 5-5 fi$ter 7ets your
aseand si7na$ up to t#e proper sa"p$e rate to feed t#e ;15s.
%a7e (8 of C0
'igi$a, 23( Pins )"n$r", 7ues$i"ns
B+ - a" usin7 t#e dau7#teroardEs ;46UG -0 pins) and - a" connectin7 t#e" to "y $o7ic
ana$yKer. - #ave to enter t#e t#res#o$d va$ue in "y $o7ic ana$yKer. - can c#oose etween ..L
*1.:A+ 530' *2.8A+ 45L *- 1.(A+. - a" not sure w#ic# one to c#oose. Ri7#t now - #ave it set to
a user va$ue of (.(0A) is t#at t#e ri7#t c#oiceL
1+ 1$$ t#e si7na$s are LA530') 0 to (.(A. .#e correct t#res#o$d is 1.<8A *(.(A!2+
B+ - 7enerated a si7na$ usin7 t#e usrpOsi77en.py function and tried to use t#e -0 pins on t#e asic
.? oard to "onitor t#e di7ita$ output on a $o7ic ana$yKer ut it see"s t#at no si7na$ 7oes to
t#ose pins. -s t#ere so"et#in7 - need to c#an7e in t#e veri$o7 code to e a$e to use t#e deu7 -0
pinsL
1+ .#ere are two ways to contro$ t#e -!0 pins) eit#er fro" t#e #ost) or fro" wit#in t#e &%G1.
Me$h"d A:
.o contro$ t#e" fro" t#e #ost no c#an7es are re@uired in t#e veri$o7. &ro" pyt#on you need to
te$$ it to Noutput ena$eN t#e pins you are interested) and t#en write w#atever va$ues you $i9e to
t#e":
&ro" 7r-usrp!src!usrp1.i:
