International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)

Vol. 01, Issue 01, Sept, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM

All Rights Reserved 2014 IJEETE Page 25

Clustering Coupled With Sectoring And Stripping Approach To
Utilize The Energy In WSN

Shikha Gandhi
Department Of Information Technology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan

ABSTRACT :- Design of energy efficient
protocol is one of the fundamental challenges in
WSNs due to constrained battery life of sensors.
Energy efficient protocols can be designed at
various layers of standard wireless
communication architecture. Network is one of
the layer where energy utilization can be
effectively optimized. The proposed Energy
efficient Routing based on Clustering Coupled
with Sectoring and Striping (ER-C2S2). The
proposed protocols uses density and residual
energy based clustering approach. ER-C2S2 is
simulated in network simulator ns-2. The main
part of simulation is expressed using the
following metrics Energy Consumption and End
to End Delay.

Keywords: WSN, Energy consumption,
Clustering, Residual Energy.

I. INTRODUCTION

There are a number of research challenges
coupled with Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs) arising from the limited capabilities of
low cost sensor node hardware and the common
requirement for nodes to operate for long time
periods with only a small battery [1]. The
untended nature of sensor nodes and hazardous
sensing environments preclude battery
replacement as a feasible solution. The
distributed nature of wireless sensor networks
makes energy-efficient routing protocol design
particularly challenging. There are unique
problems attached with WSNs such as self-
configuration, network discovery, medium
access control and multi-hop routing where
microscopic study of energy utilization can be
done and novel schemes can be developed for
saving energy in WSNs. Energy efficient
routing is one of main contributor towards the
aim of efficient use of energy in wireless sensor
networks which ultimately increases life time of
the network.
The proposed scheme, Clustering coupled with
striping and sectoring is also a step towards
minimization of operational cost of WSNs in
terms of energy. The proposed scheme is based
on following main concepts:

II. VIRTUAL VISUALIZATION OF ROI
INTO CIRCULAR STRIPS

The RoI is precisely divided into number of
circular strips. The width of each circular stripe
is taken as six times of sensing range. The aim
of this division is to ensure single sensor on
both sides of our aimed EEP [2]. This will
significantly reduce the power consumption
because no sensors needs to forward sensory
data of more than three sensors. Means that all
the sensors which falls into EEP or works as
hope of EEP, needs to forward its own sensory
data plus two neighbor sensors data which falls
both sides of its own. This conceptual idea can
be easily visualized in the following figure 1.
6R
6R
EEP
Sensor
Sink
Figure1: Division of RoI into circular strip

We have analyzed the impact of circular
striping in power requirement for transmission.
According to two way path loss model, the
received power can be can be calculated as

(1)
International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)
Vol. 01, Issue 01, Sept, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
All Rights Reserved 2014 IJEETE Page 26

Where,

is received power,

is transmitted
power,

is antenna gain,

is height of
transmitter antenna,

is height of received
antenna and is the distance between
transmitting and receiving devices [3]. Suppose,
we fix the received power to as minimum as
required for the information exchange then the
transmitted power requirement will be

(2)
After removing the constants,

(3)
Here in our circular striping concepts, we
actually divide the actual distance into
number of smaller distances as

and each

. Therefore

(4)
Where,

is the transmission power

requirement after circular striping and

is the
transmission power requirement in general case.
Note: Power requirement will decrease with
number of strips.

III. DELAY BASED SECTORS
COMPOSITION FROM CIRCULARLY
STRIPED ROI

The circularly striped RoI is further divided into
number of sectors. Each sector is supposed to
have its own EEP. The reason behind this sector
division is to fulfill aimed end-to-end delay
during routing of sensory data. As soon as the
number of sector will increase the end-to-end
delay will decrease because with increasing
number of sectors the probability of having
straight EEP will increase and length of EEP
will decrease. This conceptual idea can be
easily visualized in the following figure 2.
EEP
Sensor
Sink
Figure1: Sector composition from circularly striped RoI

We have analyzed the impact of sectoring into
end-to-end delay which indirectly reduces
power consumption also. Suppose we have
sensors in our RoI with total area

. After each
sectoring step, each sector area is divided into
two equal parts. It means, after N
th
sectoring the
complete RoI is divided into 2
N
number of
equal sectors. This sector area reduction can be
indirectly seen as number of sensor reduction
which falls into exactly single sector. After

sectoring the number of sensors in each

individual sector will be

which is quite
smaller than .
Let the sensors are normally distributed with
average inter sensor gape . The length of EEP,

will be

(5)

After

sectoring, the length of EEP after

sectoring

will be

(6)
From equation (5) and (6),

(7)

Note: Length of EEP will depend on number of
sectoring.


IV. EFFICIENT CLUSTERING OF THE
NODES INSIDE EACH SECTOR

Once the sectoring has been done for the
networks, we proceed with clustering of sensors
inside each sector. The two parameters used for
clustering i.e. cluster head selection are degree
of one-hop connectivity and residual energy [4].
Degree of connectivity has been used due to the
fact that the sensor having more number of
neighbouring sensors can be relaxed from
sensing task and lesser transmission energy is
required during data transmission to cluster
heads.
Moreover residual energy is another parameter
having well known significance in cluster head
selection. An example of the proposed
clustering has been shown in following figure 3.

International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)
Vol. 01, Issue 01, Sept, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
All Rights Reserved 2014 IJEETE Page 27

Sensor
Sink
Cluster head

Figure3: Efficient clustering of the nodes inside each
sectors

V. DENSITY BASED EEP FOR EACH
SECTORS

The sensors of each sector forms a virtual group
and are unaware of the presence of other
sectors virtual group. The sink is connected
through nearest single sensor of each sector.
The EEP starts from the sink and moves
towards outer strip by strip using the density
information available with each sensors. Each
sensor contains the density information of its
own sector only. In this way the EEP is
formalized and all the sensors of a particular
sector have EEP information. Whenever a
sensor has sensory data, it strictly follows the
EEP to send it to sink. For EEP creation, the
sector information is integrated with other
information during neighborhood search
through HELLO packets. Following we have
presented an algorithm for EEP formation.

Algorithm: Energy Efficient Path (EEP)

Notations
: Next Hope Sensor
: Hello packet by sink
: Hello packet by sensor integrated
with sector and strip information
: Hi packet integrated with sector
number
: Hi packet integrated with sector
number and strip number.
: Sector
: Circular strip

Input RoI, SEC, CST
Process
Sink sends to all its neighbors
All neighbors reply by
For each SEC
If(more than one )
Calculates reception time of each
Selects which has shortest reception time
Else
Selects the sensor as
End if
End for
For each
For each
Sensor sends to all its neighbors
All neighboring sensor reply by
The sensor having maximum number of
is chosen as
End for
End for

Output

VI. INTER CLUSTER ROUTING
TECHNIQUE

After clustering has been performed in the
network, the usual way of routing is through
cluster heads. This way of routing has a
significance drawback in terms of network
failure once the cluster heads exhaust their
energy. The fundamental way to handle the
shortcoming is by using time slot based cluster
head selection. The time slot based cluster head
selection has its own drawback in terms of
control packet overhead. In this section, we
have used role transformation scheme to rotate
cluster head [5].
In cluster head role transformation scheme,
once the residual energy of cluster head goes
below the average residual energy of sensors in
the cluster, the cluster head selects best sensor
to transfer the role of cluster head. This way we
maintain the residual energy of each sensor in
each sector.

VII. ROUTING OF SENSORY DATA
THROUGH EEP INSIDE CLUSTER AND
ECS OUTSIDE CLUSTER

The last functional module is routing of sensed
data by using EEP and ECS. A complete energy
International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)
Vol. 01, Issue 01, Sept, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
All Rights Reserved 2014 IJEETE Page 28

efficient routing algorithm has been provided
below.
Algorithm: Striping, Sectoring and
Clustering based Energy Efficient Routing
(SSC-EER)
Notations
: Data Packet
: Current Forwarding Node
: Striping Information
: Sectoring Information
: Clustering Information
: Energy Efficient Path Information
: Set of Cluster Head
: Next Cluster Head towards sink
CH: Cluster Head
: Sink

Input
Process
receives a for forwarding
If( )
forward to by using
else
forward to by using
If ( is )
exit
else

repeat step 1-9
if( is )
exit
else

repeat step 1-15

Output: reached to K

VIII. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

A detail of simulation methodology used for our
proposed EERP is explained in below sections:
Simulation Environment
We have used ns2 as a simulation tool to
evaluate the performance of our proposed
algorithm under different varying intervals. The
nodes are randomly deployed within the
simulation area. Each node has same 25 meters
of transmission range.

Results of simulation are expressed using
following metrics:
Energy Consumption
End to End Delay

Energy Consumption is expressed in terms of
total energy consumed by all the nodes in the
transmission as well as in the reception of the
packets [6].End to End Delay refers to the time
taken for a packet to be transmitted across
a network from source to destination.

Simulation Parameters
We have used following simulation parameters
for obtaining our results.

Simulation Parameters Values
Simulation Area 1-5 Km
2

Number of sensors 100-500 and 1000
Transmission Range 25m
Packet Size 512 byte
Traffic Type CBR
MAC Protocol 802.11, DCF
Routing Protocols AODV
Antenna Model Omni direction

Results And Analysis

The results are obtained in terms of two metrics
i.e., Energy Consumption and End To End
Delay are represented in the form of graphs,
which are then compared and justified.

Impact Of Striping and Sectoring Analysis In
Energy Consumption
The result of figure 4 show the energy
consumption in routing as a function of number
of sensors deployed in region of interest. It
clearly indicates that our circular striping and
sectoring concepts reduce the energy
consumption significantly. This can be
attributed to the fact that our SS concepts
(striping and sectoring) efficiently formulate the
EEP (energy efficient path) that is used in
forwarding.








International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)
Vol. 01, Issue 01, Sept, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
All Rights Reserved 2014 IJEETE Page 29



Figure 4: Energy consumption versus number of sensors

The results of figure 5 show the energy
consumption in routing as a function of number
of Size of region of interest (RoI). It clearly
indicates that our circular striping and sectoring
concepts reduce the energy consumption
significantly.


Figure 5: Energy consumption versus region of interest

Impact of striping and sectoring analysis in end-
to-end delay
The results of figure 6 show the end-to-end
delay as a function of number of sensors
deployed in region of interest. It clearly
indicates that our circular striping and sectoring
concepts reduce the end-to-end delay
significantly. This can be attributed to the fact
that our SS concepts reduce the length of EEP
indirectly minimizing end-to-end delay.





Figure 6: End-to-end delay versus number of sensors

The results of figure 7 show the end-to-end
delay as a function of size of region of interest
(RoI). It clearly indicates that our circular
striping and sectoring concepts reduce the end-
to-end delay significantly. It also reveals that
when we increase the degree of SS it further
minimizes end-to-end delay. This can be
attributed to the fact that applying SS concepts
in increasing degree makes the EEP as straight
line. The straightness of EEP increases with
increasing degree of SS. This reduces end-to-
end delay.


Figure 7: End-to-end delay versus region of interest


CONCLUSION

In this work, an energy efficient routing
approach is presented for wireless sensor
network. It is named as Routing based
clustering coupled with striping and sectoring
International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)
Vol. 01, Issue 01, Sept, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
All Rights Reserved 2014 IJEETE Page 30

(ER-C2S2). ER-C2S2 is based on four main
concepts. The first one is circular striping of
region of interest, which reduces the distance of
EEP and neighboring sensor. The Second is
delay based sectoring which increases the
straightness of EEP with increasing sectoring
degree. The third is effective cluster based on
residual energy and adjacency value. The fourth
concept is formulation of EEP for forwarding.
We have presented an algorithm for EEP
construction. We have also presented
mathematical support for each of our concepts
used in ER-C2S2. Our simulation results show
that our SS concept works well in saving the
energy and reducing the end-to-end delay in
forwarding.

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AUTHORS BIBLOGRAPHY

Shikha Gandhi received his
B.Tech. degree in Computer
Science and Engineering from
Jind Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Jind, Haryana
in 2011 and M.Tech in
Information Technology from
Banasthali Vidyapith , Rajasthan.