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Axis

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum, Howrah

Ajith Kumar Sahu Vs Axis Bank, Kolkatta and UBI, Kolkatta

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LAW
Law is, generally, a system of rules which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.
Laws can be made by legis- D. M.B.A., B.L.,
latures through legislation ADVOCATE - WALLAJABAD
(resulting in statutes), the
executive through decrees and regulations, or judges through
binding precedents (normally in common law jurisdictions).
Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including (in some jurisdictions) arbitration agreements that
exclude the normal court process. The formation of laws
themselves may be influenced by a constitution (written or
unwritten) and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes
politics, economics, and society in various ways and serves
as a mediator of relations between people.
A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions (including canon and socialist law), in which the legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their
laws, and common law systems, where judge-made binding
precedents are accepted. Historically, religious laws played
a significant role even in settling of secular matters, which
is still the case in some religious communities, particularly
Jewish, and some countries, particularly Islamic. Islamic
Sharia law is the worlds most widely used religious law.
The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two
main areas. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party
may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law (not to be confused
with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution
of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organisations.
These resolutions seek to provide a legal remedy (often
monetary damages) to the winning litigant. Under civil law,
the following specialties, among others, exist: Contract law
regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on
derivatives markets. Property law regulates the transfer and
title of personal property and real property. Trust law applies
to assets held for investment and financial security. Tort law
allows claims for compensation if a persons property is
harmed. Constitutional law provides a framework for the
creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law is used
to review the decisions of government agencies. International
law governs affairs between sovereign states in activities
ranging from trade to military action. To implement and
enforce the law and provide services to the public by public
servants, a governments bureaucracy, military, and police
are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures
created and bound by law, an independent legal profession
and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.
Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry into legal
history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. Law
also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice. There is an old saying that all are
equal before the law.
www.lawyersline.net 14


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Ashoka Avenue, Kodambakkam,Chennai - 600 024.
Tamil Nadu, India, Phone : 044-23650044 / 9841607006

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Penalties against possession of a drug should
not be more damaging to an individual than the
use of the drug itself; and where they are, they
should be changed. Nowhere is this more clear
than in the laws against possession of marijuana
in private for personal use... Therefore, I support legislation
amending Federal law to eliminate all Federal criminal
penalties for the possession of up to one ounce [28g] of
marijuana.
Jimmy Carter
www.lawyersline.net 32

NOMINATION TO
UPPER CHAMBERS
Dr.R.K.BALASUBRAMANIAM

Pricipal Parliamentary Law Consultant

The constitution of India provides Bi-Cameral form of

Houses in Parliament and in states that require them. The
states concerned may choose to have a second chamber if
they think if necessary or abolish the second chamber if
they think that it is not necessary. The upper chamber in
Parliament is termed Council of States and now called Rajya
Sabha. Further the Rajya Sabha will have 12 members to be
nominated by the President who have special knowledge or
practical experience in subjects like Literature, Science, Art
and Social service. This is not all and likewise persons who
are specialists in other subjects may be nominated.
Generally, there are unwritten rules to be followed in
making nominations. The rules are:
A person nominated will be representing such a subject
not represented in the Lok Sabha, that person should have
special knowledge of the subject. Such a person may not to
be able to seek elections to the Lok Sabha.
But unfortunately, these rules are not followed. For
instance, Maragatham Chandrasekar was nominated to the
Rajya Sabha when a number of women were elected to Lok
Sabha and Smt. Indira Gandhi was an example for this and
she was elected to Lok Sabha repeatedly. When well known
cricketers like Azarudeen, Kirthi Azad or Siddu were already
elected to Rajya Sabha as representatives of sports and
cricket, it is not necessary to nominate Tendulkar. Failure to
adopt the principles, in a Parliamentary system will defeat
the concept of representative character of Parliament System.
Another important issue is nominations of defeated persons. S.Sathyamurthy moved an adjournment motion in the
Madras Legislative Council on 25th December, 1925. The
Hon. Rajah of Panagal has nominated O.Thanikachalam
Chetty to the Madras Corporation Council Elections. Sathyamurthy moved an adjournment motion on the issue in the
Legislative council and Sathyamurthy said This nomination is a fraud upon the power of nomination vested in the
government and which is calculated to bring administration
of Local Self Government into contempt and ridicule. This
33

LAWYERS LINE

was the stand taken by the Congress and Sathyamurthy and

it is right that persons defeated in the elections should not
be nominated immediately to the upper chambers. They
may be nominated after some time. I am referring to this
incident to point out how parliamentary principles have
been violated after Independence of India. During the year
1960, Jothi Venkatachalam was defeated in the Assembly
elections. But soon after. Kamarajar got her nominated to
the Madras Legislative Council. When leader Sathyamurthy
took objections to such nominations of defeated persons. His
disciple Kamarajar found it in order to nominate a defeated
candidate to the upper chamber. Similarly Mrs.Maragatham
Chandrasekar was defeated at the polls ad Smt.Indira Gandhi
recommended her name (for nominations Rajya Sabha) to
President Neelam Sanjeevi Reddy. But Sanjeevi Reddy declined to nominate Maragatham Chadrasekar and asked the
then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to recommend some other
name. But Smt.Indira Gandhi did not recommend any other
name but waited for the retirement of Sanjeevi Reddy and
only after Zail Sing was elected the President of India, Indira
Gandhi got the nomination of Maragatham Chadrasekar to
Rajya Sabha. What Indira Gandhi did was not right and it
was opposite to Parliamentary rules. Further women were
already in Lok Sabha and there were no need to nominate a
woman to Rajya Sabha.
From 1952 onwards when Pundit Nehru was the Prime
Minister, he had followed these principles. He had nominated
Rukmani Arudale to Rajya Sabha in 1952. She represented
Kalakshetra and a well known dances and she was the first
woman to be nominated. During this period, only men of
eminence were nominated. Sri Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar,
Sir. V.T.Krishnamachariar and such known experts were
nominated. Till Rajiv Gandhi emerged as the P.M. Nominations were made on merits. But conditions later slipped.
The first woman from the film industry was Nargis. Who
played as impressive role in Mother India. But, she succeeds Cancer soon. In the vacancy caused by her death. Sivaji
OCTOBER 2014

Ganesan was nominated for the remaining period. After the

Congress lost power in Delhi and when various combinations
of parties took over the administration, these nominations to
Rajya Sabha were made on grounds that cannot be acceptable in a parliamentary system. When I.K.Gujral become the
Prime Minister, he got three persons nominated from film
industry and one of them was Shabana Azmi. I do not think
these nominations to Rajya Sabha can be justified . Fine Arts
provision in the Constitution does not refer only to the film
industry. Fine arts included music, dancing, cartoon, nadaswaram, drama, drawings and such other subjects. Nominations
to the Upper Chamber are made for personal reasons. When
M.G.Ramachandran became the Chief Minister of Tamil
Nadu in 1977, he soon nominated a film artist Vennira Aadai
Nirmala to the Legislative council. There were protest to her
nomination to the Legislative Council and it was pointed out
that she was insolvent and under the Constitution of India an
insolvent cannot be a member of either house. So, her nomination was set aside. Thus without knowing the consequence of
such nominations, such selections are repeated.
There is a duty in the Election Commission that nominations are made a Lord for life. This practise is to ensure the
continuity of Parliamentary practice and the knowledge of the
clerk of House of Commons is made available to the Parliamentary bodies. When Pundit Nehru was the Prime Minister
of India the Rajya Sabha, but this practice was not followed
subsequently. When a woman is a member of lower Chamber
personality so elected to the Assembly or Lok Sabha, another
member from film industry should be nominated to the upper
chamber, any interest is represented in the lower chamber. The
same interest should be nominated to the Upper Chamber.
After every general election, the Election Commission
should examine which subject is not represented in the assemblies or Lok Sabha, and then it should indicate to the
President or the Governor about the absence of representative
for the subject. Then it would be easy for the President or the
Governor to suggest names for nomination for these subjects.
This should be incorporated in the Representation of Peoples
Act. Unless such a law is made, nominations can be abused
to get favourites getting nominated.
Two of those nominated Tendulkar and Rekha, had not
even attended even a single day, in Rajya Sabha. They havenot taken part in the business of two Houses. Thus, two seats
in the Rajya Sabha have been wasted. If some other persons
who are experts in Parliamentary work had been nominated,
they would have made contributions in the House to improve
its standards. Both Sonia Gandhi and Dr.Manmohan Singh
by making such nominations to the Rajya Sabha have caused
damage to the parliamentary system. Such nominations to
Rajya Sabha or Upper Chamber should be considered unconstitutional.
Rajya Sabha is the Council of States. Those who are
elected to Rajya Sabha. From various states should represent
the state from which they are elected to Rajya Sabha. But those
who are elected from various states to Rajya Sabha say that
they represent a particular party say DMK or ADMK, BJP or
Congress etc. This is unconstitutional. They should say that
they are elected from some State Commission should evolve
some mechanism to ensure that persons elected from states
should represent the state but not the political party.
I cry for it. Will the cry reach the ears of those in power.
OCTOBER 2014

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Deposit Directly to the Bank

Bank Name: Indian Overseas Bank, K.K.Nagar Br., Chennai

Account Name : LAWYERS LINE
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LAWYERS LINE

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100 Feet Road, Vadapalani, Chennai - 600 026.
Telephone : 044- 23650044, 9841607006
Email : lawyerslineguna@gmail.com
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www.lawyersline.net 34

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