Especficaciones Turbina Aceite Pag 28 PDF

FLUIDS SPECIFICATION
REPORT 65/0027
Pete Martin / Robert Wiles
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
This documentation and any information or descriptive matter set out hereon are the confidential and copyright property of Demag
Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd and must not be disclosed, loaned, copied or used for manufacturing, tendering or for any other
purpose without their written consent.
Title
Fluids Specification for Air, Fuel, Lubricating Oil, Water and
Steam for Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltds
range of Industrial Gas Turbines
Report by Pete Martin / Robert Wiles
AUTHORS
P. Martin R.L. Wiles
CHECKED APPROVED
I. Amos
Turbine group
R. McMillan
Combustion
R. Noden R.G. Wells
Combustion Group Compressors
S. Lewis R. Peatfield
Legal Systems
J . Sutton
Metallurgical Laboratory
D.A. Goodman
Engineering Product Manager
ISSUE DATE PAGES ALTERATION CHECKED
1 1.12.96 ALL None AS ABOVE
2 14.4.00 ALL Yes AS ABOVE
3 20.10.00 sections 3, 4 &
Appendices.
Added kerosene, LPG, Naphtha, Low CV, Med
CV & High CV gases
AS ABOVE
4 25.4.01 section 6.4.3
section 7.3.5
Antifreeze changed for new water wash system
1 ppm sulphur limit specified for injection water
AS ABOVE
Page 2
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Section 1 Introduction and Summary........................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.1 Responsibility............................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2 Applicability................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1.3 System Integrity............................................................................................................................ 9
1.2 Summary.............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.1 Contamination Limits................................................................................................................... 9
Section 2 Air................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.0 Applicable Standard........................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Combustion Air.................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Air Temperature................................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Instrument Air.................................................................................................................................... 12
Section 3 Gas Fuel....................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Acceptable Gas Fuels....................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 13
3.1.2 Wobbe Range Expansion............................................................................................................ 14
3.1.3 High Hydrogen Gases................................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Emissions........................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Contaminant Limits for Gas Fuel....................................................................................................... 14
3.3.1 Liquid Carry over ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.2 Gas Compressor Lubricating Oil Content..................................................................................14
3.3.3 Solid Particles............................................................................................................................. 14
3.3.4 Sulphur and Hydrogen Sulphide................................................................................................. 15
3.3.5 Water........................................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.6 Temperature................................................................................................................................ 16
3.3.7 Gas Analysis............................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Transient variation in Net Calorific Value of Gas Fuel ....................................................................16
3.5 Gases with Calorific Value Outside the Standard Range................................................................. 17
3.5.1 Low CV Gases (Wobbe 3.1- 4.7 MJ /m
3
).................................................................................... 17
3.5.1.1 Starting............................................................................................................................... 17
3.5.1.2 Contaminantion limits of Low CV gases........................................................................... 17
3.5.1.3 Tars..................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.1.4 NH3 and HCN.................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.1.5 Dew Point........................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.1.6 Hydrogen content of Low CV gas...................................................................................... 18
3.5.1.7 Supply Temperature of Low CV gas.................................................................................. 19
3.5.2 Medium CV Gases (Wobbe 15 - 37 MJ /m
3
) ............................................................................... 19
3.5.2.1 Starting............................................................................................................................... 19
3.5.2.2 Contaminants of Medium CV gas...................................................................................... 19
3.5.2.3 Tars..................................................................................................................................... 19
3.5.2.4 Dioxins and Furans............................................................................................................. 20
3.5.2.5 Dew Point........................................................................................................................... 20
3.5.2.6 Hydrogen content of Medium CV gas derived from organic material............................... 20
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
3.5.3 High CV gases (Wobbe 49 - 67 MJ /m
3
)..................................................................................... 20
3.5.3.1 Well Head Gases................................................................................................................ 20
3.5.3.2 LPG..................................................................................................................................... 20
Section 4 Liquid Fuels............................................................................................................................... 22
4.0 Applicable Standards........................................................................................................................ 22
4.1 Requirements..................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.1 General......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Diesel Fuels....................................................................................................................................... 23
4.3 LPG as Liquid................................................................................................................................... 24
4.4 Naphtha............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.5 Kerosene............................................................................................................................................ 26
Section 5 Lubrication Oil ............................................................................................................................ 28
5.0 Applicable Standards........................................................................................................................ 28
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Requirements.................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.2 Additives................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.3 Oil Grade.................................................................................................................................. 28
5.2.4 Zinc Content............................................................................................................................. 28
5.2.5 Notification of Changes to Formulation................................................................................... 28
5.2.6 Viscosity................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.7 Viscosity Index Improvers........................................................................................................ 29
5.2.8 Rust Prevention......................................................................................................................... 29
5.2.9 FZG Index (Forschungssteelle fr Zahnrder und Getriebebau).............................................. 29
5.2.10 Preservation.............................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.11 Service Life............................................................................................................................... 29
5.2.12 Non-standard Ancillaries.......................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Lubricating Oil Specification............................................................................................................ 29
5.4 BS 489 : 1983 Specification for Turbine Oils................................................................................ 29
Section 6 Compressor Washing Water And Cleaning Fluids..................................................................... 31
6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 31
6.2 Washing Water.................................................................................................................................. 31
6.2.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 31
6.2.2 Dissolved Solids......................................................................................................................... 31
6.2.3 Silica........................................................................................................................................... 31
6.2.4 Acidity........................................................................................................................................ 31
6.2.5 Electrical Conductivity............................................................................................................... 31
6.3 Cleaning Fluid.................................................................................................................................... 31
6.3.1 Definition.................................................................................................................................... 31
6.3.2 Requirements.............................................................................................................................. 31
6.3.3 Health And Safety Recommendations........................................................................................ 31
6.3.4 Approved Cleaning Fluids.......................................................................................................... 32
6.4 Cleaning Solution............................................................................................................................... 32
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
6.4.1 Definition.................................................................................................................................... 32
6.4.2 Requirements.............................................................................................................................. 32
6.4.3 Antifreeze................................................................................................................................... 32
Section 7 Injection Water............................................................................................................................ 34
7.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 34
7.2 Temperature and Pressure.................................................................................................................. 34
7.3 Requirements..................................................................................................................................... 34
7.3.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 34
7.3.2 Total Solids-Concentration Limit............................................................................................... 34
7.3.3 Undissolved Solids - Size limit ................................................................................................. 34
7.3.4 Total Dissolved Solids................................................................................................................ 34
7.3.5 Specific Solids............................................................................................................................ 35
7.3.6 Acidity........................................................................................................................................ 35
7.3.7 Electrical Conductivity............................................................................................................... 35
Section 8 Evaporative Cooling Water......................................................................................................... 36
8.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 36
8.2 Requirements..................................................................................................................................... 36
8.3 Water carry-over................................................................................................................................ 36
Section 9 Injection Steam............................................................................................................................ 37
9.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 37
9.2 Steam Quality Requirements............................................................................................................. 37
9.2.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 37
9.2.2 Steam Pressure............................................................................................................................ 38
9.2.3 Steam Temperature..................................................................................................................... 38
9.3 Steam Purity Requirements............................................................................................................... 39
9.3.1 Total Solids................................................................................................................................. 39
9.3.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)..................................................................................................... 39
9.3.3 Specific Solids............................................................................................................................ 40
9.3.4 Total Dissolved Solids Monitoring by Conductivity Measurement........................................... 40
9.3.5 General Steam Purity.................................................................................................................. 41
9.3.6 Boiler Water Total Dissolved Solids.......................................................................................... 41
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Proprietary engines.................................................................................................................. 8
Table 1.2 Total allowable contamination limits. ................................................................................... 10
Table 2.1 Instrument Air Quality........................................................................................................... 12
Table 3.1 Gas Properties........................................................................................................................ 13
Table 3.2 H
2
S limits for Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd engines............................... 15
Table 3.3 Classification of Non Standard Gases................................................................................... 17
Table 3.4 Contaminant Limits of Low CV Gases.................................................................................. 18
Table 3.3 Fuel Specification for Gaseous LPG Options........................................................................ 21
Table 4.1 Diesel Fuel Specification....................................................................................................... 23
Table 4.2 Fuel Specification for LPG used as Liquid............................................................................ 24
Table 4.3 Fuel Specification for Naphtha System................................................................................. 25
Table 4.4 Kerosene Specification for Standard Burners........................................................................ 26
Table 4.5 Kerosene Specification for Low CV Gas Applications......................................................... 27
Table 5.1 Lubricating Oil Specification................................................................................................. 30
Table 6.1 Cleaning Solution Requirements........................................................................................... 32
Table 7.1 Particle Size Distribution....................................................................................................... 34
Table 7.2 Allowable Total Dissolved Solids......................................................................................... 34
Table 7.3 Allowable Specific Dissolved Solids..................................................................................... 35
Table 9.1 Steam Pressure....................................................................................................................... 38
Table 9.2 Minimum Steam Temperature............................................................................................... 38
Table 9.3 Allowable Total Dissolved Solids......................................................................................... 39
Table 9.4 Limits for Specific Dissolved Solids .................................................................................... 40
Table 9.5 Limits for Silica (SiO
2
).......................................................................................................... 40
Table 9.6 Maximum Allowable Continuous Operating Conductivity Levels....................................... 40
Table 9.7 Conductivity Control Limits.................................................................................................. 41
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Appendix 1 Contaminants.......................................................................................................................... 42
A1.1 Comments on Contaminants........................................................................................................ 42
A1.1.1 Vanadium............................................................................................................................... 42
A1.1.2 Sodium and Potassium........................................................................................................... 42
A1.1.3 Calcium and Magnesium....................................................................................................... 42
A1.1.4 Lead....................................................................................................................................... 42
A1.1.5 Zinc........................................................................................................................................ 42
A1.1.6 Mercury.................................................................................................................................. 42
A1.1.7 Sulphur................................................................................................................................... 42
A1.1.8 Lithium................................................................................................................................... 43
A1.1.9 Chlorine, Fluorine and other Halogens.................................................................................. 43
A1.1.10 Silica...................................................................................................................................... 43
A1.1.11 Ash......................................................................................................................................... 43
A1.1.12 Other Trace Metals................................................................................................................ 43
A1.1.13 Contaminants not listed above............................................................................................... 43
A1.2 Contaminant Levels on a Customer Fuel Equivalent Basis.......................................................... 44
A1.2.1 Calculation Method for Contaminant Levels on a Customer Fuel Equivalent Basis............ 44
A1.2.2 Calculation of Contaminant Limit based on Customers Fuel CV........................................ 45
Appendix 2 Gas Fuels................................................................................................................................ 46
A2.1 Calorific Value & Wobbe Index................................................................................................... 46
A2.2 H
2
S Limit for Customers Fuel on a Fuel Equivalent Basis......................................................... 48
A2.3 Pressure......................................................................................................................................... 48
Appendix 3 Liquid Fuels............................................................................................................................ 49
A3.1 Properties of Liquid Fuel and Significance of Parameters........................................................... 49
A3.1.1 Viscosity................................................................................................................................. 49
A3.1.2 Carbon Residue....................................................................................................................... 49
A3.1.3 Distillation Recovery.............................................................................................................. 49
A3.1.4 Flash Point.............................................................................................................................. 49
A3.1.5 Water....................................................................................................................................... 49
A3.1.6 Particulate Matter.................................................................................................................... 50
A3.1.7 Total Ash................................................................................................................................. 50
A3.1.8 Metallic Ashes....................................................................................................................... 50
A3.1.9 Sulphur................................................................................................................................... 50
A3.1.10 Copper Strip corrosion........................................................................................................... 50
A3.1.11 Cold Filter Plugging Point..................................................................................................... 50
A3.1.12 Cloud Point............................................................................................................................ 51
A3.1.13 Density................................................................................................................................... 51
A3.1.14 Oxidation Stability................................................................................................................. 51
A3.1.15 Vapour Pressure..................................................................................................................... 51
A3.1.16 Supply Temperature............................................................................................................... 51
A3.2 International Diesel Fuel Specifications....................................................................................... 52
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Appendix A4 LPG and Naphtha fuels........................................................................................................ 53
A4.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 53
A4.1.1 Liquid Petroleum Gas Fuel .................................................................................................... 53
A4.1.2 Naphtha Fuel.......................................................................................................................... 53
A4.2 Significance of Parameters and Required Limits..........................................................................53
A4.2.1 Composition........................................................................................................................... 53
A4.2.1.1 Summary............................................................................................................................ 53
A4.2.1.2 C
2
C
3
C
4
and C
5
.................................................................................................................. 53
A4.2.1.3 Paraffins (Alkanes) - C
n
H
2n+2
........................................................................................... 54
A4.2.1.4 Naphthenes (Cycloalkanes or Cyclanes) - C
n
H
2n
............................................................. 55
A4.2.1.5 Olefins (Alkenes and Dienes)............................................................................................ 55
A4.2.1.6 Acetylenes (Alkynes) - C
n
H
2n-2
........................................................................................ 55
A4.2.1.7 Aromatics C
n
H
2n-6
............................................................................................................. 55
A4.2.1.8 Mercaptan Sulphur............................................................................................................. 55
A4.2.1.9 Vapour Pressure................................................................................................................. 54
A4.2.1.10 Relative Density................................................................................................................. 54
A4.2.1.11 Kinematic viscosity............................................................................................................ 55
A4.2.1.12 Lubricity............................................................................................................................. 55
A4.2.1.13 Oxidation stability............................................................................................................. 55
A4.2.1.14 Saybolt Colour................................................................................................................... 55
A4.2.1.15 Residue................................................................................................................................ 55
A4.3 LPG and Naphtha - Supply Conditions......................................................................................... 55
A4.3.1 Gaseous LPG......................................................................................................................... 55
A4.3.2 LPG and Naphtha - Handling and Storage............................................................................ 56
A4.4 Fuel Supply Quality Control Procedure........................................................................................ 56
List of Tables
Table A1.1 Full Load AFRs for Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd engines................. 44
Table A2.1 Constituent range for Natural Gas.................................................................................... 46
Table A3.1 Comparison of diesel Fuel Specifications........................................................................ 52
Page 8
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Section 1 Introduction and Summary
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Responsibility
It is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that where required by this specification Demag
Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltds (the Company) approval has been sought for use of the fluid.
It is also the responsibility of the customer to ensure on a continuing basis that all fluids entering the
Company proprietary engines listed in 1.1.2 below are compliant with this specification. If at any time a
customer wishes to use a fluid which fails to fulfil any of the requirements of this specification, the
Company must be consulted and its prior written approval given.
1.1.2 Applicability
This specification defines the conditions for all fluids used in the Company proprietary engines listed
below.
Limits are provided of contamination levels as well as properties such as viscosity and flash point and
supply conditions. These limits and properties are set to avoid problems associated with fluids
occurring within the design life of the engine. However, no liability is extended to conditions not
covered in this specification. Equally the limits and properties referred to above do not preclude the
raising of certain limits, where these have been requested and approved by the Company in writing.
Notwithstanding the use of fluids as set out in and prescribed by this document the Company cannot
ensure that the emissions thereby produced will satisfy the requirements of local environmental and/or
health and safety legislation. The responsibility for complying with any such legislation or regulations
lies with the customer.
This specification is applicable to the following product range, known as proprietary engines, but
because of differences in their specification, not all fuels are available on all engines.
Engine Name Configuration
TA Twin Shaft
TB Twin Shaft
TD Single Shaft
TE Single Shaft
TF Single Shaft
RH Hurricane Single Shaft
RM Typhoon Single Shaft
RU Typhoon Twin Shaft
RT Tornado Single Shaft
RT Tornado Twin Shaft
RW Tempest Single Shaft
MW Cyclone Twin Shaft
Table 1.1 Proprietary engines
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
1.1.3 System Integrity
This specification covers all fluids entering the gas turbine. It is the customers responsibility to ensure that
all pipework and fittings are free of rust and debris. This is particularly applicable on commissioning and
prolonged periods without use.
1.2 Summary
This section details the maximum allowable contamination levels from all fluids that may be used in
the Companys proprietary engines. Explanations are provided, in the appendices, as to why each
limit is set. A calculation procedure is given for determining the total level of contamination entering
the engine.
1.2.1 Contamination Limits
An explanation of the significance of each contaminant is given in Appendix A1.1
Contamination can arise from the following sources:
Air
Fuel, gas or liquid
Injection Fluids, water or steam
Evaporative Cooling Water
Oil carry over from gas fuel compressors
Lubricating Oil
Compressor Cleaning Solutions and Rinse Water
However, contamination by the engine lubricating oil is considered negligible due to the minimal
amount of leakage past seals in a machine maintained to the Companys recommended schedule.
Similarly, contamination by cleaning solutions, using the Companys approved reagents and rinsing
water, is considered minimal due to the small volumes involved and the relative infrequency of the
cleaning cycles. Hence these are not considered in the concentration table and calculations discussed
below. However their composition is still controlled as detailed in the appropriate section.
Table 1.2 details the maximum limit from ALL sources for each of the listed contaminants when
calculated on the Companys reference fuel equivalent basis. The limits for customer fuels within
several ranges of net calorific value are also included in Table 1.2. More accurate limits for a precise
net calorific value can be calculated if preferred. The reference fuel definition and the calculation
involved are detailed in Appendix A1.2.2. There may be other additional more stringent limits for
EACH fluid as detailed in the appropriate section. This may be due to systems or other requirements
as necessary to protect the engines or ancillaries.
Compliance with both the individual requirements of each fluid and the maximum aggregate
amount from all sources as specified in Table 1.2 must be ensured at all times.
The total level of each contaminant, from all sources must be calculated using the equation in
Appendix A1.2.1, which provides a customer fuel equivalent level which has to be lower than the
appropriate limit in Table 1.2.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
The
Company
reference fuel
Range of Net Calorific Value of Customer fuels
Net Calorific Value of fuel, MJ /kg 48.16 4-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Maximum allowable concentration from ALL sources on fuel equivalent basis ppmm*
Vanadium, V 1.0 0.08 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Sodium plus Potassium, Na+K 0.6 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Calcium plus Magnesium, Ca+Mg 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Lead, Pb 0.5 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Zinc, Zn 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Mercury, Hg none acceptable
Sulphur, S ** 3000 249 622 1240 1860 2490 3110 3730 4360
H
2
S (gas fuel only) see section 3.3.4
Lithium, Li 0.5 0.04 0.10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Silica, SiO
2
0.04 0.003 0.008 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.042 0.05 0.058
Halogens, F+Cl+Br+I 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Other non-combustibles
including ash
100 8 20 41 62 83 103 124 145
* ppmm Parts per million by mass based on the fuel used
** Sulphur in elemental form not allowed in gas fuel
Table 1.2 Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd total allowable contamination limits.
Page 11
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Section 2 Air
2.0 Applicable Standard
ISO 8573.1 Part 3.3.3 Instrument Air Quality
2.1 Combustion Air
In most conditions atmospheric air quality does not give rise to problems provided the air is drawn from
a clean source and filtered correctly.
Attention is brought to the fact that gas turbine emissions may be affected by the level of contaminants
in the air (see section 3.2).
It may be possible to operate engines in areas of extreme atmospheric pollution or contamination,
provided that prior written approval is obtained from the Company by submission of a site air quality
survey which must include a complete analysis of representative samples of the air as it will be
supplied to the Company air filter inlet, covering the full range of contaminant concentrations and also
including adequate information for specification of filters and other treatment as required.
For satisfactory operation, the air entering the engine should meet the following requirements :
A. THE PARTICULATE CONTENT OF THE AIR ENTERING THE ENGINE AFTER
FILTRATION MUST BE SUCH THAT THE CONTAMINANTS FROM ALL SOURCES DO NOT
EXCEED THE LEVELS IN TABLE 1.2.
For on shore average populated residential areas and light industrial complexes this can
usually be achieved as follows:
a.1. The air should be drawn from as high above ground as is practicable to reduce the
risk of contaminants entering the engine. Particulate loading decreases rapidly with height
therefore most filtration systems are mounted above ground level.
a.2. A minimum of 98% by mass of all particles shall be arrested by the air filter.
(ASHRAE 52/76 or BSEN779)
a.3. A minimum of 99.9% of particles sized 5 microns or greater shall be removed by the
air filtration system.
a.4. For saline applications such as marine environments the air filtration system shall not
pass greater than 0.01ppmm salt when tested using a 30 knot aerosol holding 3.6 ppmm salt
(as per NGTE test, now Defence and Evaluation Research Agency).
a.5. Free water should be prevented from entering the engine by selection of an
appropriate system. The Company will be pleased to advise on a suitable system.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
b. For heavy industrial sites or particularly dirty environments, with large amounts of fine dust in
the air, the filter shall also meet BS 3928 (EUROVENT 4/4) efficiency (sodium flame efficiency >
99.97% (EU 12)).
c. Cases where it is possible that the air will not comply with the criteria listed in 2.1 (a.1 to a.5)
or exceeds any of the contaminant levels in Table 1.2 , will constitute cases of extreme atmospheric
pollution as referred to earlier in this section and in respect of which a reference to the Company is
required.
d. The maximum level of combustibles in the air entering the engine should be less than 5
ppmm. Therefore the entrainment of exhaust fumes, lubricant oil breathers and gas vents must be
avoided.
2.2 Air Temperature
The ambient air temperature range for normal operation of a given proprietary engine is as agreed in
the contract. Where icing conditions prevail the necessary precautions, to be determined by the
Company at the enquiry stage, must be taken to prevent its formation in the intake system as this may
result in damage to the gas turbine.
2.3 Instrument Air
This must be to the quality requirements set out in ISO 8573.1 Part 3.3.3 and Table 2.1. The air must
be delivered at conditions specified by the Company.
Quality
Class
Dirt
Particle size
in microns
Dirt
Concentration
mg/m
3
Water
Pressure dew point
o
C (ppm vol) at
7 bar(g)
Oil
(including vapour)
mg/m
3
3 5 5 -20 (128) 1
from Air Contamination Classifications ISO 8573.1
Table 2.1 Instrument Air Quality
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Section 3 Gas Fuel
3.1 Acceptable Gas Fuels
3.1.1 General
Most types of gaseous fuel may be burned including pipeline natural gas, various process gases, high
calorific value gases such as refinery gas, well head gas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and also gases
with medium and low calorific values such as landfill gas and biogas produced from the degradation of
organic material. The Company must in all cases have granted its prior written approval in respect of
the gas fuel to be used.
For satisfactory operation the fuel must meet the criteria in Table 3.1 together with all other relevant
parts of this document. If at any time a gas fails to fulfil any of the relevant requirements of this
specification it will no longer be acceptable.
If at any time a customer wishes to use a fuel which fails to fulfil any of the requirements of this
specification, the Company must be consulted and its prior written approval given.
It is the customers responsibility to ensure, on a continuing basis, that the gas fuel used from time to
time, complies with all relevant parts of this specification document. FAILURE TO COMPLY MAY
RESULT IN SERIOUS PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO THE CUSTOMERS EQUIPMENT AND INJ URY TO
PERSONNEL.
PROPERTY RANGE COMMENT
Wobbe Index
@ Gas supply temperature
15-67 MJ /m
3
As defined in Appendix A2.1
Special restrictions & criteria apply for
values outside the range 37-49 MJ /m
3
Gas supply temperature
minimum 20
o
C above
the dew point at supply
pressure.
Must be maintained up
to the throttle valve
Gas supply temp limits
max 105
o
C
max 400
o
C for Low CV gas
with Wobbe 3.1 - 4.7 MJ /m
3
Limit of fuel system electrical component
Higher temperatures are subject to prior
written approval
min 2.5
o
C To avoid vent freezing
Table 3.1 Gas Properties
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
3.1.2 Wobbe Range Expansion
Attention is drawn to the fact that gas fuels with Wobbe numbers outside the range of 37 - 49
MJ/m
3
, which was the range quoted in Issue 2 of 65/0027, will be subject to special
considerations and restrictions as detailed in section 3.5.
3.1.3 High Hydrogen Gases
A mixture of methane and up to 5% hydrogen by volume is acceptable for use in DLE combustion
systems. For diffusion flame combustion up to 13% hydrogen by volume in methane is acceptable.
Higher levels of hydrogen or mixtures containing significant levels of other combustible gases must be
referred to the Company.
Other restrictions may apply to the hydrogen content of gases outside the standard range of Wobbe
Index (37-49 MJ /m
3
).
3.2 Emissions
Compliance with this specification, including any written approval granted by the Company pursuant to
its terms, does not guarantee that exhaust emissions will comply with any local regulations. In order to
determine the expected emissions or provide a guarantee it is essential that the Company is provided
with a full and accurate analysis of the gas.
It should also be noted that gas turbine emissions may be affected by the level of contaminants in the
air. Any emissions guarantees will be in respect of the given increase over the background
levels already present in the site ambient air.
3.3 Contaminant Limits for Gas Fuel
The contaminant limits specified in Table 1.2 are the maximum aggregate levels from all sources
including gaseous fuels. They apply to all gaseous fuels used in the Companys proprietary engines,
and must not be exceeded without the Companys prior written consent.
3.3.1 Liquid Carry over
It is recommended that the best available technology, which should include a coalescer system, is
employed to eliminate the possibility of contamination of the gas with liquid. The gas temperature must
be maintained at least 20
o
C above the dew point of the supplied gas composition including water
vapour if applicable, at the supply pressure to the turbine skid. This will avoid liquid slugs suddenly
entering the gas turbine, which could result in over fuelling the turbine.
3.3.2 Gas Compressor Lubricating Oil Content
In cases where a fuel gas compressor is to be used, contamination by compressor lubricating oil,
liquid and vapour, is to be limited to a maximum of 2 ppmm in the gas.
3.3.3 Solid Particles
Additionally to avoid problems associated with deposition of small particles the following limits apply:
i) Total non-combustible solid contaminants must not exceed a maximum of 20 ppmm.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
ii) It is required that 99%, measured on a mass basis, of the solid particle contaminants in (i) above,
must be below 10 m and none greater than 15 m.
3.3.4 Sulphur and Hydrogen Sulphide
Table 3.2 provides the Levels of H
2
S permitted in the Companys reference fuel. These are dependent
on the engine model and operating conditions. The allowable level of H
2
S in a customer gas fuel is
dependent on its net calorific value. Table 3.2 also gives limits for customer fuels within several
ranges of net calorific value. More accurate limits for a precise net calorific value can be calculated if
preferred. The reference fuel definition and the calculations involved are detailed in Appendix A2.2.
It is important to note that, whereas the aggregate limits in Table 1.2 are in mass terms and are
referenced to mass based net calorific value, because the limits for H
2
S are expressed on a volume
basis it is essential that net calorific values on a volume basis, MJ /Nm
3
, are used to extract the
relevant value from Table 3.2 or to perform the calculations in Appendix A2.2.
Any other sulphur compounds, such as mercaptans, which are present in the gas must be included as
H
2
S in proportion to the amount of sulphur they contain. Furthermore if sulphur compounds are
introduced into the engine in any other fluid, such as combustion air, their presence must be allowed
for by calculation of a fuel equivalent concentration on a volume basis. However it is important to
remember that elemental sulphur is not allowed (see appendix A1.1.7).
Company
Ref Fuel
Range of Net Calorific Value of Customer fuels
Net Calorific Value of fuel, MJ /Nm3 34.795 4-10 10-20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60
Model Configuration Rating % H
2
S limit by volume
TA Twin Shaft ALL 3 0.34 0.86 1.72 2.58 3.44 4.31
TB 5000 Twin Shaft ALL 3 0.34 0.86 1.72 2.58 3.44 4.31
TD Single Shaft ALL 3 0.34 0.86 1.72 2.58 3.44 4.31
TE Single Shaft ALL 3 0.34 0.86 1.72 2.58 3.44 4.31
TF Single Shaft ALL 3 0.34 0.86 1.72 2.58 3.44 4.31
RH Hurricane Single Shaft 1.65 MW(e) 0.5 0.06 0.14 0.28 0.43 0.57 0.71
RM Typhoon Single Shaft 4.35 MW(e) 0.5 0.06 0.14 0.28 0.43 0.57 0.71
RU Typhoon Twin Shaft 4.85 MW(m) 0.5 0.06 0.14 0.28 0.43 0.57 0.71
RT Tornado Single Shaft 6.45 MW(e) 1 0.11 0.28 0.57 0.86 1.14 1.43
RT Tornado Single Shaft 6.75 MW(e) 1 0.11 0.28 0.57 0.86 1.14 1.43
RT Tornado Twin Shaft 6.84 MW(m) 1 0.11 0.28 0.57 0.86 1.14 1.43
RT Tornado Twin Shaft 7.68 MW(m) 1 0.11 0.28 0.57 0.86 1.14 1.43
RW Tempest Single Shaft 7.7 MW(e) 1 0.11 0.28 0.57 0.86 1.14 1.43
MW Cyclone Twin Shaft 11.9 MW(e) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
Table 3.2 H
2
S limits for Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd engines
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Further reduction of the limits in Table 3.2 may be required to meet Local emission regulations (see
section 3.2).
Conditions allowing the deposition of elemental sulphur from the gas fuel must be avoided (see
appendix A1.1.7).
3.3.5 Water
To avoid problems associated with slugs of water entering the gas turbine, it is recommended that the
best available technology is employed to eliminate the possibility of contamination of the gas with
water droplets.
To avoid problems arising from the formation of acids in the fuel system, no free water is allowed, i.e.
the gas must not be saturated with water. To achieve this the gas temperature must be at least 20
o
C
above the dew point, calculated for the gas composition including water vapour, at the supply
pressure to the turbine skid. This is especially important where the gas has an appreciable amount of
H
2
S or CO
2
present. CO
2
is particularly corrosive to the fuel system due to the formation of carbonic
acid in the presence of free water. The actual supply temperature can be obtained by reference to the
Company.
3.3.6 Temperature
In addition to the temperature limit set by the dew point, as referred to in sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.5, the
gas should not be supplied at a temperature in excess of 105 C, to avoid problems with fuel system
electrical components, or below 2.5 C to avoid freezing of vents. However, higher temperatures can
be accommodated but require system modifications. The specific temperature requirements at skid
edge are defined by the appropriate fuel system piping and instrumentation diagram. A fully
engineered option exists to raise the temperature of the gas to 120
o
C although consultation with and
the prior written approval of the Company are necessary.
Note that for TA, TB type engines, a maximum temperature of 70C applies, but a fully engineered
option exists to accommodate temperatures up to 120
o
C with systems modifications. In all such cases
the Company must be consulted and its prior written permission given.
3.3.7 Gas Analysis
A complete representative sample gas analysis, including contaminants, detailing properties of the
gas as it will be supplied to the turbine skid edge connection flange, must be submitted to the
Company for prior written approval in all cases.
3.4 Transient variation in Net Calorific Value of Gas Fuel
The expected transient variation in net CV must be submitted to the Company for approval. The
Companys typical gas turbine control system is designed to accept a maximum transient variation in
net CV during normal operation of 0.5%/minute with a maximum cumulative limit of 4% in 10 minutes.
However the control system start parameters are optimised for a specific calorific value. If the calorific
value has changed significantly, this must be adjusted in the control settings before re starting the
engine.
Page 17
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
3.5 Gases with Calorific Value Outside the Standard Range
The capability exists to burn fuels outside the Standard Range of Wobbe Index 37-49 MJ /m
3
, such as
those in Table 3.3. However specific combustion equipment is required and in all cases the
Companys prior written permission, as referred to earlier in this section, for the use of the proposed
gas must be obtained.
Gases with Wobbe numbers outside the standard range must conform to all the requirements of
sections 3.1 to 3.4, but are also subject to the special restrictions detailed below.
It will be necessary to provide the Company with a complete gas composition, expected variation of
composition, and rate of change of composition, in order for an assessment of the fuel to be made.
At the enquiry stage, the expected concentration of each contaminant, in the gas to be used, must be
declared to the Company, as severe operational problems, reduction in turbine life or contravention of
local emissions regulations can occur. Sections 3.5.1, 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 contain preliminary estimates
only.
Gas Examples Wobbe No MJ /m
3
* LCV MJ /m
3
LCV MJ /kg
High Calorific Value Gaseous LPG
Well head gas
59 - 64
49 - 67
86 - 90 45 - 48
Medium Calorific Value Landfill gas
Well head gas
13 - 19
25 - 37
13.5 - 19.0 10.2 - 16.0
Low Calorific Value Biogas 3.1 - 4.7 4.2 - 5.9 4.1 - 5.4
*Wobbe number is calculated at the temperature at the point of entry to the burner.
Table 3.3 Classification of Non Standard Gases
3.5.1 Low CV Gases (Wobbe 3.1- 4.7 MJ/m
3
)
This category includes gases produced by the gasification of organic material.
3.5.1.1 Starting
A high quality kerosene, as specified in Table 4.5, is required for starting and a minimum load is
required before changeover to the main fuel can take place. Details will be provided on application to
the Company.
3.5.1.2 Contamination limits of Low CV gases
The limits imposed by Table 1.2 will apply, but additional restrictions are imposed below.
Low CV gases are generally produced by the gasification of biomass or fossil fuel and will contain
various hydrocarbons and gaseous contaminants which are not normally present in more standard
fuels. The number and concentration of these compounds will depend on the gasified material. It is
Page 18
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
therefore necessary that a full list and the expected concentration of each compound in the gas to be
used, must be declared on application to the Company for its prior written approval. The acceptable
levels of some of the contaminants known to be present in biogas are shown in Table 3.4.
3.5.1.3 Tars
The heavy hydrocarbons or tars present in the fuel must be limited to avoid carbon deposition or the
formation of liquid slugs. In general, there are a large number of possible compounds and it is
therefore necessary that the expected concentration, in the gas to be used, of each compound, must
be declared to the Company at the enquiry stage. The acceptable levels of naphthalene and tars are
shown in Table 3.4. The limit imposed on lubricating oil must also include those tars which are liquid at
the gas supply conditions.
In cases where the gas fuel may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are known
precursors to the production of dioxins and furans, in addition to the above restriction such precursors
will not be allowed.
3.5.1.4 NH3 and HCN
NH3 and HCN or other compounds containing nitrogen, will contribute to atmospheric pollution, in the
form of NOx and their concentration may have to be controlled to comply with local regulations. In
order to determine the expected emissions or provide a guarantee it is essential that the Company is
provided with a full and accurate analysis of the gas.
Contaminant ppmm
Benzene 5500
Toluene 800
Xylene 800
Naphthalene 1600
Tars (plus liquid carry over ) 2
NH3 +HCN see note 3.5.1.4
Table 3.4 Contaminant Limits of Low CV gases
3.5.1.5 Dew Point
The minimum temperature at which the gas should be supplied to the gas turbine, is 20
o
C above the
dew point, as defined in section 3.3.1. However as the variability in composition is greater for these
gases than other gases, such as pipeline natural gas, it may be necessary in practice to set an
additional safety margin so that the minimum temperature is maintained. Details will be provided on
application to the Company for its prior written approval in respect of the gas to be used.
3.5.1.6 Hydrogen content of Low CV gas
Low CV gases can contain various components, such that the increase in flame speed with hydrogen
content may be different to that for methane. Gases containing hydrogen must be referred to the
Company.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
3.5.1.7 Supply Temperature of Low CV gas
For low calorific value gases produced by the gasification of organic material, supply temperatures up
to 400
o
C are acceptable. Please refer these to the Company.
3.5.2 Medium CV Gases (Wobbe 15 - 37 MJ/m
3
)
Various gases of CV in the range 15-37 MJ /m
3
may also be considered, eg poor quality natural gas,
sewage gas, landfill gas etc. These gases usually consist predominantly of paraffin hydrocarbons with
an inert content of up to 50%, but carbon monoxide and hydrogen may also be present in significant
amounts. The wide variety of possible gas compositions means that the Companys prior written
approval in respect of each gas to be used must be obtained.
The following special considerations will apply, but all other aspects of this Fluids Specification still
apply to these gases.
3.5.2.1 Starting
In some cases a liquid fuel may be required for starting and a minimum load may be required before
changeover to the main fuel can take place. Details will be provided on application to the Company.
3.5.2.2 Contaminants of Medium CV gas
Some gases within this category may be contaminated by metals and other elements which are not
normally found in natural gases. Only those contaminants which are listed in Table 1.2 are allowed.
Other contaminants cannot be tolerated. Severe operational problems can be experienced with
contaminants such as tar, naphthalene, amines and siloxanes. The effects of mercury have not been
experienced, but it is known to dissolve many metals to form amalgams, and therefore until either the
effects have been experienced or a full theoretical understanding of its behaviour is known, it will not
be allowed.
Other trace metals may form deposits whose presence can increase the oxidation rate of blade and
vane alloys due to their attack on the protective oxide coating. Hence the intake of substances such
as cadmium, antimony and other trace metals must be prohibited.
Your attention is drawn to section A1.1.13 in the appendix.
3.5.2.3 Tars
Many gasification processes will produce gases containing a wide range of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Only those hydrocarbons which are known to be completely vaporised at the supply conditions to the
turbine skid are allowed. This is to avoid the possibility of liquid slugs, having a high energy content
causing excessive heat release rates in the gas turbine.
Heavy hydrocarbons known as tars must be removed from the gas fuel. These tars are similar in
behaviour to gas compressor lubricating oil and the sum of tars present in the fuel and contamination
by lubricating oil, liquid and vapour, from any compressor used to compress gas is to be limited to a
maximum of 2 ppmm in the gas.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
In cases where the gas fuel may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are known
precursors to the production of dioxins and furans, in addition to the above restriction such precursors
will not be allowed.
3.5.2.4 Dioxins and Furans
Extremely stringent limits for dioxins and furans are set by the Environmental authorities. These
compounds may be formed in gasification processes and already be part of the tars present in the
gas. They may also be produced in the gas turbine, by the halogenation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons which may be in the tar. Therefore any dioxins and furans present in the fuel gas must
be removed before delivery to the gas turbine skid edge.
3.5.2.5 Dew Point
The minimum temperature at which the gas should be supplied to the gas turbine, is 20
o
C above the
dew point, as defined in section 3.3.1. However as the variability in composition is greater for these
gases than other gases, such as pipeline natural gas, it may be necessary in practice to set an
additional safety margin so that the minimum temperature is maintained. Details will be provided at the
tendering stage.
3.5.2.6 Hydrogen content of Medium CV gas derived from organic material.
Medium CV gases can contain various components, such that the increase in flame speed with
hydrogen content may be higher than that for methane described in section 3.1.3 and therefore it may
be necessary to further restrict the hydrogen concentration of this type of gas.
3.5.3 High CV gases (Wobbe 49 - 67 MJ/m
3
)
Gases of CV greater than that of pipeline quality natural gas can also be burned, eg well head gas,
LPG, etc. These gases consist predominantly of paraffin hydrocarbons with little or no inert content
and have temperature corrected Wobbe Indices in the range 49 to 67 MJ /m
3
. This covers the range
from the top limit of pipeline natural gases up to gaseous LPG. The Companys prior written approval
in respect of the gas to be used must be obtained.
3.5.3.1 Well Head Gases
As these gases have a Wobbe Index greater than 49 MJ /m
3
, each gas must be considered on an
individual basis by the Company for its suitability and for the setting of appropriate emissions
guarantees. All other aspects of this Fluids Specification still apply to these gases.
3.5.3.2 LPG
The following specification is for applications in which the LPG is vaporised and supplied to the turbine as
a gas. However, unless otherwise stated, the values given in Table 3.5 are for the LPG in the liquid form,
before the vaporiser and not as supplied to the turbine.
Page 21
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
PROPERTY LIMITS - note 1 TEST METHOD
ASTM ISO IP DIN BS
1 CONSTITUENTS
C2 [%mol] 5 (Max) D2163
C3 [%mol] 90 (Min) D2163
C4 [%mol] 10 (Max) D2163
C5 [%mol ] 2 (Max) D2163
Total Olefins [% mol] 25 (Max) D2163
Mono-Olefins 25 (Max) D2163
Di-Olefins 0.5 (Max) D2163
Acetylenes [% mol] 0.5 (Max) D2163
Carbon/Hydrogen ratio note 2 D2163
Total Sulphur [ppmm] 200 (Max) D2784
Mercaptan Sulphur [ppmm] 50 (Max) 2000:
part 272
Hydrogen Sulphide [ppmm] 0.5 (Max) D2420
2 VOLATILITY
Flash Point [
o
C] Below Minus (-) 80
o
C
or legal limit.
D56 -97A
Gauge vapour pressure at 40.0
o
C [Barg] 15.6 (Max) D1267 161
3 FLUIDITY
Relative Density at 15
o
C 0.585 (Max) D1657
4 COMBUSTION / FLUIDITY
Net Calorific Value [MJ/kg] 45 to 48 D4809
Gross Calorific Value [MJ/Kg] note 2 D4809
Wobbe Index (MJ/m
3
) note 3
5 CORROSION
Copper strip corrosion, 3hrs at 50
o
C Class 1 (Max) D1838
6 CONTAMINANTS
Residue on evaporation 100 ml, ml - note 4 0.002 (Max) D2158
Residue fromOil Stain Observation Pass - note 5 D2158
Water content [ppmm] 30 (Max) D1744 74
Particulate matter [ppmm] - note 4
Solid Particle Size [m]
20 (Max)
10 (Max)
51.419
Total Ash [ppmm]

- note 4 20 (Max) D473 53 4450
Vanadium 1 (Max) note 6
Sodium+Potassium 0.6 (Max) note 6
Calcium 1 (Max) note 6
Lead 1 (Max) note 6
Zinc 1 (Max) note 6
NOTES
1/ Fuel Limits based on average world wide specifications for Propane [reference 5.4].
2/ Information is requested for inclusion in Alstomdata base.
3/ Alstomrequire a knowledge of Wobbe Index for pressure drop calculation.
4/ Total residue and solid contaminants must be less than 20 ppmmat skid edge.
5/ An acceptable product shall not yield a persistent oil ring when 0.3 ml of solvent residue is added to a filter paper, in 0.1ml
increments and examined in daylight after 2 min as described in Test Method D2158.
6/ Use latest atomic absorption technique for the determination of trace metals in fuels.

Table 3.5 Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd Fuel Specification for Gaseous LPG Options
(unless otherwise stated this assumes that the LPG is in the
liquid form before the vaporiser and not as supplied to the turbine)
Page 22
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
Section 4 Liquid Fuels
4.0 Applicable Standards
The following standards have been used in the compilation of the liquid fuel specification contained
within this section and provide a useful background:
BS 2869 : 1998 Specification for fuel oils for agricultural, domestic and
industrial engines and boilers
BS EN 590 : 1999 Automotive fuels - Diesel - Requirements and test methods
ASTM D975 : 1998 Standard Classification of Diesel Fuel Oils
ASTM D2880 : 1998 Standard Specification of Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
ISO 4261 : 1993 Petroleum Products - Fuels (class F) - Specification of gas turbine fuels
for industrial and marine applications
BS4250:1997 Specification for Commercial Butane and Commercial Propane
ASME D1835-91 Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum Gases
4.1 Requirements
This section defines the quality and characteristics of liquid fuels required for use in the Companys
proprietary engines listed in Table 1.1. The Company must in all cases have granted its prior written
approval in respect of the liquid fuel to be used. The customer must regularly consult with the supplier
prior to delivery to ensure that the fuel continues to meet this specification.
The contaminant limits specified in Table 1.2 are the maximum aggregate levels from all sources
including liquid fuels. They apply to all fuels used in the Companys engines, and must not be
exceeded without the Companys prior written consent. The limits are dependent on the net calorific
value of the fuel as shown in Table 1.2.
4.1.1 General
The fuel should be hydrocarbon compounds originating from crude oil feed stock. Also, fuels from
other sources may be suitable provided that details of these have been supplied to the Company and
the Companys prior written permission for their use has been given. All fuels must be clean, contain
no large particles of sediment, no pipeline scale or water and should be filtered within the customer's
bulk storage system to remove all particles above 10 m. Individual properties of liquid fuel and their
significance are discussed in Appendix 3. The pressure requirements at skid edge are defined by the
appropriate fuel system piping and instrumentation diagram.
Page 23
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
4.2 Diesel Fuels
Table 4.1 details the requirements of diesel fuels for use in the Companys proprietary engines. The
suitability of commercially available diesel fuels can be established by comparison of their properties
with the Companys liquid fuel specification given in Table 4.1. Table A3.1 compares the Companys
liquid fuel specification to the diesel fuel standards listed in the introduction to this section.
PROPERTY LIMITATION TEST METHOD
1.
Viscosity, kinematic at 40.0C,(104F) [mm
2
/s] 2.0 (min)
7.5(max.)
ISO 3104
ASTM D445 - 97
IP71/95
2.
Carbon residue
Conradson or (micro method), % weight on 10%
distillation residue
0.3 (max.) ISO 10370
IP 13/94
ASTM D189 - 97
3.
Distillation recovery [% v/v]
Recovered at 250C
Recovered at 350C
Recovered at 370C
65 (max.)
85 (min)
95 (min)
ASTM D86 - 97
IP 123
4.
Flash point (closed cup Pensky-Martens) [C] see section A3.1.4
ISO 2719
ASTM D93 - 97
IP 34/88
5.
Water content [mg/kg]
2
200 (max.)
ASTM D1744 - 92
IP 74
6.
Particulate matter [mg/kg]
2
24 (max.)
DIN 51.419
ASTM6217- 98
IP415/98
7.
Total Ash [ % w/w ]
2
0.01 (max.)
BS 4450
ASTM D 482 - 95
IP 4/94
8.
Metallic ash
2
[ppmm]: Vanadium
Sodium +potassium
Calcium
Lead
Zinc
1
0.6
1
0.5
1
ASTM D3605 - 91(95)
9.
Sulphur content [% w/w]
2
0.3 (max.)
May be raised by agreement with the
Company as allowed by section 1.1.1
EN 24260
ISO 8754
IP 61/84
ASTM D129 - 95
10.
Copper strip corrosion, 3hrs at 50C Class 1 (max.)
May be raised by agreement with the
Company as allowed by section 1.1.1
ISO 2160
ASTM D130 - 94
IP 154/93
11.
Cold filter plugging point [C]
Summer -10 (max.)
Winter -20 (max.)
EN 116
IP 309
12.
Cloud point (Summer) [C]
(Winter)*see note A3.1.13
2 (max.)
-7 (max.)
ISO 3015
ASTM D2500 - 98
IP 219/94
13.
Density at 15C [kg/m
3
] 820 (min)
860 (max.)
ASTM D4052 - 96
IP 160 (Part 68)
IP 365/96
14.
Oxidation stability [g/m
3
] 25 (max.)
ASTM D2274 - 94
IP 388/97
15.
Vapour Pressure at supply temperature max =0.14 bara ASTM D323 - 94
16.
Supply Temperature Min 0C, (32F)
Max 60C, (140F)
Notes:
1
For fuels with viscosity lower than 2.0 mm
2
/s special fuel pumps may be required and the Companys prior written
approval will be required.
2
Total contaminant levels from all sources based on the Companys reference fuel calorific value; see table 1.2.
Table 4.1 Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd Diesel Fuel Specification
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
4.3 LPG as Liquid
LPG can be used, supplied to the engine in the liquid phase, subject to the prior written approval of the
Company. Special requirements apply to the use of LPG as liquid, which are given in Table 4.2.
Additional information is provided in Appendix 4.
PROPERTY LIMITS - note 1 TEST METHOD
ASTM ISO IP DIN BS
1 CONSTITUENTS
C2 [%mol] 5 (Max) D2163
C3 [%mol] 60 (Max) - note 2 D2163
C4 [%mol] 40 (Min)

- note 2 D2163
C5 [%mol ] 5 (Max) D2163
Mono-Olefins 60 (Max) D2163
Di-Olefins 0.5 (Max) D2163
Acetylenes [% mol] 0.5 (Max) D2163
Total Sulphur [ppmm] 200 (Max) D2784
Mercaptan Sulphur [ppmm] 50 (Max) 2000: part 272
Hydrogen Sulphide [ppmm] 0.5 (Max) D2420
2 VOLATILITY
Flash Point [
o
C] Below Minus (-) 60
o
C
or legal limit.
D56 -97A
Gauge vapour pressure at 40.0
o
C [Barg] 8.0 (Max) - note 2 D1267 161
3 FLUIDITY
o
C 0.585 (Max) D1657
4 COMBUSTION
Net Heat of Combustion [MJ/kg] 44 to 47 D4809
Gross Calorific Value [MJ/Kg] note 3 D4809
5 CORROSION
o
C Class 1 (Max) D1838
6 CONTAMINANTS
Residue on evaporation 100 ml, ml 0.05 (Max) D2158
Residue fromOil Stain Observation Pass - note 4 D2158
Water content [ppmm] 30 (Max) D1744 74
Particulate matter [ppmm]
Particle size [m]
24 (Max)
10 (Max)
51.419
Total Ash [ppmm] 100 (Max) D473 53 4450
Sodium+potassium 0.6 (Max) note 5
Lead 1 (Max) note 5
Zinc 1 (Max) note 5
NOTES
1/ Fuel Limits based on average world wide specifications for LPG , but with addition limits on C3/C4/Vapor pressurelevels.
2/ Fuels with higher propane content/ vapour pressure than above to be referred to Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd combustion
group.
4/ An acceptableproduct shall not yield a persistent oil ring when 0.3 ml of solvent residueis added to a filter paper, in 0.1ml
increments and examined in daylight after 2 min as described in Test Method D2158.
5/ Uselatest atomic absorption techniquefor thedetermination of tracemetals in fuels.
Table 4.2 The Companys Fuel Specification for LPG used as Liquid.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
4.4 Naphtha
Naphtha can be used subject to the prior written approval of the Company. The Naphtha must
conform to the specification in Table 4.3. Additional information is provided in Appendix 4.
PROPERTY LIMITS- note 1 TEST METHOD
ASTM ISO IP DIN BS
1 COMPOSITION
Saturates =Paraffins & Naphthenes [% mol] No Limit - note 2 D1319
Aromatics [% mol] 25 (Max) D1319
Total Sulphur [ppmm] 200 (Max) - note 3 D129 8754 61
Mercaptan Sulphur [ppmm] 50 (Max) - note 3 D3227
Hydrogen Sulphide [ppmm] 0.5 (Max) - note 3 D2420
2 VOLATILITY
Distillation : note 4 D86
Initial Boiling Point [
o
C] 35 (Min) D86 123
Final Boiling Point [
o
C] 200 (Max) D86 123
Flash Point [
o
C] As per local laws and
regulations
D56 170/34
Reid vapour pressure at 37.8
o
C (Bara) 0.9 (Max) D323-94
3 FLUIDITY
o
C 0.65 to 0.79 D1298 160
Viscosity, kinematic at 20.0
o
C [mm
2
/s] 0.6 (Min) D445 3104 71
Lubricity note 2 D6079
4 COMBUSTION
Net Heat of Combustion [MJ/kg] 43 to 46 D4809
Gross Calorific Value [MJ/kg] note 2 D4809
5 CORROSION
o
C Class 1 (Max) D130-94 2160 154/93
6 STABILITY
3
] 25 (Max) D873
D3241
7 CONTAMINANTS
Saybolt Color +25(min) D156-94
Carbon Residue, Conradson
[ % weight on 10% distillation residue]
0.2 (Max) D189 10370 13
Water content [ppmm] 50 (Max) note 3 D1744 74
Particulate matter [ppmm]
Particle size [m]
24 (Max)
10 (Max)
51.419
Total Ash [ppmm] 100 (Max) D473 53 4450
Sodium+potassium 0.6 (Max) note 5
Lead 1 (Max) note 5
Zinc 1 (Max) note 5
NOTES
1/ The Naphtha specifications are based on those reported in references 5.8 and 5.9 with some additional constraints (see note 3).
3/ Fuels with higher Sulphur/Water content than above to be referred to the Company.
4/ Full distillation curve is requested for inclusion in Alstomdata base.
5/ Use latest atomic absorption technique for the determination of trace metals in fuels.
Table 4.3 The Companys Fuel Specification for Naphtha System Options
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4.5 Kerosene
To be acceptable for most of the Companys burner configurations a kerosene fuel must conform to
Table 4.4. Good quality kerosene fuels are normally acceptable. Examples of acceptable
specifications for kerosene are BS2869 C1 and C2 and J et A1.
Certain burners, designed to burn gases of low CV, require a more tightly controlled quality liquid fuel
and to accommodate this a kerosene fuel conforming to the entire specification shown in Table 4.5 is
required.
The Kerosene shall be clear, bright, and visually free from solid matter and undissolved water at
normal ambient temperature.
POINT PROPERTY Limits TEST METHODS
1 Kinematic Viscosity at 40
o
C (mm
2
/s) min 1.0 ASTM D445 / IP 71 / BS EN ISO 3104
max 2.0
2 Distillation Recovery at 200
o
C (%v/v) min 15 BS 7392
3 Final Boiling Point (
o
C) min 280 ASTM D86 / IP123 / BS 7392
4 Flash point (
o
C) min 38 IP 170 / BS EN ISO 13736
5 Copper corrosion (3 hrs at 100
o
C) (class) max 1 ASTM D130 / IP 154 / BS EN ISO 2160
6 Vapour Pressure at 38
o
C (bara) max 0.14
7 Smoke Point (mm) min 19 ASTM D1322 / IP 57/95 / BS EN ISO 2000-57
8 Char Value (mg/kg) max 20 BS 2000-10
9 Sulphur (%w/w) max 0.3 ASTM D1266 / IP 107 / BS 2000-107
10 Density at 15
o
C (kg/m
3
) min 775 ASTM D1298 / IP160 / BS EN ISO 3675
max 840
11 Contaminants (ppmm)
V max 1
Na+K max 0.6
Ca max 1
Pb max 0.5
Zn max 1
Li max 0.5
SiO2 max 0.04
Halogens max 1
Particulates max 24
Water max 200
Total Ash max 100
Table 4.4 The Companys Kerosene Specification for Standard Burners
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POINT PROPERTY Limits TEST METHODS
1 Kinematic Viscosity at 40
o
C (mm
2
/s) min 1.15 ASTM D445 / IP 71 / BS EN ISO 3104
2 Distillation Recovery at 200
o
C (%v/v) min 15 BS 7392
max 60
3 Final Boiling Point (
o
C) min 280 ASTM D86 / IP123 / BS 7392
4 Distillation Residue (% v/v) max 1.5 ASTM D86 / IP123
5 Distillation Loss (%v/v) max 1.5 ASTM D86 / IP123
6 Flash Point (
o
C) min 43 IP 170 / BS EN ISO 13736
7 Copper Corrosion (3 hrs at 100
o
C) (class) max 1 ASTM D130 / IP 154 / BS EN ISO 2160
8 Silver Strip (corrosion test) (class) max 2 IP 227
9 Smoke Point (mm) min 34 ASTM D1322 / IP 57/95 / BS EN ISO 2000-57
10 Char Value (mg/kg) max 10 BS 2000-10
11 Aromatics (% v/v) max 22 ASTM D1319 / IP156
12 Sulphur (%w/w) max 0.3 ASTM D1266 / IP 107 / BS 2000-107
13 Sulphur Mercaptan (% w/w) max 0.003 ASTM D3227 / IP342
14 Density at 15
o
C (kg/m
3
) min 775 ASTM D1298 / IP160 / BS EN ISO 3675
max 840
15 Cold Filter Plugging Point (
o
C) max -12 BS EN 116
16 Existent Gum (mg/100ml) max 7 ASTM D381 / IP131
17 Contaminants (ppmm)
V max 1
Na+K max 0.6
Ca max 1
Pb max 0.5
Zn max 1
Li max 0.5
SiO2 max 0.04
Halogens max 1
Particulates max 24
Water max 200
Total Ash max 100
Table 4.5 The Companys Kerosene Specification for Low CV Gas Applications
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Section 5 Lubrication Oil
5.0 Applicable Standards
BS 489 : 1983 Turbine oils
BS 489 : 1999 Specification for turbine lubricants
BS 4231 Viscosity classification for industrial liquid lubricants
5.1 Introduction
This section defines the quality and characteristics of lubricating oils required for use in the Companys
proprietary engines listed in Table 1. It is the responsibility of the user, in consultation with their oil
supplier to ensure that the provisions of this specification are met.
This specification requires the oil to conform to the requirements of BS 489 : 1983 Turbine Oils, plus
additional tests and requirements, as defined below.
5.2 Requirements
The lubricating oils used in the Companys proprietary engines must adhere to the following properties.
5.2.1 General
When supplied, the oil shall be a turbine quality petroleum product with additives to meet the
requirements of this specification. It shall be free from water, suspended matter, dirt, and other
impurities. The Companys recommendations (available on request) for flushing the lubricating system
must be strictly followed during commissioning and after any repairs or modifications.
5.2.2 Additives
The additives shall be completely soluble in the oil, uniformly distributed in it, stable at all
temperatures, above the specified pour point, and up to and including 139C (280F) and unaffected
by the presence of water.
5.2.3 Oil Grade
Oil grades to this specification from different suppliers should be fully compatible.
5.2.4 Zinc Content
The zinc content must not exceed 80 ppmm maximum.
5.2.5 Notification of Changes to Formulation
The user must request from the lube oil supplier, notification of any changes to the formulation of a
branded grade supplied for use in the turbine and give notification to the Company prior to its use in
the turbine and obtain the Companys prior written approval of the proposed use of the revised
specification for the oil. The user shall be under a continuing obligation to ensure the suitability of the
lubricating oil proposed to be used from time to time in the proprietary engines.
5.2.6 Viscosity
The normal requirements for all the Companys engines except the Hurricane, shall be ISO VG 46
viscosity for normal temperature climate, as specified in BS 4231. The Hurricane must operate on ISO
VG 46 for normal temperature climates. Special cases of high or low ambient or driven machinery
requirements may necessitate the use of heavier or lighter viscosity grades ISO/VG 68 or ISO/VG 32
respectively. These cases must be referred to the Company for its prior written approval before the
heavier or lighter grade oil is used in the engine
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5.2.7 Viscosity Index Improvers
The use of Viscosity Index Improvers in lubrication oils is not allowed by the Company for its
proprietary engine range.
5.2.8 Rust Prevention
By agreement between the customer and the Company, the determination of rust-preventing
characteristics of the lubrication oil may be carried out using distilled water in place of synthetic sea
water. In this case Procedure A of BS2000: Part 135 shall be carried out with the inclusion of the
modification given in appendix A of BS489: 1983.
5.2.9 FZG Index (Forschungssteelle fr Zahnrder und Getriebebau)
An FZG, gear machine is used to determine the relative load carrying capacity of the lubricating oil. An
FZG index refers to a maximum load beyond which steel/ steel gears will fail by scoring/scuffing.
5.2.10 Preservation
The oil shall be suitable for preservation of the engine and components, during storage and downtime,
for a minimum period of 90 days. If storage or down-time in excess of 90 days is expected then the
user shall consult his oil supplier for advice on preservation and re-commissioning.
5.2.11 Service Life
The user should obtain from the oil supplier permissible levels of contamination or property changes
which limit the service life of the oil, such as water content, increase in total acidity, change in
viscosity, loss of oxidation resistance, etc. and carry out frequent checks to determine the suitability of
the oil.
5.2.12 Non-standard Ancillaries
In the case of engines being fitted with special ancillaries such as hydrostatic units, the user will be
informed by the Company at the contractual stage whether a need for specific lubrication oils has
arisen.
5.3 Demag Delaval Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd Lubricating Oil Specification
The requirements of lubricating oil for use in the proprietary engines are given in Table 5.1.
5.4 BS 489 : 1983 Specification for Turbine Oils
The BS 489 specification conforms with the Companys lubricating oil specification given in Table 5.1
with the following exceptions:
Inorganic acid
Viscosity Index
Closed Flash point
FZG Index
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
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Viscosity Grade No.
(ISO VG) (BS 4231) Nominal 32 46 68
Applicable
British
Standards Test
Identical technical
test standard
Kinematic Viscosity () minimum 28.8 41.4 61.2 BS 2000: IP 71/95 &
@40C [mm
2
/s]
maximum 35.2 50.6 74.8
Part 71 ASTM.D445/ 97
ISO 3104
ISO 3105
ISO 3106
Viscosity Index minimum 90 90 90 BS 4459 ASTM D2270-93
IP 226/91 (95)
ISO 2909
Closed Flash Point C
(Pensky-Martens)
minimum 190 195 200 BS 2000 : Part
34
IP 34/88
ASTM.D93-97
Pour Point
[C]
maximum -6 -6 -6
BS 2000 :
Part 15
IP 15/95 &
ASTM.D97
Demulsification Numbers
maximum
300 300 360
BS 2000 :
Part 19
IP 19
Copper Corrosion
Classification
maximum
2 2 2
BS 2000 :
Part 154
(3 hrs @ 100C)
IP 154/93
ISO 2160
(3hrs @ 100C)
ASTM.D130
Total Acidity
[mg K0H/g]
maximum 0.20 0.20 0.20 BS 2000 : Part 1
(Method A)
IP 1
(Method A)
Rust Preventing
Characteristics
24 hour test No
Rusting
No
Rusting
No
Rusting
BS 2000 :
Part 135
Procedure B
see section 5.2.8
herein
IP 135
Procedure B
ISO 7120
Foaming Tendency at 24C 450 450 450 BS 2000 : Part IP 146/82 (88)
Foam [ml] at 93.5C 50 50 100 146 ASTMD892-97
at 24C after test at
93.5C
450 450 450
Foaming Stability at 24C Nil Nil 40 BS 2000 : Part IP 146 /82 (88)
after 10mins at 93.5C Nil Nil 10 146 ASTMD892 -97
(maximum levels) [ml] at 24C after test at
93.5C
Nil Nil 40
Air Release Value
(maximum levels)
minutes to 0.2% air
content at 50C
5 6 8 BS 2000: Part
313
IP 313
ASTMD3427
Total Oxidation Products
% [m/m] maximum 1.0 1.0 1.0 BS 2000 : IP 280
Sludge % [m/m] maximum 0.4 0.4 0.4 Part 280
Inorganic Acidity
mg KOH/g
Nil Nil Nil BS2000 Pt: 182 IP 182
FZG Index minimum pass 6 6 6 IP334
ASTM D5182-97
Table 5.1 The Companys Lubricating Oil Specification
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Section 6 Compressor Washing Water And Cleaning Fluids
6.1 Introduction
This section defines the requirements for the washing water and cleaning fluid for hot or cold
compressor cleaning.
6.2 Washing Water
Only demineralised water which meets the following conditions should be used to dilute the cleaning
fluid to make the cleaning solution and for rinsing.
6.2.1 General
The water is to be clear, colourless and free from solids in suspension.
6.2.2 Dissolved Solids
The total amount of dissolved solids is not to exceed 10 ppmm.
6.2.3 Silica
The total silica content (as SiO
2
) is not to exceed 3 ppmm.
6.2.4 Acidity
The pH value is to lie within the range 5.0 - 7.5.
6.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
The electrical conductivity at 20C +5C must not exceed 11 S/cm.
6.3 Cleaning Fluid
This sub section defines the requirements of a cleaning fluid for use in the proprietary engines as
defined in section 1.
6.3.1 Definition
A cleaning fluid refers to a concentrate to be diluted with demineralised water before use.
6.3.2 Requirements
6.3.2.1 The cleaning fluid shall consist of a suitable corrosion inhibited, stable odourless solution of
non toxic biodegradable surface active agents and/or emulsifiers.
6.3.2.2 It shall be homogeneous and totally free from suspended matter and deposits.
6.3.2.3 It must not contain phenols or cresols.
6.3.2.4 There must be no evidence of separation of component parts or precipitation when the
cleaning fluid is diluted with water or antifreeze mixture.
6.3.2.5 The manufacturers shelf life of the cleaning fluid shall be a minimum of two years and the
product must be clearly labelled with a use by date.
6.3.3 Health And Safety Recommendations
The fluid must be used in accordance with the suppliers health and safety data sheets and disposed of
in line with the appropriate environmental regulations.
Many cleaning agents contain chemicals which can cause injury through prolonged or repeated
physical contact or inhalation. Protective clothing and adequate ventilation should be provided during
handling in accordance with supplier recommendations.
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6.3.4 Approved Cleaning Fluids
A list of all cleaning fluids, approved by the Company from time to time, is available from the Company
on request. Your attention is drawn to the fact that the list may be changed from time to time and that
regular enquiry of the Company on this issue is recommended.
6.4 Cleaning Solution
6.4.1 Definition
A cleaning solution refers to the solution as injected into the turbine.
6.4.2 Requirements
6.4.2.1 The cleaning solution shall have the following compositional restrictions.
Sodium, Potassium and Lithium, Na+K+Li 25 ppmm max. (combined total)
Calcium and Magnesium, Ca+Mg 10 ppmm max. (combined total)
Lead and Vanadium, Pb+V 0.25 ppmm max. (combined total)
Chlorine, Cl 30 ppmm max.
Sulphur, S 50 ppmm max.
pH 6.5 to 9.0
Particulate matter 0.001%w/w max.
Ash @ 1050C 0.004 % w/w max.
Table 6.1 Cleaning Solution Requirements
6.4.2.2 The cleaning solution must not affect abradable coatings, rubber, paints, aluminium coatings
nor pit steel or nickel based materials.
6.4.2.3 Where the cleaning fluid is supplied as concentrate it shall be diluted with demineralised
water as per manufacturers instruction before injection into the engine.
6.4.3 Antifreeze
When liquid washing during cold weather, it is necessary to add anti-freeze to the demineralised water
to prevent the formation of ice in the compressor.
Mono Propylene glycol, technical grade, must be used with any wash systems having heaters, such as
the new high pressure wash system. Mono Propylene glycol also goes by the name 1,2-propanediol,
and propylene glycol. It should comply with ASTM D5216.
On no account should Methanol (methyl alcohol) be used with any wash systems with heaters ,
because of the danger of vaporising the highly flammable methanol. However methanol, which
conforms to BS 506 part 1:1986, may be used in older systems which operate at lower temperatures.
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Where methanol is not compatible with the customers chosen cleaning fluid the less effective ethanol
or iso propyl alcohol (IPA) may be used as an alternative for unheated systems only.
Dipropylene glycol, tri propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are specifically prohibited from use with
any wash system.
WARNING:
MANY ANTIFREEZES ARE HIGHLY FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC TO VARYING DEGREES.
HANDLING AND STORAGE MUST ONLY TAKE PLACE IN A WELL VENTILATED AREA. THE
APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING E.G. RUBBER GLOVES, BREATHING APPARATUS
ETC., MUST BE WORN AS PER SUPPLIER INSTRUCTIONS.
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Section 7 Injection Water
7.1 Introduction
This section defines the quality of water used to control emissions, or enhance power.
7.2 Temperature and Pressure
The injection water is supplied to the skid edge of the water injection module at conditions defined on
the appropriate piping and instrumentation diagram.
7.3 Requirements
The injection water quality must conform to the following requirements :
7.3.1 General
The water is to be clear, colourless and free from solid material.
7.3.2 Total Solids-Concentration Limit
At all times the total contaminants entering the turbine from all sources shall comply with section 1.2.1.
However the following additional limitations apply to injection water. These are based on a 1:1 water to
fuel ratio and the Companys reference fuel. For different water to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the
limits must be adjusted accordingly.
Total dissolved and un-dissolved solids maximum should be 2.0 ppmm
7.3.3 Undissolved Solids - Size limit
The injection water must be supplied clean at the injection module with a filtration size limit of no larger
than Beta
10
=75 (10 m). This represents a 10 m filter operating at 98.7% efficiency. The particle
size distribution of the water downstream of the filter is as shown in Table 7.1:
Particle Size
(m)
% of Total
10 - 20 1.3
<10 98.7
Table 7.1 Particle Size Distribution
7.3.4 Total Dissolved Solids
The following limitation applies to total dissolved solids. These are based on a 1:1 water to fuel ratio
and the Companys reference fuel. For different water to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the limits must
be adjusted accordingly as explained in Appendix A 1.2. This is summarised in Table 7.2 for various
steam to fuel ratio ranges and the companys reference fuel:
Water / Fuel Ratio 0 to 1:1 1:1 to 2:1
Allowable Total Dissolved
Solids [ppmm]
1.0 0.50
Table 7.2 Allowable Total Dissolved Solids
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7.3.5 Specific Solids
a). Metals
In addition to the Total Dissolved Solids limits already specified, the following limitation applies to
specific dissolved solids. These are based on a 1:1 water to fuel ratio and the Companys reference
fuel. For different water to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the limits must be adjusted accordingly as
explained in Appendix A 1.2.
The limits in Table 7.3 are subject to the limits in Table 7.2 for total dissolved solids.
Vanadium, V 0.5 ppmm max
Calcium, Ca 1.0 ppmm max
Sodium +Potassium, Na +K 0.2 ppmm max (combined total)
Lead, Pb 0.1 ppmm max
Lithium, Li 0.5 ppmm max
Table 7.3 Allowable Specific Dissolved Solids
b). Silica (SiO
2
)
In addition to the Total Solids limits already specified, the maximum silica content is limited to 0.04
ppmm, based on a 1:1 water to fuel ratio and the Companys reference fuel. For different water to fuel
ratios and customer fuels, the limits must be adjusted as explained in Appendix A 1.2.
c). Sulphur
In addition to the Total Solids limits already specified, the maximum sulphur content is limited to 1.0
ppmm, based on a 1:1 water to fuel ratio and the Companys reference fuel. For different water to fuel
ratios and customer fuels, the limits must be adjusted as explained in Appendix A 1.2.
7.3.6 Acidity
The injection water, when free from carbon dioxide, should be essentially neutral (having a pH value
between 6.5 and 7.5).
7.3.7 Electrical Conductivity
The electrical conductivity at 20
o
C 5
o
C must not exceed 1.5 S/cm. These are based on a 1:1 water
to fuel ratio and the Companys reference fuel. For different water to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the
limits must be adjusted accordingly.
The Company recommends that the conductivity is continually monitored and the water supply
switched off if the above value is exceeded.
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Section 8 Evaporative Cooling Water
8.1 Introduction
At high ambient temperatures and low relative humidity, water may be used to cool the air before it
enters the engine. By giving up heat to evaporate the water, the incoming air could be cooled, from its
dry bulb temperature to near its wet bulb temperature before entering the engine. A temperature
reduction of 90% of the theoretical temperature difference can be achieved using commercially
available coolers. As a result of the reduction in temperature, the mass flow of air into the engine
increases. The total mass flow is also increased by the addition of the evaporated water and both
factors result in an increase in the turbine output power.
8.2 Requirements
The evaporative cooling water quality must as a minimum conform to the requirements set out in
section 7.3 above.
8.3 Water carry-over
Evaporative water carry-over should be avoided. In practice water carry-over WILL occur under certain
circumstances. This MUST be minimised so that the total customer fuel equivalent contaminant level
concentration must not exceed the limits defined in Table 1.2. See section A1.2.1 for Fuel Equivalent
Concentration calculation.
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Section 9 Injection Steam
Reference can be made to the following standards for guidance on boiler feed water treatment and
boiler water conditions necessary to meet the limits contained within this document.
BS2486 : 1997 Recommendations for Treatment of Water for Steam Boilers & Water Heaters
Other equivalent standards would also be applicable.
The additional recommendations for boiler water total dissolved solids (section 9.3.6) should be
considered as early as possible in the boiler selection stage.
9.1 Introduction
This section defines the quality of steam used for primary and secondary injection for use in the
Companys proprietary engines. Steam injection is used for NOx emission suppression and power
enhancement. In some engines the amount of secondary steam injected is larger than that for primary
steam injection and therefore more power enhancement could be achieved. The reduction in NOx
emissions is greater for primary steam injection than that achieved by the same mass of secondary
steam.
9.2 Steam Quality Requirements
The steam quality must conform to the following requirements:
9.2.1 General
The user is responsible for ensuring that steam continuously leaves the boiler in a superheated state
to prevent the carryover of boiler water.
The minimum degree of superheat required is 30C, therefore the steam temperature, when measured
downstream from the boiler on the Companys steam control unit must be a minimum of 30C above
steam saturation temperature at the pressure given in section 9.2.2.
For design purposes, it is recommended by the Company that the designed boiler outlet superheat
temperature is at least the sum of the 30C minimum and expected distribution line temperature
losses. This will result in a minimum required boiler outlet superheat temperature greater than 30C.
Expanding the steam across a pressure reducing valve to provide a gain in superheat temperature is
not recommended by the Company as a suitable method for achieving the 30C limit downstream of
the steam control unit. Superheat gains should not therefore be subtracted from the 30C limit to arrive
at a lower minimum designed boiler outlet superheat temperature.
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9.2.2 Steam Pressure
Steam supply pressure must be controlled by the user so that it meets the following specific engine
requirements at entry to the Companys steam control unit.
Engine Type Steam Pressure [bara]
TB5000 15.0 0.5
Tornado 17.5 0.5
Typhoon 18.5 0.5
Tempest 18.5 0.5
Cyclone 21.0 0.5
Table 9.1 Steam Pressure
To compensate for any fluctuation in boiler outlet pressure due to process steam demand, it would be
advisable to generate steam at higher pressures than those required and control the downstream
pressure through a pressure reducing system.
Higher pressure and wider fluctuation limits than given above can be accommodated within the overall
system, however, the steam package will become non standard as a result. In all cases when higher
pressure/wider fluctuation limits are required, a request for these must be made to the Company, in
order to determine if the request can be accommodated and if so at what temperature. The Companys
prior written permission to operate outside the given parameters must be obtained.
Any proposed variation from this would need to be discussed with and given the prior written approval
of the Company.
9.2.3 Steam Temperature
If the steam temperature, measured at the steam control unit, falls more than 5C below the required
minimum of 30C of superheat at the supply pressure, the steam supply will automatically be isolated.
The following table gives the minimum steam temperatures at entry to the steam control unit, inclusive
of the 30C superheat margin when it is supplied at the pressures given in Table 9.1.
Engine Type Temperature [C]
TB5000 228
Tornado 235
Typhoon 238
Tempest 238
Cyclone 245
Table 9.2 Minimum Steam Temperature
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The maximum allowable primary steam temperature at entry to the Companys steam control unit is
370C for Typhoon, Tornado and Tempest and 290C for TA, TB, TD, TE and TF.
The maximum allowable secondary steam temperature at entry to the Companys steam control unit,
is 370C for all engines.
If steam is available at a high temperature and this is below the maximum temperature limits above
then it is preferable to maintain the steam at that temperature rather than to use spray attemperation
for superheat reduction.
If high temperature steam is going to be used for NO
x
reduction then expected emission levels need to
be determined by the Company.
If spray attemperation is utilised to reduce the steam temperature, to below the maximum allowable
temperature, it is important to use water of a high purity such that the resultant steam is still within the
required purity limits.
9.3 Steam Purity Requirements
At all times the total contamination entering the turbine from all sources shall comply with section
1.2.1.
In addition the steam purity must conform to the following requirements:
9.3.1 Total Solids
It is the customers responsibility to ensure that damaging particles from the pipe work must not enter
the engine via the steam. Measures which would normally be considered are the use of stainless steel
pipework, flushing according to the Companys procedure, prior to use and after prolonged shutdowns
and the use of appropriate strainers.
Total dissolved and un-dissolved solids maximum should be 2.0 ppmm at 1:1 steam to fuel ratio, and
the Companys reference fuel. For different steam to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the limits must be
adjusted accordingly as explained in Appendix A1.2.
9.3.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The following limitation applies to dissolved solids. These are based on a 1:1 steam to fuel ratio and
the Companys reference fuel. For different steam to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the limits must be
adjusted accordingly as explained in Appendix A 1.2. This is summarised in the table below for various
steam to fuel ratio ranges and the companys reference fuel:
Steam / Fuel Ratio 0 to 1:1 1:1 to 2:1 2:1 to 3:1 3:1 to 4:1 4:1 to 5:1
Allowable Total Dissolved Solids
[ppmm]
1.0 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.2
Table 9.3 Allowable Total Dissolved Solids
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9.3.3 Specific Solids
a). Metals
In addition to the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) limits already specified, the Company also imposes
maximum levels on certain elements on an individual basis.
These limits are based on a 1:1 steam to fuel ratio and the Companys reference fuel. For different
steam to fuel ratios and customer fuels, the limits must be adjusted accordingly as explained in
Appendix A1.2. This is summarised in Table 9.4 for various steam to fuel ratio ranges and the
companys reference fuel.
The limits in Table 9.4 are subject to the limits in Table 9.3 for total dissolved solids.
Sodium +Potassium, Na+K 0.2 0.10 0.067 0.05 0.04
Calcium, Ca 1.0 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.2
Table 9.4 Limits for Specific Dissolved Solids [ppmm]
b). Silica (SiO
2
)
In addition to the Total Solids limits already specified, the maximum silica content is limited to 0.04 ppmm,
based on a 1:1 water to fuel ratio and the Companys reference fuel. For different steam to fuel ratios and
customer fuels, the limits must be adjusted as explained in Appendix A 1.2. This is summarised in Table
9.5 for various steam to fuel ratio ranges and the companys reference fuel.
Silica, SiO
2
0.04 0.02 0.013 0.01 0.008
Table 9.5 Limits for Silica (SiO
2
) [ppmm]
9.3.4 Total Dissolved Solids Monitoring by Conductivity Measurement
Although a boiler can be designed to produce steam to a TDS ppm limit, it is recognised that process
monitoring of TDS is likely to be performed by conductivity measurement.
To allow corrective action to be taken by the user if purity limits are exceeded, continuous or frequent
measurement of steam conductivity is an essential requirement.
Steam sampling should be in accordance with recommendations in BS 3285 entitled Methods of
Sampling Superheated Steam.
The maximum continuous levels for conductivity are defined in Table 9.6 below :
Maximum Continuous Conductivity
[ S/cm ]
1.5 0.75 0.5 0.4 0.3
Table 9.6 Maximum Allowable Continuous Operating Conductivity Levels
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If steam conductivity levels are being continuously monitored and the instrument signal is being
processed by the Turbine Control Module (TCM) then the following levels should produce warning and
steam system shutdown conditions.
Warning Level Conductivity [S/cm ]
1.5 0.75 0.5 0.4 0.3
Shutdown Level Conductivity [S/cm ]* 4.5 2.25 1.5 1.2 0.9
* Level maintained for more than 2 minutes before shutdown.
Table 9.7 Conductivity Control Limits
In all cases where continuous measurement of conductivity is being undertaken, the shutdown levels
specified in Table 9.6 will initiate a steam shutdown only after being sustained at or above the stated
levels for a period of 2 minutes. This should largely eliminate the effects of short term spurious
signals.
If conductivity is being monitored continuously and the signal received at the TCM is exceeding the
warning level for a period of 24 hours, then the steam system will be shut down automatically.
Manual measurement of conductivity does not afford the same level of protection to that given by
continuous monitoring and accordingly is not recommended by the Company. However, if conductivity
is being measured manually and a warning level is exceeded, thereby suggesting a step change or
rising trend in boiler operating conductivity, then the steam system should be shutdown and the
causes investigated and rectified.
Please note that conductivity monitoring equipment is not included in the Companys steam control
module and must be supplied by the customer.
9.3.5 General Steam Purity
Acceptable levels of pH (alkalinity/acidity), oxygen and other contaminants not specifically mentioned
within this section of the specification will be maintained by following water treatment and boiler
operating recommendations made in BS 2486.
9.3.6 Boiler Water Total Dissolved Solids
As steam purity is directly proportional to boiler water TDS for any given percentage water carry-over,
consideration should be given to boiler water TDS levels.
BS 2486 and the ABMA recommend limits for boilers operating at steady state, full load conditions. To
increase the likelihood of steam purity limits being maintained during unsteady operating conditions,
compliance with one of the following precautions is recommended :
i) Limits should be set at 20% of those recommended by BS 2486.
ii) Alternatively, increased safety margins can be designed into boiler separation equipment to reduce
water carry over to 20% of the design value for full load operation.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Contaminants
A1.1 Comments on Contaminants
The following subsections explain why the Company limits the intake of contaminants into its gas
turbines.
A1.1.1 Vanadium
The presence of vanadium is usually associated with liquid fuel only and not gas fuel. Vanadium
readily forms low melting point compounds such as oxides and metal vanadates (in the presence of
sodium or potassium) which can cause severe corrosion attack on hot section materials.
A1.1.2 Sodium and Potassium
As mentioned above, sodium and potassium can combine with vanadium to form metal vanadates
which are corrosive to the high temperature alloys used in hot section components. Metal sulphates
can also form when combined with fuel sulphur which are similarly detrimental to hot section
materials.
A1.1.3 Calcium and Magnesium
These compounds are not themselves corrosive and magnesium can, in fact, inhibit the action of
vanadium compounds. However, both can form hard scales in the gas turbine which are difficult to
remove by washing the gas turbine.
A1.1.4 Lead
Lead occurrence tends to be very low unless the fuel has been contaminated, normally either during
transport or storage. However, lead is corrosive to hot section materials, and it can reverse the
beneficial inhibiting effect of magnesium on vanadium compound attack.
A1.1.5 Zinc
Zinc can form corrosive salts with sulphur and other elements that can attack the high temperature
nickel based alloys found in gas turbine hot section components.
A1.1.6 Mercury
The effects of mercury have not been experienced, but it is known to dissolve many metals to form
amalgams, and therefore until either the effects have been experienced or a full theoretical
understanding of its behaviour is known, it will not be allowed.
A1.1.7 Sulphur
Sulphur intake into a gas turbine is normally contained in the fuel in the form of fuel bound sulphur in
the case of liquid fuel or hydrogen sulphide (H
2
S) in the case of gas fuel. These burn in the
combustor to produce oxides such as sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide or low melting point metal
sulphates in the presence of sodium and potassium. These compounds can deposit in the gas
turbine hot section and attack its components.
Hydrogen sulphide gas is corrosive to various materials, and increasingly so when in the presence of
water or high pressure. Water can combine with H
2
S producing sulphurous acid, while pressure can
increase attack rates. In addition to being highly poisonous in the event of leakage, high levels of H
2
S
require systems modifications to protect against its corrosiveness due to normal system materials
being incompatible. It is also necessary to avoid condensation in all plant downstream of the turbine,
by maintaining the exit of the exhaust stack above the dew point.
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If elemental sulphur is present in a gas fuel, it is possible that deposition can occur anywhere in the
system, from fuel supply to turbine blading, restricting the safe and efficient operation of the turbine.
Elemental sulphur may not necessarily be in the gas at source, but may be formed by chemical
reaction, as has been found with some Low Calorific Value Gases.
A1.1.8 Lithium
Lithium forms salts which, at the temperatures experienced in gas turbines, can attack the grain
boundaries and accelerate the oxidation rates of hot section alloys.
A1.1.9 Chlorine, Fluorine and other Halogens
Chlorine and fluorine, as well as other halogens, can attack the protective coating on hot turbine
components exposing the base material, this in turn accelerates the oxidation rate and results in hot
section life reduction. Chlorine is also a pre-requisite for the formation of dioxins and furans.
A1.1.10 Silica
Silica (SiO
2
) is a hard abrasive material which can cause erosion and/or fouling of hot section
components. Silica can also combine to form siloxanes, which although gaseous, may deposit on hot
section components and cause corrosion. Siloxanes must also be controlled by including their silicon
dioxide content in the contaminant level for silica. See A1.1.12.
A1.1.11 Ash
Ash is made up of incombustible solid materials and/or water soluble metal based compounds present
in a liquid fuel. The solid material can cause problems by wearing fuel system components or plugging
the fuel injector passages or holes. Excess of metal oxides in ash can additionally deposit and
possibly corrode the turbine components. Hot section erosion can also occur. The soluble ash can
introduce harmful metals or materials that can form corrosive compounds and damage the turbine hot
section.
A1.1.12 Other Trace Metals
Deposition of oxides of other trace metals or their compounds may occur on blades and vanes to form
extremely hard deposits. Their presence can also increase the oxidation rate of blade and vane alloys
due to their attack on the protective oxide coating. Hence care should be taken to limit the intake of
substances such as, cadmium, antimony and other trace metals.
A1.1.13 Contaminants not listed above
Landfill, Bio-fuel gases and similarly, other unconventional fuels, could contain contaminants not found
in petroleum fuels. Severe operational problems can be experienced with contaminants such as tar,
naphthalene, amines and siloxanes. If a fuel contains a contaminant for which a limit has not been
included in this document, then the fuel should not be used without prior written permission from the
Company.
The omission of a given contaminant from the list in section 1 does not constitute the Companys
authorisation of an unlimited level of this contaminant or its acceptance. All contaminants and their
level must be declared to the Company as well as any changes in contaminants levels as a result of
changing the fuel quality.
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A1.2 Contaminant Levels on a Customer Fuel Equivalent Basis
As mentioned in section 1.2.1, the Company limits the intake of various elements and compounds to
protect the gas turbine and achieve each components design life. In order to achieve this objective,
the Company have specified concentration limits on the Companys reference fuel equivalent basis.
This considers each contaminant and determines a maximum acceptable level.
The equation in A1.2.1 gives the fuel equivalent level for all sources based on the customers fuel. The
calculation is performed as if this contaminant was contained only in the fuel. It is necessary to
calculate the limit for each contaminant from all sources based on the customers fuel from the limits
for the reference fuel which are given in the second column of Table 1.2, as in A1.2.2.
The value obtained from sections A1.2.1 must be equal to or lower than the value from A1.2.2
otherwise the customers fuel will be unsuitable.
A1.2.1 Calculation Method for Contaminant Levels on a Customer Fuel Equivalent Basis
Total contaminant level on a fuel equivalent basis, C
FE
, is calculated by summing contamination from
all sources per unit of fuel. The following equation gives the total contaminant level on a fuel
equivalent basis, C
FE
. The value obtained must be within the limits given by the equation in A.1.2.2 or
the values appropriate to the net calorific value of the customers fuel which are given in Table 1.2.
C
FE
= [(AFR* x C
air
) +C
fuel
+(IFFR* x C
inj
) +(ECWFR* x C
ECW
)]
where:
AFR* = Air-to-Fuel Ratio, mass based (for fuel used)
IFFR* = Injection Fluid-to-Fuel Ratio, i.e. Steam or Water, mass based
ECWFR* = Evaporative Cooling Water-to-Fuel Ratio, mass based
C
air
= Concentration of a given contaminant in site air, ppmm
C
fuel
= Concentration of a given contaminant in customers fuel, ppmm
C
inj
= Concentration of a given contaminant in customers injection water or steam, ppmm
C
ECW
= Concentration of a given contaminant in site evaporative cooling water, ppmm
* Based on the customers fuel
Engine Typical Full Load AFR**
Gas Liquid
Tornado 58 55
Typhoon 55 52
Tempest 52 50
Cyclone 50 47
**when using The Companys s Standard Natural Gas and Standard UK Liquid Fuel
Table A1.1 Full Load AFRs for The Companys engines
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A1.2.2 Calculation of Contaminant Limit based on Customers Fuel CV
The total contamination from all sources, allowed for the Companys reference fuel, must be adjusted
to allow for the different mass flow of the customers fuel.
For instance if the net CV is lower than the Companys reference natural gas more fuel must be burnt
to obtain the same output, consequently the permissible concentration is lower.
Hence the limits allowed for the Companys reference fuel must be multiplied by the ratio of net CVs
to obtain the permissible concentration of contaminants:
C
FE
* = CV
M
*/CV
M
O
x C
FE
O
where:
CV
m
0
= Net Calorific Value of reference fuel, the Companys reference natural gas, 48160 kJ /kg
CV
m
* = Net Calorific Value of customers fuel, in kJ /kg
C
FE
O
= Contaminant limit on the Companys fuel equivalent basis
C
FE
* = Contaminant limit on Customer fuel equivalent basis
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Appendix 2 Gas Fuels
A2.1 Calorific Value & Wobbe Index
The Companys gas fuel systems are designed based on a UK pipeline natural gas. The value of the
Wobbe Index for the Companys reference natural gas is 45.3 MJ /m
3
when supplied at a temperature
of 15C (59F).
Guidelines to the range of major constituents for acceptable fuel composition are shown in table A2.1.
Pipeline quality natural gases which meet these requirements and have net CVs in the range 37 - 49
MJ /kg are likely to be acceptable. However, a detailed fuel specification needs to be supplied in order
to ensure acceptable gas properties.
Constituent % volume
Carbon Dioxide 0 - 2.9
Methane 81.3 - 96.7
Ethane 1.0 - 9.1
Propane 0.3 - 5.4
Nitrogen 0 - 14.4
Table A2.1 Constituent range for Natural Gas
Natural gases with a Wobbe Index at the gas supply temperature ranging from 37 to 49 MJ /m
3
can be
used on the standard fuel gas system with minor changes in valve settings (software and pressure
settings) being necessary. Certain fuel gases outside this range may be acceptable but the
Companys prior written approval must be obtained in respect of the gas fuel to be used.
Normally Wobbe Index is defined as below :
Wobbe Index, WI
o
=
CVv
o
SG
o
Where, CVv
o
= Net Calorific Value (MJ / m
3
at standard conditions (288 K 1.013 bara
SG
o
Specific Gravity at standard conditions
=
fuel

where are at standard conditions (288 K 1.013 bara
)
)
)
o
o
=

air
fuel
and
air
However gases at temperatures other than standard conditions will have different temperature
corrected Wobbe Indices from those at standard conditions due to 2 reasons:
I. Sensible Heat Change
II. Density Variation
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For premium quality gases the variation in sensible heat will be negligible compared to the CV
v
and
can be ignored. Thus correction is only necessary for the density.
From the Ideal Gas Law the correction for density due to temperature is 288/T
fuel
. It should be noted
that low calorific value gases such as, Landfill and biogas may not follow this relation
Hence the temperature corrected Wobbe Index WI
T
is given by
WI
T
CV
o
288
T
fuel
o
288
T
fuel
o
CV
o
288
T
fuel
SG
o
288
T
fuel
=
CV
o
SG
o
288
T
fuel
= WI
o
288
T
fuel
Where T
fuel
Temperature of fuel at the turbine skid edge
=

fuel
air
Therefore WI
T
WI .
288
T
fuel
O
=
This should be calculated at 288K or 20C above the dewpoint or at the customers quoted supply
temperature whichever is the greater.
Any reference within this specification to Wobbe Index will imply temperature corrected Wobbe Index.
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A2.2 H
2
S Limit for Customers Fuel on a Fuel Equivalent Basis
If the net CV of a gas fuel is lower than the Companys reference natural gas, more fuel must be burnt
to obtain the same output, consequently the permissible concentration of H
2
S is lower.
The H
2
S level must be multiplied by the ratio of net CVs on a volume basis, to obtain the permissible
concentration in a customers gas fuel.
i.e. CC
FE
= CV
v
*/CV
v
O
x C
FE
where:
CV
v
0
= Net Calorific Value of reference fuel, the Company standard natural gas, 34795 kJ /Nm
3
CV
v
* = Net Calorific Value of customers fuel, in kJ /Nm
3
CC
FE
= Permitted H2S level in customers fuel
C
FE
= Permitted H2S level in the Companys standard natural gas
A2.3 Pressure
The nominal pressure required for a typical gas is dependent on the Wobbe Index of the gas. Two
gases with the same Wobbe Index number will require the same gas fuel supply pressure to a given
Company turbine.
Pressure requirements at skid edge are specified in the appropriate fuel system piping and
instrumentation diagrams. Factors that affect the gas pressure required are:
- Wobbe Index - pressure increases as Wobbe Index decreases
- gas temperature - pressure increases as gas temperature increases
- ambient temperature - pressure increases as ambient temperature decreases
- water or steam injection - pressure increases if water or steam injection required
- auto fuel changeovers - pressure increases if auto-change from gas to liquid required
- DLE hardware - pressure increases if DLE required due to higher burner and
combustor P
Maximum acceptable gas fuel supply pressure fluctuations are specified in the PID and relevant IDM.
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Appendix 3 Liquid Fuels
A3.1 Properties of Liquid Fuel and Significance of Parameters
A3.1.1 Viscosity
The minimum requirement of this value is so that the fuel pump may operate satisfactorily and the
maximum requirement is so that atomisation will be satisfactorily achieved in the burner.
Under low ambient temperature conditions fuel heating may be necessary to comply with the burner
nozzle requirement. Fuels with lower viscosity such as kerosene may be suitable but, a special fuel
pump and/or booster pump may be necessary. In such cases as these the Companys prior written
approval must be obtained in respect of the liquid fuel to be used.
A3.1.2 Carbon Residue
This value gives an indication of the capacity of the fuel to form carbon which can block burners and
form deposits in combustion chambers. A fuel with high carbon residue may result in erosion of the
turbine blades.
A3.1.3 Distillation Recovery
Distillation results show the volatility of the fuel and the ease with which it can be vaporised. The more
volatile fuels the less tendency to form smoke or soot.
Distillation characteristics give:-
- valuable data regarding the safety and performance of liquid fuel
- the boiling range gives information on the composition, properties and behaviour of the fuel during
storage and use.
-information on the volatility of the fuel and the ease with which it can be vapourised.
A3.1.4 Flash Point
This is an indication of the maximum temperature at which the fuel can be stored and handled without
serious fire hazard.
The minimum flash point is as limited by local laws and insurance regulations. However excessively
high flash point may result in starting difficulties. For the use of fuels with a minimum flash point above
85
o
C the Companys prior written approval must be obtained.
A3.1.5 Water
Too much water and sediment in the fuel tend to cause fouling of the fuel handling facilities and can
cause problems in the fuel system. Sediment can cause wear in the fuel system and plugging of fuel
filters and nozzles. Water in the fuel promotes bacterial growth that blocks filters and affects burner
spray patterns.
Contamination by water shall be a maximum of 200mg/kg.
Water may be present in the fuel as dissolved water or as free (undissolved) water, or both. The free
water may be fresh or saline.
If the fuel is contaminated by salt water then the maximum level is subject to the 0.6 ppmm Sodium
and Potassium (Na +K) limit from all sources imposed in Table 1.2 as well as the limit in Table 4.1.
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For information, typical non-coastal sea water contains 3.5% dissolved salts, comprising 2.7% Sodium
Chloride (NaCl) plus 0.8% Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) chlorides and sulphates (2.7% NaCl =
1% Na).
A3.1.6 Particulate Matter
Solid particles may shorten the life of fuel system components. Life of fuel pumps and various close
tolerance devices is a function of particulate levels and size distributions in the fuel. High levels of
particulates can lead to short cycle times in the operation of filters.
A3.1.7 Total Ash
Ash is the non combustible material from all sources see table 1.2.
A3.1.8 Metallic Ashes
Ash limits are set in Table 4.1.
Ash comes in two forms; 1). solid particles and 2). oil or water soluble metallic compounds.
The solid particles are for the most part the same as the sediment as mentioned in A3.1.6. The
soluble metallic compounds have little effect on wear or plugging but they can contain elements that
produce turbine corrosion and deposits.
It is recommended for coastal and marine applications, where sodium contamination due to sea water
is a possibility, that coalescing filters are incorporated in the customer's fuel system.
A3.1.9 Sulphur
Normally this oxidises to sulphur dioxide, but particularly in the presence of vanadium as a catalyst, it
can also be oxidised to sulphur trioxide which can then combine with sodium and Potassium
compounds from the ash in the fuel to form sulphates, pyrosulphates and such compounds as sodium
or potassium iron trisulphate. The pyrosulphates and the trisulphates have melting points in the
operating range of the gas turbine. These compounds can cause severe corrosion of gas turbine
components, e.g. transition ducts and blading.
The maximum sulphur limit in Table 4.1 is required for the declared component life, it is possible that
more stringent restrictions may be imposed by local laws and environmental legislation.
A3.1.10 Copper Strip corrosion
This test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosiveness of a fuel. It is a measure of the
amount of sulphur remaining in the fuel after refining.
A3.1.11 Cold Filter Plugging Point
This value should be a minimum of 5C below fuel supply temperature under all conditions. Limits are
shown in table 4.1.
NOTE : For standby applications and dual fuel burning where the liquid fuel is the standby fuel and the
usage is small, care should be taken to ensure that Summer Grade fuel does not remain in the
storage tank for use in Winter. Should attempts be made to run on Summer grade fuel in winter, the
chance of wax precipitation and fuel system blockage is increased. The Company recommends that
for such applications, Winter Grade fuel is purchased for use all year round.
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A3.1.12 Cloud Point
The cloud point is the temperature at which a cloud or haze begins to appear in a dry oil. Clouding is
an advance warning of the onset of flow problems. Whilst the preferred measure of flow capabilities
is the Cold Filter Plugging Point the Cloud Point is acceptable.
If the ambient temperature is below the cloud point heating of fuel and distribution lines is required.
A3.1.13 Density
Of value in weight volume relationships and in calculating the specific energy heating value.
A3.1.14 Oxidation Stability
This is an indication of stability during field storage.
A3.1.15 Vapour Pressure
A maximum vapour pressure of 0.14 bara is required while at supply conditions. Fuels with higher
vapour pressures may have to be supplied to the Companys connection point at pressures in excess
of those defined by the appropriate Product Standard to avoid vapour-lock formation. In such cases,
reference should be made to the Company for guidance as a special fuel supply system may be
required.
A3.1.16 Supply Temperature
The allowable temperature range and reasoning for supply temperatures are as follows :
Minimum 0C, (32F) Limit to avoid problems due to ice formation.
Maximum 60C, (140F) Fuel system component limitation.
For temperatures outside the above limits, reference should be made to the Company for guidance.
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A3.2 International Diesel Fuel Specifications
The suitability of commercially available diesel fuels can be established by comparison of their
properties with the Companys liquid fuel specification given in Table 4.1. As an example, Table A3.1
compares the Companys liquid fuel specification to the liquid fuel standards listed in the introduction
to section 4. The inclusion of a fuel specification in Table A3.1 does not imply its suitability for use in
the Companys proprietary engines, as can be seen by the values in the Table.
The
Companys
BS EN 590
1999
BS 2869 :1998 ASTM D2880 - 98 ASTM D975 - 98a ISO 4261-
1993
specification Class A2
ind/agri
engines
Class D
burners
1-GT 2-GT 1D 2D
DST.2/DMT.2
Petroleum
dist. (gas oil)
Viscosity [mm2/s (cS)]
@ 40
o
C winter (summer) min 2 2 1.5 (2) 1.5 (1.5) 1.3 1.9 1.3 1.9 1.3
@ 40
o
C max 7.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 2.4 4.1 2.4 4.1 5.5
Cetane number min - 49 45 - - - 40 40 -
Carbon residue [wt %]
10% distillation residue
max 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.35 0.15
Distillation recovery %v/v
recovered at 250
o
C
recovered at 350
o
C
recovered at 370
o
C
max
min
min
<65
85
95
<65
85
95
65
85
-
65
85
-
90% at
max 288
90% at
min 282
max 338
90% at
max 288
90% at
min 282
max 338
90% at
max 365
Flash point
o
C min as local regs >55 56 56 38 38 - -
56/60
land/marine
water [mg/kg]
1
max 200 200 200 200 588 570 588 588 568
[vol %] max - - - - 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Particulates [mg/kg]
1
max 24 - - - - - - - -
Total contamination
[mg/kg]
max - 24 - - - - - - -
Total Ash [wt %]
1
max 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 -
Metal ash [ppm wt]
1
V
Na+K
Ca
Pb
Zn
max
max
max
max
max
1
0.6
1
0.5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-
Sulphur [wt %]
1
max 0.3 0.05 0.2 0.2 - - 0.05 0.05
-
Cu strip corrosion max class 1 class 1 1 1 - - No 3 3h
@ 50
o
C
No 3 3h
@ 50
o
C
1
Cold filter Summer max -10 -5 -4 -4 - - - - -
plugging point
o
C Winter max -20 -15 -12 -12 - - - - -
Density @ 15
o
C [kg/m
3
] min 820 820 820 - 850 876 - - 880
max 860 860 - - - - - - -
3
] max 25max 25 - - - -
-
- -
Sediment [ wt %]
1
max - - 0.01 0.01 included with water
included with water -
1
Total contaminant levels from all sources based on the Companys reference fuel calorific value; see table 1.2,
section 1.0.
Table A3.1 Comparison of diesel Fuel Specifications
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Appendix A4 LPG and Naphtha fuels
A4.1 General
A4.1.1 Liquid Petroleum Gas Fuel
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a byproduct of natural gas treatment processes or an incidental gas
recovered during the oil extraction process. LPG is generally composed of Propane and Butane, but it can
also contain lighter and/or heavier hydrocarbons. Unsaturated forms and isomers may also be present.
LPG fuel quality is closely controlled by recognised National and/or International specifications which
impose strict limits on Vapour Pressure, Olefins, Acetylenes, Sulphur Content, Residues and Moisture
Content. The LPG could also be contaminated during transportation and/or pumping.
A4.1.2 Naphtha Fuel
Naphtha is a generic, loosely defined term that covers a wide variety of light distillates. Naphtha is
processed from crude oil through distillation towers in petroleum refineries. Naphthas either join the pool of
gasolines in refineries or feed steam-crackers in petrochemical plants to produce the Olefins (Ethylene,
Propylene) that are the chemical feed stocks for the organic synthesis and polymer industries.
Naphtha fuels are not covered by National and/or International specifications in the same way as other
liquid fuels (i.e. petrol, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuels etc.) that are commonly used in gas turbines. As a
consequence the composition of the fuel can vary widely depending on source or process by which it is
produced. The Naphtha could also be contaminated during transportation and/or pumping.
A4.2 Significance of Parameters and Required Limits
The following section explains the significance of the required limits.
A4.2.1Composition
A4.2.1.1 Summary
LPG fuel composition is defined by quoting concentrations of hydrocarbons of specific carbon number (C
2
C
3
C
4
and C
5
) as well as overall limits for Olefins, Acetylenes and Sulphur. Higher hydrocarbons are given
in the form of contaminants. Naphtha composition is defined by quoting concentrations of the more
general hydrocarbons classes (Paraffins, Naphthenes, Olefins, Aromatics, Sulphur and contaminants).
A4.2.1.2 C
2
C
3
C
4
and C
5
.
C
2
concentration (%mol) is calculated by adding together individual concentrations of all C
2
hydrocarbons
namely Ethane (C
2
H
6
), Ethene (C
2
H
4
) and Acetylenes (C
2
H
2
). The same procedure is applied for C
3
C
4
and C
5
hydrocarbons.
A4.2.1.3 Paraffins (Alkanes) - C
n
H
2n+2
Paraffins are saturated straight chain hydrocarbons with the general formula C
n
H
2n+2
. In general, paraffins
tend to have a higher hydrogen/carbon ratio, lower density and higher gravimetric calorific value than other
types of hydrocarbon fuels. They possess high thermal stability, and their combustion is characterized by
reduced coke deposition and reduced exhaust smoke. Consequently no restrictions are usually placed on
the amount of Paraffins present in gas turbine LPG and Naphtha fuels provided that vapour pressure and
distillation limits are met.
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REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
A4.2.1.4 Naphthenes (Cycloalkanes or Cyclanes) - C
n
H
2n
Naphthenes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C
n
H
2n
in which the carbon atoms link to
form cyclic structures instead of chains. Their names indicate the number of carbon atoms in the ring with
the prefix cyclo added. They closely resemble the combustion characteristics of Paraffins. Consequently
no restrictions are usually placed on the amount of Naphthenes present in gas turbine LPG and Naphtha
fuels provided that vapour pressure and distillation limits are met.
A4.2.1.5 Olefins (Alkenes and Dienes)
Olefins are unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain one or two carbon-carbon double bonds in their
molecules. Mono-Olefins (Alkenes) contain one double bond and comply with the general formula C
n
H
2n.
Di-Olefins (Dienes) contain two double bonds and share the same chemical series as Acetylenes C
n
H
2n-2.
Olefins do not normally exist in crude oil. They are produced by conversion processes in the refinery.
These molecules because of their unsaturated nature are chemically reactive and readily react with
minute quantities of inorganic elements contained within the fuel such as Sulphur, Nitrogen and Oxygen to
form resinous gums and rubber like materials which can foul fuel lines and injectors. These reactions are
stimulated by temperature, light and the catalytic effect of metal surfaces. Di-Olefins are more reactive
than Mono-Olefins especially when Sulphur compounds are present.
Consequently, gum formation is minimised by excluding Olefins, removing impurities (especially
mercaptans and water) and avoiding exposure to atmospheric oxygen, catalytic metal and bright lights.
A4.2.1.6 Acetylenes (Alkynes) - C
n
H
2n-2
Acetylenes (Alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C
n
H
2n-2
which contain one
or more triple carbon-carbon bonds in their molecules. Like Olefins, Acetylenes also undergo additional
reactions.
A4.2.1.7 Aromatics C
n
H
2n-6
Aromatics are Benzene ring compounds with the general formula C
n
H
2n-6
. Examples are Benzene,
Toluene and Naphthalene. Aromatic compounds are unsaturated compounds yet they do not easily
partake in additional reactions. Combustion of highly aromatic fuels, however can result in increased
smoke, carbon or soot deposition and increased combustor metal temperature via radiative heat transfer.
Aromatics are also highly hygroscopic in nature thus leading to the precipitation of ice crystals when the
fuel is exposed to low temperatures.
Aromatics can also affect the integrity of rubber seals and therefore special consideration should be given
to the design of the system.
A4.2.1.8 Mercaptan Sulphur
Mercaptan Sulphur must be minimised as it has an adverse effect on fuel system elastomers, and is
corrosive to fuel system components. Gum formation is also minimised by excluding mercaptans
especially when Olefins are present in the fuel (see section A4.2.1.5).
A4.2.1.9 Vapour Pressure
The vapour pressure of a liquid fuel is the pressure exerted by the vapor above its surface at a given
temperature. The higher the vapour pressure the easier it is to vaporise the fuel. Conversely, the lower the
vapour pressure, the easier it is to liquefy the fuel.
A4.2.10 Relative Density
Although not a specific requirement, the relative density (based on water) must be determined for other
purposes and should therefore be reported.
Page 55
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
A4.2.11 Kinematic viscosity
A typical kinematic viscosity for LPG and Naphtha fuels is much lower than for diesel fuels. The
Companys fuel systems use purpose made fuel pumps which can handle the low viscositys of liquid LPG
and Naphtha fuels.
A4.2.12 Lubricity
Lubricity has recently been introduced to characterise the lubrication behavior displayed by liquid
hydrocarbons in non-hydrodynamic regimes (boundary lubricated regimes) as opposed to hydrodynamic
regimes. In hydrodynamic lubrication, viscosity, which decreases with increasing temperature, is the only
key parameter. Boundary lubrication, is a condition in which the friction and wear between two surfaces in
relative motion are determined by the properties of the surfaces and the properties of the contacting fluid
other than viscosity.
A typical lubricity for LPG and Naphtha fuels is much lower than for diesel fuels. The Companys fuel
systems use purpose made fuel pumps which can handle the low lubricities of liquid LPG and
Naphtha fuels.
A4.2.13 Oxidation stability
All petroleum products come into contact with air and hence with oxygen. Prolonged oxidation of the fuel
with air can cause certain types of liquid fuel to form gums and deposits which may block fuel filters and
fuel injector passages. Hence it is usual to perform an oxidation stability test to measure the tendency of a
fuel to form gum and deposits under accelerated aging conditions.
A4.2.14 Saybolt Colour
Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for quality control purposes and is an
important quality characteristic since colour is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases
the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the fuel. When the colour range of the
product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with
another product.
A4.2.15 Residue
Control over residue content is of considerable importance in LPG and Naphtha fuel applications. Failure
to limit the permissible concentration of residue materials may result in troublesome deposits in the fuel
system and/or the combustion system.
4.3 LPG and Naphtha - Supply Conditions
The conditions for supply of these fuels to the Company turbine package are defined by the
appropriate fuel system piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID).
A4.3.1 Gaseous LPG
As stated in section 3.3.1, the minimum supply temperature for a gas fuel, must be at least 20
o
C above
dew point at the supply pressure. This margin is necessary to avoid formation of liquid droplets
downstream of any restrictions in the fuel system.
The recommended method for achieving this objective is the use of a vaporiser to heat the liquid LPG to
approximately 98% dryness factor (the dryness factor must be defined for the fuel used) followed by a
separator/demister to remove the liquid phase (which includes any contaminants in the fuel), then followed
by a superheater to increase the temperature to the required level. This will improve the operability of the
gas turbine and reduce the risk of liquid condensate reaching the turbine with consequent failure
(particularly on load accept).
Page 56
REPORT 65/0027
Combustion Group
Issue 4 25/4/01
A4.3.2 LPG and Naphtha - Handling and Storage
LPG and Naphtha fuels have a lower flash point than distillate oil and are heavier than air when in gaseous
form. Special procedures/precautions therefore have to be adopted in handling and storage of these fuels
in order to prevent explosion by ensuring that spillage and leaks are properly dissipated. LPG installations
must comply with the Codes of Practice of the UK LP Gas association. The Company will advise on
Naphtha installation requirements. Electrostatic charge formation during handling, pumping and
circulating of these fuels must be avoided. The use of an appropriate additive to dissipate electrostatic
charge may also be required in addition to normal grounding procedure (in this case a specialist consultant
is required).
A4.4 Fuel Supply Quality Control Procedure
LPG and Naphtha fuels are typically clean fuels but there are some areas where contamination can occur,
for example during transportation, storage and pumping. Gas turbine problems in the past have resulted
from contamination of the fuel. Hence the responsibility lies with the operator to ensure compliance with
The Companys specification before use in the gas turbine. Fuels found to be outside the specification
should be treated and/or cleaned accordingly or the batch rejected.
Examples of common sources of contamination and methods for removal are listed below:
1/ LPG and Naphtha fuels can be contaminated with heavy lubricating oils which may leak from LPG
compressors or pumps. The use of self lubricating (oil free) compressors and pumps would remove this
problem.
2/ Water and sulphur contamination of naphtha fuels is common. Salts and ash forming components are
also carried with the water. The water (as well as solid contaminants) must be effectively removed from the
fuel by means of a centrifuge and/or settling tanks, at site, before using the fuel in the gas turbine.
3/ Both LPG and Naphtha fuels can be contaminated with residual fuels/oils, etc., as a result of using the
same tankers for transportation. For gaseous LPG the recommended method for removing these
contaminants is described in section A4.3.1. For liquid LPG and Naphtha appropriate methods for
removing these contaminants must be implemented (e.g. for LPG this may include the use of a vaporiser
followed by a condenser etc.).

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