1.

obedience
to
authority
-Studies of obedience by Stanley Milgram. Milgram
told participants they would be participating in a
study of the effects of punishment on learning.
Their task was to administer electric shock to a
"learner," but in reality, the "learner" was a
confederate. Found that 65% of participants could
be coaxed to deliver every level of shock
-Milgram may have found high obedience because
his participants were volunteers
-Raised ethical issues. To ensure that there are no
long-lasting effects, participants were debriefed
2. Sexology
The scientific study of sex, especially of sexual
dysfunctions.
3. Philip
Zimbardo
Conducted the famous Stanford Prison experiment.
It was conducted to study the power of social roles
to influence people's behavior. It proved people's
behavior depends to a large extent on the roles that
are asked to play
4. mere
exposure
the phenomenon by which the greater the
exposure we have to a given stimulus, the more
we like it
5. suicidal
ideation
Thoughts of hurting or killing oneself. Has
thoughts of hurting or killing self, but may or
may not be planning to act on these thoughts.
(Aaron Beck)
6. double slit
experiment
Demonstrates the inseperability of the wave and
particle natures of light. It proved how waves
diffract around an object, and through
destructive and constructive interference create
black and white patterns of light. Black being the
destructive interference and the more bright the
whites are the more constructive interference
there was. (Thomas Young)
AP PSYCHOLOGY (All Sets Combined)
Study online at quizlet.com/_3diz8
7. inferiority
complex
Adler's conception of a basic feeling of
inadequacy stemming from childhood
experiences, a sense of personal inferiority
arising from CONFLICT between the desire to
be noticed and the fear of being humiliated
8. Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian who thought social tensions
were more important than sexual tensions in
the development of personality, Developed the
inferiority inferiority/ superiority complexes.
He would have said that people developed their
personalitys because they didn't want to be
inferior. Actually excluded from the Vienna
School of thought by Freud for this.
9. Mary
Ainsworth
A developmental psychologist who compared
effects of maternal separation, and devised
patterns of attachment; Used "The Strange
Situation"-observation of parent/child
attachment and vivided the attachments into 3
broad categories (Secure 66%, Avoidant 22%,
and Anxious/Ambivalent/Resistant 11%)
10. The strange
situation
An observational measure of infant attachment
that requires the infant to move through a
series of introducions, separations, and
reunions with the caregiver and an adult
stranger in a prescribed order used by Mary
Ainsworth. Also called the STRANGER
PARADIGM.
11. Avoidant
attachments
A form of attachment that is the 2nd most
common (22%) according to Mary Ainsworth,
where infants may resist being held by the
parents and will explore the novel
environment. They do not go to the parents for
comfort when they return after an absence
12. Secure
attachments
A from of attachment that is the most
common(66%) according to Mary Ainsworth,
where a child displays confidence when the
parent is present, shows mild distress when
the parent leaves, and quickly reestablishes
contact when the parent returns good balance
between exploration and attachment
13. Resistant
attachments
A form of attachment pattern that is the LEAST
prevalent(11%) according to Mary Ainsworth
characterizing infants who remain close to the
parent and fail to explore before separation, are
usually distressed when the parent leaves, and
combine clinginess with angry, resistive
behavior when the parent returns.
14. Noam
Chomsky
United States linguist whose theory of
generative grammar redefined the field of
linguistics , language development; he also
disagreed with Skinner about language
acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of
sentences in a language, and humans have an
INBORN native ability to develop language,
children can deduce the structure of their native
languages from "mere exposure". Supporting
evidence from the mistakes children do, and do
not make, in lang acq process, also there is a
critical-period hypothesis for language
acquisition.
15. Solomon
Asch
A social psychologist that studied conformity;
showed that social pressure can make a person
say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a
famous study(line length study) in which
participants were shown cards with lines of
different lengths and were asked to say which
line matched the line on the first card in length,
even when people knew that it was wrong they
were more likely to pick it if another person said
it was right. Also did the Impression Formation
Study
16. Impression
Formation
Study
An experiment by the social psychologist
Solomon Asch where he determined that
describing a professor as "warm" or "cold"
significantly affected people's perceptions.
17. Impression
Formation
The process by which a person uses behavior
and appearance of others to form attitudes
about them.
18. Albert
Bandura
A behavioral psychologist who is famous for
work in observational or social learning. Stated
that people profit from the mistakes/successes
of others., He also believed that personlaity is
not just acquired through direct reinforcement
but also is a result of observational learning.
Conducted the famed Bobo doll Experiment
19. Bobo doll
Experiment
An experiment that was conducted by Albert
Bandura in the 1940s, 1st group of kids were
placed in room with bobo doll and hammer,
nothing happened; second group show movie
where adult hits bag with hammer and the kids
followed suit when placed with bag and
hammer; people's behavior can become more
violent as a result of violent media.
20. Philip Bard A very prominent American psychologist who
developed an alternative arousal theory with
Cannon bard, known as the Cannon-Bard
theory . Was also the chairman of the APA
during WW2.
21. Cannon-
Bard
theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
simultaneously triggers physiological responses
and the subjective experience of emotion,
especially in the autonomic nervous system and
emotional experience in the brain
22. Aaron Beck A psychologist associated with cognitive
therapeutic techniques. Believe problems arise
from a persons maladaptive ways of thinking
about the world. Created the Beck Scales-
depression inventory, hopelessness scale,
suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth
inventories
23. Cognitive
Therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive
ways of thinking and acting; based on the
assumption that thoughts intervene between
events and our emotional reactions.
24. Alfred
Binet
The indvidual that published the first measure
of intelligence(based on "mental age") in 1905.
The purpose of his intelligence test was to
correctly place students on academic tracks in
the French([specifically Parisan) school
system.
25. Hermann
Ebbinghaus
German psychologist who conducted the first
extensive experiments on memory, used
nonsense syllables and recorded how many
times he had to study a list to remember it well,
from this he was able to develop his "forgetting
curve"
26. conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide
with a group standard.
27. Ebbinghaus's
Forgetting
Curve
Shows that we lose 2/3 of information in
first hour of learning; rate of forgetting
levels off after a few days. , Meaningless
material decays rapidly, then reaches a
plateau, after which little is forgotten.
(Ebbinghaus), hegave himself lots of
material to study went over 14,000 practice
repetitions to memorize 420 nonsense
syllables and tested his memory at different
time intervals to create this which plots
forgetting as a function of time.
28. Albert Ellis An early psychoanalyst and a pioneer in
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses
on altering client's patterns of irrational
thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior
and emotions
29. Rational
Emotive
Therapy
A Cognitive Therapy based on Albert Ellis'
theory that cognitions control our emotions
and behaviors; therefore, changing the way
we think about things will affect the way we
feel and the way we behave., The therapist
ACTIVELY challenges the patient's
irrational beliefs.
30. Systematic
desensitization
A type of counterconditioning that
associates a pleasant relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering
stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
(Joseph Wolpe)
31. ABC model Demonstrates how negative, irrational
beliefs can create stress and lead to
unwanted consequences
A - Activating Event
B - Belief
C - Consequences
Used in the field of Cognitive Therapy by
(Ellis , Beck)
32. Joseph Wolpe Used classical conditioning theory in
psychotherapy and introduced Systematic
Desensitatization and concepts of
reciprocal inhibition which he applied to
reduce anxiety. In treatment he paired
relaxation with an anxiety -provoking
stimulus until the stimulus no longer
produced anxiety.
33. reciprocal
inhibition
The presence of one emotional state can
inhibit the occurrence of another, such as joy
prevent fear or anxiety inhibiting pleasure.
(Wolpe - mainly)
34. Classical
Conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism
comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus
that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US)
begins to produce a response that anticipates
and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.
Also called Pavlovian or respondent
conditioning.
35. Anna Freud
Freud's daughter, his favorite daughter, she
became a psychoanalysis following the
footsteps of her father, Focused on the ego's
ability to adapt and function; more focus on
normal behavior than on pathological
behavior, described ten different defense
mechanisms by the ego to defend against
anxiety and also, felt that you couldn't analyze
children until they were mature enough to
form a transference, disagreed with her father
about woman (Neo-Freudian)
36. transference In psychoanalysis, the process whereby
emotions are passed on or displaced from one
person to another
37. Erik Erikson Neo- Freudian who proposed that as humans
develop, they have psycho-social tasks that, if
completed, lead to healthy development. ,
People evolve through 8 STAGES of
personality development over the life span.
Each stage marked by psychological crisis
that involves confronting "who am I". Also
described "basic trust" and also worked with
Anna Freud( Freud's daughter)
38. Basic
Trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is
predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed
during infancy by appropriate experiences with
responsive caregivers
39. John
Garcia
His experiments in injecting animals with drugs
that made them nauseous after feeding them a
certain food helped to establish the idea that
organisms learn best behaviors that affect
survival., Researched taste aversion. Showed that
when rats ate a novel substance before being
nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a
conditioned taste aversion for the substance. Also
showed that taste preferences were established by
biological predispositions.
40. Taste
Aversion
A type of classical conditioning in which a
previously desirable or neutral food comes to be
perceived as repugnant because it is associated
with negative stimulation (John Garcia).
41. Howard
Gardner
Laid out the theory of multiple intelligences (MI) in
his book Frames of Mind. Claimed that pencil and
paper IQ tests do not capture the full range of
human intelligences, and that we all have
individual profiles of strengths and weaknesses
across multiple intelligence dimensions. He
identified at least eight types of intelligences:
linguistic, logical/mathematical,
bodily/kinesthetic, musical, spatial (visual),
interpersonal (the ability to understand others),
intrapersonal (the ability to understand oneself),
and naturalist (the ability to recognize fine
distinctions and patterns in the natural world)
42. Frames of
Mind
types of intelligence according to Gardner
43. Theory of
multiple
intelligences
Gardner's theory, which proposes at least 8
independent intelligences on the basis of
distinct sets of processing operations that
permit individuals to engage in a wide range of
culturally valued activities
44. Garcia
Effect
Named after researcher John Garcia, it is
basically food aversion that occurs when
people attribute illness to a particular food.
45. Harry
Harlow
Psychologist who researched the relationship
of body contact and nourishment to
attachment, using Rhesus monkeys and
artificial mothers. Wire Mother vs. Cloth
mother)> Babies would get food from Wire
mother, but would cling to and imprint on
cloth mother. Showed that they needed contact
as well as nurishment. Also proving that
monkey preferred the soft cloth mother and due
to isolation they never learned how to mate.
46. Hermann
von
Helmholtz
German physiologist who demonstrated that
the movement of impulses in the nerves and in
the brain was not instantaneous, but instead
took a small but finite amount of time. Against
Vitalism, believed in the conservation of energy
in animals and also modified the Tichromatic
theory. Estimated the speed of nerve
conduction at (apprx 90 ft/sec) , Also proposed
that specific sound frequencies vibrate specific
portions of the basilar membrane producing
distinct pitches
47. Vitalism Belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of
physical & chemical laws; eventually crumbled
after lab synthesis of complex organic molecules
48. Basilar
membrane
A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in
the inner ear(supporting the organs of Corti) and
holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
The fibers of this are short and stiff near the oval
window and long and fleaxible near the apex of
the cochlea. This difference in structure allows
the basilar membrane to help transduce pitch
and initiating a chain of events that results in a
nerve impulse traveling to the brain
49. Harry
Helson
Theorist who endorses the life events model
rather than the normative-crisis model for
middle adulthood because timing of particular
events in adults life, NOT the age, determine the
course of personality development
50. Life events
model
the approach to personality development that is
based on the timing of particular events in an
adult's life rather than on age per se (Helson). Is
the opposite of Normative Crisis Model.
51. Normative
crisis
model
The traditional approach to adult personality
development is which views personality
development in terms of fairly universal stages,
tied to a sequence of age-related crises.
52. Ernest
Hilgard
Researched hypnosis and its effectiveness as an
analgesic (reduction of pain) effect; studies
showing that a hypnotic trance includes a
"hidden observer," (arm in ice water test)
suggesting that there is some subconscious
control during hypnosis.Also called the
dissociation theory of split consciousness-
hynotized part of brain and an independent
observer which works independently., Also
created the Stanford hypnotic susceptibility scale.
53. hidden
observer
Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's
awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go
unreported during hypnosis.
54. dissociation
theory
According to this theory, hypnotized subjects
dissociate, or split, various aspects of their
behavior and perceptions from the "self" that
normally controls these functions. Developed
by (Ernest Hilgard)
55. Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) SUGGESTS to another (the subject)
that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
behaviors will spontaneously occur.
56. analgesia The absence of pain sensations in the presence
of a normally painful stimulus
57. Karen
Horney
A neo-Freudian( and feminist) who criticized
Freud, stated that personality is molded by
current fears and impulses, rather than being
determined solely by childhood experiences
and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of
"basic anxiety". Also said that psychoanalysis
was biased against woman, and that men
acted superior because they had "Womb Envy"
58. basic
anxiety
Horney's theory of the deep-seated form of
anxiety in children that is associated with
feelings of being isolated and helpless in a
world perceived as potentially threatening and
hostile.
59. Penis Envy In Psychoanalytic Thought, the desire of girls
to posses a penis and therefore have the power
that being male represents.
60. Womb Envy The envy of pregnancy, childbirth, and
motherhood, which results in the unconscious
depreciation of women. Mens impulse toward
creative work may be an over-compensation for
their small role in procreation.
61. Electra
complex
conflict during phallic stage in which girls
supposedly love their fathers romantically
and want to eliminate their mothers as
rivals, counterpart to the Oedipus complex
for females
62. Oedipus
complex
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires
toward his mother and feelings of jealousy
and hatred for the rival father, counterpart to
the Electra Complex for males.
63. William
James
Developed pragmatism(Functionalism).
One of the founders of modern psychology,
and the first to attempt to apply psychology
as a science rather than a philosophy. Wrote
first psychology textbook "The Principles of
Psychology" and was interested in the the
Meaning of Truth, (influenced by Darwin!)
64. Functionalism William James school of psychology that
focused on how mental and behavioral
processes FUNCTION - how they enable the
organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
(influenced by Darwin!)
65. Edward
Titchner
He introduced structuralism, and was a
student of Wilhelm Wudnt; He also
encouraged introspection. Broke
onsciousness down into three elements:
physical sensations, feeling, and images
66. Structuralism An early school of psychology that used
introspection to explore the elemental
structure of the human mind. (Edward
Titchner)
67. Wilhelm
Wudnt
Study the structure of the mind through
introspection, developed the FIRST
psychological lab inn Leipzig. Teacher of
Edward Titchner.
68. Alfred Kinsey College professor at Indiana University,
Bloomington, author of "Sexual Behavior in
the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in
the Human Female;" collectively known as
the Kinsey Report; report was controversial
and inflammatory but well-received and
immensely popular. Factored in the spurring
of research for birth control., 1) Publishes a
study based on male sexuality 2) Took a
sample of 10,000 men, data said that sexual
orientation was diverse and many were bi
69. Kinsey
Report
"Sexual Behavior in the Human Male & Female":
scientific study by Alfred Kinsey, turned traditional
presumptions about sex and marriage on its head.
high counts of homosexuality, masturbation,
extramarital affairs, sexuality more fit to a
continuum, homosexual tendencies are higher
than expected, homosexual thoughts higher than
expected. However, began interviewing people
about their sexual behaviors in 1938. 17500
individuals, most of them were from University of
Indiana and the surrounding community (White
well educated individuals) FAILED to obtain a
Representative sample.
70. Kinsey
Scale
Kinsey 's rated sexuality on a 7-point scale
ranging from exclusively heterosexual behavior
(0) to exclusively homosexual behavior (6) (7
being asexual) Problem is he only looked at sexual
behavior, not fantasies.
71. Ancel
Keys
Developed the Laboratory of Physiological
Hygiene at the University of Minnesota, , Led the
hunger experiment where men were semistarved.
The participants became food-obsessed, supports
Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
72. Wolfgang
Kohler
A Gestalt psychologist who became known for his
experiments with chimpanzees and insight in
problem solving. He believed that by perceiving the
WHOLE situation, chimps were able to create
novel solutions to problems (rather than just by
trial and error). Through insight, chimps were
able to use props in order to retrieve rewards.,
started Gestalt psychology with 2 companions Kurt
Koffka, Max Wertheimer
73. Kurt
Koffka
Worked with Wertheimer on his early perception
experiments. Wrote Perception: An Introduction
To Gestalt Theory which got recognition by the
US.
74. Carl
Lange
Danish physiologist who proposed a theory of
emotion similar to, and about the same time as
James' theory that awareness of physiological
responses leads to experiences of emotion.
75. Simon LeVay Wrote Sexual Brain and Queer Science,
completed research on the DNA and
finding a gay gene, he found the gene
INAH3 was more than twice as large in
heterosexual men as in homosexual men.
Also found that certain brain regions
(specifically, a cluster of cells on the
hypothalamus) is different in
homosexual(smaller) versus heterosexual
men
76. Elizabeth
Loftus
This psychologist discovered the
misinformation effect: After exposure to
subtle misinformation, many people
misremember; as memory fades with time
following an event, the injection of
misinformation becomes easier, research
on memory construction and the
misinformation effect created doubts about
the accuracy of eye-witness testimony,
Along with John Palmer, showed people a
filmed automobile accident, asked how fast
cars were going when they smashed or
bumped or contacted, asked if they had
seen broken glass in the film (there was
none) to study the tendency of people to
construct memories based on how they are
questioned.
77. misinformation
effect
Occurs when participants' recall of an
event they witnessed is altered by
introducing misleading post event
information
78. memory
construction
The surprising ease with which people
form false memories best illustrates that
the processes of encoding and retrieval
involve:
79. Abraham
Maslow
A humanistic psychologist who proposed
the hierarchy of needs, also developed the
view that the human needs for security,
love, belonging, self-esteem and self-
actualization were more important than
physiological needs for food, sleep and
sex. He developed a theory of a hierarchy
of human needs, of which the highest were
the need for "self-actualization"
80. hierarchy of
needs
Maslow's Theory of Motivation which states
that we must achieve lower level needs, such
as food, shelter, and safety before we can
achieve higher level needs, such as belonging,
esteem, and self-actualization.
81. self-
actualization
According to Maslow, the ultimate
psychological need that arises after basic
physical and psychological needs are met and
self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to
fulfill one's potential
82. Masters and
Johnson
These two authors wrote a book called
"Human Sexual Response" which proved that
sex isn't just pleasurable for men., among the
first to use laboratory experimentation and
observation to study the sexual response cycle
(1950s-60s); 4 levels include excitement,
plateau, orgasm , and resolution
83. Stanley
Milgram
Social psychologist that conducted studies in an
effort to understand some of the vast horrors of
World War II., obedience to authority; had
participants administer what they believed were
dangerous electrical shocks to other
participants; wanted to see if Germans were an
aberration or if all people were capable of
committing evil actions., Did studies with
humans where someone has charge over a
button and is instructed to press it to punish the
other volunteer for a wrong answer. In most
cases, the person pressed the button well after
the other subject could have died because a
person will follow instructions to a fault from
authority figures.
84. excitement
phase
1st phase of the sexual response cycle;
characterized by the genital areas becoming
engorged with blood, causing the man's penis to
become partially erect and the woman's clitoris
to swell and the inner lips covering her vagina to
open up. (Masters and Johnson)
85. plateau
phase
the Second phase of the sexual response cycle,
during which physical arousal continues to
increase as the partners bodies prepare for
orgasm. (Masters and Johnson)
86. orgasm
phase
a series of rhythmic contractions of the muscles
of the vaginal walls or the penis, also the Third
and shortest phase of sexual response. (Masters
and Johnson)
87. resolution
phase
in sexual intercourse, the stage of relaxation that
follows orgasm. (Masters and Johnson)
88. Sexual
Response
Series of psychological and physiological
changes that occur in the body during sexual
behavior., its four stages are excitement, plateau,
orgasm and resolution. (Masters and Johnson)
89. lost-letter
Experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram to
test how helpful people are to strangers not
present, and their attitudes towards various
groups
90. confederate Someone who appears to be a research
participant but actually is part of the research
team.
91. debriefing giving participants in a research study a
complete explanation of the study after the
study is completed
92. Carl Jung Student of Freud. Broke over Freud's emphasis
of sexuality. Believed all people had a collective
unconscious of the past generations, but the
connection faded due to modernization., "the
collective unconscious" and mythic
"archetypes"
Frued's follower. He also believed that Libido
was all types of energy not just sexual.
identified archetypes by studying dreams,
visions, paintings, poetry, folk stories, myths,
religions. Is also the Father of analytical
psychologist.
93. collective
unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited
reservoir of memory traces from our species'
history.
94. personal
unconscious
According to Jung, the level of awareness that
houses material that is not within one's
conscious awareness because it has been
repressed or forgotten.
95. Ivan Pavlov
a Russian researcher in the early 1900s who
was the first research into learned behavior
(conditioning) who discovered classical
conditioning, by training dogs to salivate at
the ringing of a bell, simplest form of
classical conditioning is reminiscent of what
Aristotle would have called the law of
contiguity
96. law of
contiguity
A law of association holding that events that
occur in close proximity to each other in time
or space are readily associated with each
other. ( Aristotle) similar to classical
conditioning.
97. Jean Piaget Swiss psychologist remembered for his
studies of cognitive development in children.,
Four stage theory of cognitive development:
1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3.
concrete operational, and 4. formal
operational. He said that the two basic
processes work in tandem to achieve
cognitive growth-assimilation and
accomodation.
98. assimilation in the theories of Jean Piaget: the
application of a general schema to a
particular instance
99. accomodation According to Jean Piaget, mental processes
that restructures existing schemas so that the
new info is better understood ex:a child's
schema of a bird includes any flying object,
until they learn that a butterfly or a plane is
not a bird
100. Philippe Pinel He insisted that madness was not due to
demonic possession, but an ailment of the
mind, and who contributed to the more
humane treatment of psychiatric patients in
the late 1700s
101. Carl Rogers Humanistic psychologist who stressed the
inportance of acceptance, genuineness, and
empathy in fostering human growth. ,
Developed "client-centered" therapy, self
theory, and also unconditional positive
regard
102. client-
centered
therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl
Rogers, in which the therapist uses
techniques such as active listening within a
genuine, accepting, empathic environment
to facilitate clients' growth.
103. self theory The theory according to Carl Rogers that
when we are unsure of our attitudes, we
infer them much as would someone
observing us, by looking at our behavior and
the circumstances under which it occurs
104. unconditional
positive
regard
According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of
total acceptance toward another person.
105. Stanley
Schachter
Developed the 2 factor emotion theory-
physiological happens first, cognitive
appraisal must be made in order to
experience emotion. Had .Experiments on
the Spillover Effect.
106. spillover
effect
occasions when our emotional response to
one event carries over into our response to
another event. (Stanley Schachter)
107. Two-factor
theory of
emotion
Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion
is the interaction of physiological arousal
and the cognitive label that we apply to
explain the arousal, The idea that emotional
experience is the result of a two-step self
perception process in which people first
experience physiological arousal and then
seek an appropriate explanation for it.
108. cognitive
appraisal
the idea that to feel stress you need to
perceive a threat and come to the conclusion
that you may not have adequate resources to
deal with the threat.
109. Theodore
Simon
Working with Binet, he published a test of
general mental ability that was loaded with
items that required abstract reasoning skills
rather than sensory skills. Helped figure out
mental Age
110. John
Locke
Believed people were born like blank slates and
the environment shapes development, (tabula
rasa). Wrote Essay Concerning Human
Understanding, and Second Treatise of
Government.
111. mental
age
A measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet; the chronological age that most
typically corresponds to a given level of
performance. Thus, a child who does as well as
the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental
age of 8.
112. B.F
Skinner
A behaviorist and pioneer of operant
conditioning who believed that everything we do
is determined by our past history of rewards and
punishments. he is famous for use of his operant
conditioning aparatus which he used to study
schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and
rats.
113. Charles
Spearman
An english psychologist, known for his work in
statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis and for
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. He also
did seminal work on models for human
intelligence, including his theory that disparate
cognitive test scores reflect a single general
factor and coining the term g factor. Predicted
that doing good on one part of a test should
mean that you do good on another part.
114. tabula
rasa
John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank
sheet ultimately bombarded by sense
impressions that, aided by human reasoning,
formulate ideas. (Empty Slate)
115. factor
analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of
related items (called factors) on a test; used to
identify different dimensions of performance that
underlie one's total score
116. G factor SPEARMAN'S term for a general intellectual
ability that underlies all mental operations to
some degree
117. General
Intelligence
a general intelligence factor that, according to
Spearman and others, underlies specific
mental abilities and is therefore measured by
every task on an intelligence test
118. Robert
Sternberg
A professor at Yale and the author of
Successful Intelligence, the concept of
successful intelligence contrasts with the more
narrow academic intelligence measured by IQ
tests and other standardized examinations".
evised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
(academic problem-solving, practical, and
creative)
119. Triarchic
Theory
Theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that
states that intelligence consists of three parts
including Analytic = the ability to solve
problems, Creative = the ability to deal with
new situations, and Practical = the ability to
adjust and cope with one's environment
120. Lewis
Terman
Revised Binet's IQ test and established norms
for American children; tested group of young
geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study
that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show
that high IQ does not necessarily lead to
wonderful things in life. he test then became
the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is
also known for his longitudinal research on
gifted kids.
121. longitudinal
research
Collect data from the same group of
individuals as they age, useful in life span
studies, HOWEVER downsides are that
participants may withdraw, die, move away,
influenced by changing historical context
122. Edward
Thorndike
Pioneer in operant conditioning who
discovered concepts in intstrumental learning
such as the law of effect. Known for his work
with cats in puzzle boxes.
123. law of effect Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed
by favorable consequences become more
likely, and that behaviors followed by
unfavorable consequences become less likely
124. instrumental
learning
Associative learning in which a behavior
becomes more or less probable depending on
its consequences
125. John
Watson
Founder of behaviorism, the view that
psychology should restrict its efforts to
studying observable behaviors, not mental
processes, amous for Little Albert study in
which baby was taught to fear a white rat
126. Little Albert
study
Study by John Watson and Reyner (1920), in
which a little boy(11 months( became afraid
of white fuzzy objects, especially white rats
because he associated them with a loud clang
after seeing a bunny and hearing a loud
clang at the same time.
127. Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject)
that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts,
or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Freud
used this to enter the unconscious of his
patients
128. Benjamin
Whorf
A linguist who noticed that the more words
that you have for a certain type of thing, the
more subtle the distinctions you recognize in it.
Also , language we use might control, and in
some ways limit our thinking. For example
since the Hopi didn't have a grammatical
structure that as useful for the past, they rarely
talked or worried about it.
129. Linguistic
relativity
hypothesis
The notion that the language a person speaks
largely determines the nature of that person's
thoughts (Benjamin Whorf)
130. Thomas
Young
Published "A Theory of Color Vision" in
England (his theory was later called the
trichromatic theory), , Double Slit Interference
Experiment: Light is made of waves
131. Stanford
Prison
experiment
Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on
behavior. Participants were randomly assigned
to play either prisoners or guards in a mock
prison. The study was ended early because of
the "guards'" role-induced cruelty. Proved that
situational forces can lead ordinary people to
exhibit horrendous behavior.
132. role the actions and activities assigned to or
required or expected of a person or group
133. Groupthink The mode of thinking that occurs when the
desire for harmony in a decision-making group
overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
(Think Kennedy's Advisors)
134. forensic
psychology
field that blends psychology, law, and
criminal justice. These psychologists make
legal evaluations of a person's mental
competency to stand trial, the state of mind of
a defendant at the time of a crime, the fitness
of a parent to have custody of children, or
allegations of child abuse. (Yeah I just had to
use this picture, its hilarious)
135. Phrenologist
A scientist who studied the shape of the skull
and bumps on the head to determine whether
these physical attributes are linked to
criminal behavior; believed that external
cranial characteristics dictate which areas of
the brain control physical activity.
136. field
experiments
Applies the scientific method to
experimentally examine an occurence in the
real world (or in naturally-occurring
environments) rather than in the laboratory.
137. Basic
research
One of the two main types of research, pure
research that aims to confirm an existing theory
or to learn more about a concept or
phenomenon
138. Scientific
method
A general approach to gathering information
and answering questions so that errors and
biases are minimized
139. Applied
research
One of the two main types of research,
conducted specifically to solve practical
problems and improve the quality of life.
140. validity the extent to which the data collected address
the research hypothesis in the way intended
141. reliability Yielding consistent results; Does not insure
validity
142. replicated research is reliable when it can be
___________
143. hypothesis
possible explanation for a set of observations or
possible answer to a scientific question
144. practice
effect
is an improvement in performance as a result
of repeated practice with a task, repeated
testing causes people to remember some of
the test items; side effect of longitudinal
studies
145. longitudinal
studies
research method in which data is collected
about a group of participants over a number
of years to assess how certain characteristics
change or remain the same during
development, , follow the same children over
different ages, Benefits: can track long-term
effects, controls for differences over different
people, Problems: time, money, drop-outs
146. Cohort
A population group unified by a specific
common characteristic, such as age, and
subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
147. Descriptive
research
is any type of research that describes the
"who, what, when, where" of a situation, not
what caused it
148. case study A research method used to get a full, detailed
picture of one subject or a small group of
subjects, is also an observation technique in
which one person is studied in depth in the
hope of revealing universal principles.
149. generalizable Characteristic of a sample that refers to the
degree to which findings based on the sample
can be used to make accurate statements
about the population of interest.
150. Columbine In 1999, two students in Littleton, Colorado,
brought weapons to school and killed 12
students and wounded many others before
killing themselves. The tragedy was one of
seven such shootings in the US that year,
and led to changes in gun control, school
safety measures, and the monitoring of
media violence. Shows how one case study
can have powerful, unnecessary and
dangerous effects.
151. naturalistic
observation
Observing and recording behavior in
naturally occurring situations without trying
to manipulate and control the situation.
152. Correlational
Research
A research strategy that identifies the
relationships between two or more variables
in order to describe how these variables
change together.
153. hidden
variable
an extraneous variable that does not have a
direct connection to the correlation, and is
thus hard to recognize
154. Correlation
a statistical relation between two or more
variables such that systematic changes in the
value of one variable are accompanied by
systematic changes in the other, remember
_____________ not causation.
155. Positive
Correlation
A correlation where as one variable
increases, the other also increases, or as one
decreases so does the other. Both variables
move in the same direction. First Graph
156. Negative
Correlation
a correlation where one two variables tend to
move in the opposite direction (example: the
number of pages printed and the amount of
ink left in your printer are negatively
correlated. The more pages printed, the less
ink you have left.) Middle Graph
157. Correlational
Coefficient
a statistical measure expressing the
relationship between two or more variables
with a single number between 1 & 1, inclusive
158. survey
method
A research technique that questions a sample
of people to collect information about their
attitudes or behaviors. Probably the most
common
159. sample
items selected at random from a population
and used to test hypotheses about the
population
160. population the entire aggregation of items from which
samples can be drawn
161. Random
selection
a sampling method in which each element
has an equal chance of selection independent
of any other event in the selection process
162. causation a relationship between variables such that
change in the value of one is directly
responsible for change in the value of the
other
163. experimental
method
a research technique in which an
investigator deliberately manipulates selected
events or circumstances and then measures
the effects of those manipulations on
subsequent behavior to try an determine if
there is a cause an effect relationship.
164. Laboratory
experiments
Studies that take place under controlled
conditions where the researcher
deliberately manipulates the independent
variable to see its effect on a dependent
variable.
165. experimental
group
A subject or group of subjects in an
experiment that is exposed to the factor or
condition being tested.
166. control group in an experiment, a group that serves as a
standard of comparison with another
group to which the control group is
identical except for one factor
167. Independent
Variable
The experimental factor that is
manipulated; the variable whose effect is
being studied.
168. Dependent
Variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may
change in response to manipulations of the
independent variable
169. confounding
variables
factors that cause differences between the
experimental group and the control group
other than the independent variable, you
DO NOT want these at all.
170. Operationalize Process by which we make a theoretical
variable one that we can measure
171. placebo an inert substance given to the control
group in an experiment
172. blind
study
As a way to avoid the placebo effect in research,
this type of study is designed without the
subject's knowledge of the anticipated results
and sometimes even the nature of the study. The
subjects are said to be 'blind' to the expected
results.
173. double
blind
study
An experimental procedure in which both
researchers and participants are uninformed
about the nature of the independent variable
being administered
174. tabulation The orderly arrangement of data in a table or
other summary format showing the number of
responses to each response category; tallying.
175. degrees of
freedom
A parameter of the t distribution. When the t
distribution is used in the computation of an
interval estimate of a population mean, the
appropriate t distribution has n-1 degrees of
freedom, where n is the size of the simple
random sample.
176. Chi Square One of the most basic tests for statistical
significance that is particularly appropriate for
testing hypotheses about frequencies arranged
in a frequency or contingency table., sum of
(observed-expectated)^2/expected, if your value
is above the expected value then you reject your
null hypothesis, if below or equal you except you
null hypothesis
177. null
hypothesis
The hypothesis that states there is no difference
between two or more sets of data. Stating
opposite of what you expect to find
178. placebo
effect
experimental results caused by expectations
alone; any effect on behavior caused by the
administration of an inert substance or
condition, which is assumed to be an active
agent
179. self-
fulfilling
prophecy
process in which a person's expectation about
another elicits behavior from the second person
that confirms the expectation; evidenced in a
study by Rosenthal and Jacobsen at an
elementary school where students performed to
the teacher's expectation, AKA Pygmalion Effect
180. Critical
thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments
and conclusions. Rather, it examines
assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates
evidence, and assesses conclusions.
181. Deductive
Reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by
stating a general principle and then applying
that principle to a specific case (The sun rises
every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on
Tuesday morning.)
182. Inductive
Reasoning
reasoning from detailed facts to general
principles. Ex. "All of the ice we have
examined so far is cold.Therefore, all ice is
cold."Personification assigning human
qualities to inanimate objects or concepts.
Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom
to the moon."
183. Rosenthal A psychologist who conducted a study on self-
fulfilling prophecy with students expected to
improve, social expectations influence how
one treats and behaves toward those people,
the way they are treated shape them into what
is socially expected
184. clinical case
study
A detailed investigation of a single person,
especially one suffering from some injury or
disease.
185. speculation a hypothesis that has been formed by
speculating or conjecturing (usually with little
hard evidence)
186. statistically
significant
a term used to describe research results when
the outcome of a statistical test indicates that
the probability of those results occurring by
chance is small
187. meta-
analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the
results of many different research studies., A
set of statistical procedures used to review a
body of evidence by combining the results of
individual studies to measure the overall
reliability and strength of particular effects
188. curvilinear
relationship
A relationship in which increases in the
values of the first variable are accompanied by
both increases and decreases in the values of
the second variable.
189. halo effect To generalize and perceive that a persona has
a whole set of characteristics when your have
actually observed only one characteristic, trait
or behavior
190. gender bias Stereotypical views and differential treatment
of males and females, often favoring one over
the other
191. courtesy bias the tendency of those being surveyed to
provide responses that will please and/or
not offend the interviewer, moderator, or
other participants
192. cultural bias
An aspect of an intelligence test in which
the wording used in questions may be more
familiar to people of one social group than
to another group.
193. ageism
aged-based discrimination that is usually
toward the elderly, but can be against
anyone
194. pseudo-
psychology
Any false and unscientific system of beliefs
and practices that is offered as an
explanation of behavior. Ex: Palm readers,
psychics etcetera.
195. commonsense
psychology
Everyday, nonscientific collection of
psychological data used to understand the
social world and guide our behavior.
196. applied
psychology
any of several branches of psychology that
seek to apply psychological principles to
practical problems of education or industry
or marketing etc.
197. Clever Hans A German horse that was claimed to have
been able to perform math and other
intellectual tasks. It was determined that the
horse wasn't actually performing these
mental tasks but was watching the
reaction(cues) of the human observers.
198. axioms Propositions built on fundemental truths
that lead to the creation of theorems
199. P. T. Barnum
effect
-tendency of people to accept high base rate
descriptions as accurate.
-personal validation are a flawed method for
evaluating a tests validity (astrology, card
readers)
200. P. T. Barnum
A nineteenth-century American showman
known for his circus, "The Greatest Show
on Earth." His sideshows were particularly
notable, even though many of the "freaks"
he advertised were hoaxes." AFter Barnum's
death, his circus was absorbed into the
Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey
Circus.
201. Objective without bias or prejudice; detached
202. representative
sampling
a sample from a larger population that is
statistically typical of that population.
203. astrology
a pseudoscience claiming divination by the
positions of the planets and sun and moon
204. experimenter
effect
An experimenter-related artifact that results
when the hypothesis held by the
experimenter leads unintentionally to
behavior toward the subjects that, in turn,
increases the likelihood that the hypothesis
will be confirmed
205. Observer
bias
expectations or biases of the observer that
might distort or influence his or her
interpretation of what was actually observed
206. Theory an explanation using an integrated set of
principles that organizes and predicts
observations
207. zero
correlation
the absence of a relationship between two or
more variables as determined by a correlational
statistic. Often abbreviated as 'r=0.'
208. Error
a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or
ignorance or inattention, you probably have
this if your correlation coeifcent is above 1 or
below -1.
209. ex post
facto study
A type nonexperimental research design that
involves the comparison of subjects, who are
placed in contrast groups, on the basis of some
pre-existing characteristic of the subjects.
210. response
bias
anything in the survey design that influences
the responses from the sample
211. frequency
polygon
graph of a frequency distribution that shows the
number of instances of obtained scores, usually
with the data points connect by straight lines
212. frequency
distribution
A summary chart, showing how frequently
each of the various scores in a set of data
occurs
213. measure of
central
tendency
The three measures are: mode, median, and
mean. They usually fall in the middle of the
distribution and tell us certain facts about it.
214. mode The most frequently occurring score(s) in a
distribution.
215. median The middle number in a set of numbers that
are listed in order
216. mean an average of n numbers computed by adding
some function of the numbers and dividing by
some function of n
217. normal
distribution
bell-shaped curve that results when the values
of a trait in a population are plotted against
their frequency
218. debriefing a procedure to inform participants about the
true nature of an experiment after its
completion
219. informed
consent
the agreement of participants to take part in
an experiment and their acknowledgement
that they understand the nature of their
participation in the research, and have been
fully informed about the general nature of the
research, its goals, and methods
220. range The difference between the highest and lowest
scores in a distribution.
221. inferential
statistics
Numerical methods used to determine whether
research data support a hypothesis or whether
results were due to chance.
222. standard
deviation
223. percentile
score
A score that indicates the percentage of people
who achieved the same as or less than a
particular score.
224. Mentalism An approach to explaining behavior that
assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension
exists that differs from a behavioral dimension
and that phenomena in this dimension either
directly cause or at least mediate some forms of
behavior, if not all.
225. Immanuel
Kant
wrote "Critique of Pure Reason"; 12 Innate
categories of thought (faculties) superimposed
on sensory experience.His central thesisthat
the possibility of human knowledge
presupposes the active participation of the
human mind. The categorical imperative
226. categorical
imperative
A concept developed by the philosopher
Immanuel Kant as an ethical guideline for
behavior. In deciding whether an action is right
or wrong a person should evaluate the action in
terms of what would happen if everybody else in
the same situation, or category, acted the same
way.
227. Iceberg
theory
Freud's theory that the conscious was only a
very small part of the mind and did not
account for most of the psychological factors
that affect behavior. Instead most of the
psychological factors that effect behavior are
found in the unconscious. There is also a a
preconscious level.
228. Unconscious According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
memories mainly formed during childhood.
According to contemporary psychologists,
information processing of which we are
unaware.
229. Sigmund
Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated
psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that
human behavior is irrational; behavior is the
outcome of conflict between the id (irrational
unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive,
and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego
(rationalizing conscious, what one can do)
and superego (ingrained moral values, what
one should do).
230. Conscious
level
The level at which mental activities that
people are normally aware of occur
231. Preconscious
level
A level of mental activity that is not currently
conscious but of which we can easily become
conscious.
232. Unconscious
level
The mental level containing events and
feelings that we find unacceptable for our
conscious minds. We do not have access to it
and these thoughts stay hidden (repressed)
but make up most of who we are. As we will
find out, the key to psychoanalytic therapy is
to find ways to delve into the
_______________
233. Psyche The conscious(Ego) unconscious(Id), and
preconscious(Superego) drives in an individual
that influence thought, behavior and personality
234. Id The drive of the psyche that contains animalistic
and most basic instincts, and also develops first(
A baby psyche is all of this drive), it is also
located in your unconscious so you are largely
unaware of it. It also works on the pleasure
principle.
235. pleasure
principle
Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to
maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order
to achieve immediate gratification.
236. Ego The drive of your psyche that is is located in our
conscious so it is the part of our personality that
we are aware of and everyone sees. It works on
the reality principle and is generally the boss of
your personality(Also develops after the Id, but
before the Superego.
237. reality
principle
According the Freud, the attempt by the ego to
satisfy both the id and the superego while still
considering the reality of the situation.
238. Superego The drive of your psyche that develops
last(around the age of 8) and is located in the
preconscious. It is the our morals and our sense
of right and wrong, and also future aspirations.
Like a Conscience
239. oral stage Freud's first stage of personality development,
from birth to about age 2, during which the
instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as
the primary pleasure center.
240. anal stage Freud's second stage of psychosexual
development where the primary sexual focus is
on the elimination or holding onto feces. The
stage is often thought of as representing a child's
ability to control his or her own world.
241. anal
retentive
A fixation that develops during the anal stage if
a child's freedom to have bowel movements is
restricted that can result in obsessively
organized and meticulous personality traits
242. latency
stage
Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual
development where sexuality is repressed in the
unconscious and children focus on identifying
with their same sex parent and interact with
same sex peers.
243. erogenous
zone
The area of the body where the id's pleasure
seeking energies are focused during a particular
stage of psychosexual development.
244. genital
stage
Freud's last stage of personality development,
from the onset of puberty through adulthood,
during which the sexual conflicts of childhood
resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved
during adolescence).
245. phallic stage Freud's third stage of personality
development, from about age 4 through age
7, during which children obtain gratification
primarily from the genitals.
246. libido In Freud's theory, the instinctual (and
sexual) life force that, working on the
pleasure principle and seeking immediate
gratification, energizes the id.
247. psychosexual
stages
The childhood stages of development (oral,
anal, phallic, latency, genital) during
which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-
seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous
zones.
248. anal
expulsive
character
Character type that results from a fixation at
the early anal stage. Person may be overly
generous or has trouble with bowel control
249. Oedipus
Complex
According to Freud, a conflict that develops
in the phallic stage, where a boy has sexual
desires toward his mother and feelings of
jealousy and hatred for the rival father
250. Electra
Complex
According to Freud a conflict during phallic
stage in which girls supposedly love their
fathers romantically and want to eliminate
their mothers as rivals
251. penis envy In Psychoanalytic Thought, the desire of
girls to posses a penis and therefore have the
power that being male represents.
252. defense
mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective
methods of reducing anxiety by
unconsciously distorting reality
253. Repression the classical defense mechanism that
protects you from impulses or ideas that
would cause anxiety by preventing them
from becoming conscious
254. Denial defense mechanism by which people refuse
to believe or even to perceive painful
realities.
255. Displacement psychoanalytic defense mechanism that
shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward
a more acceptable or less threatening object
or person, as when redirecting anger toward
a safer outlet
256. Projection psychoanalytic defense mechanism by
which people disguise their own threatening
impulses by attributing them to others.
257. Reaction
Formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by
which the ego unconsciously switches
unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
Thus, people may express feelings that are
the opposite of their anxiety-arousing
unconscious feelings.
258. Regression psychoanalytic defense mechanism in
which an individual faced with anxiety
retreats to a more infantile psychosexual
stage, where some psychic energy
remains fixated
259. Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-
justifying explanations in place of the
real, more threatening, unconscious
reasons for one's actions
260. Intellectualization A defense mechanism that involves
thinking abstractly about stressful
problems as a way of detaching oneself
from them;
261. Sublimation
a defense mechanism in which
unacceptable energies are directed into
socially admirable outlets, such as art,
exercise
262. Dream
Interpretation
a method developed by Freud in which the
symbols of the manifest content of dreams
that are recalled by the patient are
interpreted to reveal their latent content
263. Interpretation of
Dreams
Freud's crowning achievement, a book
written in 1900 about the treatment of
people with mental disorders that tried to
garner support for his psychoanalytical
theories. In this book, Freud first
described his theories about the psychic
apparatus (id, ego, superego), wish-
fulfillment as a main goal of dreams,
dream analysis, and concepts that would
later become his theory of the Oedipus
complex.
264. Manifest Content according to Freud, the remembered story
line of a dream (as distinct from its latent,
or hidden, content).
265. Latent Content according to Freud, the underlying
meaning of a dream (as distinct from its
manifest content). Freud believed that
this functions as a safety valve.
266. wish-fulfillment Freud's belief that dreams were an
expression of the id's impulses, superego
commands ego to convert wishes into
symbols
267. Hypnotic
suggestibility
the degree to which a subject is responsive to
suggestions, suggestions can involve making
or not making appropriate motor movements
in response to imagined situations, cognitive
suggestions involveing changes in
perception, thought and memory can also be
made, higher among people who have rich
fantasy lives( Do you play World of Warcraft,
Star Wars etc.etc.)
268. posthypnotic
amnesia
Supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis; induced by the
hypnotist's suggestion.
269. role theory According to this theory, subjects under
hypnosis merely act in accordance with the
hypnotized role. They are not in a special
state
270. state theory According to this theory, hypnotized people
experience an altered state of consciousness
271. dissociation
theory
According to this theory, hypnotized subjects
dissociate, or split, various aspects of their
behavior and perceptions from the "self" that
normally controls these functions
272. Ernest
Hilgard
A psychologist who believed that hypnosis
worked only on the immediate conscious
mind of a person. he also believes that there
is a hidden part of the mind(hidden observer)
that is very much aware of the hypnotic
subjects activities and sensations.
273. hidden
observer
Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized
subject's awareness of experiences, such as
pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
274. Free
Association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the
unconscious in which the person relaxes and
says whatever comes to mind, no matter how
trivial or embarrassing, allowing some of the
unconscious to come through.
275. Transference in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to
the analyst of emotions linked with other
relationships (such as love or hatred for a
parent).
276. Karen
Horney
A neo-Freudian psychologist that criticized
Freud, stated that personality is molded by
current fears and impulses, rather than being
determined solely by childhood experiences and
instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic
anxiety", also said that men exhibit womb envy.
277. womb
envy
A term coined by Karen Horney, is the neo-
Freudian feminist equivalent of penis envy.
Horney suggests that it is the unexpressed
anxiety felt by some men over women's ability to
give birth, leading them to dominate women or
driving them to succeed in order for their names
to live on
278. Neo-
Freudians
Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's
emphasis on the impact of childhood on one's
life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and
aggression, Include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler,
Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson
279. Erik
Erickson
A neo-Freudian psychologist that hypothesized
that people face pass through 8 social
development stages from infancy to old age.
Each challenge has an outcome that affects a
persons social and personality development.
280. Alfred
Adler
A neo-Freudian psychologist that introduced
concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the
importance of birth order and agreed with Freud
that childhood is important but believed that
childhood social, not sexual, tentions are crucial
for personality formation. inferiority complex,
our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer
childhood feelings of inferiority.
281. Carl Jung A neo-Freudian psychologist that argue that the
unconscious is actually divided up into two
parts, the personal unconscious and the
collective unconscious and identified archetypes
by studying dreams, visions, paintings, poetry,
folk stories, myths, religions
282. inferiority
complex
Adler's theory of the feelings of inadequacy or
inferiority in young children that influence their
developing personalities and create desires to
overcome
283. superiority
complex
A complex when one Overcompensates for
feelings of normal inferiority..... a means of
inflating one's self-importance in order to
overcome inferiority feelings, according to
Adler
284. personal
unconscious
Jung's term for an unconscious region of
mind comprising a reservoir of the
individual's repressed memories and
impulses
285. Erich Fromm A neo-Freudian psychologist that centerd
his theory around the need to belong and the
loneliness freedom brings , believed
personality is to a considerable extent a
reflection of factors such as social class,
minority status, education, vocation,
religious and philosophical background.
286. archetypes
According to Jung, emotionally charged
images and thought forms that have
universal meaning.
287. Projective
tests
A personality test, such as the Rorschach or
TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to
trigger projection of one's inner thoughts
and feelings
288. Thematic
Apperception
Test
(TAT) A projective test consisting of
drawings of ambiguous human situations,
which the test taker describes; thought to
reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives,
which are projected onto the test materials.
289. Rorschach
Inkblot Test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10
inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach;
seeks to identify people's inner feelings by
analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
290. Resistance an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings
into conscious awareness
291. Trust
versus
mistrust
Erikson's first psychosocial stage. Infants
learn "basic trust" if the world is a secure place
where their basic needs (for food, comfort,
attention) are met.
292. Autonomy
versus
doubt
The second stage in Erickson's theory of
development, as the child begins to control
bowels and other bodily functions, learns
language, and begins to receive orders from
adult authorities. An inevitable conflict arises:
Who's in charge here?
293. Initiative
versus guilt
In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict
of early childhood, which is resolved positively
through play experiences that foster a health
sense of initiative and through the
development of a superego, or conscience that
is not overly strict and/or guilt-ridden
294. Industry
versus
inferiority
The fourth of erison's eight psychosocial
crises, during which children attempt to
master many skills, developing a sense of
themselves as either industrious or inferior,
competent or incompetent. Happens around
the time you first enter school.
295. Identity
versus role
confusion
In Erik Erikson's theory, the fifth stage of
development in which adolescents explore
who they are and how they fit into society.
296. Intimacy
versus
isolation
Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults
see someone with whom to share their lives in
an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment.
Without such commitment, they risk profound
aloneness and isolation.
297. Generativity
versus
stagnation
Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial
development, in which the middle-aged adult
develops a concern with establishing, guiding,
and influencing the next generation or else
experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity
or lifelessness)
298. mid life
crisis
Feelings of boredom and stagnation in
middle adulthood; time when adults discover
they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or
personal lives and attempt to make a decisive
shift in career or lifestyle(formed in Erikson's
7th Stage)
299. Integrity
versus
despair
Erickson's final, eighth stage, where the
person asks himself or herself: "After seventy,
eighty, or ninety years of life, do I have
anything of interest and value to say to the
next generation? Or not?", A conflict in old
age between feelings of integrity and the
despair of viewing previous life events with
regret.
300. basic trust according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the
world is predictable and trustworthy; said to
be formed during infancy by appropriate
experiences with responsive caregivers.
301. psychosocial
development
Erikson described eight stages of development
in which the individual moves between two
opposing themes, this is called:
302. Humanistic
school
The branch of Psychology that focuses on a
person's capacity for personal growth,
freedom to choose a destiny(Free Will),
positive qualities, and self actualizing
tendencies. Includes critical concepts like
Client- centered therapy- Born good; free will,
Incongruence, Basically (Think you can be
the change you want in the world)
303. Hierarchy of
Needs
Maslow's Theory of Motivation which states
that we must achieve lower level needs, such
as food, shelter, and safety before we can
achieve higher level needs, such as
belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
304. Abraham
Maslow
The first humanistic psychologist ; created
the hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level
dominate an individual's motivation as long
as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization is
the highest transcendence
305. free will the human ability to make decisions without
being forced to choose or act in one specific
way, a key of the humanistic school
306. Determinism a philosophy that says things are determined
in ways that are out of human hands, most
schools EXCEPT the Humanistic use this
307. Incongruence The degree of disparity between one's self-
concept and one's actual experience.
308. self-
actualization
according to Maslow, the ultimate
psychological need that arises after basic
physical and psychological needs are met
and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation
to fulfill one's potential
309. self-concept All our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who
am I?" In order to reach self actulization it
must be positive.
310. Carl Rogers Very Important Humanistic psychologist
who stressed the inportance of acceptance,
genuineness, and empathy in fostering
human growth through his Self Theory(Also
called Client Centered Theory)
311. self theory Carl Rogers's theory of personality,
which emphasizes the individual's
active attempts to satisfy his needs in a
manner that is consistent with his self-
concept.
312. actualizing
tendency
Carl Roger's concept; The innate
inclination toward growth that
motivates all human behavior.
313. genuineness The ability to present oneself honestly
and spontaneously. (So the opposite of
most politicians)
314. acceptance Conformity that involves both acting
and believing in accord with social
pressure.
315. empathy Identification with and understanding
of another's situation, feelings, and
motives
316. unconditional
positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total
acceptance toward another person.
317. client centered
therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by
Carl Rogers, in which the therapist
uses techniques such as active listening
within a genuine, accepting, empathic
environment to facilitate clients'
growth.
318. nondirective therapy style in which the therapist
remains relatively neutral and does not
interpret or take direct actions with
regard to the client, instead remaining
a calm, nonjudgmental listener while
the client talks,
319. active listening empathic listening in which the
listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.
A feature of Rogers' client-centered
therapy, the form of psychological
treatment that if you get people are
most likely to make fun of you for
paying for it.
320. Gestalt
psychologist
Study the ways the WHOLE brain
perceives and interprets information
from the senses
321. phenomenological
approach
the view that to fully understand the
causes of another person's behavior
requires an understanding not of the
physical or objective reality of the
person's world, but of how he or she
subjectively experiences that world
322. Clark
Moustakas
is an American psychologist and one of the
leading experts on humanistic and clinical
psychology. He helped establish the
Association for Humanistic Psychology and
the Journal for Humanistic Psychology. He
is the author of numerous books and articles
on humanistic psychology
323. American
Psychological
Association
scientific and professional society of
psychologists and educators; world's largest
association of psychologists; founded in
1892; made up of 53 divisions, each
representing a specific area
324. Rollo May Existiential humanist who embrassed free
will and the in herently difficult and tragic
aspects of the human condition, authored the
influential book Love and Will
325. Existentialist
a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of
choice and personal responsibility but who
regards human existence in a hostile
universe as unexplainable, influenced
humanistic psychology greatly
326. Kurt
Goldstein
(neuropsychiatrist) studied/treated brain-
injured soldiers; developed holistic
approach.
327. Edmund
Husserl
father of phenomenology, method of
bracketing: excluding from further interest
elements that do not belong in universal
essence
328. Thomas
Szasz
A humanistic psychologist that argues that
mental illness does not even exist, it is a
"myth".He argues that the symptoms used as
evidence of mental illness are merely medical
labels that allow professional intervention
into what are social problems-deviant people
violating social norms.
329. Fritz Perls Originator of Gastalt theory. Considered
most dreams a special message about what is
missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or
feelings that need to be "re-owned." Believed
that dreams are a way of filling gaps in
personal experience. Method of analyzing
dreams involved speaking for characters and
objects in your dreams.
330. Sartre
French existentialist who said human beings
simply eist "they turn up, appear on the scene"
where they have to define themselves because
they are alone in a meaningless life with no God;
man is condemned to be free, influenced the
phenomenological approach
331. Noam
Chomsky
Psychologist that specialized in language
development; disagreed with Skinner about
language acquisition, stated there is an infinite
# of sentences in a language, humans have an
inborn native ability to develop language
332. Albert
Ellis
A Cognitive Psychologist, founder of school of
psychology known as Rational Emotive Therapy
(REBT). Became one of the first psychologists to
specialize in sexual and marital problems.
Believes strongly in the individual's power over
his or her own life. Looks to expose and confront
the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients
333. Phonemes the smallest units of sound in a language that
are distinctive for speakers of the language, like
constants vowels in english, about about 44
different
334. Morphemes Smallest meaningful units of speech;
simple words, suffixes, prefixes;
examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-
335. syntax the grammatical arrangement of words in
sentences
336. Babbling stage beginning at about 4 months, the stage of
speech development in which the infant
spontaneously utters various sounds at
first unrelated to the household language
337. telegraphic speech early speech stage in which a child
speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using
mostly nouns and verbs and omitting
'auxiliary' words
338. overgeneralization applying grammar rules in areas they
don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed;
comed)
339. operant
conditioning
Theory of Behaviorist BF Skinner, that is
one of the way that explains why kids
acquire language, , a type of learning in
which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if
followed by a punisher
340. language
acquisition device
Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired
mechanism in the brain that allows
children to acquire language naturally
341. nativist theory of
language
acquisition
-Chomsky
-there is an infinite number of sentences
in language, therefore it is impossible for
a child to learn purely from imitation
-children learn the rules of language
-humans are equip with a language
acquisition device..thus just like birds
learn to fly, we learn to talk
342. Benjamin Whorf
A linguist/psychologist who noticed that
the more words that you have for a certain
type of thing, the more subtle the
distinctions you recognize in it. Also
came up with a concept called linguistic
relativity hypothesis, based partially on
the relization that the the Hopi Indian
tribe in North America had very few
words in their language for past tense,
and never ever thought about the past.
343. Linguistic
relativity
hypothesis
the hypothesis that language
determines, or at least influences, the
way we think (Benjamin Whorf)
344. concepts mental categories for classifying
events, objects, and ideas on the basis
of their common features or properties
345. prototypes A mental image that incorporates the
features we associate with a category
346. image a mental representation of an event or
object
347. Algorithms
Problem-solving procedures or
formulas that guarantee a correct
outcome, if correctly applied, Think
Formulas in Mathematics
348. Heuristics A simple thinking strategy that often
allows us to make judgment and solve
problems efficiently; usually speedier,
but more error-prone than algorithms
349. Availability
Heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events
based on their availability in memory;
if instances come readily to mind
(perhaps because of their vividness),
we presume such events are common
350. Representativeness
Heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in
terms of how well they seem to
represent, or match, particular
prototypes; may lead one to ignore
other relevant information
351. overconfidence the tendency to be more confident
than correctto overestimate the
accuracy of one's beliefs and
judgments. (
352. Belief bias the tendency for one's preexisting
beliefs to distort logical reasoning,
sometimes by making invalid
conclusions seem valid, or valid
conclusions seem invalid
353. Belief
perseverance
A tendency of clinging to one's initial
conceptions after the basis on which they
were formed has been discredited.
354. rigidity the quality or state of being unyielding or stiff
355. mental sets barriers to problem solving that occur when
we apply only methods that have worked in
the past rather than trying new or different
strategies
356. functional
fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms
of their usual functions; an impediment to
problem solving, thinking of penny to spend
only etc etc etc..
357. confirmation
bias
a tendency to search for information that
supports our preconceptions and to ignore or
distort contradictory evidence
358. Framing the way an issue is posed; how an issue is
framed can significantly affect decisions and
judgments, Like if I said there is a 90% life
rate compared to me saying there is a 10%
death rate.
359. Creativity the capacity to use information and/or
abilities in a new and original way
360. divergent
thinking
thinking that moves away in diverging
directions so as to involve a variety of aspects
and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and
solutions, seen as being more creative than
convergent thinking
361. Convergent
thinking
a type of critical thinking in which one
evaluates existing possible solutions to a
problem to choose the best one
362. Cognitive
psychology
perspective that focuses on the internal
mental processes involved in perception,
learning, memory, and thinking
363. Rational
Emotive
Therapy
A Cognitive Therapy based on Albert Ellis'
theory that cognitions control our emotions
and behaviors; therefore, changing the way
we think about things will affect the way we
feel and the way we behave.
364. schema A collection of basic knowledge about a
category of information; serves as a means of
organization and interpretation of that
information
365. Aaron Beck Considered the father of Cognitive Therapy,
and the cognitive triad , he proposed that
during childhood and adolescence some
people undergo wrenching experiences such
as the loos of a parent severe difficulties in
gaining parental or social approval or
humiliating criticism from teachers or other
adults
366. Cognitive
Therapy
A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that
teaches people new, more adaptive ways of
thinking and acting; based on the
assumption that thoughts intervene between
events and our emotional reactions
367. Cognitive
triad
According to Beck, there are 3 important
areas of life that are most influenced by the
depressive cognitive schema; this refers to
information about the self, about the world,
and about the future
368. Learned
Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an
animal or human learns when unable to
avoid repeated aversive events.
369. Internal
Locus of
Control
people with this tend to respond to internal
states and desires; they tend to see their
successes as the result of their own efforts
370. External
Locus of
Control
the perception that chance or outside forces
beyond one's personal control determine
one's fate.
371. Social
Cognitive
Perspective
views behavior as influenced by the
interaction between persons (and their
thinking) and their social context.
372. Social
Cognitive
Theory
contemporary learning-based model that
emphasizes the roles played by both cognitive
factors and environmental or situational
factors in determining behavior
373. Reciprocal
Determinism
Bandura's idea that though our environment
affects us, we also affect our environment
374. Watson Called the father of behaviorism, he claimed
that a psychologist's only interest should be
in observable behavior.
375. Grammar in a language, a system of rules that enables
us to communicate with and understand
others
376. Semantics the set of rules by which we derive meaning
from morphemes, words, and sentences in a
given language; also, the study of meaning
377. One-word
stage
the stage in speech development, from about
age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks
mostly in single words.
378. Two word
stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech
development during which a child speaks
mostly two-word statements
379. social
learning
theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by being
rewarded or punished.
380. visualization The process of producing visual images in
your mind
381. Kohler A Gestalt psychologist who helped
developed insight learning based on
experiments with a chimp (Chip "Sulton")
trying to get bananas, and also came up
with the theory of isomorphism
382. isomorphism A constraining process that forces one
organization to resemble others that face
the same set of environmental conditions.
(Kohler)
383. Trial and Error problem-solving strategy; best if there are
limited choices; takes time to try all
approaches; try one approach, fail; and
another until you succeed; guarantees a
solution
384. Insight a sudden and often novel realization of
the solution to a problem
385. Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies
clusters of related items (called factors)
on a test; used to identify different
dimensions of performance that underlie
one's total score.
386. Charles
Spearman
An english psychologist, known for his
work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor
analysis and for Spearman's rank
correlation coefficient. He also did
seminal work on models for human
intelligence, including his theory that
disparate cognitive test scores reflect a
single general factor and coining the term
g factor. Most importantly if you do good
on one part of the test you will most likely
do well on the other parts.
387. Howard Gardner A psychologist who disagreed with
Spearman and devised devised theory of
multiple intelligences: logical-
mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic,
intrapersonal, linguistic, musical,
interpersonal, naturalistic, studied
savants.
388. Savant A person of low intelligence who has an
extraordinary ability.
389. Visual/Spatial
Intelligence
ability to visualize objects and spatial
dimensions and create mental images
390. Verbal/Linguistic
Intelligence
the ability to use words and language
both written and spoken
391. Logical/Mathematical
Intelligence
The ability to detect patterns,
reason deductively and think
logically. Most often associated
with scientific and mathematical
thinking
392. Kinesthetic
Intelligence
The ability to use one's mind to
control one's bodily movements.
This challenges the popular belief
that mental and physical activity
are unrelated.
393. Musical Intelligence the ability to perceive, produce, and
appreciate pitch and rhythm, and
our appreciation of the forms of
musical expressiveness
394. Interpersonal
intelligence
The ability to apprehend the
feelings and intentions of others.
395. Intrapersonal
intelligence
The ability to understand one's
own feelings and motivations.
396. Natural intelligence As opposed to 'symbolic AI',is
goal-directed, autonomous and
ordered problem solving within a
complex system, without the need
for explicit representation,
planning and search.
397. Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence
Sternberg's theory, which identifies
three broad, interacting
intelligences - analytical, creative,
and practical - that must be
balanced to achieve success
according to one's personal goals
and the requirements of one's
cultural community
398. Sternberg Psychologist who developed the
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
(drew from the theories of
Spearman and Thurstone); said
that the underlying cognitive
process is broken into
metacomponents, performance
components, and knowledge
acquisition components
399. Analytical intelligence According to Sternberg, the ability
measured by most IQ tests;
includes the ability to analyze
problems and find correct answers.
(book smart)
400. Practical intelligence Sternberg- intelligence that is
learned primarily by observing
others and modeling their behavior
401. Creative intelligence According to Sternberg, the form of
intelligence that helps people see
new relationships among
concepts; involves insight and
creativity.
402. Emotional
Intelligence
The ability to perceive and express emotion,
assimilate emotion in thought, understand
and reason with emotion, and regulate
emotion. Might be morr important than IQ.
(EQ)
403. Glucose Along with having neuron's fire faster and
increased integration, higher performing
brains usually use LESS glucose than average
brains.
404. Alfred Binet French Psychologist who published the first
measure of intelligence in 1905. The purpose
of his intelligence test was to correctly place
students on academic tracks in the French
school system.
405. Mental age a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet; the chronological age that
most typically corresponds to a given level of
performance
406. Crystallized
Intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age
407. Fluid
Intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly;
tends to decrease during late adulthood
408. IQ intelligence quotient; created by Lewis
Terman based off of Binet's concept of mental
age; numerical value given to intelligence that
is determined from the scores on an
intelligence test; average score is 100;
MA/CA X 100 = IQ
409. Lewis
Terman
revised Binet's IQ test and established norms
for American children; tested group of young
geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study
that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show
that high IQ does not necessarily lead to
wonderful things in life
410. Aptitude capacity for learning; natural ability
411. Achievement
something done successfully; something
gained by working or trying hard
412. Achievement
Test
a test designed to assess what a person has
learned
413. Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person's future
performance
414. Standardized administered to large groups of people under
uniform conditions to establish norms
415. Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent
results, as assessed by the consistency of
scores on two halves of the test, on alternate
forms of the test, or on retesting
416. Validity the ability of a test to measure what it is
intended to measure
417. Bell Curve
the plot of frequencies obtained for many
psychological tests; most people's scores are
in the middle range, and the decline in
frequencies is similar whether scores get
higher or lower than the mean.
418. Flynn Effect A worldwide increase in IQ scores over the
last several decades, at a rate of about 3
points per decade, makes it necessary to
renorm tests
419. Content
Validity
the extent to which a test samples the
behavior that is of interest (such as a driving
test that samples driving tasks).
420. Predictive
Validity
The success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict; it is
assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion
behavior.
421. Test Bias An undesirable characteristic of tests in
which item content discriminates against
certain students on the basis of
socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, or
gender.
422. Discrimination the cognitive process whereby two or more
stimuli are distinguished
423. Split Halves A method of showing a test's reliability;
involves dividing the test into halves
424. Intrinsic
Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own
sake and to be effective
425. Extrinsic
Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to
promised rewards or threats of
punishment.
426. Recall the process of remembering (especially the
process of recovering information by
mental effort)
427. Recognition a measure of memory in which the person
need only identify items previously
learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
428. Encoding the processing of information into the
memory system
429. Storage The process by which information is
maintained over a period of time
430. Retrieval third stage of the memory process; in it
stored memories are brought into
consciousness
431. Primacy Effect The tendency to show greater memory for
information that comes first in a sequence.
432. Recency Effect The tendency to show greater memory for
information that comes last in a sequence.
433. Serial
Positioning
Effect
information at the beginning and at the
end of a list is remembered better than
material in the middle
434. Ebbinghaus The Psychologist who created the
"forgetting curve"- much of what we learn
we may quickly forget, course of forgetting
is initially rapid then levels off with time;
learned lists of nonsense syllabus and
measured how much he retained when
relearning each lists
435. Ebbinghaus's
Forgetting
Curve
A forgetting curve that determines that we
lose about 2/3 of information in first hour of
learning; though the rate of forgetting levels
off after a few days
436. Visual
Encoding
the encoding of picture images
437. Acoustic
Encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound
of words.
438. Semantic
Encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the
meaning of words
439. Mood
Congruent
Memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are
consistent with one's current good or bad
mood.
440. State
Dependent
Memory
The theory that information learned in a
particular state of mind (e.g., depressed,
happy, somber) is more easily recalled when
in that same state of mind.
441. Flashbulb
Memories
detailed memory for events surrounding a
dramatic event that is vivid and remembered
with confidence, 9/11 , JFK shooting
442. Elizabeth
Loftus
Her research on memory construction and
the misinformation effect created doubts
about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony
443. Constructed
Memory
suddenly recovered, perhaps after being
repressed; sometimes true, but often very
inaccurate, and leading questions often
change the nature of the memory
444. Retroactive
Interference
Situation in which information learned more
recently hinders the recall of information
learned previously
445. Proactive
Interference
situation in which previously learned
information hinders the recall of information
learned more recently
446. Long Term
Potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a
neural basis for learning and memory, more
firing better memory and better learning.
447. Narcissistic
personality
disorder
a personality disorder characterized by
exaggerated ideas of self-importance and
achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of
success; arrogance
448. Dissociative
Disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated) from previous
memories, thoughts, and feelings
449. Anxiety
a vague unpleasant emotion that is
experienced in anticipation of some (usually
ill-defined) misfortune
450. Abnormal
Psychology
The field of psychology concerned with the
assessment, treatment, and prevention of
maladaptive behavior.
451. interns
syndrome
a tendency to diagnose one's self while studying
any particular disorder
452. DSM-IV-
TR
Abbrevation for the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition,
Text Revision; the book published by the
American Psychiatric Association that
describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic
guidelines for different psychological disorders
453. Neurotic
disorders
mental disorders in which a person does not
have signs of brain abnormalities and does not
display grossly irrational thinking or violate
basic norms but does eperience subjective
distress; a category dropped from DSM-III
454. neologisms
Made-up words that typically have only
meaning to the individual who uses them.
Typical of disorganized schizophrenic person
455. Psychotic
Disorders
psychological disorders of thought and
perception, characterized by inability to
distinguish between real and imagined
perceptions.
456. eclectic selecting what seems best of various styles or
ideas
457. David
Rosenhan
A social psychologist that did a study in which
healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric
hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia;
showed that once you are diagnosed with a
disorder, the label, even when behavior
indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a
mental health setting
458. Rosenhan
Study
study in which healthy individuals were
admitted into mental hospitals after saying they
were hearing voices. Once in, they acted
normally and still were not labeled as
impostors.
459. phobia an anxiety disorder characterized by
extreme and irrational fear of simple
things or social situations
460. generalized
anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by
chronic free-floating anxiety and such
symptoms as tension or sweating or
trembling of light-headedness or
irritability etc that has lasted for more
than six months
461. panic disorder an anxiety disorder marked by
unpredictable minutes-long episodes of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensations
462. obsessive-
compulsive
disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession)
and/ or actions (compulsions).
463. posttraumatic
stress disorder
an anxiety disorder associated with
serious traumatic events and
characterized by such symptoms as
survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in
dreams, numbness and lack of
involvement with reality, or recurrent
thoughts and images
464. agoraphobia a morbid fear of open spaces (as fear of
being caught alone in some public place)
465. compulsions repetitive behaviors or mental acts
performed to reduce or prevent stress
466. obsessions
repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable
irrational thoughts or mental images that
cause extreme anxiety and distress
467. Somatoform
Disorders
class of psychological disorders involving
physical ailments or complaints that
cannot be explained by organic causes
468. hypochondriasis A somatoform disorder characterized by
excessive preoccupation with health
concerns and incessant worry about
developing physical illnesses.
469. conversion
disorders
Somatoform disorders in which a
dramatic specific disability has no
physical cause but instead seems related
to psychological problems
470. psychogenic
amnesia
this is when a person cannot remember
things and no physiological basis for the
disruption in memory can be identified
471. fugue dissociative disorder in which a person
forgets who who they are and leaves home to
creates a new life
472. dissociative
identity
disorder
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities. Also called multiple personality
disorder.(DID)
473. Retrograde
amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred before
the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting
events immediately before a shell burst
nearby, injuring him
474. Anterograde
amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the
onset of the amnesia; eg, see in a boxer who
suffers a severe blow to the head and loses
memory for events after the blow
475. Major
depression
disorder causing periodic disturbances in
mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity,
appetite, and social behavior; characterized by
feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of
interest
476. dysthymic
disorder
a mood disorder involving a pattern of
comparatively mild depression that lasts for at
least two years
477. seasonal
affective
disorder
Controversial disorder in which a person
experiences depression during winter months
and improved mood during spring. Can be
treated using phototherapy, using bright light
and high levels of negative ions.
478. Affective
Disorders
Conditions is which feelings of sadness or
elation are excessive, and not realistic, given
the person's life conditions.
479. mania An intense or extreme enthusiasm or
excitement.
480. Personality
Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning
481. Antisocial
personality
personality who lacks a conscience, is
emotionally shallow, impulsive, and
selfish, and tends to manipulate others
482. Histrionic
personality
disorder
a personality disorder characterized by
excessive emotionality and preoccupation
with being the center of attention;
emotional shallowness; overly dramatic
behavior
483. Dependent
personality
disorder
personality disorder in which the person is
unable to make choices and decisions
independently and cannot tolerate being
alone
484. Paranoid
personality
disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the
motives of others without sufficient basis
485. Obsessive-
compulsive
personality
disorder
personality disorder defined by a pervasive
pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and
mental and interpersonal control.
workaholics, intolerant of emotional
behavior of other people.
486. Schizophrenia group of disorders characterized by
disorganized and delusional thinking,
disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate
emotions and actions
487. Positive
Symptom
A symptom of schizophrenia, including
thought disorder, delusions, and
hallucinations
488. Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany psychotic
disorders
489. delusions of
grandeur
A false belief that one is a famous person or
a powerful or important person who has
some great knowledge, ability, or authority.
Schizophrenia.
490. delusions of
prosecution
belief that somebody is out to get you
491. Hallucinations false sensory experiences, such as seeing
something in the absence of an external
visual stimulus
492. Inappropriate
effect
Display of emotions that are unsuited to the
situation; a symptom of schizophrenia.
493. Negative
Symptom
symptom that reflects insufficient
functioning, functions that have been lost
(ex: social withdrawal, slowness of
thought/speech)
494. Flat effect Abnormality of mood and affect., lack of
emotional response; no expression of
feeling; voice monotonous and face
immobile
495. Catatonia a form of schizophrenia characterized by a
tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous
state for long periods
496. waxy flexibility feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which
people rigidly maintain the body position
or posture in which they are placed by
others
497. Paranoid
Schizophrenia
type of schizophrenia characterized by
hallucinations and delusions of
persecution or grandeur (or both), and
sometimes irrational jealousy.
498. Disorganized
Schizophrenia
type of schizophrenia characterized by
severely disturbed thought processes,
frequent incoherence, disorganized
behavior, and inappropriate affect. Usually
found in Homeless people.
499. clang
associations
psychotic speech in which words are
rhymed and spoken for their appealing
sound, found mainly in a disorganized
schizophrenic person
500. Catatonic
Schizophrenia:
a condition marked by striking motor
disturbances, ranging from muscular
rigidity(stupor) to random motor activity,
also parrot behavior
501. Undifferentiated
Schizophrenia
diagnosis made when a person
experiences schizophrenic symptoms,
such as delusions and hallucinations, but
does not meet criteria for paranoid,
disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia
502. Paraphilias
Sexual disorders in which sexual arousal
occurs almost exclusively in the context of
inappropriate objects or individuals.
503. zoophilia Using sexual contact with animals as the
primary means of achieving sexual
gratification
504. fetishism
a paraphilia in which a nonhuman object
is the preferred or exclusive method of
achieving sexual excitement
505. voyeur Peeping Tom; person who derives sexual
gratification from observing the sexual acts of
others
506. masochist
one who enjoys his or her own pain and
suffering
507. sadist
someone who obtains pleasure from inflicting
pain or others
508. Anorexia
Nervosa
an eating disorder in which a normal-weight
person (usually an adolescent female) diets and
becomes significantly (15 percent or more)
underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to
starve.
509. Bulimia
Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of
overeating, usually of high-calorie foods,
followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or
excessive exercise
510. Substance
Abuses
misuse of drugs that damages an individual's
health and ability to function
511. Purging The use of vomiting, laxatives, excessive
exercise, restrictive dieting, enemas, diuretics, or
diet pills to compensate for food that has been
eaten and that the person fears will produce
weight gain
512. Binging
a period or bout, usually brief, of excessive
indulgence, as in eating, drinking alcoholic
beverages;bender, blast, jag, tear, bust, toot; orgy
513. ADHD
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a
psychological disorder marked by the
appearance by age 7 of one or more of three
key symptoms: extreme inattention,
hyperactivity, and impulsivity
514. autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is
marked by deficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding of others'
states of mind
515. Impulsiveness difficulty waiting turn, organizing,
following throught, not due to clear
cognitive impairment
516. Hyperactivity a condition characterized by excessive
restlessness and movement
517. Inattention non-responsiveness to task demands
518. Endorphins
chemical inhibiting the transmission of
pain, often experienced during exercise, i.e.
"runner's high"; discovered in 1970s when
trying to find out how opiates were
(morphine, heroin);
519. Neurons
Individual cells in the nervous system that
receive, integrate, and transmit
information in electrical and chemical
forms. Are the fundamental building
blocks of the nervous system.
COMPOSED OF THE CELL
BODY(soma), AXON, AXON Hillock,
and Dendrite
520. Dendrites the bushy, branching extensions of a
neuron that RECIEVE messages and
conduct impulses toward the cell body
521. Soma the cell body of the neuron responsible for
maintaining the life of the cell
522. Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in
branching terminal fibers, through which
messages ARE GIVEN to other neurons or
to muscles or glands
523. Axon Hillock The conical region of a neuron's axon
where it joins the cell body; typically the
region where nerve signals is generated.
524. Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that traverse the
synaptic gaps between neurons. When
released by the sending neuron,
neurotransmitters travel across the
synapse and bind to receptor sites on the
receiving neuron, thereby influencing
whether that neuron will generate a
neural impulse.
525. Synapse the junction between the axon tip of the
sending neuron and the dendrite or cell
body of the receiving neuron
526. Myelin Sheath a layer of fatty tissue segmentally
encasing the fibers of many neurons;
enables vastly greater transmission speed
of neural impulses as the impulse hops
from one node to the next
527. resting
potential
An electrical potential established across the
plasma membrane of all cells by the Na+/K+
ATPase and the K+ leak channels. IN most
cells, the resting membrane potential is
approximately -70 mV with respect to the
outside of the cell.
528. action
potential
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge
that travels down an axon. is generated by
the movement of positively charged atoms in
and out of channels in the axon's membrane
529. threshold
potential
The minimum potential shift at which an
action potential is initiated (around -50mV
usually).
530. axon
terminal
terminal button, synaptic knob; the structure
at the end of an excellent terminal branch;
houses the synaptic vesicles and
neurotransmitters
531. reuptake A process in which neurotransmitters are
sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the
presynaptic membrane
532. Acetylcholine the neurotransmitter substance that is
released at the synapses of parasympathetic
nerves and at neuromuscular junctions,
enabling learning and memory and most
prominately triggers muscle contraction, lack
of it is linked to Alzheimer's
533. Dopamine neurotransmitter that influences voluntary
movement, attention, alertness; lack of
dopamine linked with Parkinson's disease;
too much is linked with schizophrenia
534. Serotonin a neurotransmitter that affects
hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in
lower than normal levels in depressed
persons
535. Agonists chemical substances that mimic or enhance
the effects of a neurotransmitter on the
receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or
decreasing the activity of that cell
536. Antagonists chemical substances that block or reduce a
cell's response to the action of other
chemicals or neurotransmitters
537. Reuptake
Inhibitors
a drug that blocks the recycling of the
neurotransmitter, thus making more of the
neurotransmitter available at the synapse.
This has the effect of leaving the
neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft for a
longer period of time, and makes the
neurotransmitter have a greater effect.
Example: Cocaine for Dopamine
538. psychoactive
drugs
Chemical substances that influence the brain,
altering consciousness and producing
psychological changes. These drugs usually
work via the neurotransmitters. Cross the
blood brain barrier
539. blood brain
barrier
Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let
certain substances enter the brain tissue and
keep other substances out
540. tolerance the diminishing effect with regular use of the
same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take
larger and larger doses before experiencing
the drug's effect
541. withdrawal
symptoms
unpleasant physical or psychological effects
following discontinued use of a drug, can
include shakes or tremors, vomiting, blood
pressure/heart rate changes or death
542. Stimulants
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the
more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and
Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed
up body functions.
543. Depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and
opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow
body functions.
544. Hallucinogens
Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs,
such as LSD, PCP, METH, or Heroin that
distort perceptions and evoke sensory
images in the absence of sensory input.
545. reverse
tolerance
a drug user's experiencing the desired
effects from lesser amounts of the same
drug(usually Hallucinogens)
546. Afferent
Neurons
Neurons that transmit messages from sense
organs to the central nervous system. Also
called sensory neurons
547. Efferent
Neurons
Nerves that carry impulses away from the
brain and spinal cord to the muscles and
glands. Also called motor neurons.
548. Interneurons Central nervous system neurons that
internally communicate( and intervene
between the sensory inputs and motor
outputs
549. Peripheral
Nervous
System
The section of the nervous system lying
outside the brain and spinal cord.
Composed of the Somatic Nervous
System (SNS) and the Autonomic
Nervous System (ANS)
550. Central
Nervous
Systems
Division of the nervous system that consists
of the brain and spinal cord
551. Autonomic
Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous
system that controls the glands and the
muscles of the internal organs (such as
the heart). Its sympathetic division
arouses; its parasympathetic division
calms.
552. Somatic Nervous
System
The part of the peripheral nervous
system that controls voluntary movement
of skeletal muscles. (Volantary )
553. Parasympathetic
division
the part of the autonomic nervous system
that monitors the routine operations of
the internal organs and returns the body
to calmer functioning after arousal by
the sympathetic division
554. Sympathetic
division
a branch of the autonomic nervous
system and prepares the body for quick
action in emergencies; fight or flight;
busiest when frightened, angry, or
aroused; increases heart rate, increases
breathing rate, enlarges pupils, stops
digestion; connects to all internal
organs; sudden reaction
555. fight or flight
response
a physical reaction triggered by the
sympathetic nervous system preparing
the body to fight or run from a
threatening situation
556. Glial cells Greek for glue; forms myelin sheath;
holds neuron in place; provides
nourishment and removes waste;
prevents harmful substances from
entering bloodstream; may play
important role in memory and learning;
affects brain's response to new
experiences, support and protect and an
regenerate new neurons.
557. Brain Plasticity the ability of other parts of the brain to
take over functions of damaged
regions(Reroutes dendrites to avoid
damaged areas. Declines as
hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
lateralize.
558. Phineas Gage Vermont railroad worker who survived a
severe brain injury that changed his
personality and behavior; his accident
gave information on the brain and
which parts are involved with emotional
reasoning
559. lesion any destruction or damage to brain
tissue
560. Electroencephalogram an amplified recording of the
waves of electrical activity that
sweep across the brain's surface.
These waves are measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp.
561. frontal lobotomy an operation which involved
sectioning or removing portions of
the frontal lobes in an attempt to
treat cases of bipolar mood
disorder or chronic pain, later
shown to be largely ineffective as a
therapeutic procedure
562. Computerized Axial
Tomography
a method of examining body
organs by scanning them with X
rays and using a computer to
construct a series of cross-
sectional scans along a single
axis (CAT)
563. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
a technique that uses magnetic
fields and radio waves to produce
computer-generated images that
distinguish among different types
of soft tissue; allows us to see
structures within the brain. (MRI)
564. alpha waves the relatively slow brain waves of
a relaxed, awake state.
565. delta waves the large, slow brain waves
associated with deep sleep.
566. Positron Emission
Tomography
technique combining nuclear
medicine and computed
tomography to produce images of
brain anatomy and corresponding
physiology; used to study stroke,
Alzheimer disease, epilepsy,
metabolic brain disorders, greater
accuracy than SPECT but is used
less often because of cost and
limited availability of the
radioisotopes
567. fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging, A technique for
revealing blood flow and,
therefore, brain activity by
comparing successive MRI scans.
MRI scans show brain anatomy;
these scans show brain function.
Basically a combination of PET
and MRI
568. Medulla Oblongata contains centers that control
several visceral functions,
including breathing, heart and
blood vessel activity, swallowing,
vomiting, and digestion.
569. Hindbrain division which includes the cerebellum,
Pons, and medulla; responsible for
involuntary processes: blood pressure, body
temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep
cycles
570. Pons part of the brain involved in sleep
regulation (dreams) also connects a
cerebellum to the cerebral cortex; sleep and
wake cycles and involved in facial
expressions.
571. Cerebellum the "little brain" attached to the rear of the
brainstem; its functions include processing
sensory input and coordinating movement
output and balance
572. Midbrain the middle division of brain responsible for
hearing and sight; location where pain is
registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital
lobe, and most of the parietal lobe, also
includes most importantly the reticular
formation.
573. Reticular
Formation
a network of cells in the brainstem that
filters sensory information and is involved
in arousal and alertness. If it were cut off
you would fall in a coma FOREVER, but if
it were stimulated you would wake up and
not be tired.
574. Forebrain top of the brain which includes the
thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral
cortex; responsible for emotional
regulation, complex thought, memory
aspect of personality
575. Thalamus the brain's sensory switchboard, located on
top of the brainstem; it directs messages to
the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
and transmits replies to the cerebellum and
medulla
576. Limbic System a doughnut-shaped system of neural
structures at the border of the brainstem
and cerebral hemispheres; associated with
emotions such as fear and aggression and
drives such as those for food and sex.
Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and
hypothalamus.
577. Hypothalamus a neural structure lying BELOW the
thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body
temperature; helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked
to emotion
578. Hippocampus a complex neural structure located in the
limbic system (shaped like a sea horse)
consisting of gray matter and located on
the floor of each lateral ventricle that helps
process explicit memories for storage
579. Amygdala two almond-shaped neural clusters that are
components of the limbic system and are
linked to emotion
580. Cerebral
Cortex
the intricate fabric of interconnected
unmyelinated neural cells that covers the
cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate
control and information processing center,
lots of fissures, is WHAT makes us human.
Divides into the left and right hemispheres.
581. neural
networks
interconnected neural cells. With experience,
networks can learn, as feedback strengthens
or inhibits connections that produce certain
results. Computer simulations of neural
networks show analogous learning.
582. fissures deep grooves on cortical surface of the
cerebral hemisphere
583. Contralateral
control
The typical pattern in vertebrates in which
movements of the right side of the body are
controlled by the left hemisphere, while
movements of the left side are controlled by
the right hemisphere.
584. LEFT
hemisphere
the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the
corpus callosum that controls the right half
of the body, hemisphere of brain that
specializes in speaking, calculating, logic,
language processing (concrete)
585. RIGHT
hemisphere
the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the
corpus callosum that controls the left half of
the body, hemisphere of brain that
specializes in visual-spatial processing and
quick thinking (abstract)
586. corpus
callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the
two brain hemispheres and carrying
messages between them (Again it is bigger in
Girls than in Guys, important in Gender
Development). Loss of this will lead to split
brain patients
587. split brain
patients
individuals who have had the corpus
callosum surgically severed, usually as a
treatment for severe epilepsy
588. association
areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not
involved in primary motor or sensory functions;
rather, they are involved in higher mental
functions such as learning, remembering,
thinking, and speaking
589. Broca's
Area
controls language expression - an area of the
frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that
directs the muscle movements involved in
speech
590. Frontal
Lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just
behind the forehead; involved in speaking and
muscle movements and in making plans and
judgments
591. Motor
Cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that
controls voluntary movements. The top of the
motor cortex controls the bottom of our body
and the bottom of the cortex controls the top of
our body.
592. Parietal
Lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the
top of the head and toward the rear; receives
sensory input for touch and body position
593. Sensory
Cortex
Located in the front of the parietal lobe (directly
behind the sensory cortex in the frontal lobe),
this structure is responsible for us feeling touch
sensations from our body. Every time you feel a
type of touch sensations (both pleasurable and
pain) the information is sent up by sensory
neurons to the thalamus and sent to the
sensory cortex so we can feel it. Strangly the
top part of it controls the bottom half of the
body and the bottom half controls the top half
of our body
594. Broca's
Aphasia
An aphasia associated with damage to the
Broca's area of the brain, demonstrated by the
impairment in producing understandable
speech.
595. Occipital
Lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the
back of the head; includes the visual areas,
which receive visual information from the
opposite visual field.
596. primary
visual
cortex
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives
information directly from the visual system;
located in the occipital lobe
597. Wernicke's
Area
controls language reception - a brain area
involved in language comprehension and
expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
598. Temporal
Lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly
above the ears; includes the auditory areas,
each of which receives auditory information
primarily from the opposite ear.
599. pituitary
gland
The endocrine system's most influential
gland. Under the influence of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates
growth and controls other endocrine glands.
600. sex
hormones
hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that
targets the gonads, skin, muscles, and bones
to stimulate reproductive organs and bring
about sex characteristics
601. melatonin hormone produced in the pineal gland that
targets the brain to control circadian
rhythms and circannual rhythms, and may
be involved in maturation of sex organs
602. androgens Support sperm formation; development and
maintenance of male secondary sex
characteristics
603. ovaries The female gonads, paired almond-sized
organs located in the pelvic cavity, and
produce two steroid hormone groups the
estrogns and pregesterone. The endocrine
and exocrine functions do not begin until the
onset of puberty.
604. progesterone responsible for the development of female
secondary sex characteristics and the
regulation of reproduction
605. estrogen a general term for female steroid sex
hormones that are secreted by the ovary and
responsible for typical female sexual
characteristics
606. Sensation the process by which our sensory receptors
and nervous system receive and represent
stimulus energies from our environment.
607. Perception the process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information, enabling us to
recognize meaningful objects and events.
608. Transduction conversion of one form of energy into
another. In sensation, the transforming of
stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds,
and smells, into neural impulses our brains
can interpret.
609. sensory
adaptation
reduced responsiveness caused by prolonged
stimulation
610. cornea transparent anterior portion of the outer
covering of the eye
611. pupil the adjustable opening in the center of the
eye through which light enters
612. iris a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored
portion of the eye around the pupil and
controls the size of the pupil opening
613. lens the transparent structure behind the pupil
that changes shape to help focus images on
the retina
614. accommodation the visual process by which lenses
become rounded for viewing nearby
objects and flatter for viewing remote
objects
615. retina the light-sensitive inner surface of the
eye, containing the receptor rods and
cones plus layers of neurons that begin
the processing of visual information.
616. cones retinal receptor cells that are concentrated
near the center of the retina and that
function in daylight or in well-lit
conditions. The cones detect fine detail
and give rise to color sensations.
617. rods retinal receptors that detect black, white,
and gray; necessary for peripheral and
twilight vision, when cones don't respond
618. fovea area consisting of a small depression in
the retina containing cones and where
vision is most acute
619. bipolar cells second layer of neurons in the retina that
transmit impulses from rods and cones to
ganglion cells
620. ganglion cells the specialized cells which lie behind the
bipolar cells whose axons form the optic
nerve which takes the information to the
brain
621. blind spot the point at which the optic nerve leaves
the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no
receptor cells are located there
622. feature
detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to
specific features of the stimulus, such as
shape, angle, or movement.
623. Trichromatic
theory
Visual theory, stated by Young and
Helmholtz that all colors can be made by
mixing the three basic colors: red, green,
and blue; a.k.a the Young-Helmholtz
theory.
624. afterimage an image (usually a negative image) that
persists after stimulation has ceased
625. Opponent-
Process Theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes
(red-green, yellow-blue, white-black)
enable color vision. For example, some
cells are stimulated by green and
inhibited by red; others are stimulated by
red and inhibited by green
626. absolute
threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect
a particular stimulus 50 percent of the
time
627. difference
threshold
the minimum difference between two
stimuli required for detection 50 percent
of the time. We experience the difference
threshold as a just noticeable difference.
628. Weber's
Law
the principle that, to be perceived as different,
two stimuli must differ by a constant
minimum percentage (rather than a constant
amount) 10 % for weight , 5% hearing and 8
% vision
629. Signal
Detection
Theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect
the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal")
amid background stimulation ("noise").
Assumes there is no single absolute threshold
and detection depends partly on a person's
experience, expectations, motivation, and
level of fatigue.
630. false
positive
error of recognition in which people think that
they recognize some stimulus that is not
actually in memory
631. false
negative
Not perceiving a stimulus that is present
632. Top-Down
Processing
information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes, as when we construct
perceptions drawing on our experience and
expectations.
633. perceptual
set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing
and not another.
634. Bottom-Up
Processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory
receptors and works up to the brain's
integration of sensory information.
635. figure-
ground
relationship
A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization
that states that we automatically separate the
elements of a perception into the feature that
clearly stands out and its less distinct
background.
636. Proximity a Gestalt principle of organization holding
that (other things being equal) objects or
events that are near to one another (in space
or time) are perceived as belonging together as
a unit
637. Similarity a Getalt principle of organization holding that
(other things being equal) parts of a stimulus
field that are similar to each other tend to be
perceived as belonging together as a unit
638. Continuity a Gestalt psychology principle which states
that the observer tends to see a line or shap as
continuing in a particular direction rather
than making a turn
639. Closure a Gestalt principle of organization holding
that there is an innate tendency to perceive
incomplete objects as complete and to close or
fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as
symmetric
640. Size
Constancy
the tendency to perceive the vertical size of a
familiar object despite differences in their
distance (and consequent differences in the
size of the pattern projected on the retina of
the eye)
641. Shape
Constancy
the tendency to perceive the shape of a rigid
object as constant despite differences in the
viewing angle (and consequent differences in
the shape of the pattern projected on the
retina of the eye)
642. Brightness
Constancy
the tendency for a visual object to be
perceived as having the same brightness
under widely different conditions of
illumination
643. Visual
Constancy
our tendency to perceive objects as keeping
their size, shape, and color even though the
image that strikes our retina changes from
moment to moment.
644. E.J. Gibson Psychologist famous(along with Richard
WalK) for his VISUAL CLIFF
EXPERIMENT: used to determine whether
infants could perceive depth; infant placed
on glass table to create appearance of a cliff,
found that infant won't crawl across-it has
depth perception
645. visual cliff
experiment
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk placed
infants of various ages on a fabric-covered
runway that ran across the center of a clever
device called a visual cliff. The visual cliff
consists of a sheet of plexiglas that covers a
cloth with a high-contrast checkerboard
pattern. On one side the cloth is placed
immediately beneath the plexiglas, and on
the other, it is dropped about 4 feet below.
Since the plexiglas alone would easily
support the infant, this is a visual cliff rather
than an actual cliff. In the Gibson and Walk
study, the majority of infants who had begun
to crawl refused to venture onto the
seemingly unsupported surface, even when
their mothers beckoned encouragingly from
the other side.
646. monocular
cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear
perspective, available to either eye alone
647. binocular
cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity and
convergence, that depend on the use of two
eyes
648. Interposition monocular visual cue in which two objects
are in the same line of vision and one
patially conceals the other, indicating that
the first object concealed is further away
649. Texture Gradient a monocular cue for perceiving
depth; a gradual change from a
coarse distinct texture to a fine,
indistinct texture signals increasing
distance. objects far away appear
smaller and more densely packed
650. Relative Size The monocular cue that states that
if an object seems larger, it is
probably closer, and if an object is
smaller, it is probably distant.
651. Linear perspective a monocular cue for perceiving
depth; the more parallel lines
converge, the greater their perceived
distance
652. Retinal Disparity a binocular cue for perceiving
depth: By comparing images from
the two eyeballs, the brain
computes distancethe greater the
disparity (difference) between the
two images, the closer the object.
653. Convergence a binocular cue for perceiving
depth; the extent to which the eyes
converge inward when looking at
an object, the more of this the closer
the object
654. psychopharmacology the study of the effects of drugs on
the mind and behavior, also called
drug therapy or chemotherapy
655. Thorazine
An antipsychotic drug(along with
Haldol) thought to block receptor
sites for dopamine, making it
effective in treating the delusional
thinking, hallucinations and
agitation commonly associated
with schizophrenia. May lead to
tardive dyskinesia.
656. tardive
dyskinesia
involuntary movements of the facial
muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible
neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of
antipsychotic drugs(Haldol, Thorazine)
that target D2 dopamine receptors, kinda
like Parkinson's
657. tricyclic
antidepressants
Drugs used for treating depression, as
well as in chronic pain management and
in the treatment of ADHD, Examples:
(Adapin or Elavil), monoamine oxidase
(MAO) inhibitors (Nardil or Marplan)
and serotonin reuptake inhibitors drugs
(Prozac)
658. Prozac
An antidepressant drug that blocks the
reabsorption and removal of serotonin
fron synapses, a selective-serotonin
reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed
as an antidepressant
659. Lithium a metal that provides an effective drug
therapy for the mood swings of bipolar
disorders
660. Valium
A Drug that can be used(along with
Xanax) post delivery after a HARD labor
or in very early stages, had anesthesia
effect and decreases anxiety
661. electroconvulsive
therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely
depressed patients in which a brief
electric current is sent through the brain
of an anesthetized patient, Sometimes
works (Dont Know WHY) Most likely
because of increased blood flow(Maybe)
662. psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue in an effort to change behavior
663. prefrontal
lobotomy
a surgical procedure in which the
connections between the prefrontal lobes
and the rest of the brain are cut as a
treatment for mental illness(ONLY good if
YOU LOVE BEING A VEGGIE)
664. IQ
intelligence quotient; created by Lewis
Terman based off of Binet's concept of
mental age; numerical value given to
intelligence that is determined from the
scores on an intelligence test; average score
is 100; MA/CA X 100 = IQ
665. Hydrocephaly
Enlargement of the cranium caused by
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal
fluid within the ventricles of the cerebral
system, tends to cause bulging eyes and
most prominently mental retardation.
666. Rorschach
inkblot test
The most widely used projective test, a set of
10 inkblots, designed by Hermann
Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner
feelings by analyzing their interpretations of
the blots
667. Group tests
intelligence tests administered by one
examiner to many people at one time
668. Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet; the chronological age that
most typically corresponds to a given level of
performance. Thus, a child who does as well
as the average 8-year-old is said to have a
mental age of 8.
669. Chronological
Age
the actual age of the child taking the
intelligence test
670. Binet French psychologist who wanted to identify
French schoolchildren needing special
attention; devised 'mental age'
671. Lewis
Terman
Standford Professor who revised Binet's IQ
test and established norms for American
children; tested group of young geniuses and
followed in a longitudinal study that lasted
beyond his own lifetime to show that high
IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful
things in life
672. Metacognitive
skills
The student's skills where he is aware of
whether or not his mind is engaged when he
is reading, whether or not he understands
what is being read, and what further
strategies he needs to employ to gain
meaning from the page.
673. Experiential
intelligence
A component of Sternberg's Triarchic
theory; AKA creative intelligence; refers to
the ability to adjust to new tasks, use new
concepts, combine information in novel
ways, respond effectively in new situations,
gain insight and adapt creatively.
674. Robert
Sternberg
Proposed the triarchic theory that divides
intelligence into three types: compnential,
experiential, and contextual
675. triarchic
theory
Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence that
suggests that there are three aspects to
intelligence: componential (e.g.,
performance on tests), experiential
(creativity) and contextual (street
smarts/business sense).
676. Speed of
processing
the speed at which elementary information-
processing tasks (such as reaction-time
tests) can be carried out. This speed
improves as children grow older.
677. familial
retardation
Is usually mild and lacks an obvious genetic
or environmental cause; it results from a
complex interaction between heredity and
environment
678. mere-
exposure
effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to
novel stimuli increases liking of them.
679. LaPiere Psychologist who found that behavior
conflicts with cognition.1934, conducted an
early study that illustrated the difference
between attitudes and behaviors.A classic
study of attitude-behavior consistency: This
man toured the United States in 1934 with a
Chinese couple, stopping at hotels and
restaurants along the way. They were refused
service at only one establishment. However,
92% of the institutions later said in a letter
that they would refuse to accept Chinese
people as guests. Hotel employees may have
biases based on secondhand information.
When they see them up close, their biases go
away. Social norm: you don't want to look bad
in front of a caucasian person.
680. Cognitive
Dissonance
theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort
(dissonance) we feel when two of our
thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For
example, when our awareness of our attitudes
and of our actions clash, we can reduce the
resulting dissonance by changing our
attitudes
681. norms of
reciprocity
people's tendency to think that when someone
does something nice for them, they ought to
do something nice in return
682. Piaget Swiss psychologist who says children's
cognitive development depends on their ability
to organize, classify, and to adapt to their
environments
683. Object
permanence
recognition that things continue to exist even
though hidden from sight; infants generally
gain this after 3 to 7 months of age (Piaget)
684. Weschler He published the first high-quality IQ test
designed for adults
-Weschler-Adult Intelligence Scale
-made test less dependent on verbal ability
-formalized the computation of separate
scores for verbal IQ, performance( nonverbal),
and full scale IQ
-new scoring scheme based on normal
distribution
685. Flynn effect Term used to describe the steady and
consistent rise in IQ test performance over
time (approximately 3 points per decade) .
Thought to be caused mostly by the
environment. Because of this, IQ tests are
periodically "renormed"
686. crystallized
intelligence
One's accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age
687. fluid
intelligence
One's ability to reason speedily and
abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood.
688. Charles
Spearman
an english psychologist, known for his work
in statistics,he argued that intelligence can
be expressed by a single factor. He used
factor analysis, a statistical technique that
takes multiple items and meshes them into
one number, to show that intelligence can be
a single number he simply called g
(generalized intelligence)
689. Spearman's
g.
a general intelligence factor that, according
to Spearman and others, underlies specific
mental abilities and is therefore measured by
every task on an intelligence test
690. Howard
Gardner
Harvard researcher that has identified at
least eight types of intelligences: linguistic,
logical/mathematical, bodily/kinesthetic,
musical, spatial (visual), interpersonal (the
ability to understand others), intrapersonal
(the ability to understand oneself), and
naturalist (the ability to recognize fine
distinctions and patterns in the natural
world).
691. Linguistic
intelligence
The sensitivity to words and their
connotations. The ability to influence others
and manipulate.
692. Logical-
mathematical
intelligence
The ability to detect patterns, reason
deductively and think logically. Most often
associated with scientific and mathematical
thinking
693. Musical
intelligence
The ability to read, understand, and compose
musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. Auditory
functions are required for a person to develop
this intelligence for pitch and tone, but it is not
needed for the knowledge of rhythm
694. Bodily-
kinesthetic
intelligence
control of one's bodily motions and capacity to
handle objects skillfully
695. Spatial
intelligence
The ability to use images that represent spatial
relations (for example, imagining whether a
new sofa will fit in your living room)
696. nature
intelligence
measured by presentation of specific tasks that
measure general and specific abilities
697. sexual
intelligence
involves self-understanding, interpersonal
sexual skills, scientific knowledge, and
consideration of the cultural context of
sexuality.
698. experiential
intelligence
Component of Sternberg's Triarchic theory;
AKA creative intelligence; refers to the ability
to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts,
combine information in novel ways, respond
effectively in new situations, gain insight and
adapt creatively.
699. analytical
intelligence
According to Sternberg, the ability measured
by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze
problems and find correct answers. (book
smart)
700. practical
intelligence
according to Sternberg, the ability to cope with
the environment; sometimes called "street
smarts"
701. Daniel
Goleman
Thought of Emotional Intelligence : able to
manage own emotions, is capable of self-
motivation and self direction, recognizes
emotions in others, and is able to handle
various types of relationships.
702. Emotional
intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage,
and use emotions, involves Gardner's
interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
and also known as EQ. (David Goleman).
Studies actually show that having a higher EQ
IS BETTER THAN HAVING A HIGHER Iq (at
least in terms of money)
703. validity The extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to.
704. test-retest method examines how well people's scores
from 2 different testing occasions are
correlated
705. split halves A method of showing a test's reliability;
involves dividing the test into halves
706. Spearman-
Brown
formula
In psychometrics, a methematical formula
that predicts the degree to which the reliability
of a test can be improved by adding more
items. The longer the test the more reliable it
is .
707. predictive
validity
The success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict; it is
assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion behavior.
708. face
/content
validity,
Form of validity where a researcher
determines if the measure appears to be
measuring the appropriate construct by
examining the specific questions.
709. aptitude
tests
Tests that measure the general ability or
capacity to learn or acquire a new skill.
710. achievement
tests
Tests that gauge a person's mastery and
knowledge of various subjects. (AP, ACT,
SAT)
711. Speed tests Timed test; difficulty is more in how quickly
questions can be answered than in the
content.
712. Power tests Tests where people are given significant
amounts of time to finish the work, but the
questions become increasingly more difficult.
713. Individual
tests
Tests administered to a single person at a
time; interaction between the examiner and
examinee is great. (Rorschach inkblot test)
714. Hermann
Rorschach
A psychoanalyst psychologist who developed
one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test
which consists of 10 standardized inkblots
where the subject tells a story, the observer
then derives aspects of the personality from
the subject's commentary
715. factor
analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters
of related items (called factors) on a test;
used to identify different dimensions of
performance that underlie one's total
score(Spearman)
716. microcephaly Condition in which the head is unusually
small as a result of defective brain
development( 2 Standard Deviations below
the Mean) premature ossification of the skull
717. Cretinism Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during
growth years, characterized by a low
metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual
development, and possible mental
retardation. Adult years: weight gain, loss of
hair, and myxedema.
718. Down
Syndrome
A condition of retardation and associated
physical disorders caused by an extra
chromosome in one's genetic makeup (21)
719. organic
retardation
Mental retardation because of some
identifiable biological cause associated with
hereditary factors, diseases, or injuries.
Contrast with cultural-familial retardation.
720. Eugenics the study of methods of improving genetic
qualities by selective breeding (especially as
applied to human mating)
721. PKU A human metabolic disease caused by a
mutation in a gene coding for a
phenylalanine processing enzyme
(phenylalanine hydroxylase), which leads to
accumulation of phenylalanine and mental
retardation if not treated; inherited as an
autosomal recessive phenotype.
722. Savant A person of low intelligence who has an
extraordinary ability
723. savant
syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise
limited in mental ability has an exceptional
specific skill, such as in computation or
drawing
724. Zimbardo
Performed prison simulation and used concept of
deindividuation to explain results, When one
takes on a role, they will often change their
behavior in order to fit the perceived set of
expectations for that role.
725. External
cause
a cause of behavior that is assumed to lie outside
a person
726. Internal
cause
a cause of behavior that is assumed to lie within
a person- for instance, a need, preference, or
personality trait.
727. Solomon
Asch
Performed famous study on conformity in which
people gave an obviously incorrect answer just to
conform to the group - length of line study.howed
the subjects three vertical lines of varying sizes
and asked them to indicate which one was the
same length as a different target line.
728. William
Wundt
father of psychology, first psychology research
lab in Leipzig, Germany; research on workings
of senses; applied scientific method to
psychology; used Introspection
729. Positive
psychology
the scientific study of optimal human
functioning; aims to discover and
promote strengths and virtues that enable
individuals and communities to thrive
730. Reminiscence
bump
the enhanced memory of people over
40yrs old for events from adolescence and
early adulthood, compared to other
periods of their lives
731. Schachter Studied the relationship between anxiety
and the need for affiliation; The greater
the anxiety the greater desire to affiliate
,Developed "Two-Factor" theory of
emotion; experiments on spillover effect
732. Spillover effect when one emotion continues from one
situation to another; more happy about
getting job after running as opposed to
just waking up
733. Deindividuation the loss of self-awareness and self-
restraint occurring in group situations
that foster arousal and anonymity.
734. group prejudice Prejudice held out of conformity to group
views
735. personal
prejudice
Prejudicial attitudes held toward persons
who are perceived as a direct threat to
one's own interests
736. groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when
the desire for harmony in a decision-
making group overrides a realistic
appraisal of alternatives
737. Janis Psychologist who developed the concept
of groupthink to explain how group
decision making can sometimes go awry
Example: Bay of Pigs.
738. focus group
a small group of people who meet under the
direction of a discussion leader to
communicate their opinions about an
organization, its products, or other given
issues.
739. personal
identification
the target person imitates the agents
behavior or adopts the same attitudes to
please the agents and the be like the agent
740. reference
group
any group that individuals use as a standard
for evaluating themselves and their own
behavior
741. Stanford
Prison study
A social psychological study conducted at
Stanford University by Philip Zimbardo. Its
aim was to study the impact of roles on
behavior. Participants were randomly
assigned to play the role of either prisoner or
guard. This study was terminated early
because of the role-induced punitive
behavior on the part of the "guards."
742. The Lucifer
Effect
Created by Philip Zimbardo. Demonstrated
that ordinary people could behave in "evil"
ways under the right circumstances.
743. Milgram
experiment
A series of psychological experiments
which measured the willingness of study
participants to obey an authority figure who
instructed them to perform acts that
conflicted with their personal
conscience.(1961)
744. Milgram studied obedience by asking subjects to
administer electroshock; also proposed
stimulus-overload theory to explain
differences between city and country
dwellers
745. stimulus
overload
a reaction to the plethora of noises, sounds,
sights, and other stimuli that bombard the
senses simultaneously
746. Scapegoating blaming an innocent person or a group for
one's own troubles
747. theory of
cognitive
dissonance
theory based on the premise that a state of
tension is created when beliefs or behaviors
conflict with one another; people are
motivated to reduce this inconsistency (or
dissonance) and thus eliminate unpleasant
tension
748. superordinate
goal
a shared goal that necessitates cooperative
effort; a goal that overrides people's
differences from one another
749. fundamental
attribution
The tendency to attribute other people's
behavior primarily to internal factors such
as personality, attitudes, and free will is
known as the ( ) error.
750. evolutionary
psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and
the mind, using principles of natural
selection.
751. self-
disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to
others.
752. Donnerstein Psychologist who showed men shown
neutral, erotic, or rape film. Men shown the
rape film administered greater shocks to
females who made mistakes in nonsense
tasks.
753. indoctrination
teaching someone to accept an idea or
principle without question
754. Aggression violent action that is hostile and usually
unprovoked
755. Attribution
theory
the theory that we tend to give a casual
explanation for someone's behavior, often
by crediting either the situation or the
person's disposition
756. frustration-
aggression
hypothesis
argues aggression comes from built up
frustration (or any stress) triggered by an
environmental aggression cue
757. Cialdini Developed the 6 weapons of influence
1. reciprocity
2. commitment & consistency
3. social proof
4. authority
5. liking
6. scarcity
758. door-in-the-
face effect
The tendency of a person who has refused a
major request to subsequently be more
likely to comply with a minor request.
759. the halo effect
refers to the overall positive evaluation of a
worker based on one known positive
characteristic or action.
760. The sleeper
effect
A psychological phenomenon whereby a
highly persuasive message, paired with a
discounting cue, causes an individual to be
more persuaded by the message over time.
761. Intensification Give the impression of having stronger
feelings than one really has.
762. Credibility
Factor
the factor applied in ratemaking to adjust
for the predictive value of loss data and
used to minimize the variations in the
rates that result from purely chance
variations in losses
763. low-ball
technique
A tactic for getting people to agree to
something. People who agree to an initial
request will often still comply when the
requester ups the ante. People who receive
only the costly request are less likely to
comply with it.
764. foot-in-the-
door effect
technique to ensure conformity; strategy
that states once a person grants a small
request, they are more likely to comply
with a larger one; Example: once a sales
pitch begins the odds of the sale increase
because the individual is listening to the
request
765. gain-loss
theory
people act in order to obtain gain and
avoid loss; people feel MOST favorably
toward situations that start out negatively
but end positively (even when compared to
completely positive situations)
766. reciprocity the principle that people tend to like others
who like them back
767. complementary
need theory
we're attracted to others for what they can
provide for us
- Exchange of skills between you and
another person
- Working together is better than being
alone
- How do you balance each other out?
768. social exchange
theory
the theory that our social behavior is an
exchange process, the aim of which is to
maximize benefits and minimize costs
769. social
comparison
theory
Theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs,
attitudes, and abilities by comparing our
reactions with others'
770. Projection psychoanalytic defense mechanism by
which people disguise their own
threatening impulses by attributing them
to others
771. role a set of expectations about a social
position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave
772. Secure
attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains
both comfort and confidence from the
presence of his or her caregiver
773. Ambivalent
attachment
Pattern in which an infant becomes
anxious before the primary caregiver
leaves, is extremely upset during his or
her absence, and both seeks and resists
contact on his or her return.
774. Avoidant
attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the
parent when they are present, are usually
not distressed when she leaves, and avoid
the parent when they return
775. norming the stage of group development during
which the group solidifies its rules for
behavior, especially those that relate to
how conflict will be managed
776. social contract the notion that society is based on an
agreement between government and the
governed in which people agree to give up
some rights in exchange for the
protection of others
777. standardization
defining meaningful scores by
comparison with the performance of a
pretested group.
778. social trap
a situation in which the conflicting
parties, by each rationally pursuing their
self-interest, become caught in mutually
destructive behavior
779. self-
handicapping
the strategy whereby people create
obstacles and excuses for themselves so
that if they do poorly on a task, they can
avoid blaming themselves
780. personal space
Usually 18 inches to 4 feet, the buffer zone
we like to maintain around our bodies
781. Need for
affiliation
desire to associate with others, to be part
of a group, to form close and intimate
relationships
782. Proxemics the study of spatial distances between
individuals in different cultures and
situations
783. socialization the adoption of the behavior patterns of
the surrounding culture
784. attitudes Patterns of feelings and beliefs about other
people, ideas, or objects that are based on
a person's past experiences, shape his or
her future behavior, and are evaluative in
nature.
785. stereotypes Attributions that cover up individual
differences and ascribe certain
characteristics to an entire group of people
786. cognitive
dissonance
The theory that we act to reduce the
discomfort we feel when two of our
thoughts are inconsistent. For example,
when our awareness of our attitudes and
our actions clash, we can reduce the
resulting dissonance by changing our
attitudes.
787. role modeling The use of self as a role model often
overlooked as an instructional method,
whereby the learner acquires new
behaviors and social roles by
identification with the role model.
788. jigsaw
classrooms
educational approach designed to
minimize prejudice by requiring all
children to make independent
contributions to a shared project
789. ascribed roles Roles that people are born into or that are
thrust on them without any effort or desire
on their own particular
790. Desensitization a process by which viewers of media
violence develop callousness or emotional
neutrality in the face of a real-life act of
violence
791. role diffusion Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's
life roles (due to failure to develop ego
identity).
792. role conflict the situation that occurs when
incompatible expectations arise from two
or more social positions held by the same
person
793. Alcohol
Is a depressant that affects all areas of your
brain and impairs coordination; decreases
your reaction time; disrupts your voluntary
muscle control; and inteferes with your
reasoning, decision making, and
judgement
794. autonomy immunity from arbitrary exercise of
authority: political independence
795. self-disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to
others
796. ethnocentric believing in the superiority of one's own
ethnic and cultural group, and having a
corresponding disdain for all other groups
797. Cohesiveness The degree of attraction members have to
each other and to the group's goal
798. social
posturing
behavior that establishes the degree to
which an individual belongs to a
particular-often socially desired group.
This can also reflect an individuals "staus"
in a given social hierarchy
799. mannerisms a gesture or way of speaking which is a
characteristic of a person.
800. achieved roles Roles that individuals assume after some
effort or achievement.
801. Jane Elliot A 3rd grade Iowa teacher who in response
to assassination of MLK, she divided her
class into blue eyes and brown eyes, brown
eyes felt inferior to blue eyes, group
favoritism, and racism
802. Overdisclosure self-disclosure that excees what is
appropriate for a relationship or social
situation
803. Brainwashing the most extreme form of attidude
change, accompanied through peer
pressure, physical suffering, threats,
rewards for compliance, manipulating of
guilt, intensive indoctrination, & other
psychological means.
804. downward
comparison
comparing yourself with those who are
not as good as yourself although our
performance or lives are not ideal... it
could be worse
805. Upward
comparison
Comparing yourself with people who do
much better than you; can sometimes
inspire us to do better and sometimes
lower self esteem
806. Sociology The scholarly discipline concerned with
the systematic study of social
organizations.
807. Social
psychology
the branch of psychology that studies
persons and their relationships with
others and with groups and with society
as a whole
808. evolutionary
attachment
Bowlby's theory of attachment as an
innate process ensuring survival
809. interpersonal
attraction
The tendency of one person to evaluate
another person (or a symbol or image of
another person) in a positive way.
810. mutual
exclusivity
a cognitive bias shown by young
children, who typically avoid labeling
anything at more than one level of
generality
EX. refer to pet as a dog but not as an
animal as well
811. mutual
interdependence
The situation that exists when two or
more groups need each other and must
depend on each other to accomplish a
goal that is important to each of them
812. culture
813. Piaget
Swiss psychologist who says children's
cognitive development depends on their
ability to organize, classify, and to adapt to
their environments, also object
permanence.
814. prejudice an opinion or strong feeling formed
without careful thought or regard to the
facts
815. discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior(involving
an action acting opun a prejudice) toward
a group or its members
816. out-groups
groups other than those with which one
identifies
817. in-group
a social group toward which a member
feels respect and loyalty
818. out-group
homogeneity
tendency to view all individuals outside our
group as highly similar. Ex: view all
michigan fans as stupid.
819. in-group bias tendency to favor individuals within our
group over those from outside our group.
Ex: help Texas person on side of road but
not if from michigan
820. contact theory if members of two opposing groups are
brought together in an emergency
situation, group cooperation will reduce
prejudicial thinking.
821. dispositional
attribution
belief that one's behavior is due to long-
lasting personality traits rather than the
current environment.
822. situational
attribution
belief that an individual's behavior is based
on events in the environment rather than
long-lasting personality characteristics.
823. collectivistic
cultures
Collectivistic cultures socialize people to
think of themselves in terms of group goals,
values and identity rather than personal or
individual goals, values, etc. e.g. Asian or
tribal cultures
824. individualistic
cultures
Cultures in which a person's identity
focuses on themselves as an individual (
e.g. United State and Canada). Also called
independent cultures. This is where the
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
happens more frequently when compared to
collectivistic cultures.
825. false-
consensus
effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to
which others share our beliefs and
behaviors
826. Self-serving
bias
tendency often in individualistic cultures to
attribute our own successes to dispositional
factors and our own failures to situational
factors
827. Rosenthal A Psychologist along with Jacobson
famous for his research regarding the
"experimenter effect", study on self-
fulfilling prophecy with students expected
to improve, social expectations influence
how one treats and behaves toward those
people, the way they are treated shape them
into what is socially expected "Pygmalion
in the Classroom"
828. experimenter
effect
phenomenon in which researchers'
hypotheses lead them to unintentionally
bias the outcome of a study (Also called Self
Fulfilling Prophecy)
829. Pygmalion in
the Classroom
Teacher expectation and pupils' intellectual
development (1968)- found out that when
teachers expected students to succeed, the
students indeed tended to improve. Vice-
versa.
830. self-fulfilling
prophecy
a situation in which a researcher's
expectations influence that person's own
behavior, and thereby influence the
participant's behavior
831. Instrumental
aggression
Cognition-based and goal-directed
aggression carried out with premeditated
thought, to achieve specific aims(One of the
2 Types of Aggression)
832. Hostile
aggression
Behavior intended to harm another, either
physically or psychologically, and motivated
by feelings of anger and hostility (One of the
2 Types of Aggression)
833. Albert
Bandura
Behaviorist/modern theorist who challenges
Skinner saying he ignored the most
distinctive and important feature of human
behavior. He agrees that personality is
shaped through learning but that
observational learning through models is
influential. (Bobo doll)
834. Bobo doll
experiment
-children watched the actions of adults
towards a doll and when in the same
situation imitated the actions of the adult
whom they watched
-we choose to imitate people who we respect
or like, people who are attractive or powerful,
people of the same gender, people who are
similar to us, people who's behavior leads to
positive outcomes (Albert Bandura)
835. observational
learning
change in behavior due to watching other
people behave(Albert Bandura)
836. bystander
intervention
a psychological phenomenon in which
someone is less likely to intervene in an
emergency situation when other people are
present and able to help than when he or she
is alone. Most Famous case is the Murder of
Kitty Genovese
837. Kitty Genovese In 1964 a young women was attacked
outside her NY apartment late at night .
Despite fighting and shouting for help. No
one came to her rescue and she was
murdered. At least 40 neighbors heard he
screams for help but nobody came to her
aid. No one even called the police. When
interviewed later the neighbors stated they
felt it was lovers quarrel or none of my
business. They passed the buck so to
speak. This process is called diffusion of
responsibility. Also example of Bystander
Effect and pluralistic ignorance
838. diffusion of
responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel
diminished responsibility for their actions
when they are surrounded by others who
are acting the same way
839. pluralistic
ignorance
A type of misunderstanding that occurs
when members of a group don't realize that
the other members share their perception
(often, their uncertainty about how to react
to a situation). As a result, each member
wrongly interprets the others' inaction as
reflecting their better understanding of the
situation.
840. Similarity extent to which we have things in common
with others, a predictor of attraction
841. compassionate
love
The intimacy and affection we feel when
we care deeply for a person but do not
experience passion or arousal in the
persons presence
842. Passionate
love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption
in another, usually present at the beginning of
a love relationship.
843. social
facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence
of others; occurs with simple or well-learned
tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or
not yet mastered
844. social
impairment
lowering of performance on a given task in the
pressence of others - usually a task that is not
well reshearsed
845. confederate a person who joins with another in carrying
out some plan (especially an unethical or
illegal plan)
846. obedience
studies
- Studies that focus on participants'
willingness to do what another asks them to
do.
- Milgram (1974) found that over 60 percent of
participants obey experimenters' orders, even
when the orders involve potentially hurting
someone else.
Participants' compliance is decreased when
they are in close contact with those people
whom they are being ordered to harm.
- When the experimenter left in the middle of
the experiment and was replaced by an
assistant, obedience also decreased.
- When other people were present in the room
and they objected to the orders, the percentage
of participants who quit in the middle of the
experiment skyrocketed.
- Milgram's research has been severely
criticized on ethical grounds.
847. social
loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less
effort when pooling their efforts toward
attaining a common goal than when
individually accountable
848. Group
polarization
tendency of group members to move to an
extreme position after discussing an issue as a
group
849. Concordance
rate
the percentage of instances in which both
members of a twin pair show a trait when it
is present in one pair member, used to study
the contribution of heredity to emotional
and behavior disorders
850. Primary
Punisher
A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an
example is electric shock.
851. monism the presumption that mind and body are
different aspects of the same thing.
852. John Garcia Researched taste aversion. Showed that
when rats ate a novel substance before
being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they
developed a conditioned taste aversion for
the substance.
853. ethnocentrism The tendency to assume that one's own
culture and way of life represent the norm
or are superior to all others
854. Hans Eysenck
Psychology theorists who suggested that
personality could be reduced to two polar
dimensions introversion-extraversion and
emotional instability-stability
(neuroticism).
855. introversion a personality trait that signifies that one
finds energy from internal sources rather
than external ones
856. extraversion The tendency to experience positive
emotions and moods and to feel good about
oneself and the rest of the world.
857. neuroticism one of the three underlying dimensions of
personality in Eysenck's model, referring to
tendencies toward emotional instability,
anxiety, and worry
858. Big-Five
Model
Psychological view based on factor analytic
studies suggesting the existance of 5 basic
components of human personality;
openess, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness and neuroticism, OCEAN
859. Judith
Langlois
Psychologist that tested babies on their
preference of attractive people compared to
unattractive people, babies preferred
attractive.
860. Karl Wernicke German neurologist who discovered the
part of the brain responsible for the
comprehension of speech was ___.
861. Kenneth Clark United States psychologist (born in
Panama) whose research persuaded the
Supreme Court that segregated schools were
discriminatory , Used dolls to study
children's attitude towards race. Their
findings were used in the Brown vs. Board
trial.
862. Stigmatization Individuals who deviate from their ascribed
categories and roles are excluded,
humiliated, and ostracized.
863. Kurt Lewin A German refugee who escaped Nazi
oppression. He designed an experiment to
investigate the effects of different leadership
styles on group functions. He wanted to
find out if people were more productive
under 3 different styles 1. autocratic, 2.
laizssez-faire, and 3. democratic. This is
the study when he had children do activities
under the 3 conditions. The democratic
style proved to be the most productive as
was expected
864. Leon
Festinger
Kurt Lewin's student. Social psychologists
who studie cognitive dissonance (tension
when holding inconsistent ideas in mind).
Had a case study of a housewife who
thought she was getting alien
messages.believed we change our attitudes
so behavior is sensible and justified. Also
found that the more difficult it is to join a
group, the more that group is valued, so the
pain of joining was worthwhile.
865. Little Albert In which famous experiment did Watson
condition a child to fear small white
animals after pairing them with a loud
bang? Showed Classical Conditioning.
866. Paul Ekman Researcher who developed neuro-cultural
theory which stated brain and culture
effects emotions and the universality of the
seven basic emotions
867. Robert Zajonc Developed the mere exposure effect. It is
possible to have preferences without
interferences and to feel without knowing
why.
868. Mere
Exposure
Effect
phenomenon in which repeated exposure to
a stimulus makes us more likely to feel
favorably toward it
869. Tolman He believed learning happened regardless of
reinforcement and normal learning produces a
cognitive map of the environment, Studied a
rat's tendency to learn the course of a maze over
time. He came up with the idea of latent
learning and cognitive maps.
870. Cognitive
Maps
Psychological representations of locations that
are created from people's individual ideas and
impressions, mental representations that
enable people to navigate from a starting point
to an unseen destination (Tolman)
871. Latent
Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until
there is an incentive to demonstrate it
872. Conformity
acting according to certain accepted standards
873. ADHD
A psychological disorder marked by the
appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key
symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity,
and impulsivity
874. Ritalin
Central nervous system stimulant (trade name
Ritalin) used in the treatment of narcolepsy in
adults and attention deficit disorder in
children
875. Enuresis inability to control the flow of urine and
involuntary urination
876. Encopresis involuntary defecation not attributable to
physical defects or illness
877. Passive
euthanasia
The deliberate disconnection of life support
equipment, or cessation of any life-sustaining
medical procedure, permitting the natural
death of the patient.
878. Erik Erikson Neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial
stages of development: theory shows how
people evolve through the life span. Each
stage is marked by a psychological crisis that
involves confronting "Who am I?"
879. Psychosocial
Theory
A theory of psychological development that
proposes that cognitive, emotional, and
social growth are the result of the interaction
between social expectations at each life stage
and the competencies that people bring to
each life challenge. (Erikson)
880. Ageism
discrimination against middle-aged and
elderly people
881. Lawrence
Kohlberg
Developmental psychologist who contends
that moral thinking progresses through a
series of stages: Preconventional,
Conventional, Postconventional, by
presenting boys moral dilemmas and studied
their responses and reasoning processes in
making moral decisions Most Famous is "
Heinz"
882. Heinz The case of this person was used by Kohlberg
as a moral dilemma. He has an ill wife and
cannot afford the medication. Should he steal
the medication and why
883. James
Coleman
Who suggested four areas to reform through
which colloar crime might be effected. These
four areas consisted of Ethical, Enforcement,
Structural, and Polical. Social Capital.
884. Elkind who developed the theory of:
-adolescent egocentrism
-imaginary audience
-personal fable
885. adolescent
egocentrism
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that
sometimes leads to young people to focus on
themselves to the exclusion of others and to
believe, for example, that their thoughts,
feelings and experiences are unique (Elkind)
886. imaginary
audience
A cognitive distortion experienced by
adolescents, in which they see themselves as
always "on stage" with an audience watching
(Elkind)
887. Personal
fable
common belief among adolescents that their
feelings and experiences cannot possibly be
understood by others and that they are
personally invulnerable to harm (Elkind)
888. status
symbols
Signs that identify a status, such as uniforms
or wedding rings (Elkind)
889. life-span
psychology
the field of study that examines patterns of
growth, change, and stability in behavior that
occur throughout the entire life span.
890. Stuttering
serious speech difficulty that occurs when a
person speaks with sporadic repetition or
prolonged sounds. Damage to Broca Area
891. Broca Area controls language expression - an area of the
frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere,
that directs the muscle movements involved in
speech
892. Isolation
a defense mechanism in which memory of
an unacceptable act or impulse is
separated from the emotion originally
associated with it
893. Kbler-Ross
Her theory proposes that the terminally ill
pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1.
denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3.
bargaining with God, 4. depression, and
5. acceptance
894. Grief
Reaction to an unfortunate outcome; a
deep distress caused by bereavement, a
loss, or a perceived loss.
895. menopause the time of natural cessation of
menstruation; also refers to the biological
changes a woman experiences as her
ability to reproduce declines
896. Preconventional
level
Stages 1 and 2 of Kohlberg's model of
moral reasoning. Children think about
moral questions in terms of external
authority; acts are wrong because they are
punished or right because they are
rewarded.
897. Thanatologist Those who study dying & death --- EX:
Kubler-Ross's stages of dying &
Martocchio's manifestations of grief.
898. Martocchio Maintains that there is no single correct
way (nor timetable) by which a person
progresses through the grief process
899. Social butterflies someone who talks to a lot of people
900. Postconventional
Level
Kohlberg's highest level of moral
development, in which moral actions are
judged on the basis of personal codes of
ethics that are general and abstract and
that may not agree with societal norms
901. Conventional
Level
Stages 3 and 4 of Kohlberg's model of
moral reasoning. Children see rules as
necessary for maintaining social order;
they internalize them to be considered
virtuous and to win approval from
authority figures.
902. Stagnation a discontinuation of development and a
desire to recapture the past
903. Cryonic
suspension
Freezing deceased tisuues for revival in
the future, or until a natural cure can be
found.
904. Depression
the condition of feeling apathetic,
hopeless, and withdrawn from others.
When it is major it is an emotionally
crippling depressed state linked to
physical causes; it may be, at the extreme,
a suicidal state.
905. Agitation a violent stirring or movement; noisy
confusion, excitement; a stirring up of
public enthusiasm
906. Bereavement state of sorrow over the death or departure
of a loved one
907. behavior
modification
changing one's choices or actions by
manipulating the cues that trigger the
actions, the actions themselves, or the
consequences of the actions
908. Psychotherapy
an emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained therapist and
someone who suffers from psychological
difficulties
909. Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is
marked by deficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding of others'
states of mind
910. Gilligan Did moral development studies to follow up
Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and
found that they did not score as high on his
six stage scale because they focused more
on relationships rather than laws and
principles. Different reasoning, not better
or worse, also published "The Porcupine
and the Moles"
911. Pica compulsive eating of nonnutritive
substances such as clay or ice; this
condition is often a result of an iron
deficiency
912. Gould Studied people between the ages of 16-60,
labeling the central theme for the adult
years as transformation.
913. Levinson Psychologist who did research on the
supposed "mid-life crisis"; in general,
80% of any age group would describe
themselves as "satisfied" or "very
satisfied" with life. Theory base on
organizing concept of individual life
structure.
914. generativity in Erikson's theory, a process of making
a commitment beyond oneself ex:to
family, work, or future generations
915. midlife
transition
According to Levinson, a process
whereby adults assess the past and
formulate new goals for the future; taking
stock of life
916. intimacy in Erikson's theory, the ability to form
close, loving relationships; a primary
developmental task in late adolescence
and early adulthood.
917. identity one's sense of self; according to Erikson,
the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense
of self by testing and integrating various
roles
918. psychopathology The branch of medicine dealing with the
diagnosis and treatment of mental
disorders
919. initiative versus
guilt.
In Erikson's theory, the psychological
conflict of early childhood, which is
resolved positively through play
experiences that foster a healthy sense of
initiative and through development of a
superego, or conscience, that is not
overly strict and guilt-ridden.
920. industry versus
inferiority
The fourth of Erikson's eight
psychosexual development crises, during
which children attempt to master many
skills, developing a sense of themselves
as either industrious or inferior,
competent or incompetent.
921. generativity
versus
stagnation
Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial
development, in which the middle-aged
adult develops a concern with
establishing, guiding, and influencing
the next generation or else experiences
stagnation (a sense of inactivity or
lifelessness)
922. integrity versus
despair
Erickson's final, eighth stage, where the
person asks himself or herself: "After
seventy, eighty, or ninety years of life, do
I have anything of interest and value to
say to the next generation? Or not?"
923. Hyperactivity A motor pattern involving abnormally
energized physical activity, often
characterized by quick movements and fast
talking. In children, behavior characterized
by fidgeting, restlessness, running about
inappropriately, talking excessively, and
feeling incapable of playing quietly.
924. echolalia mechanical and meaningless repetition of
the words of another person (as in
schizophrenia, autism)
925. Schizophrenia
A group of severe disorders characterized by
disorganized and delusional thinking,
disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate
emotions and actions. Is an example of a
disease that is mutlifactorial. Treatment of
this disease with antipsychotics and
dopamine may lead to Tardive Dyskinesia
926. Puberty the stage of development at which
individuals become physiologically capable
of reproducing
927. Dyslexia
word blindness; learning disorder marked
by impairment of the ability to read
928. Climacteric Physiological changes that occur during
the transition period from fertility to
infertility in both sexes
929. crystallized
intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age
930. Nature vs.
nurture
the long-standing controversy over the
relative contributions that genes and
experience make to the development of
psychological traits and behaviors.
931. Nature a person's inherited traits, determined by
genetics
932. Nurture the properties acquired as a consequence of
the way you were treated as a child
933. Twins
two children born at the same time to the
same parents, The best way to study the
Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Developmental
Psychology
934. cross-
sectional
In this study data is collected on people of
different ages at the same time, it can show
similarities and differences among age
groups. However it cannot establish age
effects, makes individual differences
935. longitudinal describes research that measures a trait in a
particular group of subjects over a long
period of time
936. Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA
molecules that contain the genes
937. DNA a complex molecule containing the genetic
information that makes up the
chromosomes
938. Genes the biochemical units of heredity that make
up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA
capable of synthesizing a protein
939. nucleotides Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a
sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA
bases
940. zygote the cell resulting from the union of an ovum
and a spermatozoon (including the
organism that develops from that cell)
941. Fraternal
Twins
twins who develop from separate fertilized
eggs. They are genetically no closer than
brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal
environment.
942. Identical
twins
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg
that splits in two, creating two genetically
identical organisms.
943. embryo an animal organism in the early stages of
growth and differentiation that in higher
forms merge into fetal stages but in lower
forms terminate in commencement of larval
life
944. fetus the developing human organism from 9 weeks
after conception to birth
945. Lungs
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic
cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage,
responsible for respiration, last to develop fully
as a fetus
946. teratogens Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that
can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal
development and cause harm. Can lead to FAS
947. FAS fetal alcohol syndrome= caused by mothers
who drink alcohol while being pregnant
948. Turner's
syndrome
genetic sex linked disorder, XO No Barr
Bodies, phenotypically female, short, neck
webbing, leading cause of primary
amenorrhea from ovarian dysgenesis
949. Klinefelter's
syndrome
A chromosomal trisomy in which males have
an extra X chromosome resulting in an XXy
condition; affected individuals typically have
reduced fertility
950. Down's
syndrome
is a chromosomal disorder caused by the
presence of all or part of an extra 21st
chromosome.. Often Down syndrome is
associated with some impairment of cognitive
ability and physical growth as well as facial
appearance
951. Rooting
Reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and
search for the nipple
952. Sucking
Reflex
Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking
motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the
mouth
953. Grasping
Reflex
Reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously
any object touching the palm or fingers or placed
in the hand
954. Moro
Reflex
infant startle response to sudden, intense noise
or movement. When startled the newborn arches
its back, throws back its head, and flings out its
arms and legs.
955. Babinski
Reflex
reflexive fanning out and curling of an infant's
toes and inward twisting of its foot when the sole
of the foot is stroked
956. maturation biological growth processes that enable
orderly changes in behavior, relatively
uninfluenced by experience.
957. Primary Sexual
Characteristics
Is any of those anatomical parts of the
body which are involved in sexual
reproduction and constitute the
reproductive system in a complex
organism
958. Secondary
Sexual
Characteristics
Characteristics that develop during puberty
that are not directly associated with
reproduction, such as pubic hair and
growth spurts.
959. Menarche Beginning of menstrual function, FIRST
PERIOD
960. Alzheimer's
Disease
an irreversible, progressive brain disorder,
characterized by the deterioration of
memory, language, and eventually,
physical functioning, Causing apoptosis of
the hippocampal and cortical neurons
associated with neurofibrillary tangles and
amyloid plaque
961. Parkinson's
Disease
A motor disorder characterized by difficulty
in initiating movements, slowness, and
rigidity, masked facial expressions, muscle
tremors, poor balance, and a shuffling
gait.Also increases with the onset of old
age, the symptoms of the disease result
from the neurons in the midbrain nucleus
called the substantia nigra which
(normally release dopamine), and the
buildup of protein aggregates containing
a-synuclein
962. Tay- Sachs
disease
A human genetic disease caused by a
RECCESIVE allele for a dysfunctional enzyme
(lysosomes) , leading to accumulation of
certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness,
and degeneration of motor and mental
performance usually become manifest a few
months after birth. Very Rare
963. ALS "Lou Gherig's Disease" - progressive
neurological disease in which the motor
neurons degenerate to the point of total loss of
motor function. The intelligence, memory, and
personality is unaffected. Stephen Hawking
has this.
964. Beta
Amyloid
plaques
Structural change in the cerebral cortex
associated with Alzheimer's Disease, in which
dense deposits of a deteriorated protein called
amyloid develop, surrounded by clumps of dead
nerve and glial cells, also called senile plaques,
they seem to trigger the death of surrounding
neurons.
965. L-dopa Parent molecule for dopamine and is given to
parkinson's disease patient as dopamine
cannot cross the blood brain barrier while this
parent molecule can cross
966. Bipolar
Disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates
between the hopelessness and lethargy of
depression and the overexcited state of mania.
(Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)
967. Critical
Periods
times during which certain environmental
influences can have an impact on the
development of the infant
968. attachment an emotional tie with another person; shown
in young children by their seeking closeness to
the caregiver and showing distress on
separation
969. Konrad
Lorenz
Austrian zoologist and ethologist who studied
the behavior of birds and emphasized the
importance of innate as opposed to learned
behaviors
970. Harry Harlow A Psychologist who specialized in
higher animal development, contact
comfort, attachment; experimented
with baby rhesus monkeys and
presented them with cloth or wire
"mothers;" showed that the monkeys
became attached to the cloth
mothers because of (contact
comfort)
971. Mary Ainsworth A Psychologist interested mainly in
developmental psychology;
compared effects of maternal
separation, devised patterns of
attachment; "The Strange Situation":
observation of parent/child
attachment. Discovered 3 Types of
attachment 1.Secure
Attachments(66%), 2.. Avoidant
Attachments(21%)
3.Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment
(12)
972. The Strange
Situation
Used to study parenting styles and
infants' reactions to these styles. It
tests the reactions of toddlers to a
period of temporary absence on the
part of the caregiver, during which
the child is left alone with a
stranger. The study has frequently
been replicated. (Mary Ainsworth)
Also called Ainsworth's Stranger
Paradigm
973. Secure Attachments 66%; constantly explored when
parent was present; distressed when
they left and came to parents when
they returned
974. Avoidant
Attachments
Infants may resist being held by the
parents and will explore the novel
environment. They do not go to the
parents for comfort when they return
after and absence (21%)
975. Anxious/Ambivalent
Attachment
Attachment style in which infants
become extremely upset when their
caregiver leaves but reject the
caregiver when he or she returns
(12%)
976. Stranger anxiety The fear of strangers that infants
commonly display, beginning by
about 8 months of age. Makes sense
from an evolutionary standpoint
because that is when babies start to
become more mobile.
977. Authoritarian
Parents
Parents who make arbitrary rules,
expect unquestioned obedience from
their children, punish misbehavior,
and value obedience to authority
978. Permissive
Parents
Parenting style consisting of very few rules
and allowing children to make most
decisions and control their own behavior.
979. Authoritative
Parents
Parents who set high but realistic and
reasonable standards, enforce limits, and
encourage open communication and
independence
980. continuity vs
discontinuity
Focus is on whether developmental change
is smooth and constant or choppy through
stages (For Some reason it is a GREAT
Controversy)
981. psychosexual
stages
The 5 childhood stages of development (oral,
anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which,
according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking
energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
982. libido Sigmund Freud's terminology of instinctual
sexual energy or sexual drive.
983. Oral Stage Freud's first stage of personality
development, from birth to about age 2,
during which the instincts of infants are
focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure
center.
984. Anal Stage Freud's second stage of psychosexual
development where the primary sexual focus
is on the elimination or holding onto feces.
The stage is often thought of as representing
a child's ability to control his or her own
world.
985. Phallic Stage Third stage of psychosexual development,
marked by erotic attention on the phallic
region and the development of the Oedipus
complex(males) and Electra Complex(Girls)
986. Oedipus
Complex
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires
toward his mother and feelings of jealousy
and hatred for the rival father
987. Electra
Complex
A pattern described by Freud in which a
young girl develops an attachment to her
father and competes with her mother for his
attention.
988. Latency Stage Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual
development where sexuality is repressed in
the unconscious and children focus on
identifying with their same sex parent and
interact with same sex peers. 5 - Puberty.
Think COOTIES
989. Genital Stage Freud's last stage of personality
development, from the onset of puberty
through adulthood, during which the sexual
conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty)
and are often resolved during adolescence).
990. anal
retentive
character
Character type that results from a fixation at
the late anal stage. Such a person may suffer
from constipation or may be stingy.
991. cognition all the mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating
992. Jean Piaget Four stage theory of cognitive
development: 1. sensorimotor, 2.
preoperational, 3. concrete operational,
and 4. formal operational. He said that
the two basic processes work in tandem
to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation
and accomodation
993. schemas According to Jean Piaget , cognitive
structures that influence how
information from the environment is
perceived, stored, and remembered
994. Assimilation Interpreting one's new experience in
terms of one's existing schemas.
995. accommodation in the theories of Jean Piaget: the
modification of internal representations
in order to accommodate a changing
knowledge of reality
996. stage theorists At every stage, something needs to
happen, then they can move onto the
next stage Erikson(Social) ,
Piaget(Cognitive),Freud(Social),
Kolberg(Moral), Havighurst)
997. Sensorimotor
Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth
to about 2 years of age) during which
infants know the world mostly in terms
of their sensory impressions and motor
activities.
998. Preoperational
Stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about
2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a
child learns to use language but does not
yet comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic ordo NOT yet understand
the concepts of conservation in this stage
(that is that objects remain the same
even when their shapes change).
999. concepts of
conservation
These concepts demonstrate how the
different aspect of objects are conserved
even when their arrangement changes. 3
main (volume, area and number)
1000. Concrete
Operational
Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive
development (from about 6 or 7 to 11
years of age) during which children gain
the mental operations that enable them
to think logically about concrete events
and the concepts of conservation.
1001. Formal
Operational
Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive
development (normally beginning about
age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts(Like the
manipulation of things that you have never
actually seen. Not all people actually reach
this stage. Einstein probably was the God
of this Stage.Metacognition reached.
1002. Metacognition "Thinking about thinking" or the ability to
evaluate a cognitive task to determine how
best to accomplish it, and then to monitor
and adjust one's performance on that task.
Reached during the Formal Operational
Stage.
1003. Information-
processing
model.
A model of memory in which information
must pass through discrete stages via the
processes of attention, encoding, storage,
and retrieval
1004. Lawrence
Kohlberg
Moral development; presented boys moral
dilemmas and studied their responses and
reasoning processes in making moral
decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is
"Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot
afford the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
1005. Heinz
Dilemma
A woman is dying and needs an expensive
medication. Husband cannot afford the
medication, should he steal it or should
she die?
1006. universal
ethical
principles
the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's
theory of moral development
1007. Social
Learning
Theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by being
rewarded or punished.
1008. Corpus
callosums
Large band of white neural fibers that
connects to to brain hemispheres and
carries messages between them;
myelinated; involved in intelligence,
consciousness, and self-awareness; does it
reach full maturity until 20s (Very
Important because it is LARGER in GIRLS
than in Guys). An Important factor in
differential Gender Development
1009. Gender
Schema
Theory
The theory that children learn from their
cultures a concept of what it means to be
male and female and that they adjust their
behavior accordingly.
1010. Cerebral
cortex
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural
cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres;
the body's ultimate control and information-
processing center
1011. Retroactive
interference
Situation in which information learned more
recently hinders the recall of information
learned previously
1012. Proactive
interference
situation in which Previously learned
information hinders the recall of information
learned more recently
1013. Echo
a mental representation of an auditory
stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in
sensory memory
1014. Explicit
memories
awareness of remembering, can be revealed
by testing memory; AKA declarative memory.
Semantic & episodic memory
1015. Implicit
memories
Are memories of skills, preferences and
dispositions. These memories are evidently
processed, not by the hippocampus, but by a
more primitive part of the brain, the
cerebellum. They are also called procedural or
nondeclarative memories.
1016. Illusion The condition of being deceived by a false
perception or belief
1017. Context
dependent
memory, the environment acts as a retrieval
cue. This means that it is easier to remember
information when you are in the location
(context) where you originally learned that
information.
1018. Eidetic
imagery
A form of memory, often called
photographic memory, which consists of
especially vivid visual recollections of
material.
1019. Redintegration the phenomenon of a sense cueing a
memory
1020. Tip-of-the-
tongue
phenomenon
Condition of being almost, but not quite,
able to remember something; used to
investigate the nature of semantic memory
1021. Semantic
memory
The part of declarative memory that stores
general information such as names and
facts.
1022. Elaborative
rehearsal
a memorization method that involves
thinking about how new information
relates to information already stored in
long-term memory
1023. Maintenance
rehearsal
a system for remembering involving
repeating information to oneself without
attempting to find meaning in it
1024. Dual memory Theory suggesting that information coded
both visually and verbally is remembered
better than information coded in only one
of those two ways.
1025. Retroactive
inhibition
decreased ability to recall previously
learned information, caused by learning
of new information
1026. engram The physical changes in the brain
associated with a memory. It is also
known as the memory trace
1027. Reminiscence the process of remembering (especially the
process of recovering information by
mental effort)
1028. Hippocampus a neural center located in the limbic
system that helps process explicit
memories for storage
1029. Retrieval the cognitive operation of accessing
information in memory
1030. Encoding the processing of information into the
memory system--for example, by
extracting meaning
1031. Decay theory
of memory
loss of memory due to the passage of time,
during which the memory trace is not
used.
1032. Working
memory
A newer understanding of short-term
memory that involves conscious, active
processing of incoming auditory and
visual-spatial information, and of
information retrieved from long-term
memory.
1033. Selective
attention
this term describes the situation when you
are focused on certain stimuli in the
environment while other stimuli are
excluded (Cocktail Party Effect)
1034. overlearning A technique used to improve memory
where information is learned to the point
that it can be repeated without mistake
more than one time.
1035. Encoding
failure
the inability to recall specific information
because of insufficient encoding of the
information for storage in long-term
memory
1036. Decay Theory which states that memory fades
and/or disappears over time if it is not
used or accessed.
1037. Disuse another name for decay, assuming that
memories that are not used will eventually
decay and disappear
1038. hypnosis a social interaction in which one person
suggests to another that certain
perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
1039. consolidation A hypothetical process involving the
gradual conversion of information into
durable memory codes stored in long-term
memory
1040. symbolization The conscious use of an idea or object to
represent another actual event or object;
often, the meaning is not clear because the
symbol may be representative of something
unconscious.
1041. Categorization a cognitive process used to organize
information by placing it into larger
groupings of information
1042. thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located
on top of the brainstem; it directs
messages to the sensory receiving areas in
the cortex and transmits replies to the
cerebellum and medulla
1043. Short Term
Memory
The memory stage with a small capacity
(7 +- 2 chunks) and brief duration (< 30
seconds) that we are consciously aware of
and in which we do our problem solving,
reasoning and decision making.
1044. Long Term
Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system.
Includes knowledge, skills, and
experiences
1045. Serial position
effect
Tendency for items at the beginning and
end of a list to be learned better than items
in the middle
1046. Age regression During hypnosis, a hypnotized person is
given suggestions to re-experience an
event that occurred at an earlier age and
to act like and feel like a person of that
particular age.
1047. Suggestion the sequential mental process in which
one thought leads to another by
association
1048. retrograde
amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred
before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's
forgetting events immediately before a
shell burst nearby, injuring him
1049. Ebbinghaus Studied memory using nonsense syllables
and the method of savings, created the
"Forgetting Curve".
1050. Forgetting
Curve
The graphic pattern representing the
relationship between measures of
learning and the length of the retention
interval: As the retention interval gets
longer, memory decreases. (Ebbinghaus)
1051. Loftus Person who studied false memories
(confabulations) and impact on
eyewitness testimony; and the effects of
leading questions, Conclusion was that
memories had to be validated by physical
evidence.
1052. Confabulations An attempt to fill in the gap of memories
where no memories actually exist
1053. Korsakoff Brain damage to the mammillary bodies
resulting in anterograde amnesia, caused
by a lack of vitamin B1 thiamine in the
brain, typically the result of severe
alcoholism
1054. anterograde
amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after
the onset of the amnesia; eg, see in a
boxer who suffers a severe blow to the
head and loses memory for events after
the blow
1055. Amnesia Loss of memory that occurs as a result of
physical or psychological trauma
1056. Luria Studied how brain damage leads to
impairment in sensory, motor, and
language functions, also studied
eidetikers ,and developed a Probability
Distribution scheme for localizing
cortical areas responsible for language
systems
1057. Eidetikers someone who has a photographic
memory
1058. Reconstruction recall that is hypothesized to work by
storing abstract features which are then
used to construct the memory during
recall
1059. Constructive
processing
Re-organizing or updating memories on
the basis of logic, reasoning, or the
addition of new information
1060. Remembering Being able to retain information and
recall it when needed
1061. "Flashbulb"
memories
detailed memory for events surrounding a
dramatic event that is vivid and
remembered with confidence
1062. positive
transfer
The process of one skill helping the
learning and performance of a separate
but similar skill
1063. ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone, produced
by the anterior pituitary gland that
stimulates the adrenal cortex regulates
the production of cortisol(steriod
hormone) from anterior pituitary
1064. Parietal lobe portion posterior to the frontal lobe,
responsible for sensations such as pain,
temperature, and touch
1065. medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls
heartbeat and breathing
1066. displacement psychoanalytic defense mechanism that
shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward
a more acceptable or less threatening object
or person, as when redirecting anger toward
a safer outlet
1067. retention The length of time records must be retained
and proper disposition of them when they
should no longer be stored.
1068. Myelin
Sheath
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing
the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly
greater transmission speed of neural
impulses as the impulse hops from one node
to the next, also called Schwann cells in
PNS and Oligodendrocytes in CNS
1069. Memory the persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information
1070. storage
failure
Poor durability of certain stored memories
which leads to forgetting
1071. retrieval
failure
the inability to recall long-term memories
because of inadequate or missing retrieval
cues
1072. Three-Box
Model
A model that says that info that does not
transfer out of the sensory register or short
term memory is assumed to be forgotten
forever. once in along term memory, info
can be retrieved for use in analyzing
incoming sensory information or
performing mental operations in short term
memory
1073. Sensory
memory
Very brief (0.5 to 1.0 second for visual
stimuli and 2 to 3 seconds for auditory
stimuli) but extensive memory for sensory
events
1074. George
Sterling
A Psychologist that demonstrated that
sensory memory exists, and that it only lasts
a split second. He flashed a grid of nine
letters, three rows and three columns, to
participants for 1/20 of a second. The
participants in the study were directed to
recall either the top, middle or bottom row
immediately after the grid was flashed to
them (Using a low, medium or high tone to
indicate which row they should recall). The
participants could recall any of the three
rows perfectly. This experiment
demonstrated that the entire grid must be
held in the sensory memory for a split
second. Also Ionic Memory
1075. iconic
memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual
stimuli; a photographic or picture-image
memory lasting no more than a few tenths
of a second
1076. echoic
memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory
stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and
words can still be recalled within 3 or 4
seconds.
1077. Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable
units; often occurs automatically.
1078. Levels of
Processing
Model
A view stating that how well something is
remembered depends on the degree to which
incoming information is mentally processed
1079. Mood
congruent
theory
the idea that you are more likely to recall an
item if you are in the same mood when you
encoded the item (if you are in a happy mood
then you remember happy events).
1080. state
dependent
memory
Long-term memory retrieval is best when a
person's physiological state at the time of
encoding and retrieval of the information is
the same.
1081. relearning
effect
it will take less time to relearn material we
previously encoded, even if we have
"forgotten" what we learned previously
1082. long-term
potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a
neural basis for learning and memory
1083. Test Anxiety
a combination of physiological, emotional,
and cognitive components that are caused by
the stress of taking exams and that may
interfere with one's ability to think, reason,
and plan,Yerkes-Dodson Law says it is not
necessary to get rid of all this anxiety to do
well on a test.
1084. Bulimia
Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes
of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods,
followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or
excessive exercise
1085. OCD
repetive behaviors, mental attacks, behaviors,
preventing, reducing distress, prevented some
dreaded event, reconizes obsessions are
excessive or unreasonable, not apply to kids
1086. Alfred
Kinsey
College professor at Indiana University,
Bloomington, author of "Sexual Behavior in the
Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the
Human Female;" collectively known as the
Kinsey Report; report was controversial and
inflammatory but well-received and immensely
popular. Factored in the spurring of research for
birth control. Took a sample of 10,000 men, data
said that sexual orientation was diverse and
many were bisexual. Had actually studied the
genealogy of flies before this.
1087. Anorexia
self starvation, a refusal to maintain minimum
body weight
1088. Exhaustion
The harmful third stage of the general
adaptation syndrome(GAS) , stress exceeds
body's ability to recover.The
parasympathetic nervous system returns
our physiological state to normal., If the
crises is not resolved, resources become
depleted, immunity drops, sometimes
causing illnesses, ulcers, depression, or
death
1089. Yerkes-
Dodson Law.
Evidences arousal theory; the more
complex a task, the lower level of arousal
that can be tolerated without interference
before the performance deteriorates; ex.
used in class-driving to school, driving
angry, finding a new location, boiling an
egg
1090. Arousal
Theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that
people are motivated to maintain an
optimal level of alertness and physical and
mental activation.
1091. Habituation Decreasing responsiveness with repeated
stimulation. As infants gain familiarity
with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus,
their interest wanes and they look away
sooner (Being abnormally tolerant to and
dependent on something that is
psychologically or physically habit-
forming)
1092. Perfectionism An unhealthy compulsion to do things
perfectly is called:
1093. Biorhythms An innate periodicity in an organism's
physiological processes, as sleep and wake
cycles.
1094. Cannon-Bard
theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing
stimulus simultaneously triggers (1)
physiological responses and (2) the
subjective experience of emotion, or a
theory about the relationship between
emotional experience and physiological
activity suggesting that a stimulus
simultaneously triggers activity in the
autonomic nervous system and emotional
experience in the brain
1095. Amygdala Two almond-shaped neural clusters that
are components of the limbic system and
are linked to EMOTION
1096. Lateral
hypothalamus
The part of the hypothalamus that
produces hunger signals, if destroyed an
animal may starve to death.
1097. Kinesics The study of communication through body
movements, stances, gestures, and facial
expressions
1098. Stimulus
motives
Motives that cause humans and other
animals to increase stimulation when the
level of arousal is too low (examples are
curiosity and the motive to explore).
1099. Polygraph Test Test that measures respiration, blood
pressure, and perspiration while person is
asked a series of questions; outcome is a
diagnostic opinion about honesty.
(Criticised as Pseudoscience)
1100. Ventromedial
hypothalamus
The part of the hypothalamus that
produces feelings of fullness as opposed to
hunger, and causes one to stop eating. If
destroyed an animal will become obese.
1101. Intrinsic
motivation
Engaging in activities because they are
personally rewarding or because they
fulfill our beliefs and expectations
1102. Adrenaline A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal
medulla in response to stress (trade name
Adrenalin)
1103. Catecholamine any of a group of chemicals including
epinephrine(adrenaline) and
norepinephrine that are produced in the
medulla of the adrenal gland
1104. Cortisone glucocorticoid hormone that is isolated
from the adrenal cortex; used as an anti-
inflammatory agent
1105. Endorphins natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters
linked to pain control and to pleasure
1106. Specific
hunger
A craving for a particular substance such
as a salt.
1107. Reinforcement A stimulus that strengthens or weakens
the behavior that produced it
1108. Behavioral
Response
The actions taken in response to stress
1109. Episodic occurring or appearing at usually irregular
intervals
1110. Taste
aversions
the intense dislike and/or avoidance of
particular foods that have been associated
with nausea or discomfort, Type of Classical
Conditiong
1111. Homeostasis metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by
several complex biological mechanisms that
operate via the autonomic nervous system to
offset disrupting changes
1112. Meta-needs also called growth motives or being values;
self-actualization is growth motivated; these
are the motivations of self-actualizing people
1113. Primary
motives
Biological needs that must be met for
survival: hunger, sleep, thirst, pain.
1114. secondary
motives
Motives based on learned needs, drives, and
goals
1115. Limbic
System
A doughnut-shaped system of neural
structures at the border of the brainstem and
cerebral hemispheres; associated with
emotions such as fear and aggression and
drives such as those for food and sex.
Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and
hypothalamus.
1116. Attribution The process of explaining the causes of
people's behavior, including our own
1117. Deception. in research, an effect by which participants
are misinformed or misled about the study's
methods and purposes
1118. Control
questions
Non-threatening questions used on people
when attached to a polygraph to establish
baseline levels of arousal ( Like have you
ever been tempted to steal?)
1119. Irrelevant
Questions
In a polygraph test random questions used
for truth testing, Like (Is you Name Julius?)
1120. Relevant
questions
The questions asked by the polygraph
operator during the lie-detection procedure
that directly relate to the investigation or the
reason for undergoing the test.
1121. Guilty
Knowledge
Test
alternative to the polygraph test often used
after the test is a complete failure, that relies
on the premise that criminals harbor
concealed knowledge about the crime that
innocent people don't
1122. Response a bodily process occurring due to the effect of
some foregoing stimulus or agent
1123. Ecological
fallacy
The fallacy of deducing a false relationship
between the attributes or behavior of
individuals based on observing that
relationship for groups to which the
individuals belong (Stereotypes)
1124. Prejudice a negative attitude formed toward an individual
or group without sufficient experience with the
person or group (Different from a Stereotype)
1125. Archetype the original pattern or model; a perfect example
1126. Cognitive
behavioral
therapy
Treatment involving the combination of
behaviorism (based on the theories of
learning) and cognitive therapy (based on the
theory that our cognitions or thoughts control
a large portion of our behaviors). (CBT)
1127. Stereotype A fixed idea or conception of a character or an
idea which does not allow for any
individuality, often based on religious, social,
or racial prejudices.
1128. Ego
Dystonic
Refers to thoughts and behaviors which are in
conflict with how someone sees their ideal self.
These people are motivated to seek treatment
themselves.
1129. Exposure
and
response
prevention
a behavioral treatment for OCD that exposes a
client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or
situations and then prevents the client from
performing his or her compulsive acts. AKA
exposure and ritual prevention
1130. Common
sense
theory
idea held by most people that a stimulus leads
to the subjective experience of an emotion
which then triggers a physiological response
1131. Drive
reduction
theory
theory that claims that behavior is driven by a
desire to lessen internal states of tension
resulting from needs that disrupt homeostasis
1132. Opponent-
process
theory of colour vision stating that we percieve
color in terms of paired opposites: red/green,
yellow/blue, black/white
1133. Stimulus
motive
Unlearned motive, such as curiosity or contact,
that prompts us to explore or change the world
around us
1134. Coolidge
effect
if animal is presented with a normal partner
they will engage in sexual behaviour even
when they have been just previously sexually
satiated with another partner
1135. James-
Lange
theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our
awareness of our physiological responses to
emotion-arousing stimuli.
1136. Somatic
Nervous
System
the division of the peripheral nervous system
that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also
called the skeletal nervous system
1137. Parasympathetic
Nervous System
division of the ANS that is most active in
ordinary conditions; it counterbalances
the effects of the sympathetic system by
restoring the body to a restful state after a
stressful experience
1138. inverted-U
function
describes the relationship between
arousal and performance. Both low and
high levels of arousal produce lower
performance than does a moderate level of
arousal
1139. Pituitary gland. the endocrine system's most influential
gland. Under the influence of the
hypothalamus, this gland regulates
growth and controls other endocrine
glands
1140. Hypothalamus a neural structure lying below the
thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body
temperature; helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is
linked to emotion
1141. Extrinsic
motivation
motivation reflecting a desire for external
rewards, such as wealth or the respect of
others
1142. Hypoglycemia abnormally low blood sugar usually
resulting from excessive insulin or a poor
diet
1143. Sex Drive
refers to the strength of one's motivation
to engage in sexual behavior
1144. Instinct Theory the now-outmoded view that certain
behaviors are completely determined by
innate factors ex:instincts
1145. Incentive Theory According to this theory, behavior is goal-
directed; we behave in ways that allow us
to attain desirable stimuli and avoid
negative stimuli
1146. Incentives a positive or negative environmental
stimulus that motivates behavior
1147. Set-point
theory
1. Human bodies are programmed to maintain
weight.
2. The lateral(hungry) and ventromedial
hypothalamus(full) acts to cancel each other
out.
3. Our fatty cells have a set-point they want to
maintain
4. Heredity influences set points and therefore,
body type also
5. If weight is lost, food intake is increased and
energy expenditure(metabolism) decreases or
vice versa.
1148. sexual
response
cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described
by William Masters and Virgina Johnson
1. excitement, 2. plateau, 3. orgasm, and 4.
resolution.
1149. Masters
and
Johnson
Among the first to use laboratory
experimentation and observation to study the
sexual response cycle (1950s-60s); levels
include excitement, plateau, orgasm,
resolution.brought hundreds of volunteers into
their lab and observed them having various
types of sex. They used tools to measure penile
length and blood flow and vaginal expansion
and lubrication. They perform thousands of
trials and their results over a twenty year period
were extensive. They even tried to "cure"
homosexuality and claimed a 30% failure rate.
1150. Initial
excitement
Stage One of Sexual Response Cycle: Heart rate
increases, Breathing increases, Erection
occurs, and the cliterus swells with blood
1151. Plateau
phase
the second phase of the sexual response cycle,
during which physical arousal continues to
increase as the partners bodies prepare for
orgasm
1152. Orgasm 3rd phase of sexual response cycle. The highest
point of sexual excitement, marked by strong
feelings of pleasure
1153. Resolution
phase
the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle,
following orgasm, during which the body
returns to its resting, or normal state. However
ONLY the MALE enters the refractory period.
1154. refractory
period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a
man cannot achieve another orgasm.
1155. Simon
LeVay
Psychologist who wrote Sexual Brain and
Queer Science, completed research on the DNA
and finding a gay gene, he found the gene
INAH3 was more than twice as large in
heterosexual men as in homosexual men, and
also discovered that part of hypothalamus is
larger in straight men than in gay men and
women.
1156. achievement
motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment:
for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for
attaining a high standard (Like taking an
AP TEST).
1157. Organizational
psychologists
Psychologists who study various aspects
of the human work environment, such as
communication among employees,
socialization or enculturation of workers,
leadership, job satisfaction, stress and
burnout, and overall quality of life. Two
main theoories: Theory X and Theory Y
1158. Theory X assumes that the average person dislikes
work and will avoid it if possible.
therefore, people must be forced,
controlled, and threatened with
punishment to accomplish organizational
goals
1159. Theory Y Assumes that, given a challenge and
freedom, workers are motivated to achieve
self-esteem and to demonstrate their
competence and creativity
1160. Multiple
approach-
avoidance
conflicts
MORE than two goals to options( have
both positive and negative aspects) to
consider, making the decision even more
difficult and stressful (i.e. college students
deciding on a career)
1161. Approach-
avoidance
psychological conflict that occurs when a
person must choose ONE goal that has
both attractive and unattractive features
1162. Avoidance-
avoidance
conflict
A conflict arising from having to choose
between undesirable alternatives. (Like
Raising Taxes or Reducing Spending).
1163. Approach-
approach
conflict
A conflict arising from having to choose
between equally desirable alternatives.
1164. Two-Factor
Theory of
Emotion
Schachter and Singer's theory that
emotion is the interaction of physiological
arousal and the cognitive label that we
apply to explain the arousal
1165. Schachter and
Singer
Experiment with humans where they are
injected with adrenaline and either told
there will be no symptoms, wrong
symptoms or told the exact symptoms.
Supports ____________'s two factor
model of emotion
1166. Type A
Personality
A theory used to describe a person with a
significant number of traits focused on
urgency, impatience, success, and
excessive competition. Higher Risk for
Coronary Heart Disease.
1167. Type B
Personality
A theory used to describe person with a
significant number of traits focused on
relaxation, lack of urgency, and normal or
reduced competition.
1168. Type AB
Personality
Mixture of Type A and Type B Personalities.
1169. Rahe and
Holmes
2 Psychologist that came up with a test that
measures stress in your lives. The test is
called the Social Readjustment Rating
Scale (SRRS) and measures stress using
life-change units (LCUs).
1170. Social
Readjustment
Rating Scale
Thomas homes and richard rahe created
this scale measuring the stress rating of
certain life changing events by using life
changing Units (LCUs), whether good or
bad. 150 or more units and you were having
a stressful year. Not very accurate. (SRRS)
1171. life-change
units
in stress research, the measure of the stress
levels of different types of change
experienced during a given
period.Abreviated (LCUs) Made by
(Thomas Holmes and richard rahe)
1172. General
Adaptation
Syndrome
Seylye's concept of the body's adaptive
response to stress in three stages--alarm,
resistance, exhaustion (GAS)
1173. Hans Seyle The father of "modern stress theory."
Defined eustress and distress. Stated that
stress is a mutual action of forces in the
body.General Adaptation Syndrome
1174. Eustress A positive stress that energizes a person
and helps a person reach a goal
1175. distress Stress that stems from acute anxiety or
pressure
1176. Alarm
reaction
First stage of the general adaptation
syndrome(GAS) , involving mobilization of
the body's resurces to cope with an
immediate stressor. (Hans Seyle)
1177. Resistance
The second phase of the general adaptation
syndrome (GAS) , in which the body
mobilizes its resources(hormones, energy)
to withstand the effects of the stress. If this
stage goes to long a body can deplete its
resources. (Hans Seyle)
1178. Sigmund
Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated
psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human
behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of
conflict between the id (irrational unconscious
driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-
seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing
conscious, what one can do) and superego
(ingrained moral values, what one should do).
1179. Abraham
Maslow
Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory
of motivation that emphasized psychological
(Hierarchy of Needs)-needs at a lower level
dominate an individual's motivation as long as
they are unsatisfied; self-actualization,
transcendence
1180. Ivan
Pavlov
A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who
was the first research into learned behavior
(conditioning) and who discovered
classical(Pavlovian) conditioning by; training
dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
1181. Hierarchy of
Needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs,
beginning at the base with physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then
psychological needs become active.
1182. Biopsychologists explain human thought and behavior
strictly in terms of biological processes
1183. Self-
actualization
According to Maslow, the ultimate
psychological need that arises after basic
physical and psychological needs are met
and self-esteem is achieved; the
motivation to fulfill one's potential
1184. Psychodynamic Characterized by conflict among
instincts, reason, and conscience;
describes the mental processes envisioned
in Freudian theory
1185. Freudian theory Psychoanalysis; emphasizes unconscious
determinants of behavior, sexual and
aggressive instinctual drives, and the
enduring effects of early childhood
experiences on later personality
development
1186. Psychoanalysis Freud's theory of personality that
attributes thoughts and actions to
unconscious motives and conflicts; the
techniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and
interpret unconscious tensions
1187. Behaviorism the view that psychology should be an
objective science that studies behavior
without reference to mental processes
1188. Humanism A theoretical orientation that emphasizes
the unique qualities of humans, especially
their freedom and their potential for
personal growth
1189. John B. Watson American psychologist who founded
behaviorism, emphasizing the study of
observable behavior and rejecting the
study of mental processes
1190. William
James
Founder of functionalism and also wrote
Principles of Psychology; studied how
humans use perception to function in our
environment; important emotion theory,
also involved in: Pragmatism, and The
Meaning of Truth
1191. Principles of
Psychology
1890, considered to be the first modern
psychology textbook by William James
1192. Functionalism William James's school of thought that
stressed the adaptive and survival value of
behaviors
1193. James - Lange
theory
the theory that our experience of emotion
is our awareness of our physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
1194. The Will to
Believe
Doctrine
A lecture delivered by William James, and
first published in 1896, which defended
our right, in certain cases, to adopt a belief
on faith even without prior evidence of its
truth,In virtue of this dependency of truth
on belief ,it argues that it can be rational
for us to have faith in our own ability to
accomplish tasks that require confidence
even if at the time we lack sufficient
evidence for whether we truly possess that
ability.
1195. Radical
Empiricism
pragmatist doctrine put forth by William
James. James' factual statement is that
our experience isn't just a stream of data,
it's a complex process that's full of
meaning. We see objects in terms of what
they mean to us and we see causal
connections between phenomena
1196. Psychologist's
fallacy
A fallacy that where someone confuses his
own standpoint with that of the mental
fact about which he is making his report
1197. Carl Rogers A humanist who revolutionized therapy
with his book, Client-Centered Therapy in
1951; furthered humanistic theory. Also
developed the theory of unconditional
positive regard
1198. Unconditional
positive
regard
According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of
total acceptance toward another person.
1199. Comparative
psychology
Branch of psychology that studies the
behavior of different animal species
1200. Sren
Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher, founder of
existentianalism, said "truth is
subjectivity", religion is a personal matter,
and relationships with God require
suffering, wrote "Either/Or", The Sickness
Unto Death"
1201. Gestalt school Unlike Structuralism this school prefers to
look at the whole rather than small parts of
the thing in order to comprehend it (The
sum is greater than the parts).
1202. Structuralism A school of psychology based on the notion
that the task of psychology is to analyze
consciousness into its BASIC elements and
to investigate how these elements are
related. Differed from the Gestalt School
Approach.
1203. Operant
Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a punisher (B. F.
Skinner)
1204. Conditioning a learning process in which an organism's
behavior becomes dependent on the
occurrence of a stimulus in its environment
1205. B. F. Skinner
Pioneer of operant conditioning who
believed that everything we do is
determined by our past history of rewards
and punishments. He is famous for use of
his operant conditioning aparatus which
he used to study schedules of reinforcement
on pigeons and rats.
1206. Max
Wertheimer
Founder of Gestalt who studied "phi
phenomenon." Believed that some
complex perceptions cannot be reduced to
simpler sensory experiences and that the
mind operated on general organizing
principles to perceive some complex
sensory stimuli based on properties like
proximity, similarity and closure
1207. John Watson Early behaviorist; emphasis on external
behaviors of people and their reactions on
a given situation; famous for Little Albert
study in which baby was taught to fear a
white rat, also used generalization-
inductive reasoning.
1208. Phi
phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two
or more adjacent lights blink on and off in
succession. Studied by Max Wertheimer.
1209. Little Albert
Study
A study by John Watson and his wife
Rosalie Rayner, Lttle albert associated
loud noise with a white rat, he began to
become afraid of it, and he was never
unconditioned
1210. Social
Psychology
the branch of psychology that studies
persons and their relationships with
others and with groups and with society
as a whole
1211. Developmental
Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies
physical, cognitive, and social change
throughout the life span
1212. Cognitive
Psychology
the scientific study of mental processes,
including perception, thought, memory,
and reasoning
1213. Cultural
Psychology
A psychology that is concerned with how
the culture in which an individual lives --
its traditions, language, and worldview --
influences that person's mental
representations and psychological
processes.
1214. Psychology the scientific study of mental processes
and behavior
1215. Super Ego Part of personality that represents
internalized ideals and provides standards
for judgement and future aspirations
(Works on Moral Principle_
1216. ID contains a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energy that, according to Freud,
strives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives. Theoperates on the
pleasure principle, demanding immediate
gratification
1217. Environmental
psychology
The field of psychology that studies the
ways in which people and the
environment influence each other.
1218. Differential
psychology
founded by Francis Galton; the field of
psychology that studies individual
differences in physical, personality, and
intellectual characteristics
1219. Francis
Galton
English scientist (and Founder of
Eugenics) (cousin of Charles Darwin)
established differential psychology AKA
"London School" of Experimental
Psychology and who explored many fields:
heredity, meteorology, statistics,
psychology, anthropology. Maintains that
personality & ability depend almost entirely
on genetic inheritance; compared identical
& fraternal twins, hereditary differences in
intellectual ability
1220. Covert
behavior
Behavior that can be subjectively perceived
only by the person performing the behavior.
Thoughts and feelings for example.
1221. Overt
Behavior
Behavior that has the potential for being
directly observed by an individual other
than the one performing the behavior.
1222. Strict
behaviorism
The view that only overt behavior can be
studied scientifically.
1223. Peer
influence
caused by attempting to fit into a group by
conforming, learning to cooperate with
others to gain popularity,
1224. Learning
Psychology
Emphasizes the effects of behavior on past
experiences. Think AFTER the fact.
1225. Behavior
modification
Method of changing abnormal behavior
thru systematic program based on the
learning principles of CLASSICAL
conditioning, OPERANT Conditioning, or
OBSERVATIONAL Learning.
1226. Observational
Learning
A type of learning that occurs when an
organism's responding is influenced by the
observation of others, who are called
models
1227. Titchener British psychologist who studied with
Wundt; opened laboratory at Cornell;
focused on identifying the basic elements of
consciousness (Structuralism) rather than
the relationship between them
1228. Wundt first true psychologist, all of nature
including mind could be studied
scientifically, introspection, methodology,
beginnings of structuralism, many
books=influential, trained many others
(baldwin, titchener), "Principles of
physiological psych"=first textbook on
psych
1229. Ego the largely conscious, "executive" part of
personality that, according to Freud,
mediates among the demands of the id,
superego, and reality. The ego operates on
the reality principle, satisfying the id's
desires in ways that will realistically bring
pleasure rather than pain
1230. APA American Psychology Association
1231. Eclectic
approach
An approach to psychotherapy that,
depending on the client's problems, uses
techniques from various forms of therapy.
1232. Repression A classical defense mechanism that
protects you from impulses or ideas that
would cause anxiety by preventing them
from becoming conscious
1233. Common
sense
approach
when presented a stimulus, ou experience
the conscious feeling of arousal, followed
by he actual physical, autonomic arousal
1234. Behavior
the aggregate of the responses or reactions
or movements made by an organism in any
situation
1235. Perception the process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information, enabling us to
recognize meaningful objects and events
1236. Existentialism A label for widely different revolts against
traditional philosophy, stressing choice,
freedom, decision, and anguish, and
emerging strongly during and after the
World War II years.
1237. Social-
Cultural
Psychology
Field of Psychology that deals with the
influence of socialization of enculturation
on behaviors which shape movements of a
group based of cultural mores.
1238. reaction
formation
a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of
unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them