EN 010 107

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DAY 3
EQUATIONS OF STATE

Boyles L!
At same temperature,
EQUATIONS OF STATE

C"#les L!
At same pressure,
EQUATIONS OF STATE

Characteristic Gas Equation

R characteristic gas constant
m mass in kg

Universal Gas Constant

HEAT

Energy transfer across the boundary of

system on account of the temperature
diference beteen the system and
surrounding

!ath function

Heat transferred to the system is considered

as positive and heat transferred from the
system is considered negative
"!EC#$#C HEAT

The amount of heat required to raise

the temperature of unit mass of the
substance by unit degree

"peci%c heat at Constant !ressure &Cp'

"peci%c heat at Constant (olume &Cv'

$or air, Cp ) *+,,- ./0.g+1 2 Cv ) ,+3*4

./0.g+1
5671

The energy transfer across the

boundary of the system irrespective
of the temperature diference
Assumptions 89 closed system, quasi static
process
Cases of

$ree e:pansion

!addle 5or.
EN 010 107
BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DAY $
$#7"T ;A5 6$
THE7<6=>?A<#C"

Theorem of conservation of energy

@$or a system operating in a cycle,

the net heat transfer is equal to the
net or. transferA

!erpetual motion machine of %rst

.ind &!<<9*'
$#7"T ;A5 #? C;6"E=
">"TE<
#nternal Energy &U'

Algebraic sum of internal .inetic energy

and internal potential energy of its
molecules
B E ) B !E C B 1E C B U

$or a closed system

*DE ) *5E C B U
7atio of "peci%c Heats
Cp F Cv
Cp 9 Cv ) 7
E?THA;!> &H'

"um of internal energy and Go or.

&pressure volume product'
H = U + p V
H = m Cp T
"EC6?= ;A5 6$ THE7<6=>?A<#C"

1elvin H !lanc. "tatement

@it is impossible to construct an engine

hich operating in a cycle ill produce no
efect other than the e:change of heat
from a single reservoir and produces an
equal amount of or.A
"EC6?= ;A5 6$
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Clausius "tatement
@it is impossible for a self acting machine
or.ing in a cyclic process, to transfer
heat from a body at a loer temperature
to a body at a higher temperature,
ithout the aid of an e:ternal agencyA
EDU#(A;E?CE 6$ C;AU"#U" A?=
1E;(#? !;A?C1 "TATE<E?T"
HIGH TEM%ERATURE RESER&OIR
HIGH TEM%ERATURE RESER&OIR
LO' TEM%ERATURE RESER&IOR
LO' TEM%ERATURE RESER&IOR
Q = 50 kJ
W = 20 kJ
Q = 70 kJ
Q = 50 kJ
Q = 50 kJ
Q = 20 kJ
W = 20 kJ
HEAT
ENGINE
HEAT
ENGINE
HEAT %UM%
EDU#(A;E?CE 6$ 1E;(#? !;A?C1
A?= C;AU"#U" "TATE<E?T"
HIGH TEM%ERATURE RESER&OIR
HIGH TEM%ERATURE RESER&OIR
LO' TEM%ERATURE RESER&IOR
LO' TEM%ERATURE RESER&IOR
HEAT
%UM%
HEAT
%UM%
Q = 50 kJ
Q = 50 kJ
HEAT
ENGIN
E
HEAT
ENGIN
E
W = 20 kJ
Q = 70 kJ
Q = 50 kJ
HEAT
ENGIN
E
HEAT
ENGIN
E
Q = 20 kJ
W = 20 kJ
7E(E7"#I#;#T> 2
#77E(E7"#I#;#T>

A reversible process is one hich is performed

in such a ay that at the conclusion of the
process, both the system and the surroundings
may be restored to their initial states, ithout
producing any changes in the rest of the
universe
#deal !rocess

An irreversible process is one hich cannot be

completely reversed ithout leaving a change
either in the system or surroundings

?atural !rocess
A(A#;AI#;#T>

Available Energy

Unavailable Energy
E?T76!>

<easure of =egradation

<easure of irreversibility

#s a property, hich cannot be

measured directly

Change in entropy during any

process can be calculated
E?T76!> H A !76!E7T>

Consider the
reversible cyclic
processesJ
*9A9E9I9* 2 *9A9
E9C9*
1
(
A
B
C
Volume
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
CA;CU;AT#6? 6$ E?T76!>
CHA?GE

$rom $irst ;a of Thermodynamics

2

$or a process *9E,

TE<!E7ATU7E H E?T76!>
=#AG7A<
T(
T1
T
1
(
S1
S(
dS
Entropy
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
THE7<6=>?A<#C
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Constant (olume &#sochoric' process

Constant !ressure &#sobaric' process

Constant Temperature &#sothermal'

process

Adiabatic process

!olytropic process

$ree e:pansion

Throttling process
C6?"TA?T (6;U<E &#"6CH67#C'
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