REFERAT

LA
DREPT CIVIL
Coordonator:
Prof. Dr. ANCA CRUCERU
Student:
URLEA IULIAN
An I - Management
2013
CN!RAC!UL DE "MPRUMU! #I CMDA!
Def$n$%$a. Leg$&'a%$a ($)$'* de +,n* 'a ado+tarea nou'u$ (od ($)$' nu f*(ea -ntr-un mod e.+re&
deo&e/$rea d$ntre (ontra(te'e de -m+rumut 0$ (omodat. De0$ do(tr$na deo&e/e0te dou* (ategor$$
a'e -m+rumutu'u$ - (e' de fo'o&$n%* 0$ (e' de (on&uma%$e1 -n (odu' ($)$' -n )$goare -n&*0$
-m+rumutu' a+are dre+t o (ategor$e a (ontra(te'or. A&tfe'1 a&t*2$ 'eg$&'atoru' deo&e/e0te (,te)a
(ategor$$ de (ontra(te de -m+rumut1 d$ntre (are dou* &unt -m+rumutu' +ro+r$u-2$& 0$ (omodatu'.
De a&emenea d$n (ategor$a (ontra(te'or de -m+rumut fa( +arte 0$ (ontra(te'e de -m+rumut /an(ar1
(um ar f$ (e' de (red$t /an(ar1 dar de0$ a(e&ta fa(e +arte d$n (ategor$a -m+rumutu'u$1 e' )a
(on&t$tu$ o/$e(tu' de e.am$nare a unu$ urm*tor (a+$to'.
"n a(e&t &en&1 +r$n (omodat1 du+* +re)eder$'e art$(o'u'u$ 345 Cod ($)$' e&te ne(e&ar de a
-n%e'ege a(e' (ontra(t -n /a2a (*ru$a o +arte num$t* (omodant tran&m$te (u t$t'u gratu$t un /un -n
fo'o&$n%a (e'e$'a'te +*r%$ num$te (omodatar1 $ar a(ea&ta &e o/'$g* &* re&t$tu$e /unu' 'a e.+$rarea
termenu'u$ +entru (are $-a fo&t dat a(e&t /un. Pr$n -m+rumut1 du+* +re)eder$'e art$(o'u'u$ 367
Cod ($)$' e&te ne(e&ar de -n%e'e& a(e' (ontra(t1 -n /a2a (*ru$a o +arte num$t* -m+rumut*tor &e
o/'$g* &* dea -n +ro+r$etatea (e'e$'a'te +*r%$ num$te -m+rumutat /an$ &au a'te /unur$ fung$/$'e1 $ar
a(ea&ta &e o/'$g* &* re&t$tu$e /an$$ -n a(eea0$ &um* &au /unur$ de a(e'a0$ gen1 (a'$tate 0$ (ant$tate
'a e.+$rarea termenu'u$ +entru (are $-a fo&t date.
D$n def$n$%$$'e enun%ate ma$ &u& re2u't* (* -m+rumutu' +ro+r$u-2$& +re&u+une tran&m$terea
unu$ /un fung$/$'1 $ar tran&m$terea e&te f*(ut* (u t$t'u de +ro+r$etate1 +entru (on&uma%$a /unu'u$1
$ar (omodatu' +re&u+une tran&m$&$unea unu$ /un nefung$/$'1 (8$ar 0u$ +r$n determ$narea +*r%$'or1
$ar tran&m$&$unea e&te (u dre+t de fo'o&$n%* (u o/'$ga%$a re&t$tu$r$$ $nta(te a /unu'u$.
1.2. Cara(tere'e 9ur$d$(e a'e (ontra(te'or de -m+rumut 0$ (omodat. Conform +re)eder$'or
'eg$&'a%$e$ ($)$'e1 (ontra(te'e de -m+rumut 0$ (omodat &unt (ara(ter$2ate +r$n urm*toare'e:
- E&te un (ontra(t &$na'agmat$(1
- E&te un (ontra(t tran&'at$) de dre+tur$1
- E&te un (ontra(t (u (on%$nut +atr$mon$a'1
- E&te un (ontra(t (on&en&ua'1
- E&te un (ontra(t (e +oate f$ -n(8e$at at,t +er&ona' (,t 0$ +r$n re+re2entant1
- E&te un (ontra(t num$t 0$ reg'ementat1
- E&te un (ontra(t de e.e(utare $n&tantanee1
- E&te un (ontra(t +r$n($+a'1
- E&te un (ontra(t nego($a/$'1
- E&te un (ontra(t $re)o(a/$'1
- E&te un (ontra(t (e +oate f$ at,t &$m+'u (,t 0$ afe(tat de moda'$t*%$.
"n (e +r$)e0te (ara(teru' onero& &au gratu$t a' a(e&tor (ontra(te1 %$nem &* men%$on*m1 (*
a(e&te dou* (ontra(te &e deo&e/e&(1 a&tfe' (um (on&tat*m (ara(teru' gratu$t a' (ontra(tu'u$ de
(omodat 0$ (ara(teru' onero& a' (ontra(tu'u$ de -m+rumut.
a. E&te un (ontra(t &$na'agmat$(. Pre)eder$'e art$(o'e'or 345 0$ 367 Cod ($)$'1 def$n$nd
(ontra(tu' de (omodat 0$ -m+rumutatu' &ta/$'e&( (ara(teru' &$na'agmat$( a' a(e&tu$a. A&tfe'1 'a
(ontra(te'e de (omodat 0$ -m+rumut .at,t (omodantu' 0$ -m+rumut*toru' (,t 0$ (omodataru' 0$
-m+rumutatu' &e o/'$g* (u +r$)$re 'a anum$te +re&ta%$$ - (omodantu' 0$ -m+rumut*toru' (u +r$)$re
'a tran&m$terea /unu'u$ -n -m+rumut1 $ar (omodataru' 0$ -m+rumutatu' (u +r$)$re 'a re&t$tu$rea
a(e&te$a 'a &(aden%*. S+e($f$(1 -n&* r*m,ne fa+tu'1 (* de0$ (ontra(tu' e&te (on&en&ua'1 'a
nee.e(utarea o/'$ga%$e$ de a tran&m$te /unu' (omdantu' &au -m+rumut*toru' nu +oate f$
o/'$gat 'a e.e(utarea &$'$t* a o/'$ga%$e$1 a(ea&ta1 du+* natura e$ r*m,n,nd o o/'$ga%$e $m+erfe(t*.
/. Contra(tu' de (omodat e&te (u t$t'u gratu$t1 $ar (ontra(tu' de -m+rumut +oate f$ at,t (u t$t'u
gratu$t1 (,t 0$ (u t$t'u onero&. A&tfe'1 da(* 'a (ontra(tu' de (omodat 'eg$&'atoru' &ta/$'e0te -n mod
e.+re& (ara(teru' gratu$t1 atun($ 'a (ontra(tu' de -m+rumut1 +*r%$'e +ot &ta/$'$ ('au2a a(8$t*r$$
do/,n2$$. Dre+tu' de &ta/$'$re a ('au2e$ do/,n2$$ nu e&te '$m$tat de (*tre 'ege1 a&tfe' (um a(ea&ta
+oate f$ &ta/$'$t* at,t -n +r$)$n%a +er&oane'or f$2$(e (,t 0$ (e'or 9ur$d$(e. !otodat*1 -n (e +r$)e0te
(ara(teru' gratu$t a' (ontra(tu'u$ de (omodat1 atun($ +utem &* men%$on*m fa+tu'1 (* de0$ -n
def$n$%$a dat* -n art$(o'u' 345 Cod ($)$'1 (ontra(tu' de (omodat e&te determ$nat dre+t unu'
gratu$t1 'eg$&'atoru' totu0$ nu &ta/$'e0te o $nterd$(%$e &au o &an(%$une (u nu'$tate a (ontra(tu'u$ de
(omodat -n (a2u' -n (are +*r%$'e ar &ta/$'$ o ('au2* a do/,n2$$. Pr$n urmare1 gratu$tatea
(omodatu'u$ nef$$nd un e'ement def$n$tor$u1 do/,nda &-ar a((e+ta 0$ -n (a2u' -n (are +r$)e0te
(omodatu'.
(. E&te un (ontra(t tran&'at$) de dre+tur$. -n (ontra(tu' de (omodat are 'o( tran&m$&$unea
fo'o&$n%e$ /unu'u$1 $ar -n -m+rumut are 'o( tran&m$&$unea dre+tu'u$ de +ro+r$etate a&u+ra unu$ /un
fung$/$'. A(e&t moment e&te ne(e&ar de a-1 deo&e/$ de (ontra(tu' de ),n2are-(um+*rare &au
&(8$m/ &au dona%$e. A&tfe'1 da(* -n (ontra(tu' de ),n2are-(um+*rare +*r%$'e urm*re&( dre+t
&(o+ tran&m$&$unea +ro+r$et*%$$ a&u+ra /unu'u$1 -n (ontra(tu' de -m+rumut1 tran&m$terea
dre+tu'u$ de +ro+r$etate e&te determ$nat* dre+t o ne(e&$tate o/$e(t$)* +entru a&$gurarea
fo'o&$r$$ /u8u'u$ tran&m$& -n fo'o&$n%*. !otodat*1 da(* +r$n (ontra(tu' de ),n2are-(um+*rare1
odat* (u tran&m$terea dre+tu'u$ de +ro+r$etate are 'o( tran&m$terea 0$ a a'tor dre+tur$ 0$ o/'$ga%$$1
(um ar f$ dre+tur$'e (e gre)ea2* dre+tu' de +ro+r$etate :'o(a%$unea1 ga9u'1 &er)$tut$'e et(;1 atun($
+r$n (ontra(tu' de -m+rumut are 'o( tran&m$&$unea doar dre+tu'u$ de +ro+r$etate1 f*r* (are)a a'te
tran&'*r$ de dre+tur$. A(e&t fa+t ne +oate &+une1 totodat*1 (* 'a -n(8e$erea (ontra(tu'u$ de
-m+rumut1 r$&(u' +e$r$$ fortu$te a /unu'u$ -' &u+ort* +er&oana (are a do/,nd$t dre+tu' de
+ro+r$etate. A&tfe'1 'a (ontra(tu' de -m+rumut1 -n '$+&a une$ norme e.+re&e1 a+'$(,nd regu'a
genera'* a tran&m$&$un$$ dre+tur$'or1 a9ungem 'a (on('u2$a1 (* dre+tu' de +ro+r$etate &e
(on&$der* do/,nd$t d$n momentu' $ntr*r$$ de (*tre (omodatar -n +o&e&$e a&u+ra /unu'u$. #$ $n)er&1
tran&m$terea dre+tu'u$ de +ro+r$etate de 'a (omodatar 'a (omodant -n +ro(e&u' de re&t$tu$re a
-m+rumutu'u$1 &e (on&$der* dea&emenea d$n momentu' $ntr*r$$ -n +o&e&$e a (omo-dantu'u$ a&u+ra
/unu'u$. -n (a2u' -n (are tran&m$&$unea /unu'u$ &e fa(e +r$n ter%a +er&oan* :(*r*u01 re+re2entant
et(;1 dre+tu' de +ro+r$etate a&u+ra /unu'u$ &e (on&$der* tran&m$& (*tre (ea'a't* +arte a
(ontra(tu'u$ odat* (u $ntrarea -n +o&e&$a /unu'u$ de (*tre ter%a +er&oan*1 da(* a(ea&t*
+er&oan* re+re2$nt* $ntere&e'e +*r%$$ re&+e(t$)e. !otodat*1 -m+rumutatu' 0$ re&+e(t$)
-m+rumut*toru' &e (on&$der* (* a $ntrat -n +o&e&$a de fa(to a&u+ra /unu'u$1 $ar +r$n urmare a
do/,nd$t dre+tu' de +ro+r$etate a&u+ra /unu'u$1 da(* a $ntrat -n +o&e&$a +*r%$'or +r$n($+a'e a'e
a(e&tu$a1 (8$ar da(* a((e&or$$'e au fo&t tran&m$&e ma$ t,r2$u. -n (a2u' dat1 'a re&t$tu$re
-m+rumutantu' +oate (ere de&+*gu/$r$ 'egate de $m+o&$/$'$tatea fo'o&$r$$ /unu'u$ -n '$+&a
a((e&or$$'or &au 'a a(8$tarea +ena'$t*%$'or de -nt,r2$ere1 da(* a(e&tea erau +re)*2ute de (ontra(t.
Contra(tu' de (omodat +re&u+une1 du+* (um am ma$ &+u&1 tran&m$&$unea doar a dre+tu'u$
de fo'o&$n%*. A&tfe'1 (a urmare a -n(8e$er$$ (ontra(tu'u$ de (omodat1 (omodataru'u$ -$ e&te
re2er)at* doar fo'o&$n%a /unu'u$1 e.('u2,ndu-&e o e)entua'* (on&uma%$e a /unu'u$. Pr$n urmare1
r$&(u' +e$r$$ fortu$te a /unu'u$1 -n (a2u' (omodatu'u$ &t* +e &ama (omodantu'u$1 (8$ar 0$ atun($
(,nd +o&e&$a defa(to o de%$ne (omodataru'. R$&(u' +e$r$$ fortu$te a /unu'u$ nu )a f$ &u+ortat de
(*tre (omodant da(* (omodataru' a fo'o&$t /unu' +e&te termenu' &ta/$'$t de fo'o&$n%* a /unu'u$1
(ontrar de&t$na%$e$ &a'e1 +re(um 0$ -n (a2u' tran&m$&$un$$ fo'o&$n%e$ /unu'u$ unu$ ter%. !otodat*1
r$&(u' +e$r$$ fortu$te )a r*m,nea +e &ama (omodantu'u$ da(* (omodataru' )a +utea demon&tra (*
+e$rea fortu$t* a /unu'u$ ar f$ a)ut 'o( (8$ar 0$ da(* fo'o&$n%a /unu'u$ nu ar f$ $e0$t d$n '$m$te'e
+re)*2ute de (ontra(t.
d. E&te un (ontra(t (u (on%$nut +atr$mon$a'. Pre&ta%$$'e (u +r$)$re 'a (are &e o/'$g*
-m+rumut*toru' fa%* de -m+rumutat 0$ (omodataru' (*tre (omodant 0$ $n)er&1 au de regu'*
(on%$nut +atr$mon$a'.
e. E&te un (ontra(t (on&en&ua'. De0$1 du+* natura (ontra(tu'u$ de -m+rumut1 a(e&ta ar
urma &* f$e (u (ara(ter rea'1 totu0$1 du+* +re)eder$'e Codu'u$ ($)$' a(e&t (ontra(t r*m,ne a f$ (u
(ara(ter
(on&en&ua'1 unde at,t (omodantu' 0$ -m+rumut*toru' (,t 0$ (omodataru' 0$ -m+rumutatu'
-0$ a&um* o/'$ga%$$ 'a momentu' -n(8e$er$$ (ontra(tu'u$1 $ar -n(e+utu' +rodu(er$$
efe(te'or (ontra(tu'u$ nu e&te 'egat (u momentu' tran&m$ter$$ -n -m+rumut &au (omodat a /unu'u$.
Cara(teru' (on&en&ua' a' (ontra(tu'u$ de -m+rumut 0$ (omodat e&te re'e)at +r$n d$&+o2$%$$'e
art$(o'e'or 3601
363 0$ 370 Cod ($)$'.
f. E&te un (ontra(t (e +oate f$ -n(8e$at at,t +er&ona' (,t 0$ +r$n re+re2entant. Du+* reg$mu'
(onfer$t (ontra(tu'u$ de -m+rumut 0$ (omodat 'eg$&'atoru' nu $n&t$tu$e )re-o (are)a '$m$t* -n (e
+r$)e0te +o&$/$'$tatea -n(8e$er$$ a(e&tu$ (ontra(t +r$n re+re2entare.
g. E&te un (ontra(t num$t1 t$+$( 0$ reg'ementat. Leg$&'atoru' a(ord* (ontra(te'or de
-m+rumut un reg$m e.+re& de reg'ementare1 f$$nd &ta/$'$te ma9or$tatea (ond$%$$'or 0$ efe(te'or
&+e($f$(e anume a(e&tor (ontra(te.
8. E&te un (ontra(t (e +re&u+une +re&ta%$$ de e.e(utare $n&tantanee1 dar du+* reg$mu' &*u
a+are dre+t un (ontra(t de e.e(utare &u((e&$)*. Du+* natura +re&ta%$$'or (are 'e +re&u+une
(ontra(tu' de -m+rumut 0$ (omodat a(e&ta a+are dre+t un (ontra(t de e.e(utare &u((e&$)*1 a&tfe'
(um fo'o&$n%a /unu'u$ e&te e.er($tat* &u((e&$) +e durata une$ +er$oade de t$m+1 &au re&t$tu$rea
/unu'u$ e&te (ond$%$onat* de &(urgerea une$ +er$oade de t$m+. !otodat*1 atun($ (,nd &e +re&u+une
tran&m$terea dre+tu'u$ de +ro+r$etate &au fo'o&$n%* a&u+ra /unu'u$ o/'$ga%$a de tran&m$tere a
/unu'u$ e&te e.e(utat* $n&tantaneu.
$. E&te un (ontra(t +r$n($+a'. Cara(teru' re&+e(t$) a' (ontra(tu'u$ a+are dre+t un $nd$($u
$dent$f$(atoru' a (ontra(tu'u$. A&tfe'1 du+* reg$mu' 9ur$d$( &ta/$'$t de (*tre 'eg$&trator1 &(o+u'
+r$n($+a' (are e&te urm*r$t de (*tre +*r%$ 'a -n(8e$erea (ontra(tu'u$ (on&t$tu$e tran&m$&$unea
/unu'u$ (u u'ter$oara re&t$tu$re a a(e&tu$a. Pentru a&$gurarea re&t$tu$r$$ +ot f$ -n(8e$ate (ontra(te
a((e&or$$1 (are ar garanta re&t$tu$rea /unu'u$.
9. E&te un (ontra(t nego($a/$'. P*r%$'e 'a -n(8e$erea (ontra(tu'u$ +ot nego($a at,t (ond$%$$'e
de tran&m$tere1 (ara(tere'e /unu'u$1 modu' de re&t$tu$re1 +re(um 0$ m*r$mea do/,n2$$.
<. E&te un (ontra(t de regu'* $re)o(a/$'1 dar -n (ond$%$$'e &ta/$'$te de 'ege +*r%$'e +ot
$ndu(e re)o(a/$'$tatea (ontra(tu'u$. A&tfe'1 (onform +re)eder$'or art$(o'u'u$ 370 Cod ($)$'
-m+rumut*toru' +oate re)o(a (ontra(tu' da(* &$tua%$a mater$a'* a -m+rumutatu'u$ &e -nr*ut*%e0te
&u/&tan%$a'1 a&tfe'1 (a a(ea&ta &* (ree2e +er$(o'u' re&t$tu$r$$ -m+rumutu'u$.
'. E&te un (ontra(t de regu'* afe(tat de moda'$t*%$. La -n(8e$erea (ontra(tu'u$ +*r%$'e +ot
&ta/$'$ d$)er&e (ond$%$$1 (are +ot %$ne at,t de -n(e+utu' +rodu(er$$ efe(te'or1 (,t 0$ de momentu'
-n(et*r$$ (ontra(tu'u$.
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