Age of Exploration

Columbian exchange: exchange of goods, diseases, ideas, long distance trade

Decimation of native population
Empire building

Political
Factors for coln.
National conflicts: countries eager to establish colonies
Similarities between est. colonies
Local governments
Burgesses
New England assembly
Voting rights
Interactions with natives
Aided colonists (allied with Pilgrims)
Economic
Factors for coln.
Profit seeking: both private and public (mercantilism)
Joint stock companies
Quebec: fishing and pelt trade
Dutch West India Company
Gold seeking Virginia colony
Seeking jobs due to
Enclosure/Wage slavery/Surplus population
Labor and slavery during exploration and during colonial times
Exploitation of natives: encomiendas (Spanish)
Use of indentured servitude in Virginia
Increasing use of African slaves (at first Africans were not available)
Interactions wtih Native Americans
Conflict
Clashes because of fur trade rivalries: Beaver wars between
French/Dutch and Hurons/Iroquois
Differing ideologies regarding land ownership
Attacks on Virginia early 1600s due to Headright system
Pequot War between NE and Pequots
Social
Interactions with Native Americans
Enslavement and abuse of natives (Spain)
Trade of goods
Virginia traded weapons for food
Colonization
Desire to maintain social hierarchy
Virginia Company (Merchants and gentry)
Between colonies
Hierarchies existed
Lack of community in Virginia
Cultural
Factors for coln.
Escape from religious persecution (Protestant Reformation)
Rhode Island
Pennslyvania
Creation of religious communities
Difference: lack of cultural unity for Virginia
Spreading of faith - missionary activities w/ French, Spanish
Interactions with Native Americans
Spanish Franciscan missionaries
Black Robes: Jesuits (French)
Religious syncretism
Virgin Mary (Catholic French)
Assimilation
New France: Intermarriage and borrowing of culture (economic incentive)
Adoption of colonial livestock techniques
Resistance to acculturation
Natives continued with traditional farming

Although the Spaniards' settling in the Americas destroyed native populations, they expanded cross
cultural interaction with both natives and other groups.

Although the encouraged conformity at all costs, New England settlers developed successful
communities because they were motivated by religious ideas.

Although religious ideals motivated New England settlers to develop successful communities, they also
caused towns to devalue individuality and free thought.

Although the introduction of tobacco led to Chesapeake colonies to flourish economically, it led to the
construction of adverse political and social structures.

Because Jamestown was established as a business venture, its success depended on the growth of
tobacco, leading to a hierarchical society.

Although the encomienda system was supposed to be a way of exacting tribute form natives, it was
used as a form of forced servitude and justified the mass exploitation of natives, contributing to the
decimation of indian populations in the spanish empire.

Although religious ideals motivated NE settlers to develop communal societies, they caused a
devaluation of individuality and freedom of expression

Although the Powhatans initially aided the people of J, cultural differences inevitably brought them into
conflict with the colonists

The beginning of the creation of an Anglo American identity after the English Civil War and
social upheaval (1640s-50s)

Political
Continuation of national conflict
King Williams war between F and E (1680s)
Political instability during the English Civil war
Witchcraft trials
Political instability in the 1670s
Pueblo revolt
Bacon's rebellion.
1680s Glorious revolution had political stability in Americas
Continuation of local governments
Conflicts with natives in 1670s
French expansion into native american territory
Initial attempts by Britain to control politics
Andros dissolved much of NE assemblies
Economic
Continuation of seeking jobs (migration)
Ireland/Scotland
Interactions with Native Americans
King Philip's War against NE
Bacon's rebellion
Varying local economies
NE: food to feed Caribbean, fish, wood and ships
Middle and South: grew food
Lower south: rice and indigo
English control over economy (Mercantilism)
1650s Navigation acts create enumerated goods
Nav acts II placed duties on enumerated goods and est. admiralty courts
Social
Atlantic Slave trade
Borrowing of agricultural techniques from slaves
late 1600s, fears of slave revolts Stono Rebellion and NY conspiracy
Emergence of genteel culture: hierarchies
Late 17th century enlightenment
Cultural
Religious tolerance
New York: choose your own church
New Jersey offered limited religious freedom
Quakers of NJ offered more religious freedom
Penn of Pennsylvania offered religious toleration
Religious revivalism
Increasing toleration for dissent and own judgment
Edwards and Whitefield. Emotional style brough colonists together
Conflicts between cultural groups
Germans lack of assimilation. Subversion of voting laws
Land riots about German squatters
Interactions with Native Americans
Assimilation: Creation of mixed race people known as metis among French
Religious conversion
Franciscan attempts to wipe syncretism
Continuation of migration for religious freedom
German and French Protestants etc

1750. French and Indian war ushers in a period which leads to revolution. 1763 marks a
turning point.

Political
Impact on NA
Lost diplomatic tools
Abolishment of precedent of gift giving
Pontiac's rebellion is basically the last bit of resistance
Impact on colonial unification
Albany congress to persuade Iroquois to ally and coordinate defense
Rejection shows still divergent identities
Increased British involvement in colonial politics
Proclamation of 1763
S'okay because of virtual representation
Real whigs as a reaction

Economic
Increasing British control over colonial econ.
Debtttttt
Grenville
Sugar and Currency acts in 1764
Courts and duties. Outlaw paper money. Incurred during
depression
Lack of united campaign of protest
Writs of Assistance
Stamp Act: look at all this resistance
External vs internal taxes
SONS OF LIBERTY. First ORGANIZED resistance.
Virginia Stamp act resolves
Stamp Act Congress
Quartering Act
Boston Massacre
Townshend Acts
Duties on items imported. REvenues funded officials
Boycotts!
Tea Act
Tea Party. Committees of correspondence tried to stir up consensus
Coercive acts
Trial outside. New council. Increase governor power. Close port
Continuation of protest and increased unity. Leads to 1CC


Social

Cultural

REF IN CLASS NOTES
Self government
Evolved essentially without a plan because England was in war
Governor (appointed by the king)->council (appointed by governor)->assembly (elected
by popular vote of landowners increasingly over time)
Governors become very powerful but the assemblies as well
Powers of these governments can to be viewed as "rights" of colonies
Q.V. Dominion of New England
Economically autonomous
Strong regional economies. Specialization in different raw materials.
Trade with other places during the English Civil War. Anti-mercantilist
1660 Navigation Acts. Imports must be from English ships. Enumerated goods could only be
shipped to England.
Enforcement waxes and wanes over time
Colonists become suspicious
Culturally
Increasingly unifying traditions
Anglicization: Rights of Englishmen. View of political rights as same as homeland.
Taxation and representation.
Enlightenment: Rejecting reliance on deference to elites. Intellectual elite.
Awakening: exercise own judgment and increased toleration of dissent -> decreasing
connections between church and state. More unified because decreasing localism. Poor and frontier
people.
Imperial conflicts
Loss of population
Trade decreased because of the war and post war. Rising class of urban poor.
Disrupt native populations and colonists
Large cost.
Establishment of standing army and British navy
Creates a nationalism among the British
Many of the French stay after the 7 years war
Consequences
Initial euphoria and nationalistic pride
Are the colonists just celebrating British Nationalism?
British didn't look invincible: for the Puritans, they even seemed immoral
British didn't respect American colonial forces
What to do with all the land? Colonists want to settle there
Great Britain is in debt

How to get to Independence
1CC wanted dual sovereignty.
Resistance
Continental association created boycott campaigns
Committees of observation
Provincial conventions
Initial preferences for constitutional reform
2CC due to T Pain's Common sense -> Declaration committee for independence
More national rivalries
Treaty of Amity and Commerce
Treaty of Alliance

Analyze the changes and continuities that occurred in colonial American control over the political and
economic institutions between 1607 and 1763.

Time period: Jamestown to Proclamation of 1763/End of FIndian War
Changes -
Increasing British control over trade maybe is that too broad
Navigation Acts (early on)

I think you can maybe still say changing degrees of colonial control in government
There was that one king who established the dominion of new england which basically
took power away from the colonists but then it collapsed bc of the english bill of rights
. Andros

Continuities -
Local assemblies
Agricultural institutions for trade
Dependence on international trade
The triangular trade network - talk about individual commodities of the regions (north
- lumber which goes into making boats for everyone, small scale ag, middle-ish - bread/flour/grain,
south - cash crops for Europeans)
Tobacco
Food to the Carribean

For the period before 1750, analyze the effects of Britain's policy of salutary neglect on the development
of American society as illustrated in the following: Legislative assemblies, commerce, religion

While -____- allowed the colonists to form specialized local economies for commercial export and
religiously based communities, the most important effect of salutary neglect was the development of
local legislative assemblies.
sure but what would be your synthesis for explicitly employing an additional appropriate category of
analysis beyond that called for in the prompt. Oh I would talk about salutary neglect effect on something
else. Maybe social hierarchies and how the neglect led to diff. social hierarhcies
Maybe you could just talk about how it contributed to divergent local identities
Or you could just to the catch-all of ideology

"The most important effect"

Analyze the relative importance of economic, political and ideological causes in sparking the conflic
between GB and its NA colonies which resulted in the american rev.
Economic cause: imposing economic regulations wtihout colonial consent
Political: interference in local political assemblies
Ideological: Rise of enlightenment though

in my class this is the thesis we made: Britains policy of salutary neglect led American society
to expect autonomy. Although the colonists developed an autonomous economy, their
legislative assemblies ultimately had the most autonomy and a greater expectation of
independence.

While the British and French both sought to convert NA to their religious culture, their responses
generally differed in both culture and economic. Economically, they had differing attitudes toward trade
and culturally they experienced different degrees of assimilation.

Although religious persecution in England was important to the settlement of some colonies in British
NA throughout the Colonial period, the economic causes in the settlement were much more pervasive
and influential throughout virtually all of the colonies. Numerous colonies were established for both
solving issues of land scarcity and profit seeking.
religious persecution, land scarcity, and profit seeking
our class said basically the same thing except the economic categories were to seek profit and
to improve economic mobility

do you need analysis in your intro. like do you need Although __ happened because __, __ was
more important
no i dont think sloan cares as long asyou address the relative importance