Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
, : 94406 16425
INTRODUCTION
According to their use in a sentence, all the words in English are divided into eight
parts. They are called ‘Parts of Speech’.
XH› "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ Jq K͆Çò „¬xx |\÷“, WOwÁ+¬µ…Õx „¬^Î=ò•x߆Çò 8 ƒ•ìQ®=ò•°Qê
qƒ•’lO„¬|_•#q. g\÷<Í ‘Parts of Speech’ JO^ΰ~¡°. Jq
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective
5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
English ƒì+¬…Õ D q^•Î=°òQê 8 ƒ•ìQ®=ò•°#ß„æ¬\H÷ ,© g@xßO\÷…Õ Verb KŒ…ì =òY¼"³°Ø#k.
WOwÁ+¬µ…Õ Verb …è䛽O_¨ =°#O "ŒH›¼O K³„¬æ…è=ò.
„¬îië J~¡Ö=ò`Ë XH› "ŒH›¼=ò K³„¬C@䛽 ‹¬i†³Ø°# 'Verb Form' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°. H›#°H›
=òO^ΰQê Verb Q®°iOz `³•°‹¬°HùO^Î=ò.
What is a Verb?
A Verb is a word used to denote an action, a state or a possession.
(Doing - Being - Having)
(K͆Çò@ Ð LO_È°@ Ð H›ey†ÇòO_È°@)
=°#=ò Z•Á„¬C_È° U^Ë XH› „¬x K͆ÇòKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
=°#=ò K͆Çò „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. =°#=ò K͆Çò
„¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ° =¶@•#° English Grammar …Õ "Verb' JO^ΰ~¡°. W@°=O\÷ Verbs
WOwÁ+µ¬ ƒ•ì+¬…Õ KŒ…ì L#ßq.
=°#=ò `³•°Q®°…Õ K³„¬C ㄬu „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ° =¶@䛽 WOwÁ+¬µ…Õ J#°"Œ^Î „¬^Î=ò#ßk.
L^¥‚¬ì~¡}䛽 :
'"³ˆ×ÃÁ@Ñ Jx K³„¬C@䛽 'go'
'KǶKÇ°@Ñ Jx K³„¬C@䛽 'see'
'u#°@Ñ Jx K³„¬C@䛽 'eat'
'KÇ^ΰ=ô@Ñ Jx K³„¬C@䛽 'read'
'P_È°@Ñ Jx K³„¬C@䛽 'play'
D q^•Î=°òQ®ê =°#=ò U „¬xx Q®°iOz K³„æ¬ =…ÿ##ß#¶, WOwÁ+µ¬ …Õ ^¥xH÷ ‹¬i†³°Ø #
J#°"Œ^Î „¬^Î=ò LO_È°#°.
WH›ø_È =°#=ò XH› =òY¼"³°Ø# q+¬†Ç°=ò Q®=°xOKÇ=…ÿ#°. XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ° =¶@#°
Verb JO^ΰ~¡° Jx K³„C¬ Hùx†Çò<Œß=ò H›^¥! WOwÁ+µ¬ …Õ „ã u
¬ Verb 䛽 =ü_È° ~¡¶„¬=ò•°O_È°#°.
g\÷<Í 'Conjugative Forms' JO^ΰ~¡°.
D =ü_È° ~¡¶„¬=ò•#° Grammar …Õ Present Form, Past Form =°i†Çò Past Participle
JO^ΰ~¡°.
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* Note :
"ŒH›¼=ò…Õx subject 'He' 'She' 'It' (III Person, Singular Number) J~ò#„¬C_È° Verb 䛽
's' Qêx 'es' Qêx, 'ies' Qêx KÍ~¡ó=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ㄬu L^ΆǰO Hindu KÇ^ΰ=ô`Œ#°. 6. "Œ~¡° „
ã u
¬ ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O [#=i…Õ u~¡°=°•
I read the Hindu every morning. ‹¬O^ÎiŪ•ë~°¡ .
2. "Í°=ò ㄬu Pk"Œ~¡O special class H÷ They visit Tirumala in January every
attend J=ô`Œ=ò. year.
We attend the special class every
7. <Í#° ㄬu L^ΆǰO walk H÷ "³ˆìë#°.
Sunday.
I go for a walk every morning.
3. =¶ brother ##°ß studies …Õ ƒìQê
‡ã é`Ç•‚²ìª•ë_°È . 8. "Í°=ò ㄬu Pk"Œ~¡O test "ã Œª•ë=ò.
My brother encourages me well in my We write a test every Sunday.
studies. 9. =¶ English lecturer KŒ…ì ƒìQê teach
4. =¶ father <Œä›½ ㄬu <³• money „¬O„¬ô Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
`Œ~¡°. Our English lecturer teaches us very
My father sends me money every well.
month.
10. =¶ mother ã „ ¬ u ‰× x "Œ~¡ O L„¬ " Œ‹¬ O
5. P"³° „
ã u
¬ ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O birthday [~¡°„¬ô =ôO@°Ok.
䛽O@°Ok. My mother fasts every Saturday.
She celebrates her birthday every year.
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11. "Œ~¡° „
ã u
¬ ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =¶ió…Õ income tax EXERCISE
K³eªÁ •ë~°¡ . D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
They pay income tax in March every
year. 1. <Í#° ㄬu ~ËA diary "ã Œª•ë#°.
12. "³á*ìQ·…Õ `Ç~¡KÇ°Qê =~¡ÂO „¬_È°`Ç°Ok. 2. "Í°=ò ㄬu Pk"Œ~¡O match P_È°`Œ=ò.
It often rains in Vizag. 3. =¶ father <Œä› ½ `Ç ~ ¡ K Ç ° Qê advise
13. <Í#° „
ã u
¬ ~ËA P„¦‹
Ô °¬ H÷ |‹¬°•…Õ "³ˆ`× Œ#°. KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
I go to office by bus every day. 4. =¶ brother Z•Á„C¬ _È° class …Õ first rank
14. Irfan Pathan KŒ…ì fast Qê bowl Kͪ•ë_°È . ‡ÚO^ΰ`Ç°O\ì_È°.
Irfan Pathan bowls very fast. 5. P"³° north Indian dishes ƒìQê `džǶ~¡°
15. =¶ „ã x² •‡•…˜ Z•Á„C¬ _È° English KÍ‹¬°ëOk.
=¶\ìÁ_È° `Œ~¡°. 6. "Œ~¡° ㄬu ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Hê…èl…Õ tour
Our Principal always speaks English. x~¡Þ‚²ìª•ë~°¡ .
16. H›$‘•â ZH±•„
Ìã ‹¹ XOQË•°H÷ L^Ά°Ç O 10 Q®OII 7. Trains `Ç~¡KÇ°Qê late Qê #_È°‹¬°ëO\ì~ò.
10 xII•ä›½ =‹¬°ëOk. 8. <Í#° ㄬu Pk"Œ~¡O =¶ native place H÷
The Krishna Express arrives in Ongole "³ˆ×`Œ#°.
at 10.10 a.m.
9. "Í°=ò ㄬu q+¬†Ç°O =¶ father `Ë
17. J`Ç_È° `Ç~¡KÇ°Qê `Ç# friends H÷ help discuss Kͪ•ë=ò.
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì_È°.
10. =¶ sister Z„¬C_ȶ #=••° KÇ^ΰ=ô
He often helps his friends.
`ǶO@°Ok.
18. =¶ Physics lecturer „
ã u
¬ lesson H÷ notes 11. J`Ç _ È ° ã „ ¬ u important point note
dictate Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O\ì_È°.
Our Physics lecturer dictates notes for
every lesson . 12. N "Œ*˜ À „ ~ò Zä› ½ ø=Qê ‚² ì On…Õ
„
ã ‹
¬ O¬ yª•ë~°¡ .
19. H›=°•‚¬ð‹¬<£ Hê"³°_™ scenes …Õ ƒìQê act
Kͪ•ë_°È . 13. =¶ P„¦Ô‹¬~Ÿ =°Oz dignity maintain
Kamal Hassan acts well in comedy Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
scenes. 14. P"³° guests x ƒìQê treat KÍ‹¬°ëOk.
20. N KÇO^ã ƒ
Î ì|° `Ç~K
¡ °Ç Qê ‡•s“ <Œ†Ç°ä›½•`Ë 15. <Í#° ㄬu ~ËA 9 p.m. H÷ ETV …Õ "Œ~¡ë•°
KÇi󋬶ëO\ì~¡°. KǶª•ë#°.
Sri Chandra Babu often discusses
with the party leaders. Z
Practice makes man perfect. 4
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NEGATIVE FORM
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° J•"Œ@°…èH,› g•°„¬_HÈ › J‹¬•° K͆°Ç =ò. XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò
W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° XH›~¡° J•"Œ@°…èH› J‹¬•°…ÿ„¬æ\÷H© K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° J‹¬•° Hê„¦Ô ã`ŒQ®#°. J "Í°=ò J‹¬•° money J„¬CK͆ǰ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° Z=i=¶\ì q#_È°. J P"³° J‹¬•° birth day [~¡°„¬ôHù#^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° taxes K³eÁOKÇ~¡°. J J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° Z=ih #=°à_È°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° J‹¬•° Z„¬æ\÷H© K͆ǰx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê J•"Œ@°…èH› Qêx, g•°„¬_HÈ › Qêh, W+¬=“ ò…èH› Qêh =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ J‹¬…„ÿ æ¬ \÷H©
K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Donot / Doesnot + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I', 'We', 'You', 'They' – subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'do not' =KÇ°ó#°.
'He', 'She', 'It' - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'does not' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° J‹¬•° #=••° KÇ^Î=#°. 7. <Í#° J‹¬•° \©.q. …Õ `³•°Q®° ‹Ôi†Ç°…˜•
I donot read novels at all. KǶ_È#°.
2. "Í°=ò J‹¬•° work neglect K͆ǰ=ò. I donot watch Telugu serials on
3. =¶ brother J‹¬•° hard work K͆ǰ_È°. 8. J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° Z=ih care K͆ǰ_È°.
My brother doesnot work hard. He doesnot care anybody.
4. P"³° J‹¬•° Z=i`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È^ΰ.
She does not talk to anybody.
9. P"³° J‹¬•° functions H÷ attend J=Þ^ΰ.
She doesnot attend functions at all.
5. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° rules strict Qê ‡•\÷OKÇ~°¡ .
They donot follow rules strictly. 10. "Œ~¡° Pk"Œ~¡O shop open K͆ǰ~¡°.
6. Tamil Nadu Express Ongole station …Õ They donot open the shop on Sunday.
PQ®^ΰ.
11. <Í # ° J‹¬ • ° non-vegetarian items
The Tamil Nad Express does not stop
f‹¬°HË#°.
in Ongole station.
I donot take non-veg. items at all.
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14. <Í#° J‹¬•° W`Ç~¡°• q+¬†Ç°O *ÕH›¼O 3. P"³° J‹¬•° guest •#° ‹¬iQê treat
KÍ‹¬°HË#°. K͆ǰ^ΰ.
I donot interefere in others matter.
4. J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° friends `Ë move J=_È°.
15. =¶ officer J‹¬ • ° dignity maintain
K͆ǰ~¡°. 5. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° programmes …Õ ‡•…ç¾#~¡°.
Our officer doesnot maintain dignity
6. J`Ç_È° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê office H÷ ~Œ_È°.
at all.
7. <Í#° J‹¬•° smoke K͆ǰ#°.
16. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° money ‡Ú^ΰ„¬ô K͆ǰ~¡°.
They donot save money at all. 8. "Í°=ò J‹¬•° guides follow J==ò.
17. =¶ Chemistry lecturer J‹¬•° notes 9. J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° juniors #° encourage
dictate K͆ǰ~¡°. K͆ǰ_È°.
Our Chemistry lecturer doesnot
dictate notes at all. 10. J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° ^Í=ôx #=°à_È°.
QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò XH›~¡° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J…"Œ@°Qê K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô ㄬu~ËA news paper KÇ^ΰ=ô`Œ"Œ? J g°~¡° ㄬu Pk"Œ~¡O KÇióH÷ "³ˆ×`Œ~Œ?
J g° brother h䛽 ㄬu <³• money „¬O„¬ô`Œ~Œ? J "Œ~¡° „ã u¬ ª•s g°ä›½ ‹¬‚𬠆ǰO KÍ‹°¬ Oë \ì~Œ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~¡° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê K͆Çò „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ㄬ‰×ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=°òQê =°#=ò Qêx, "Í~ùH›~°¡ Qêx ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê, J•"Œ@°Qê, „¬^Í „¬^,Í =°~¡• =°~¡• „ã u¬ ~ËA,
„ã u¬ "Œ~¡O, „ã u¬ <³•, „ã u¬ ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O, Z•Á„C¬ _È°, `Ç~K
¡ °Ç Qê, K͆òÇ XH› „¬xx „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
''''Do / Does + I form of the VerbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'DoÑ
He, She, It - subject Qê =ô#ß„¬C_È° 'DoesÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô ㄬu L^ΆǰO walking H÷ "³ˆ×`Œ"Œ? 7. h=ô English magazines Zä› ½ ø=Qê
Do you go for a walk every morning? KÇ^ΰ=ô`Œ"Œ?
2. g° aunt guests #° ƒìQê treat Kͪ•ë~Œ? Do you read English magazines
Does your aunt treat the guests well? mostly?
Does the G.T. Express stop in Ongole? Pratidhwani on E-T.V. every Sunday?
6. P"³° g°ä›½ Hindi teach KÍ‹¬°ëO@°O^¥? 10. g°~¡° ㄬu"Œ~¡O school …Õ test "ã Œª•ë~Œ?
Does she teach you Hindi? Do you write a test in the school every
week?
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J h=ô J‹¬•° Hindi movies KǶ_È"Œ ? J g°~¡° J‹¬•° Hê…è[…Õ games P_È~Œ ?
J J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° Z=ih care K͆ǰ_¨ ? J P"³° J‹¬•° Z=i`Ë#¶ =¶\ìÁ_È^¥ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~¡° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê K͆ǰx „¬#°•#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê =°#=òQêx, "Í~ùH›~¡°Qêx J…"Œ@° …èH›Qêh, W+¬“O…èH›Qêh, g•°„¬_ÈH›Qêh
J‹¬…ÿ„¬æ\÷H©K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Don't /Doesn't + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - I, We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Don't'
He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Doesn't' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô J‹¬•° #=••° KÇ^ΰ="Œ ? 6. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° =°# „¬O_È°Q®•° [~¡°„¬~Œ ?
Don't you read novels at all ? Don't they celebrate our festivals at all?
2. g°~¡° Sunday classes H÷ attend J=~Œ? 7. h=ô J‹¬•° cotten shirts ^•ÎiOKÇ"Œ ?
Don't you attend classes on Sundays? Don't you wear cotten shirts at all ?
5. G.T. Express p~Œ•…Õ PQ®^¥ ? 10. g°~¡° J‹¬•° non-veg. food f‹¬°HË~Œ ?
Doesn't the G.T. Express stop in Don't you take non-veg. food at all ?
Chirala?
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20. h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 J‹¬•° Z=i`Ë friends 14. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° ZO^ΰ䛽 rules ‡•\÷OKÇ~°¡ ?
K͆ǰ=ô ?
Why don't you make friends with 15. #H›Æã`Œ•° „¬Q®•° ZO^ΰ䛽 H›#|_È=ô ?
others ?
Z
Fortune favours the bold. 10
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'I form of the verb' Q®°iOz
<Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Simple Present Tense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1. Positive Form
2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò.
D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
=°#=ò ï ~ Q® ° ¼•~Ÿ Q ê, J•"Œ@°Qê, „¬ ^ Í „ ¬ ^ Í KÍ † Ç ò XH› „¬ x x ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½
The First form of the Verb L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I take coffee every morning. 2. My father sends me money every month.
3. They work hard. 4. My brother always reads books.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
=°#=ò J•"Œ@°…èH›, g•°„¬_ÈH›, W+¬“O…èH› J‹¬•° Z„¬æ\÷H© K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "donot / doesnot + I form of the verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I don't smoke at all. 2. My father doesn't tolerate indiscipline.
3. They do not neglect work at all. 4. She doesn't see movies.
3. QUESTION FORM :
=°#=ò ï~Q®°¼•~Ÿ Qê, J•"Œ@°Qê, „¬^Í„¬^Í K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•#°
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Do/Does + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Do you wake up early in the morning ? 2. Does she paint pictures ?
3. Do they conduct tests every week ? 4. Does he ofen go to Vizag ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß~°¡ H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
12 There is no success without hardship.
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PAST ACTION
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹#² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. J#Qê P „¬x =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È° KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 „¬îië J~ò#k.
J "Í°=ò last Sunday XH› Hindi movie KǶ‰§=ò. J <Í#° x#ß „¬sH›Æ „¦ÔA K³eÁOKŒ#°.
J "Œ~¡° last year <³•¶Á~°¡ H÷ shift J~ò<Œ~¡°. J <Í#° x#ß train miss J~ò<Œ#°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹²# „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› Yzó`"Ç °³ #Ø ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ „¬îië KÍ‹#² XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"II form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Verb †³òH›ø II form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß =¶ father H÷ letter ã"Œ‰§#°. 7. x#ß „²<ŒH÷x ZH±•„
Ìã ‹¹ XH› Q®O@ late Qê
I wrote a letter to my father yesterday. =zó#k.
The Pinakini Express arrived one hour
2. "Í°=ò last week exhibition KǶ‰§=ò.
late yesterday.
We saw the exhibition last week.
8. N Z<£.\÷. ~Œ=¶~Œ=ô 1983 …Õ `³•°Q®°
3. =¶ brother last month Delhi "³ˆìÁ_È°.
My brother went to Delhi last month.
^͉O× ‡•s“ U~Œæ@° K͉§~¡°.
Sri N.T.Rama Rao formed the Telugu
4. P"³° last year M.A. pass J~ò#k. Desam Party in 1983.
She passed M.A. last year.
9. N=°u WOk~Œ QêOn• 1984…Õ KÇx‡é
5. x#ß <³•¶Á~°¡ …Õ ƒ•ìsQê =~¡ÂO „¬_•#k. †Ç¶~¡°.
It rained heavily in Nellore yesterday. Smt. Indira Gandhi died in 1984.
6. "Œ~¡° lastmonth P W•°Á Mìm K͉§~¡°. 10. <Í#° x#ß =¶ friend H÷ help K͉§#°.
They vacated that house last month. I helped my friend yesterday.
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NEGATIVE FORM
=°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ Hùxß „¬#°•° KÍ‹† ² ò
Ç O_È=ò. XHùøH›ø ª•i
W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬ô_È° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß friends x H›•°=…è^ΰ. J "Í°=ò last time [#àƒ•’¶q°…Õ ‡•…ç¾#…è^°Î .
J J`Ç_È° x#ß <Œä›½ books W=Þ…è^ΰ. J =¶ brother last time job H÷ ㄬ†Ç°`ÇßO K͆ǰ…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ XH›~¡° K͆ǰx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß Qêx, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› Q®`ÇO…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##¶ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Did + not + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'did not + I form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß Hê…èlH÷ "³ˆ×¤…è^ΰ. 6. P"³° x#ß computer class H÷ ~Œ…è^ΰ.
I didnot go to college yesterday. She didnot come to the computer
class yesterday.
2. "Í°=ò last week English test "
ã Œ†Ç°…è^°Î .
We didnot write English test last week. 7. "Œ~¡° last year annual day [~¡°„¬…è^ΰ.
They didnot celebrate the annual day
3. "Í ° =ò last month mess bill pay last year.
K͆ǰ…è^ΰ. 8. <Í#° x#ß P letter post K͆ǰ…è^ΰ.
We didnot pay the mess bill last month.
I didnot post that letter yesterday.
4. =¶ brother last time EAMCET H÷ 9. "Í°=ò last Sunday special class H÷
appear J=Þ…è^ΰ. attend J=…è^ΰ.
My brother didnot appear for the We didnot attend the special class last
EAMCET last time. Sunday.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹#
² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° Q®`Ç <³• house rent pay KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ? J "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç <³• P W•°Á Mìm KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ?
J P"³° x#ß q°=òà•#° party H÷ invite J h=ô x#ß English class H÷ attend
KÍ‹²#^¥? J~ò<Œ"Œ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹#
² „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=°òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`ÇO…Õx =°i †Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##¶ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° „¬îië KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
" Did + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Did' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô x#ß P letter post KÍ ‹ ² < Œ"Œ? 6. "Œ~¡° last year family Hyderabad 䛽 shift
Did you post that letter yesterday? KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ ?
2. g°~¡ ° last Sunday cricket match Did they shift their family to Hyderabad
P_•<Œ~Œ? last year?
Did you play a cricket match last 7. x#ß match …Õ Laxman century
Sunday?
KÍ‹²<Œ_¨?
Did Laxman make a century in the
3. g° brother last month M.C.A. join
match yesterday ?
J~ò<Œ_¨ ?
8. Last Sunday g°~¡° E-TV …Õ special
Did your brother join M.C.A. last
programme KǶ‹²<Œ~Œ?
month?
Did you watch the special programme
4. English Madam x#ß class …Õ new on E-TV last Sunday ?
lesson teach KÍ‹²O^¥ ? 9. g°~¡° last week u~¡°=°• visit KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ?
Did the English Madam teach a new Did you visit Tirumala last week ?
lesson in the class yesterday ? 10. h=ô last week ‹
Ì q°<Œ~Ÿ …Õ ‡•…ç¾x<Œ"Œ?
5. x#ß ~Œãu WH›ø_È =~¡ÂO „¬_•#^¥? Did you participate in the seminar last
Did it rain here last night? week ?
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11. h=ô WO@sà_•†³°\˜ ZH›ø_È KÇkq<Œ=ô ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Where did you study Intermediate ?
12. g°~¡° D business Z„¬C_È° ‡
ã •~¡Oa•Oz 1. h=ô x#ß new dress Hù<Œß"Œ ?
<Œ~¡° ?
When did you start this business ? 2. g°~¡° D letter x#ß receive KÍ‹°¬ 䛽<Œß~Œ?
13. h=ô x#ß marriage …Õ P"³ ° ä› ½ Uq°
present KÍ‹²<Œ=ô ? 3. g°~¡° last Sunday exhibition "³o¤<Œ~Œ?
What did you present her in the 4. g° brother last year P.G. „¬îië KÍ‹<
² Œ_¨?
marriage yesterday ?
14. g°~¡° sudden Qê P house ZO^ΰ䛽 Mìm 5. "Œ~¡ ° last month house rent pay
KÍ‹²<Œ~¡° ? KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ?
Why did you vacate that house
suddenly ?
6. g° father last month hä› ½ money
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Didn't + I form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß h=ô college H÷ "³ˆ×¤…è^¥ ? 7. Lasttime P†Ç ° # ZxßH› • …Õ ‡é\©
Didn't you go to college yesterday ? K͆ǰ…è^¥?
2. Last Sunday g°~¡° T.V. …Õ programme Didn't he contest in the elections last
KǶ_È…è^¥ ? time ?
Didn't you watch the programme on 8. P"³ ° last year EAMCET H÷ appear
T.V. last Sunday ? Hê…è^¥ ?
3. Last time J`Ç_È° h䛽 help K͆ǰ…è^¥ ? Didn't she appear for the EAMCET last
Didn't he help you last time ? year ?
4. Last month g°~¡ ° house rent pay 9. "Œ~¡° last year Annual Day celebrate
K͆ǰ…è^¥ ? K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
Didn't you pay house rent last month ? Didn't they celebrate the Annual Day
5. ~Œãu WH›ø_È =~¡ÂO „¬_È…è^¥ ? last year ?
Didn't it rain here last night ? 10. x#ß g°\÷OQ·…Õ g°~¡° D q+¬†Ç°O discuss
6. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß hä› ½ D q+¬ † Ç ° O inform K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
K͆ǰ…è^¥ ? Didn't you discuss this matter in the
Didn't they inform you this matter meeting yesterday?
yesterday ?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'II form of the Verb' Q®°iOz
<Í ~ ¡ ° ó ä › ½ <Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Simple Past Tense JO\ì~¡ ° . nx…Õ
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#°
4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° „¬îiëKÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
'II form of the Verb' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I did not meet my friend yesterday. 2. We did not seek his help last time.
3. It didnot rain here last night. 4. He did not come to office last Monday.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Did + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Did you write the test well yesterday? 2. Did he draw the salary last week?
3. Did they vacate the house last month ? 4. Did she join college last year?
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FUTURE ACTION
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P „¬x „ ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ [~¡°Q®°@ …è^°Î . ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò
#O^ΰ [~¡°Q®°#°.
J "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô g°\÷OQ·…Õ D q+¬†Ç°O discuss J ö~„¬ô Degree students classes boycott
Kͪ•ë~°¡ . Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
J `ÇÞ~¡…Õ „ã ƒ¬ •’°`ÇÞO ordinance pass KÍ‹¬°ëOk. J <Í#° ö~„¬ô =¶ friends `Ë picnic "³ˆ×`Œ#°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° "Will + I form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô <³•¶Á~¡° "³ˆ×`Œ#°. 7. <Í#° ~ö „¬ô h䛽 D q+¬†°Ç O inform Kͪ•ë#°.
I will go to Nellore tomorrow. I will inform you this matter tomorrow.
2. "Í°=ò next Sunday g°\÷OQ· U~Œæ@° 8. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• new house …ÕH÷ shift
Kͪ•ë=ò. J=ô`Œ=ò.
We will arrange a meeting next We will shift to the new house next
Sunday. month.
3. =¶ brother next month car HùO\ì_È°. 9. J`Ç_È° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ promotion ‡ÚO^ΰ`Œ_È°.
My brother will buy a car next month. He will get a promotion soon.
4. P"³° D proposal `Ç„¬æH› X„¬C䛽O@°Ok. 10. =¶ sister ö ~ „¬ ô interview H÷ attend
She will accept to this proposal. J=ô`Œ~¡°.
5. "Œ~¡ ° =°#ä› ½ JH› ø _È Jxß =‹¬ ` Ç ° •° My sister will attend the interview
H›e檕ë~°¡ . tomorrow.
They will provide us all the facilities 11. "Œ~¡° =KÍó <³• XOQË•°…Õ branch open
there. Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
6. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ P W•°Á Mìm Kͪ•ë~¡°. They will open a branch in Ongole next
They will vacate that house soon. month.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô college H÷ "³ˆ×¤#°. J P"³° D ª•i birthday celebrate KÍ‹¬°HË^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° =°#䛽 next time help K͆ǰ~¡°.J =¶ brother Dª•i bank test H÷ appear J=_È°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + not + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Will not + I form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô duty H÷ attend J=#°. 7. "Í°=ò D ‡Ú~¡‡•@° =°~¡• K͆ǰ=ò.
I will not attend the duty tommorow. We will not commit this mistake again.
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Z
Look before you leap. 26
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’=+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô ö~„¬ô English class H÷ attend J=ô`Œ"Œ? J g° brother `ÇÞ~¡…Õ USA "³ˆ×`Œ_¨?
J g°~¡° next week g° native place H÷ "³ˆ×`Œ~Œ? J P"³° next month Ongole 䛽 =‹¬°Oë ^¥?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆ǰƒÕ=ô „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Shall / Will + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, we - subject Qê =ô#ß„¬C_È° 'shall'
You, He, She It, They - subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'will' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ g° WO\÷H÷ =KÍó^¥? 6. g° brother next year Branch Manager
Shall I come to your house tomorrow J=ô`Œ_¨ ?
evening? Will your brother become the Branch
2. =°#=ò ö~„¬ô Bank Manager #° consult Manager next year ?
J=ô^¥=¶? 7. P"³° D proposal X„¬C䛽O@°O^¥ ?
Shall we consult the Bank Manager Will she accept to this proposal ?
tomorrow? 8. "Œ~¡° ~ö „¬ô g°\÷OQ·…Õ D q+¬†°Ç O discuss
3. <Í # ° =°#ä› ½ lunch order KÍ À ‹ ^¥ ? Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
Shall I order lunch for us ? Will they discuss this matter in the
4. =°#=ò next month L.I.C. test ä› ½ meeting tomorrow ?
appear J=ô^¥=¶ ? 9. ö~„¬ô =òY¼=°Oãu =°# l…ìÁ visit Kͪ•ë~Œ?
Shall we appear for the L.I.C. test next Will the Chief-minister visit our district
month ? tomorrow ?
5. g°~¡° ö~„¬ô H›…ÿH›“~¡°ä›½ D report submit 10. =KÍó "Œ~¡O †Çüx=i•\© P.G. „¦¬e`Œ•°
Kͪ•ë~Œ ? ㄬH›\÷‹¬°ëO^¥ ?
Will you submit this report to the Will the university announce the P.G.
Collector tomorrow ? results next week ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Shalln't'
You, He, She, It, They - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Won't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô WH›ø䛽 ~Œ=^¥í ? 6. P"³° D proposal X„¬CHù#^¥ ?
Shalln't I come here tomorrow ? Won't she accept to this proposal ?
5. h=ô Dª•i entrance test H÷ apply 10. "Œ~¡ ° ö ~ „¬ ô =°#•#° JH› ø _È receive
K͆ǰ"Œ ? KÍ‹¬°HË~Œ?
Won't you apply for the entrance test Won't they receive us there tomorrow?
this time ?
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11. h=ô ö~„¬ô =¶`Ë picnic H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 ~Œ=ô? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why won't you come on picnic with us
tomorrow ?
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È J`Çxx H›•°==^¥í ?
12. g°~¡° next week =~¡ä›½ WH›ø_È ZO^ΰ䛽
LO_È~¡° ? 2. =°#=ò ~ö „¬ô P function H÷ attend Hê=^¥í?
Why won't you stay here till next week?
3. g°~¡° next Sunday Ongole H÷ ~Œ~Œ ?
13. J`Ç _ È ° hä› ½ D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½
‹¬‚¬ìH›iOKÇ_È° ? 4. h=ô next May …Õ entrance test H÷ appear
Why won't he co-operate with you in J="Œ ?
this matter ?
5. P"³° D ª•i function H÷ =°#•#° invite
14. P"³° D medicines ZO^ΰ䛽 f‹¬°Hù#^ΰ? K͆ǰ^¥ ?
Why won't she take these medicines?
15. "Œ~¡° =°#䛽 ZO^ΰ䛽 support K͆ǰ~¡°? 6. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô bill pay K͆ǰ_¨ ?
Why won't they support us ?
7. "Œ~¡° D q+¬†°Ç O…Õ =°#H÷ ‹¬‚ì¬ H›iOKÇ~Œ?
16. h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 P „¬xK͆ǰ=ô ?
Why won't you do that work ? 8. h=ô ö~„¬ô ZxßH›•…Õ vote "͆ǰ"Œ ?
17. "Œ~¡° J`ÇxÌ„á ZO^ΰ䛽 KÇ~¡¼ f‹¬°Hù#~¡°? 9. h=ô ö~„¬ô office H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆ×¤=ô ?
Why won't they take action against
him?
10. g°~¡ ° next week meeting ZO^Î ° ä› ½
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ~¡° ?
18. h=ô next March exams H÷ ZO^Î ° ä› ½
appear J==ô ? 11. P†Ç°# D ª•i ZxßH•› …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡é\©
Why won't you appear for the exams K͆ǰ~¡° ?
next March ?
12. P"³° D ª•i birthday ZO^ΰ䛽 celebrate
19. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô meeting H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 attend
KÍ‹¬°HË^ΰ ?
J=_È° ?
Why won't he attend the meeting 13. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô =°#•#° ZO^ΰ䛽 cousult
tomorrow ? J=~¡°?
20. "Œ~¡° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O tour ZO^ΰ䛽 organize 14. g°~¡° ~ö „¬ô seminar …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡•…ç¾#~¡°?
K͆ǰ~¡° ?
Why won't they organize a tour this 15. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô =°#`Ë TiH÷ ZO^ΰ䛽~Œ_È°?
year?
Z
If health is lost, something is lost... 30
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Future form ' (Will + I form of the
verb) Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Simple Future Tense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1.
Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 ''Will +
I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1.I will buy a camera tomorrow. 2. We will visit Hyd. next month.
3.They will finish this work next week. 4. He will join M.C.A. next June.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + not + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1.I will not help you in this matter. 2. We will not delay the work tomorrow.
3.They will not settle down in this town. 4. He will not stay here tomorrow.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shall/Will + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shall I bring you the text books ? 2. Will you join M.C.A. next year ?
3. Will they help you there tomorrow? 4. Shall we visit Mysore next month ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
32 If character is lost, everything is lost.
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
=°#O Hùxß „¬#°•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ continuous Qê
K͆ÇòKǶO^ΰ=ò. P „¬#°•° ㄬ‹¬°`ÇëO [~¡°Q®° KǶ#ßq. =°#=ò W„¬C_È° continuous Qê
KÍ‹¬¶ë=ô#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° W„¬C_È° type-writing <Í~¡°ó䛽O@°<Œß#°. J "Í°=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO <³•¶Á~¡°…Õ LO@°<Œß=ò.
J =¶ lecturers D <³• lessons revise KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°. J J`Ç_È° W„¬C_ùH› H›^ŠÎ ã"Œ‹¬°ë<Œß_È°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•x߆Çò XH›~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë#ß „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# J#Qê D ~ËA, D "Œ~¡O, D <³•, D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O,
W„¬C_È°, ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë=ô#ß XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am / Is / Are + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : Am, Is, Are J#° D =ü_•O\÷x Present 'Be' forms JO^ΰ~¡°.
"ŒH›¼=ò…Õ Subject – > 'I' J~ò#„¬C_È° 'am + 'ing' form'
He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'is + 'ing' form'
We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'are +'ing'' form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO <³•¶Á~¡°…Õ B.L. K͆Çò 6. D ~ËA trains Jhß P•‹¬ ¼ OQê #_È °
KÇ°<Œß#°. ‹¬°ë<Œß~ò.
I am doing B.L. in Nellore at present. All the trains are running late today.
2. "Í°=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO Bank colony …Õ x=t‹¬°ë 7. =¶ English lecturer D "Œ~¡O =¶ä›½
<Œß=ò. grammar teach KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°.
We are living at Bank colony at Our English lecturer is teaching us
present. grammar this week.
3. =¶ brother D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O competitive 8. <Í#° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =¶ friend room …Õ stay
exams H÷ prepare JQ® ° KÇ ° <Œß_È ° . KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß#°.
My brother is preparing for the I am staying in my friend's room at
competitive exams this year. present.
4. P"³° W„¬C_È° guests •ä›½ =°~Œ¼^Î KÍ‹°¬ #
ë ßk. 9. =¶ Ì„^Îí#߆ǰ¼ ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO business KǶ‹¬°
She is treating the guests now. 䛽O@°<Œß~¡°.
5. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO "Œ~¡° P WO\÷H÷ ~¡¶. 2000 J^³í My elder brother is looking after
K³eÁ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°. business at present.
They are paying a rent of Rs. 2000 for 10. D ~ËA WH›ø_È ƒ•ìs =~¡ÂO „¬_°È KÇ°#ßk.
that house at present. It is raining here heavily today.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° W„¬C_È° L^˼Q®O K͆Çò@…è^ΰ. J "Í°=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO XOQË•°…Õ x=tOKÇ°@…è^ΰ.
J D ~ËA R.T.C. |‹¬°••° #_È=@O …è^°Î . J "Œ~¡° „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ Hê…èl…Õ HêÁ‹°¬ •ä›½ ‚¬ð[~¡=@O …è^°Î .
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO XH›~¡° KÍ‹¬°ëO_Èx „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=°òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê W„¬C_È°, „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ , D ~ËA,
D "Œ~¡O, D <³•, D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=°ò Qêx, "Í~ùH›~°¡ Qêx continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am / Is / Are + not + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am not',
He, She , It - subject Qê L#愬C_È° 'is not'
We, You, They - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are not' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° D ~ËA HêÁ‹¬°ä›½ ~Œ=_ÈO…è^ΰ. 7. ‹¬z<£ >ÿO_ȶ•ø~Ÿ D series …Õ ƒìQê
I am not coming to the class today. P_È@O…è^ΰ.
Sachin Tendulkar is not playing well
2. "Í°=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ P "Œ¼‡•~¡O K͆°Ç @O …è^°Î .
in this series.
We are not doing that business at
present. 8. =¶ English Madam D "Œ~¡O classes
3. J`Ç_È° W„¬C_È° =¶`Ë LO_È@O…è^ΰ. f‹¬°HË=_ÈO…è^ΰ.
Our English Madam is not taking
He is not staying with us now.
classes this week.
4. P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Hê…èr…Õ KÇ^=
Î _ÈO…è^°Î .
She is not studying in college this
9. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO WH›ø_È U ‹¬=°‹¬¼ Z^ΰ~ùø
year.
#°@…è^ΰ.
They are not facing any problem here
5. D ~ËA WH› ø _È =~¡  O „¬ _ È @ O…è ^ Î ° . now.
It is not raining here now.
10. <Í # ° D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O PHê…è r …Õ
6. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =¶ä›½ ‹¬‚¬ìH›iOKÇ@O …è^ΰ. „¬xK͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
They are not co-operating with us at I am not working in that college this
present. year.
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11. "Í°=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ P WO\ÕÁ x=tOKÇ@O…è^°Î . EXERCISE
We are not living in that house at
D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
present.
12. =¶ father ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P old scooter
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ_ÈO…è^ΰ. 1. <Í#° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P room …Õ stay K͆ǰ_ÈO
My father is not using that old vehicle
…è^ΰ.
at present. 2. "Í°=ò W„¬C_È° D books follow J=_ÈO
…è^ΰ.
13. ~Ë*ì W„¬C_È° ‹²x=¶•…Õ #\÷OKÇ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
3. J`Ç_È° W„¬C_È° D course K͆Çò@ …è^ΰ.
Roja is not acting in movies now.
4. P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =¶ school …Õ
14. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P club …Õ programmes „¬xK͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ.
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ_ÈO…è^ΰ. 5. "Œ~¡° W„¬C_È° =¶ä›½ ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O K͆ǰ@O
They are not conducting programmes
…è^ΰ.
in that club now.
6. D ïH"Í°~Œ ‹¬iQê „¬xK͆ǰ@O …è^ΰ.
15. P`Ç_È° W„¬C_È° WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ=@O…è^ΰ. 7. "Í°=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO D WO\÷H÷ rent pay
He is not coming here now. K͆ǰ_ÈO …è^ΰ.
16. P"³° W„¬C_È° studies continue K͆ǰ_ÈO 8. P"³° D ª•i „¬sH›•Æ 䛽 ‹¬iQê prepare
…è^ΰ. J=@O…è^ΰ.
She is not continuing her studies now. 9. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO books publish K͆ǰ_ÈO
17. "Œ~¡ ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P game practise …è^ΰ.
K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ. 10. <Í#° W„¬C_È° U job H© try K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
They are not practising that game at 11. "Í°=ò D ~ËA „¬O_ÈQ® [~¡°„¬ôHË=@O
present. …è^ΰ.
18. <Í#° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO D =°O^ΰ•° f‹¬°HË=_ÈO 12. "Œ~¡ ° business …Õ ‹¬ i Qê accounts
…è^ΰ. maintain K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
I am not taking these medicines now. 13. "Œ~¡° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O college …Õ donations
19. =¶ brother D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O studies Ì„á =‹¬¶•° K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
‹¬iQê ã‰×^ÎíKǶ„¬_ÈO…è^ΰ. 14. <Í#° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO non-veg. food f‹¬°HË=@O
My brother is not concentrating on his …è^ΰ.
studies this year. 15. <Í#° W„¬C_È° "Œi q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O
20. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =¶ä›½ material supply
KÍ‹¬°HË=@O …è^ΰ.
K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
They are not supplying us the material
at present. Z
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ë#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°
KÇ°O^ΰ=ò
J h=ô W„¬C_È° …ÿáã|sH÷ "³ˆ×äKÇ°<Œß"Œ? J g°~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO <³•¶Á~¡°…Õ LO@°<Œß~Œ?
J g° brother W„¬C_È° M.C.A. KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß_¨? J P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O ‚¬ð‹¬…“ …˜ Õ LO@°#ß^¥?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# J#Qê D ~ËA, D "Œ~¡O, D
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O, W„¬C_È° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ë#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Am / Is / Are + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am',
He, She, It - subject Qê L#愬C_È° 'is'
We, You, They - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° W„¬C_È° x#°ß disturb KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß<Œ? 7. [#‰×`Œaí ZH±•ãÌ„‹¹ D ~ËA P•‹¬¼OQê
Am I disturbing you now ? #_È°‹¬°ë#ß^¥?
2. "Í°=ò W„¬C_È°time waste KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=¶? Is the Janasatabdi Express running
Are we wasting time now? late today?
3. g°~¡ ° W„¬ C _È ° results HË‹¬ O Z^Î ° ~¡ ° 8. "Œ~¡° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ Group - I „¬sH›•Æ 䛽 prepare
KǶ‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ? JQ®°KÇ°<Œß~Œ ?
Are you waiting for the results now? Are they preparing for the Group - I
4. g° father WOHê P company …Õ „¬x examination at present?
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ? 9. h=ô ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO English Ì„á concentrate
Is your father still working in that KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß"Œ?
company ?
Are you concentrating on English
5. g° sister D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O M. Phil. now?
KÍ‹¬°ë#ß^¥?
Is your sister doing M.Phil. this year?
10. J`Ç_È° W„¬C_È° EAMCET H÷ coaching
f‹¬°ä›½O@°<Œß_¨ ?
6. g°~¡° D ~ËA LQêk „¬O_È°Q® [~¡°„¬ô Is he taking coaching for the EAMCET
䛽O@°<Œß~Œ? now ?
Are you celebrating Ugadi today?
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11. W„¬C_È° h=ô WO\÷^ÎQ®¾~¡ Uq°KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=ô? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
What are you doing at home now?
12. g° brother Z…ì KÇ ^ Î ° =ôKÇ ° <Œß _ È ° ? 1. h=ô D ~ËA [Þ~¡O`Ë ƒì^•Î„_ ¬ °È KÇ°<Œß"Œ?
How is your brother studying ?
2. g°~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO Ì‹•=ô•° enjoy KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ?
13. h=ô W„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 WH›ø_È x•|_•
=ô<Œß=ô? 3. g° À‹ß‚²ì`Ç°_È° WH›ø_È …ì†Ç°~ŸQê practise
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß_¨?
Why are you standing here now ?
14. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°# ãH÷ïH\˜ \©"£°#° Z=~¡° lead
4. <ŒQê~¡°û# W„¬C_È° ‚²ìOn films …Õ act
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡° ? KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß_¨?
Who is leading our cricket team at 5. g° mother W„¬C_È° guests #° treat
present ? KÍ‹¬°ë#ß^¥?
15. "Œ~¡ ° function H÷ U~Œæ@°Á ZH› ø _È 6. "Œ~¡° W„¬C_È° WH›ø_È U^³á<Œ problem face
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°? KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ?
Where are they making arrangements
for the function ? 7. D "Œ~¡ O "Œ~¡ ° pending files clear
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ?
16. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO D course H÷ ZO`Ç = °Ok
students attend J=ô`Ç°<Œß~¡°? 8. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g° parents ZH›ø_È =ôO@°<Œß~¡°?
Howmany students are attending this 9. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g°ä›½ material Z=~¡° supply
course at present ? KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°?
17. g°~¡° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ XH› <³•ä›½ ZO`Ç ‚¬ð‹¬…“ ˜ „¦A
Ô 10. "Œ~¡ ° W„¬ C _È ° ZO^Î ° ä› ½ `Ç Q ® = ô…ì_È °
=‹¬¶•° KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°? 䛽O@°<Œß~¡°?
Howmuch fee are you collecting for
hostel per month at present ? 11. h=ô Chemistry H÷ U book refer
18. h=ô ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O ZO`Ç salary draw KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=ô ?
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=ô? 12. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P camp …Õ ZO`Ç=°Ok tH›Æ}
Howmuch salary are you drawing at ‡ÚO^ΰKÇ°<Œß~¡°?
present?
13. h=ô W„¬C_È° WH›ø_È Z=i HË‹¬O Z^ΰ~¡°
19. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P ‡¦•¼H›“s…Õ ZO`Ç=°Ok „¬x KǶ‹¬°ë<Œß=ô ?
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡° ?
Howmany men are working in that 14. K³~á à¡ <£ „¬^q
Î H÷ Dª•i ZO`Ç=°Ok ‡é\©
factory at present? „¬_È°KÇ°<Œß~¡°?
20. h=ô W„¬ C _È ° N.I.I.T …Õ U course 15. h䛽 ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO WH›ø_È Z=~¡° ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=ô? KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡° ?
Which course are you doing in the
N.I.I.T at present? Z
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 38
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject –> 'I' J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Aren't I' =KÇ°ó#°. ('Amn't I' ~Œä›•_È^ΰ.)
He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Isn't'
We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Aren't ' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° „¬xÌ„á ã‰×^Îí KǶ„¬@O…è^¥ ? 6. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO D town …Õ x=tOKÇ@O
Aren't I concentrating on work ? …è^¥ ?
2. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O P Hê…èl…Õ KÇ^=
Î @O Aren't they living in this town at
…è^¥ ? present?
Aren't you studying in that college 7. h=ô ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO U job HË‹¬O try K͆ǰ@O
this year ? …è^¥ ?
3. P`Ç_È° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO job K͆ǰ@O…è^¥ ? Aren't you trying for any job at present?
Isn't he doing job at present ? 8. J`Ç_È° D ~ËA college H÷ "³ˆ×¤@O…è^¥ ?
4. P"³° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g° WO\ÕÁ LO_È@O…è^¥ ? Isn't he going to college today ?
Isn't she staying in your house at 9. P"³ ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O `³ • °Q® ° ‹² x =¶•…Õ
present ? #\÷OKÇ@O…è^¥ ?
5. h=ô W„¬C_È° D scooter use K͆ǰ@O Isn't she acting in Telugu movies at
…è^¥? present ?
Aren't you using this scooter now ? 10. <Í#° ‹¬iQê „¬x K͆ǰ@O…è^¥ ?
Aren't I working properly ?
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11. h=ô ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P office …Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
„¬xK͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ?
Why aren't you working in that office
at present ?
1. h=ô D ~ËA Hê…èlH÷ "³ˆ×¤@O…è^¥ ?
12. h=ô D ~ËA college H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆ×¤@O 2. g°~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO "ŒiH÷ material supply
…è^ΰ ? K͆ǰ@O…è^¥ ?
Why aren't you going to college today? 3. J`Ç _ È ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O U problem face
13. h=ô studies Ì„á ZO^ΰ䛽 concentrate K͆ǰ@O…è^¥ ?
K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ?
Why aren't you concentrating on your
4. P"³° W„¬C_È° D medicines f‹¬°HË=@O
studies ? …è^¥ ?
14. g°~¡ ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P WO\ÕÁ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 5. "Œ~¡ ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O ï ~ á ` Ç ° •ä› ½ loans
x=tOKÇ@…è^ΰ ? W=Þ@O…è^¥?
Why aren't you living in that house at
6. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O P course K͆ǰ@O
present ?
…è^¥ ?
15. J`Ç_È° D "Œ~¡O duty H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 attend
J=@O…è^ΰ ? 7. g°~¡ ° ‹¬ i Qê accounts maintain
Why isn't he attending the duty this K͆ǰ@O…è^¥ ?
week ? 8. P†Ç°# ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO new cases take up
16. P"³ ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O WH› ø _È ä › ½ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^¥ ?
~Œ=@O…è^ΰ ?
Why isn't she coming here at present?
9. P"³° „ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ H›^•Î•° "ã Œ†Ç°@O…è^¥ ?
17. "Œ~¡ ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O business ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 10. g° father h䛽 money „¬O„¬@O…è^¥ ?
K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ? 11. h=ô D scooter ZO^ΰ䛽 use K͆ǰ@O
Why aren't they doing business at …è^ΰ ?
present ?
12. g°~¡° rules ZO^ΰ䛽 follow J=@O…è^°Î ?
18. P"³° W„¬C_È° g°`Ë ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_È@O…è^ΰ?
Why isn't she staying with you now ? 13. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO books ZO^ΰ䛽 publish
19. D camera ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬xK͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ? K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ?
Why isn't this camera functioning ? 14. P†Ç°# ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO films …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 act
20. "Œ~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO h ïHO^ΰ䛽 ‹¬‚¬ìH›iOKÇ@O K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ?
…è^ΰ ? 15. P"³ ° D ~ËA "Œi`Ë Hyderabad
Why aren't they co-operating with you
ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆ×¤@O…è^ΰ ?
now ?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ "Am/Is/Are + Verb + 'ing'
form" Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Present ContinuousTense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form
J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# XH›~¡° continuous Qê K͆ÇòKÇ°#ß
XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 ''am / is / are + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I am learning English now. 2. We are waiting for the train now.
3. They are playing a match today. 4. She is staying in the hostel at present.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx
XH› „¬ x x Q® ° iOz ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½ "am /is/ are + not + 'ing' form"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I am not using this bicycle now.
2. He is not doing any job at present.
3. They are not helping us at present.
4. We are not facing any problem here at present.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë#ß XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Am/Is/Are + Verb + 'ing' form"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Are you going to college now ? 2. Is she studying B.Sc. this year?
3. Is he suffering from a fever today? 4. Are they living in Nellore at present ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx
XH› „¬ x x Q® ° iOz ã „ ¬ t ß O KÇ ° @ä› ½ "Isn't/Aren't + verb + 'ing' form"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Aren't you coming with me now ?
2. Isn't she attending the classes this week ?
3. Aren't they doing this business now ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson…Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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PAST CONTINUOUS
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ continuous Qê KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•
†ÇòO^ΰ=ò. P „¬#°•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO K͆Çò@…è^ΰ. Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`Ç Hê•=ò continuous Qê
KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz W`Ç~°¡ •ä›½ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß h HË‹¬O library ^ÎQ~¾® ¡ Z^ΰ~¡° KǶ‹¬¶Oë _•<Œ#°.
J "Í°=ò last month bank test H÷ coaching f‹¬°HùO@¶O_•<Œ=ò.
J =¶ father J„¬C_È° <³•¶Á~°¡ …Õ „¬x KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _• <Œ~¡°.
J P"³° last year Intermediate KÇ^°Î =ô KǶO_•#k.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ continuous Qê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß Qêx, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› Q®`ÇO…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•#
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Was / Were + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. "Í°=ò last week exams "ã Œ‹¬¶Oë _•<Œ=ò. 7. =¶ father J„¬C_È° business KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•
We were writing examinations last <Œ~¡°.
week. My father was doing business then.
2. J`Ç_°È last year hostel …Õ stay KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _• 8. "Í ° =ò last month study classes H÷
<Œ_È°. attend J=ô`ǶO_•<Œ=ò.
He was staying in the hostel last year. We were attending the study classes
3. P"³° J„¬C_È° steno Qê „¬x KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•#k. last month.
She was working as a steno then. 9. "Í°=ò ~Œãu T.V. …Õ XH› English movie
4. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß O `Œ P q+¬ † Ç ° O discuss KǶ‹¬¶Oë _•<Œ=ò.
KÍ‹¬¶ë=ô<Œß~¡°. We were watching an English movie
They were discussing that matter on T.V. last night.
yesterday. 10. =¶ uncle J„¬C_È° High Court …Õ lawyer
5. "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° =¶ä›½ help KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡°. Qê practise KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡°.
They were helping us then. My uncle was practising as a lawyer
in the High Court then.
6. <Í#° x#ß h HË‹¬O wait KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•<Œ#°.
I was waiting for you yesterday.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ëO_Èx
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J "Í°=ò Q®`Ç"Œ~¡O HêÁ‹¬°•ä›½ attend J=ô`ǶO_È…è^ΰ. J P"³° J„¬C_È° =¶ WO\ÕÁ „¬x KÍ‹°¬ Oë _È…^è °Î .
J "Œ~¡° WO`Çä½› =òO^ΰ D "Œ¼‡•~¡O KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _È …è^°Î . J <Í#° x#ß h HË‹¬O wait KÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß Qêx, Q®`OÇ "Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í°W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹°¬ Oë _Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
'' Was / Were + not + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, He, She, It - subject Qê
L#ß„¬C_È° 'was not'
We, You, They- subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'were not' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß D letters type KÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ. 7. "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O weekly tests
I was not typing these letters x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ.
yesterday. They were not conducting the weekly
2. "Í°=ò WO`Ç䛽=òO^ΰ D problem face tests last year.
KÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ.
We were not facing this problem then. 8. <Í # ° J„¬ C _È ° U subject H© tuition
3. h=ô J„¬C_È° money save KÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ. f‹¬°ä›½O@°O_È…è^ΰ.
You were not saving money then. I was not taking tuition for any subject
4. ‹¬z<£ >ÿO_È°•ø~Ÿ Q®`Ç series …Õ ‹¬iQê then.
P_È°`Ç°O_È…è^ΰ. 9. "Í°=ò J„¬C_È° college …Õ games practise
Sachin Tendulkar was not playing well KÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ.
in the last series. We were not practising games in the
5. P"³ ° WO`Ç ä › ½ =òO^Î ° D office …Õ college then.
„¬xKÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^ΰ.
She was not working in this office
10. J`Ç_°È Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O „¬sH›•Æ 䛽 ‹¬iQê
prepare J=ô`Ç°O_È…è^ΰ.
then.
He was not preparing well for the
6. x#ß WH›ø_È =~¡ÂO „¬_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
examinations last year.
It was not raining here yesterday.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ë#ß „¬xx
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° Q®`Ç <³• „¬sH›•Æ ° "ã Œ‹¬¶Oë _•<Œ~Œ ? J P"³° WO`Çä½› =òO^ΰ g° WO\ÕÁ LO@¶O_• #^¥?
J g° brother J„¬C_È° Delhi …Õ Job KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _• <Œ_¨ ?
J h=ô x#ß \÷.q. …Õ Hã Hï÷ \˜ =¶¼KŸ KǶ‹¬°Oë _• <Œ"Œ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ continuous Qê KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•# „¬#°•#°
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`ÇO…Õx U ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È° XH› „¬xx ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
'' Was / Were + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, He, She, It - subject Qê
L#ß„¬C_È° 'was'
We, You, They - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'were' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß P time …Õ xã^·é`Ƕ<Œß<Œ ? 6. "Œ~¡ ° Q® ` Ç " Œ~¡ O hall-tickets issue
Was I sleeping at that time yesterday? KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
2. g°~¡ ° Q® ` Ç " Œ~¡ O Physics practicals Were they issuing hall-tickets last
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _• <Œ~Œ ? week ?
Were you doing Physics practicals last 7. x#ß WH›ø_È =~¡Â=ò „¬_°È `ǶO_•#^¥ ?
week ? Was it raining here yesterday ?
3. g°~¡° x#ß wedding cards „¬O„²}© 8. N KÇ O ã ^ Î ƒ ì|° x#ß =~¡ O Q® … ˜ l…ìÁ … Õ
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ? „¬~¼¡ \÷‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
Were you distributing the wedding Was Sri Chandra Babu touring in
cards yesterday ? Warangal district yesterday ?
4. P time …Õ J`Ç_È° important letters type 9. Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ‡•s“ Jƒ•’¼~¡°œ•° WO\÷O\©H©
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ_¨ ? canvas KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
Was he typing the important letters at Were the party candidates canvassing
that time ? from door to door last week ?
5. P"³ ° x#ß WO\÷ ^Î Q ® ¾ ~ ¡ rest f‹¬ ° ä› ½ O 10. J„¬æ\÷ HêOãQï ‹¹ „
ã ƒ
¬ •’°`ÇÞO D „¬^HΊ ê•#°
@¶O_•#^¥ ? J=°•° „¬~°¡ ‹¬¶Oë _•#^¥ ?
Was she taking rest at home Was the then Congress government
yesterday? implementing these schemes ?
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11. x#ß D time …Õ h=ô WO\÷ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Uq° D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ=ô?
What were you doing at home at this
time yesterday ? 1. x#ß JO`Œ g°~¡° train …Õ ã„¬†Ç¶}O
12. x#ß h=ô P shop …Õ Uq° HùO@¶<Œß=ô ? KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
What were you buying in that shop 2. g°~¡° last year result HË‹¬O hard work
yesterday ? KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
13. Accident [iy# ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò…Õ Hê~¡° 3. J`Ç _ È ° WO`Ç ä › ½ =òO^Î ° hä› ½ help
Z=~¡° drive KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡° ? KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ_¨ ?
Who was driving the car when the
accident happened ?
4. P"³ ° x#ß P time …Õ special items
14. x#ß\÷ =~¡ä›½ P"³° U hospital …Õ zH÷`•Ç `dž¶Ç ~¡° KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•#^¥ ?
‡ÚO^ΰ`ǶO_•#k ? 5. "Œ~¡° WO`Ç䛽 =òO^ΰ D ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° x~¡Þ‚²ì
In which hospital was she undergoing ‹¬¶Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
treatment till yesterday ? 6. Last summer …Õ h=ô English grammar
15. g°~¡ ° x#ß <Œ HË‹¬ O ZH› ø _È wait <Í~°¡ äó ½› O@¶O_•<Œ"Œ ?
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡° ? 7. Q®`Ç"Œ~¡O g°~¡° office #° ãHù`Çë building
Where were you waiting for me …ÕxH÷ shift KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
yesterday?
8. x#ß L^Ά°Ç O h=ô ZH›ø_•H÷ "³ˆ´× Oë _•<Œ=ô?
16. P „²••Á #° J„¬C_È° Z=~¡° ‡é+²‹¶
¬ Oë _•
<Œ~¡° ? 9. x#ß ~Œãu g°~¡° Uq° KŒ…ì ‹Ôi†Ç°‹¹ Qê
Who was feeding those children then? KÇi‹ ó ¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡° ?
17. g°~¡ ° P_•\Õi†Ç ° OH÷ "³ o ¤ # „¬ C _È ° 10. g°ä›½ Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Hê…èl…Õ Maths
g°\÷OQ·…Õ Z=~¡° =¶\ìÁ_°È KǶO_•<Œ~¡°? Z=~¡° teach KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡° ?
Who was speaking in the meeting 11. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß ZO^Î ° ä› ½ `Ç Q ® = ô…ì_È °
when you went to the auditorium ? HùO@¶O_•<Œ~¡° ?
18. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß ZO^Î ° ä› ½ P building #° 12. h䛽 J„¬C_È° Z=~¡° help KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡°?
„¬_ÈQù@°“KÇ°<Œß~¡° ? 13. Last summer …Õ h=ô U course
Why were they demolishing that
building yesterday ?
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ=ô ?
19. P ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# |‹¬°•…Õ ZO`Ç =°Ok 14. Last year g° business Z=~¡ °
„
ã †
¬ ¶Ç }=ò KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡° ? KǶ‹¬°ä›½O@°<Œß~¡° ?
Howmay passengers were travelling 15. h=ô x#ß P time …Õ JH›ø_È ZO^ΰ䛽
in the bus at that time ? x•|_• =ô<Œß=ô ?
20. J`Ç_È° h`Ë Uq° argue KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ_È°?
What was he arguing with you ?
Z
Confidence is the first secret of success. 48
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - I, He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Wasn't =KÇ°ó#°.
We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Weren't =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß h=ô <Œ HË‹¬O wait KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _È@O …è^¥? 7. J`Ç _ È ° last year job HË‹¬ O try
Weren't you waiting for me yesterday? KÍ‹¬°ëO_È…è^¥?
2. h=ô last week classes H÷ attend Wasn't he trying for a job last year ?
J=ô`ǶO_È…è^¥ ? 8. P"³ ° last year Maths H÷ coaching
Weren't you attending the classes last f‹¬°ä›½O@¶O_È…è^¥ ?
week ? Wasn't she taking coaching for Maths
3. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° h䛽 help KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È…è^¥? last year ?
Wasn't he helping you then ? 9. J`Ç_°È J„¬C_È° programmes …Õ participate
4. ~Œãu WH›ø_È =~¡âO „¬_È°`ǶO_È…è^¥ ? KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È…è^¥ ?
Wasn't it raining here last night ? Wasn't he participating in programmes
5. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° D house H÷ rent pay then ?
KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È…è^¥ ? 10. "Œ~¡° WO`Ç䛽=òO^ΰ g°ä›½ study classes
Weren't they paying rent for this house x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬¶ëO_È…è^¥ ?
then ? Weren't they conducting study classes
6. x#ß buses u~¡°Q®°`Ç°O_È…è^¥ ? to you previously ?
Weren't the buses plying yesterday ?
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Z
Ability is poorman's wealth. 50
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ "Was/Were + Verb + 'ing'
form" Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Past Continiuous Tense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form
J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 ''was / were + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I was reading this novel last night.
2. We were traveling in the train last night.
3. She was suffering from malaria last month.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "was /were + not + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I was not using this scooter then.
2. We were not attending the classes last week.
3. She was not staying in our house then.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Was /Were + Verb+'ing' for m' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Were you suffering from a fever last week ?
2. Was it raining here yesterday ?
3. Were they helping you then ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Wasn't /Weren't + Verb
+ 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Weren't you waiting for us yesterday ?
2. Wasn't he studying in this college last year ?
3. Weren't they coming here then ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
52 Appear like a winner evenif you lose.
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FUTURE CONTINUOUS
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx HùO`ÇHê•O continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO^ΰ=ò. P „¬#°•°
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ "³ò^Î…áÿ HùO`ÇHê•=ò …èH› KŒ…ìHê•=ò continuous Qê [~¡°Q®° `ǶO_È°#°. W…ì
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz W`Ç~°¡ •ä›½ ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° WH› #°Oz ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê classes 䛽 J "Í°=ò =KÍ<ó •³ holidays =¶ =îi…Õ
‚¬ð[~¡=`ǶO\ì#°. Q®_È°„¬ô`ǶO\ì=ò.
J "Œ~¡° WH›#°Oz =°#`Ë ‹¬‚¬ìH›i‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°. J J`Ç_°È WH›#°Oz =°#`Ë stay KÍ‹°¬ Oë \ì_È°.
D "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È° „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹°¬ Oë _È°
XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + be + Verb + ing form " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° WH› # °Oz sincere Qê „¬ x 6. <Í # ° WH› #°Oz =¶ uncle advice
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì#°. ‡•\÷‹°¬ Oë \ì#°.
I will be working sincerely hereafter. I will be following my uncle's advice
2. "Í°=ò =KÍó<³• =¶ Ti…Õ stay hereafter.
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì=ò. 7. "Í°=ò WH›#°Oz ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê rent pay
We will be staying at our village next KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì=ò.
We will be paying rent regularly
month.
hereafter.
3. =¶ sister next year university …Õ 8. =¶ brother P.G. `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç job H÷ try
KÇ^ΰ=ô`Ƕ LO@°Ok. KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì_È°.
My sister will be studying in the My brother will be trying for a job after
university next year. his P.G.
4. J`Ç _ È ° WH› #°Oz =°#ä› ½ help 9. =KÍó<³• "Œ~¡° teacher post •ä›½
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì_È°. interviews x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
He wil be helping us hereafter. They will be conducting the interviews
5. "Œ~¡° next month „¬sH›Æ•ä›½ prepare for the teacher posts next month.
J=ô`Ç°O\ì~¡°. 10. <Í#° WH›#°Oz ㄬu~ËA new words
They will be preparing for the <Í~¡°ó䛽O@°O\ì#°.
examinations next month. I will be learning new words every day
hereafter.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê
KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° WH› P H›OÌ„h…Õ work K͆ǰ#°. J "Í°=ò WH› J`Çx„Ì á P^•¥~¡„_¬ =È ò.
J J`Ç_°È =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O WH›ø_È KÇ^=Î _È°. J P"³° WH› WH›ø_È stay K͆ǰ^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _È° „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í°W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=°ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° continuous Qê
KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Will not + be + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
subject - Singular, Plural U^³#
á #¶ " will not + be + 'ing' form" L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° WH›g°^Î@ D ‡Ú~¡‡•@° K͆°Ç #°. 6. <Í#° =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O hostel …Õ stay
I will not be committing this mistake K͆ǰ#°.
hereafter. I willnot be staying in the hostel next
2. "Í°=ò WH›#°Oz work delay K͆ǰ=ò. year.
We will not be delaying the work 7. "Í ° =ò WH› #°Oz D books follow
hereafter. J==ò.
3. =¶ brother =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O D job We will not be following these books
K͆ǰ_Ȱ. hereafter.
My brother wil not be doing this job 8. <Í#° WH› g°^Î@ J`ÇxH÷ help K͆ǰ#°.
next year. I will not be helping him hereafter.
4. P"³ ° WH› #°Oz =°# WO\÷ H ÷ ~Œ^Î ° .
She will not be coming to our house
9. J`Ç_È° WH› =°#䛽 money „¬O„¬_È°.
He will not be sending us money
hereafter.
hereafter.
5. "Œ~¡° WH› #°Oz J`Çx q+¬†Ç°O *ÕH›¼O
KÍ‹¬°HË~¡°. 10. "Í ° =ò WH› Jx ‹¬ ‚ ¬ ð †Ç ° O HË~¡ = ò.
They will not be interefering in his We will not be seeking his help
matter hereafter. hereafter.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬°ë#ß
„¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Shall',
You, He, She, It, They - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Will' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° WH›ø_È W`Çx`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°`Ç°O_Í^¥? 7. =òY¼=°Oãu ö~„¬ô ‡•s“ <Œ†Ç°ä›½•`Ë
Shall I be talking to him here? KÇi󋬰ëO\ì~Œ?
2. =°#=ò ‹¬ Þ O`Ç Q ê <Ë\˜ • `Ç † Ç ¶ ~¡ ° Will the Cheif-minister be discussing
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=¶ ? with the party leaders tomorrow?
Shall we be preparing the notes of our
own ? 8. g°~¡° WH›#°Oz „ ã u
¬ Pk"Œ~¡O ‹
Ì q°<Œ~Ÿ•
3. h=ô next year job HË‹¬O ㄬ†Ç°uß x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ?
‹¬°ëO\ì"Œ? Will you be conducting seminars
Will you be trying for a job next year? every Sunday hereafter?
4. J`Ç_È° WH›#°Oz =°#`Ë<Í LO\ì_¨? 9. "Œ~¡ ° WH› # °Oz strict Qê rules
Will he be staying with us hereafter? ‡•\÷‹°¬ Oë \ì~Œ?
5. P"³° ö~„¬ô D time …Õ `Ç# „¬ô\÷“#~ËA Will they be following the rules strictly
celebrate KÍ ‹ ¬ ° ä› ½ O@¶ LO@°O^¥?
hereafter?
Will she be celebrating her birthday
at this time tomorrow ? 10. Next series …Õ ä›•_¨ Dravid team x
6. "Œ~¡° D ï~O_È° <³••° final „¬sH›Æ• Hù~¡ä›½ lead KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì_¨?
prepare J=ô`Ƕ LO\ì~Œ? Will Dravid be leading the team in
Will they be preparing for the final the next series also?
examinations these two months?
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11. D Ì ‹ •=ô•…Õ =°#=ò Uq° D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
KÍ‹¬°ëO^¥=ò?
What shall we be doing these
holidays? 1. <Í#° ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ =~¡ä½› D letters type
12. <Í#° ö~„¬ô hHË‹¬O ZH›ø_È wait KÍ‹¬°ëO_Ík? KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í^¥ ?
Where shall I be waiting for you 2. =°#=ò WH›#°Oz morning class •ä›½
tomorrow? attend J=ô^¥=¶?
13. =°#=ò =KÍó<³• U subject prepare 3. h=ô WH› # °Oz D medicine
J=ô`Ç°O^¥=ò? f‹¬°ä›½O\ì"Œ?
Which subject shall we be preparing 4. g°~¡° =KÍó <³• „¬aHÁ ± „¬sH›•Æ ° "
ã Œ‹¬°Oë \ì~Œ?
next month? 5. J`Ç _ È ° WH› # °Oz sincere Qê
14. WH› # °Oz g° "Œ¼‡•~¡ O Z=~¡ ° „¬xKÍ‹¬°ëO\ì_¨?
KǶ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°? 6. "Œ~¡ ° WH› # °Oz D vehicle use
Who will be looking after your KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ?
business hereafter ? 7. h=ô WH›#°Oz ㄬu<³…ì money save
15. "Œ~¡° =KÍó<³• ZH›ø_È „¬xKÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°? KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì"Œ?
Where will they be working next 8. P"³ ° next year S.V. †Çüx=i•\©…Õ
month? M.Phil KÍ‹¬°ëO@°O^¥?
16. h=ô WH› # °Oz ZO`Ç salary draw 9. "Œ~¡° WH›#°Oz business …Õ accounts
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì=ô? maintain KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ?
Howmuch salary will you be drawing
herfeafter?
10. WO@~Ÿ q^¥¼~¡°Ö•° =KÍó "Œ~¡O practicals
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ?
17. "Œ~¡ ° JH› ø _È Zxß ~ËA•° tH› Æ }
‡ÚO^ΰ`Ç°O\ì~¡°? 11. Ju^•Î°•ä›½ =°#=ò U~Œæ@°Á ZH›ø_È
Howmany days will they be
KÍ‹¬°ëO^¥=ò?
undergoing training there? 12. <Í#° WH›#°Oz regular Q®ê WH›ø_È䛽
18. ö ~ „¬ ô JH› ø _È „¬ x x Z=~¡ ° supervise
=‹¬°ëO_Í^¥?
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°? 13. g°~¡ ° =KÍ ó ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O ZH› ø _È
Who will be supervising the work KÇ^ΰ=ô`Ç°O\ì~¡°?
there tomorrow? 14. x#°ß D course …Õ Z=~¡ ° guide
19. g°~¡° D Ì‹•=ô•° Z…ì Q®_È°„¬ô`Ç°O\ì~¡°? KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°?
How will you be spending these 15. =KÍó "Í‹¬q Ì‹•=ô•…Õ g°~¡° Uq°
holidays? <Í~¡°ó䛽O\ì~¡°?
20. h䛽 JH›ø_È Z=~¡° ‹¬‚𬠆ǰO KÍ‹°¬ Oë \ì~¡°?
Who will be helping you there ? Z
Be good, Do good. 58
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* Note :
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô next year D college …Õ 6. <Í # ° ö ~ „¬ ô h HË‹¬ O JH› ø _È wait
KÇ^ΰ=ô`ǶO_È"Œ ? KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È=^¥í?
Won't you be studying in this college Shalln't I be waiting for you there
next year ? tomorrow?
2. g°~¡° WH› D town …Õ x=tOKÇ~Œ ? 7. "Œ~¡° WH› P ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ~Œ ?
Won't you be living in this town Won't they be organizing this firm
hereafter ? hereafter ?
3. J`Ç_È° WH› WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ_¨ ? 8. h=ô WH› g°^Î@ J`Çx`Ë move J="Œ ?
Won't he be coming here hereafter? Won't you be moving with him
4. J`Ç _ È ° next year P college …Õ hereafter?
„¬xK͆ǰ_¨? 9. P†Ç°# WH› politics …Õ ‡•…ç¾#_¨ ?
Won't he be working in that college next Won't he be participating in politics
year ? hereafter ?
5. P"³° WH› WH›ø_È LO_È^¥ ? 10. =°#=ò WH›g°^Î@ "ŒiH÷ help KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È
Won't she be staying here hereafter ? =^¥í?
Shalln't we be helping them hereafter?
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11. P"³° next year studies ZO^ΰ䛽 continue D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
K͆ǰ^ΰ?
Why won't she be continueing her
studies next year ? 1. h=ô WH› #°Oz g° brother H÷ money
12. J`Ç_È° h䛽 JH›ø_È ZO^ΰ䛽 ‹¬‚¬ìH›i „¬O„¬ô`ǶO_È"Œ ?
‹¬¶ëO_È_È° ?
Why won't he be co-operating with 2. g°~¡° WH›g°^Î@ "ŒiH÷ material supply
you there ? KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È~Œ ?
13. g°~¡° WH›#°Oz J`Çx ‹¬•‚¬ð ZO^ΰ䛽 3. J`Ç_°È next year =°#`Ë stay KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _È_¨?
‡•\÷OKÇ~°¡ ?
Why won't you be following his advice 4. P"³° WH›#°Oz medicines f‹¬°HË^¥ ?
hereafter ?
14. P†Ç°# WH›g°^Î@ elections …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 5. "Œ~¡° WH› #°Oz taxes =‹¬¶•° K͆ǰ~Œ?
‡é\© KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È~¡° ? 6. g°~¡° WH› D old vehicle use KÍ‹¶ ¬ Oë _È~Œ?
Why won't he be contesting in the
elections hereafter ? 7. Ganguly WH› One-day matches
15. "Œ~¡° =°#H÷ WH› ZO^ΰ䛽 help K͆ǰ~¡° ? P_È°`ǶO_È_¨ ?
Why won't they be helping us
hereafter?
8. P"³° WH› `Çq°ˆ× ‹²x=¶•…Õ #\÷OKÇ^¥ ?
16. =KÍó<³• g°~¡° HêÁ‹¬°•ä›½ ZO^ΰ䛽 attend 9. "Œ~¡ ° WH› =°# q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ *ÕH› ¼ O
J=ô`ǶO_È~¡° ? KÍ‹¬°HË~Œ?
Why won't you be attending the
classes next month ? 10. P"³° WH› #°Oz =°# WO\ÕÁ ZO^ΰ䛽
17. "Œ~¡° WH›g°^Î@ P business ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_È^ΰ ?
KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È~¡° ? 11. J`Ç_°È WH› #°Oz WH›ø_Èä½› ZO^ΰ䛽~Œ_È°?
Why won't they be doing that business
hereafter ? 12. "Œ~¡ ° WH› #°Oz =°#`Ë ZO^Î ° ä› ½
18. J`Ç _ È ° WH› g °^Î @ P job ZO^Î ° ä› ½ „¬xK͆ǰ~¡° ?
KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È_È°?
Why won't he be doing that job 13. h=ô next week duty H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 attend
hereafter ? J==ô ?
19. "Œ~¡° WH›g°^Î@ Hù`Çë L^˼Qê•° ZO^ΰ䛽 14. g°~¡° WH›#°Oz P shop …Õ =‹¬°ë=ô•°
recruit KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È~¡° ?
Why won't they be recruiting the new
ZO^ΰ䛽 Hù#~¡° ?
jobs hereafter ? 15. "Œ~¡° WH› #°Oz programmes ZO^ΰ䛽
20. g°~¡ ° WH› # °Oz D crop ZO^Î ° ä› ½ x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬¶ëO_È~¡° ?
„¬O_•‹¬¶Oë _È~°¡ ?
Why won't they be growing this crop
hereafter ?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ ''Will + be + verb + 'ing' form"
Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Future Continuous Tense JO\ì~¡°.
nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative
Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹°¬ 䛽O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ Continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë=ôO_È° XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 ''will + be + Verb + 'ing' form L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will be helping you hereafter.
2. We will be writing examinations next month.
3. He will be doing job next year .
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "will +not + be+ Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I willnot be wasting my time hereafter.
2. We will not be coming here hereafter.
3. They will not be doing this business hereafter.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_ȃÕ=ô XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shall / Will + be + Verb+'ing' form'
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shall I be refering to this book ?
2. Shall we be making arrangements tomorrow ?
3. Will they be living in Hyderabad hereafter ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shalln't / Won't + be +
Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shalln't we be using this vehicle hereafter ?
2. Won't you be working here next year ?
3. Won't they be supplying us the material hereafter ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson…Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
62 Think like a man of action, act like a man of thought.
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PRESENT PERFECT
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° W„¬C_Í (just) KÍ‹²†ÇòO^ΰ=ò. Hùxß „¬#°•° WO`Ç䛽 =òO^Í
=¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 (already) KÍ‹²†ÇòO^ΰ=ò. XHùøH›ø ª•i W`Ç~¡°•`Ë
=¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx WO`Ç =~¡ä›½, W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ (sofar) Zxß ª•~¡°Á KÍ‹#
² n
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° just W„¬C_Í J`Çxx H›e‰§#°. J "Í°=ò already exam fee pay K͉§=ò.
J "Í°=ò D "Œ~¡ë just W„¬C_Í q<Œß=ò. J "Œ~¡° W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ D "Œ~¡O 20 files clear KÍ‹²<Œ~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° just W„¬C_Í Hêx, already WO`Ç䛽 =òO^³„¬C_Ë Hêx „¬îiëKÍ‹²# „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê (i) just W„¬C_Í „¬îië KÍ‹²# „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽, (ii) XH› Yzó`Ç"³°Ø# ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#°
‹¬¶zO„¬H› already WO`Ç䛽=òO^³„¬C_Ë „¬îië KÍ‹²# „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 =°i†Çò (iii) =°#=ò
=¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä›½ (sofar) XH› „¬xx Zxߪ•~¡°Á KÍ‹#² k ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - I, We, You, They, J~ò#„¬C_È° 'have' =KÇ°ó#°.
Subject - He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'has' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° just W„¬C_Í D letter receive KÍ‹¬° 7. "Í°=ò just W„¬C_Í J`ÇxH÷ money pay
䛽<Œß#°. K͉§=ò.
I have received this letter justnow. We have paid him money justnow.
2. "Í°=ò just W„¬C_Í lunch f‹¬°ä›½<Œß=ò. 8. =¶ brother just W„¬C_Í office #°Oz
We have taken lunch justnow. =KŒó_È°.
3. =¶ father just W„¬C_Í |†Ç°@䛽 "³ˆì¤~¡°. My brother has come from office just
My father has gone out justnow. now.
4. P"³° just W„¬C_Í xã^Î …èzOk. 9. <Í#° already <Œ application form submit
She has just woken up. K͉§#°.
I have already submitted my
5. Pinakini Express just W„¬C_Í =zó#k.
application form.
The Pinakini Express has arrived just
now. 10. "Í ° =ò already D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ XH›
x~¡â†Ç°O f‹¬°ä›½<Œß=ò.
6. <Í # ° just W„¬ C _Í J`Ç x H÷ message
We have already taken a decision in
„¬O‡•#°. this matter.
I have sent him the message justnow.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOHê „¬îië K͆°Ç x Hùxß „¬#°•#°
Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° WOHê exam. fee pay K͆ǰ…è^ΰ. J "Í°=ò WOHê x~¡â†Ç°O f‹¬°HË…è^ΰ.
J P"³° WOHê Hê…èr…Õ KÍ~¡…è^ΰ. J "Œ~¡° WOHê P W•°Á MìmK͆ǰ…è^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä½› WOHê, WO`Ç =~¡ä½› K͆°Ç x „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë =Ç ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOH›#¶ „¬îië K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Have / Has + not + (yet) 'III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'have'
He, She, It, - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'has' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° D~ËA WOHê newspaper 6. <Í#° J`Çx letterH÷ reply WOHê W=Þ…è^ΰ.
KÇ^Î=…è^ΰ. I have not yet given reply to his letter.
I have not yet read the newspaper 7. "Í ° =ò WOHê "Œi`Ë D q+¬ † Ç ° O
today. KÇióOKÇ…è^ΰ.
2. "Í°=ò D <³• WOHê house rent pay We have not yet discussed this matter
K͆ǰ…è^ΰ. with them.
We have not yet paid the house rent 8. g°~¡ ° WOHê P bank …Õ loan clear
this month. K͆ǰ…è^ΰ.
3. =¶ brother WOHê degree „¬îiëK†
Í °Ç …è^°Î . You have not yet cleared the loan in
My brother has not yet completed his that bank.
degree. 9. "Œ~¡° WOHê JH›ø_È |†Ç°•°^Í~¡…è^ΰ.
4. P"³° WOHê =°=òà•#° party H÷ P‚¬ðÞxOKÇ They have not yet started there.
…è^ΰ. 10. =¶ father <Œä›½ D <³• WOHê money
She has not yet invited us to the party. „¬O„¬…è^ΰ.
5. Pinakini Express WOHê ~Œ…è^ΰ. My father has not yet sent me money
The Pinakini Express has not yet this month.
arrived.
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17. J`Ç_È° WO`Ç =~¡ä›½ XH› interview 䛕_¨ 11. <Í#° WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ =°# C.M. Speech
attend Hê…è^ΰ. q#…è^ΰ.
He has not attended an interview 12. "Í ° =ò WO`Ç = ~¡ ä › ½ J`Ç x ‹¬ ‚ ¬ ð †Ç ° O
sofar. HË~¡…è^ΰ.
18. <Í # ° WO`Ç =~¡ ä › ½ W@°=O\÷ =¼H÷ ë x 13. J`Ç_È° WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ XH› „¬sH›Æ 䛕_¨ pass
KǶ_È…è^ΰ. Hê…è^ΰ.
I have not seen such a person sofar.
14. P"³° WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ XH› meeting H÷ 䛕_¨
19. "Í°=ò WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ J`Çxx H›•=…è^ΰ. ‚¬ð[~¡°Hê…è^ΰ.
We have not met him sofar.
15. "Œ~¡° WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ XH› instalment 䛕_¨
20. "Œ~¡° WO`Ç =~¡ä›½ XH› programme 䛕_¨ pay K͆ǰ…è^ΰ.
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ…è^ΰ.
They have not conducted any
programme sofar. Z
Prevention is better than cure. 66
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò XH›~°¡ (just) W„¬C_Í Qêx, (already) WO`Ç䛽=òO^³„¬C_Ë Qêx, (ever)
Z„¬C_³á<Œ Qêh …èH› XH›„¬xx (sofar) W„¬æ\=
÷ ~¡ä½› Zxߪ•~¡°Á KÍ‹#
² k„
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô just W„¬C_Í •OKŸ f‹¬°ä›½<Œß"Œ? J J`Ç_È° Z„¬C_³á<Œ h䛽 ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O KÍ‹²<Œ_¨?
J g°~¡° already bill pay KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ? J h=ô W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ Zxß HêÁ‹¬°•ä›½ ‚¬ð[~¡° J~ò<Œ=ô ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 W„¬C_Í, WO`Çä½› =òO^³„C¬ _Ë, Z„¬C_³<
á Œ,
XH›~¡° KÍ‹²# „¬#°•#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 just W„¬ C _Í Qêx, already
WO`Ç䛽=òO^³„¬C_ËQêx, ever Z„¬C_³á<Œ Qêx sofar WO`Ç=~¡ä›½, W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ XH›~¡° „¬îië KÍ‹²# XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 ('just now', 'already', 'ever', 'sofar')
" Have / Has + 'III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Have'
He, She, It, - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Has' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô just W„¬ C _Í D letter receive 6. g°~¡° already D q+¬†°Ç O KÇióOz<Œ~Œ?
KÍ‹¬°ä›½<Œß"Œ? Have you already discussed this
Have you received this letter just now? matter?
2. g°~¡ ° just W„¬ C _Í D „¬ x x „¬ î ië 7. h=ô Z„¬ C _³ á < Œ Pã Q ê
visit KÍ ‹ ² < Œ"Œ?
KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ? Have you ever visited Agra?
Have you finished this work just now? 8. g°~¡° Z„¬C_³á<Œ `Çq°ˆ˜<Œ_È° ZH±•ãÌ„‹¹…Õ
3. g° father just W„¬C_Í P„¦Ô‹¬°ä›½ "³o¤<Œ~Œ? ㄬ†Ç¶}OKÍ‹²<Œ~Œ?
Has your father just gone to office? Have you ever travelled by the
4. h=ô already exam fee pay KÍ‹²<Œ"Œ? Tamilnadu Express?
Have you already paid the exam fee? 9. P"³° Z„¬C_³á<Œ q°=òà•#° "ŒiO\÷H÷
5. g° brother already P.G. „¬ î ië K Í ‹ ² P‚¬ðÞxOz#^¥?
†Çò<Œß_¨? Has she ever invited you to her house?
Has your brother already completed 10. "Œ~¡° Z„¬C_³<
á Œ D ‡é\©•…Õ ‡•…ç¾x<Œ~Œ?
his P.G. ? Have they ever participated in these
competitions?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject 'I' , We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Haven't ' =KÇ°ó#°.
He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Hasn't' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô WOHê lunch f‹¬°HË…è^¥ ? 6. "Œ~¡° WOHê D q+¬†Ç°=ò…Õ decision
Haven't you yet taken lunch ? f‹¬°HË…è^¥?
Haven't they yet taken a decision
2. g°~¡° WOHê D <³• rent pay K͆ǰ…è^¥?
in this matter ?
Haven't you yet paid house rent this
month ? 7. g°~¡° WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ Delhi visit K͆ǰ…è^¥?
3. J`Ç_È° WOHê xã^Î…è=…è^¥ ? Haven't you yet visited Delhi sofar?
Hasn't he yet woke up ? 8. J`Ç_È° WOHê job ‡ÚO^Î…è^¥ ?
4. h=ô WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ XH›ø interview 䛕_¨ Hasn't he yet got a job ?
face K͆ǰ…è^¥ ? 9. P"³° WOHê degree „¬îië K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
Haven't you faced even one Hasn't she yet completed her
interview sofar ? degree ?
5. Train WOHê ~Œ…è^¥ ? 10. P"³° WOHê college …Õ join J=…è^¥ ?
Hasn't the train yet arrived ? Hasn't she yet joined college ?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Have' or 'Has' + III form of the
Verb Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Present Perfect Tense JO\ì~¡°.
nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative
Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹°¬ 䛽O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
=°#=ò =¶\ìÁ _ È ° KÇ ° #ß ‹¬ = °†Ç ° =ò#ä› ½ just W„¬ C _Í Hêh, already WO`Ç ä › ½
=òO^³„¬C_ËHêx …èH› sofar WO`Ç=~¡ä½› XH› „¬xx Zxß ª•~¡°Á KÍ‹# ² n ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"have' or 'has' + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1.I have bought this purse justnow.2. We have already paid the bill.
3. He has written two books sofar. 4. She has already completed the course.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
=°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOHê (yet) „¬îië K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "havenot / hasnot + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I have not yet met him. 2. We have not yet taken lunch.
3. She hasnot yet recovered. 4. They havenot yet taken a decision.
3. QUESTION FORM :
=°#=ò =¶\ìÁ _ È ° KÇ ° #ß ‹¬ = °†Ç ° =ò#ä› ½ just W„¬ C _Í H êh, already WO`Ç ä › ½
=òO^³„C¬ _ËHêh, ever Z„¬C_³<
á ŒHêh, sofar WO`Ç=~¡ä½› XH› „¬xx Zxߪ•~¡°,Á ZO`Ç=~¡ä½›
KÍ‹²#n Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Have you finished this work just now? 2. Have you ever visited this place?
3. Has he ever helped you? 4.Have you appeared for the test two times sofar?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
=°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOHê (yet) „¬îiëK͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Haven't / Hasn't + III form of
the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Haven't you yet seen the new movie ? 2. Hasn't he yet got a job ?
3. Hasn't she yet gone to college ? 4. Haven't they yet paid the bill ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
72 Fame is the perfume of heroic deeds.
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PAST PERFECT
XHùøH›øª•i =°#O XH›~°¡ Q®`OÇ …Õ „¬îië KÍ‹# ² ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê „¬îië J~ò#
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
ï~O_È° „¬#°•° XH›ö~ KÍ‹²=ôO_È=KÇ°ó …èH› "Í~¡° "Í~¡° =¼ä›½ë•° KÍ‹²=ôO_È=KÇ°ó.
J <Í#° x#ß WH›ø_È䛽 =KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ, =¶ brother #° H›e‰§#°.
J "Í°=ò x#ß work start KÍÀ‹ =òO^ΰ, "Í°<Í[~¡° J#°=°u f‹¬°ä›½<Œß=ò.
J <Í#° camera Hù<Í =òO^ΰ, ^¥xx ƒìQê test K͉§#°.
J "Í°=ò J`Çxx H›eÀ‹ ^¥xH÷ =òO^Í, XH› x~¡â†Ç°O f‹¬°ä›½<Œß=ò.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ KÍ‹²# ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê „¬îië KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`ÇO…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##¶ =°#=òQêx, "Í~ùH›~¡°Qêx „¬îiëKÍ‹²# ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ
=òO^ΰQê „¬îië J~ò# XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³#
á #° 'had + III form of the verb' L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° class H÷ =KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ, lesson 5. <Í#° D college …Õ join J†Í°¼^¥xH÷
ƒìQê prepare J~ò<Œ#°. =òO^ΰ <³•¶Á~¡°…Õ KÇkq<Œ#°.
I had prepared the lesson well before I had studied in Nellore before I joined
I came to the class. this college.
2. x#ß "Í°=ò ï~á…èÞÀ‹“+¬<£H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷ train 6. guests JO^Î~¡¶ "³o¤# `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç J`Ç_È°
"³o¤‡é~ò#k. rest f‹¬°ä›½<Œß_È°.
The train had left before we went to He took rest after the guests had gone.
the railway station yesterday. 7. KŒ…ì books refer KÍ‹²# `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç J`Ç_È°
3. <Í#° degree …Õ join J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ =òO^Í XH› book ã"Œ‰§_È°.
type <Í~¡°óHùx<Œ#°. He wrote a book after he had refered
I had learned type-writing before I to many books.
joined degree. 8. Notes Jhß
count KÍ‹²# `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç <Í#°
4. x#ß <Í#° class H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iöH lecturer J`ÇxH÷ money pay K͉§#°.
attendance f‹²Hù<Œß~¡°. I paid him money after I had counted
The lecturer had taken the attendance all the notes.
before I went to the class yesterday.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ P ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #䛽
WOHê „¬îië Hêx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê degree …Õ join J=…è^ΰ. J "Í°=ò J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D W•°Á Hù#…è^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D town H÷ shift Hê…è^ΰ. J P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä›½ „¬îië K͆ǰx „¬#°•#°‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° „À ~ùø#°KǶ J#Qê x#ß\÷ =~¡ä½› , Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O=~¡ä½› , Q®`Ç
<³• =~¡ä½› , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =~¡ä½› …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡Hï #á #¶ XH›~°¡ „¬îië K͆°Ç x
XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had + not + (Yet) + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject –> Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'had not (yet) III form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D Hê…èl…Õ KÍ~¡…è^ΰ. 6. J`Ç _ È ° J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê D L^˼Q® O
I had not yet joined this college by ‡ÚO^Î…è^ΰ.
then. He had not yet got this job by then.
2. "Í ° =ò J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê À ‹ “ + ¬ < £ ä › ½ 7. <Í#° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D scooter Hù#…è^ΰ.
KÍ~¡°Hù#…è^ΰ. I had not yet bought this scooter by
We had not yet reached the station then.
by that time. 8. "Í ° =ò J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê D "Œ¼‡•~¡ O
3. g°~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê =¶ä›½ D q+¬†Ç°O ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKÇ…^è °Î .
`³e†Ç°„¬~¡KÇ…è^ΰ. We had not yet started this business
You had not yet informed us this news by then.
by then. 9. =¶ brother J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê marriage
4. P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê _¨H›“~Ÿ#° consult KÍ‹¬°Hù#…è^ΰ.
Hê…è^ΰ. My brother had not yet got married by
She had not yet consulted the doctor then.
by then. 10. P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷OHê KÇ^ΰ=ô „¬îië K͆ǰ…è^ΰ.
5. J„¬æ¬\÷H÷ WOHê =~¡ÂO PQ®…è^ΰ. She had not yet completed her
The rain had not yet stopped by then. studies by then.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õ XH›~°¡ „¬îië KÍ‹#
² ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê J~ò# „¬xx
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß h=ô JH›ø_•H÷ "³ˆ¤õ ‹¬iH÷, "Œ~¡° „¬x ‡ã •~¡Oa•Oz<Œ~Œ ?
J h=ô station H÷ KÍ~¡°ä›½<Í ‹¬iH÷, train "³o¤ ‡é~ò#^¥ ?
J g°~¡° JH›ø_È |†Ç°•° ^Íö~=òO^ΰ, "ŒiH÷÷ inform KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ ?
J h=ô Q®=~¡ß"³°O\˜ *샘 ‡ÚO^Í^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ, D Hê…èl…Õ „¬xKÍ‹²<Œ"Œ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õ „¬îië KÍ‹#
² ~ï O_È°„¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê „¬îië KÍ‹#
² „¬xx „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ KÍ‹#² ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê „¬îiëK‹Í #² XH›
„¬xx „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
"Had + 'III form of the Verb" L„¬†¶ ³ yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Had' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô WH›ø_•H÷ =KÍ=
ó òO^ΰ manager #° 5. <Í#° K³À„æ^¥xH÷ =òO^Í h=ô D news
consult J~ò<Œ"Œ? `³•°‹¬°ä›½<Œß"Œ?
Had you consulted the Manager Had you known this news before I told
before you came here? you ?
2. J`ÇxH÷ money pay KÍÀ‹=òO^ΰ notes 6. ‹¬ÞO`Ç "Œ¼‡•~¡O ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKÇ\ìxH÷ =òO^ΰ
count KÍ‹²<Œ"Œ? h=ô work <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß"Œ?
Had you counted the notes before you Had you learned the work before you
paid him money? started your own business?
3. Computer course join J†Í ° ¼=òO^Î ° 7. ~Œãu =~¡ÂO „¬_^Í ¥xH÷ =òO^Í g°~¡° WO\÷H÷
course Q®°iOz enquire KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ? KÍ~¡°ä›½<Œß~Œ ?
Had you enquired about the computer Had you reached home before it rained
course before you joined it? last night?
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9. Class H÷ =KÍ=
ó òO^ΰ h=ô ZH›ø_•H÷ "³ˆì¤=ô? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Where had you gone before you came
to the class?
10. D H›OÌ„h…Õ join J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ 1. Class H÷ =KÍó =òO^ΰ, lesson ƒìQê
h=ô ZH›ø_È work KÍ‹²<Œ=ô?
Where had you worked before you prepare J~ò<Œ"Œ ?
joined this company?
2. JH›ø_È |†Ç°•°^Íö~=òO^ΰ g°~¡° "ŒiH÷
11. D work ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKÍ =òO^ΰ g°~¡° Z=i
inform KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ ?
„¬ià+¬<£ f‹¬°ä›½<Œß~¡°?
Whose permission had you taken 3. g°~¡° station H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ train move
before you started this work?
12. x#ß h=ô press ^ÎQ®¾~¡ä›½ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ J`Ç_È° J~ò#^¥ ?
Zxß cards ㄲO\˜KÍ‹² †Çò<Œß_È°? 4. J`Ç_È° degree complete KÍÀ‹ ^¥xH÷
Howmany cards had he printed =òO^Í type „¬sH›Æ pass J~ò<Œ_¨ ?
before you went to the press?
13. Clinic H÷ "³ˆõ¤=òO^ΰ Uq° f‹¬°ä›½<Œß=ô? 5. "Œ~¡ ° =KÍ ó ‹ ¬ i H÷ g°~¡ ° work finish
What had you taken before you went KÍ‹²<Œ~Œ?
to the clinic?
14. <Í#° K³À„æ ^¥xH÷ =òO^Í h=ô D q+¬†Ç°O 6. g°~¡° press H÷ "³ˆ¤õ‹i¬ H÷ J`Ç_°È cards print
Z…ì `³•°‹¬°ä›½<Œß=ô? KÍ‹²<Œ_¨ ?
How had you known this news before
I told you? 7. g°~¡° D town H÷ shift J†Í°^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ
15. h=ô D job ‡ÚO^Í^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ h䛽 ZH›ø_È x=tOz<Œ~¡° ?
Z=~¡° ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O KÍ‹²<Œ~¡°?
Who had helped you before you got 8. Own business start KÍÀ‹ =òO^ΰ h=ô
this job? work ZH›ø_È <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ô ?
16. D Hê…è*…˜ Õ join J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ h=ô
ZH›ø_È KÇkq<Œ=ô? 9. h=ô WH›ø_•H÷ =KÍ=
ó òO^ΰ Z=ix consult
Where had you studied before you J~ò<Œ=ô ?
joined this college?
17. g°~¡° "Œix H›eÀ‹ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ "Œ~¡° 10. g°~¡ ° D town H÷ shift J†Í ° ^¥xH÷
ZO`Ç amount collect KÍ‹²†Çò<Œß~¡°? =òO^ΰ Guntur …Õ Zxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°
Howmuch amount had they collected x=tOz <Œ~¡°?
before you met them?
18. WH›ø_•H÷ =KÍó =òO^ΰ h=ô g° father `Ë
Uq° discuss KÍ‹²<Œ=ô?
What had you discussed with your
father before you came here?
Z
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J h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê college …Õ KÍ~¡…è^¥ ? J g°~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D town H÷ shift Hê…è^¥?
J J`Ç_È° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D job ‡ÚO^Î…è^¥ ? J P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê office H÷ "³ˆ×¤…è^¥ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä½› WOHê K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° K³„C¬ KǶ, P ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä½› WOHê J„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä½› „¬îië
K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Hadn't + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Hadn't+III form of the Verb' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. J„¬æ\÷H÷ h=ô WOHê Inter „¬îië K͆ǰ…è^¥ ? 6. J„¬æ\÷H÷ J`Ç_È° WOHê x#°ß H›•=…è^¥ ?
Hadn't you yet completed Intermediate Hadn't he yet met you by then ?
by then ? 7. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê g°~¡° D town H÷ shift
2. J„¬æ\÷H÷ g°~¡° WOHê D message Hê…è^¥?
JO^ΰHË…è^¥ ? Hadn't you yet shifted to this town by
Hadn't you yet received this message then ?
by then ? 8. J„¬æ@H÷ "Œ~¡° WOHê function H÷ U~Œæ@°Á
3. J„¬æ\÷H÷ P"³° WOHê WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ…è^¥ ? K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
Hadn't she yet come here by that time? Hadn't they yet made arrangements for
4. J„¬æ\÷H÷ "Œ~¡° WOHê D business start the function by that time ?
K͆ǰ…è^¥ ? 9. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê h=ô D scooter Hù#…è^¥?
Hadn't they yet started this business Hadn't you yet bought this scooter by
by then ? then ?
5. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ h=ô WOHê permission 10. J„¬æ\÷H÷ "Œ~¡° WOHê D house construct
f‹¬°HË…è^¥? K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
Hadn't you yet taken permission by Hadn't they yet constructed this house
then? by then ?
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11. h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê "ŒiH÷ D q+¬†Ç°O D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
ZO^ΰ䛽 inform K͆ǰ…è^ΰ ?
Why hadn't you yet informed them
this matter ? 1. h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D x~¡â†Ç°O
12. g°~¡ ° J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê JH› ø _È ZO^Î ° ä› ½ f‹¬°HË…è^¥ ?
|†Ç°•°^Í~¡…è^ΰ ? 2. g°~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê licence ‡ÚO^Î…è^¥ ?
Why hadn't you yet started there by
then ? 3. J`Ç_È° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê xã^Î…è=…è^¥ ?
13. J`Ç_È° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê bill ZO^ΰ䛽 pay
K͆ǰ…è^ΰ? 4. P"³ ° J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê studies „¬ î ië
Why hadn't he yet paid the bill by then? K͆ǰ…è^¥?
14. P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 office H÷ 5. Train J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê station H÷ KÍ~°¡ HË…è^¥?
"³ˆ×¤…è^ΰ ?
Why hadn't she yet gone to office by 6. "Œ~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D book publish
that time ? K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
15. "Œ~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P work ZO^ΰ䛽 7. h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D news q#…è^¥ ?
„¬îiëK͆ǰ…è^ΰ ?
Why hadn't they yet finished the work 8. J`Ç _ È ° J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê promotion
by that time ? ‡ÚO^Î…è^¥?
16. h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê "Œi`Ë D q+¬†Ç°O
ZO^ΰ䛽 discuss K͆ǰ…è^ΰ ? 9. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê programme
Why hadn't you yet discussed this "³ò^Ε°Ì„@“…è^¥ ?
matter with them by then ?
10. h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê bill pay K͆ǰ…è^¥ ?
17. g°~¡ ° J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê cards ZO^Î ° ä› ½
distribute K͆ǰ…è^ΰ? 11. h=ô J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê salary ZO^ΰ䛽 draw
Why hadn't you yet distributed the K͆ǰ…è^ΰ ?
cards by then ?
18. P†Ç°# J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 file clear 12. g°~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê work ZO^ΰ䛽 finish
K͆ǰ…è^ΰ? K͆ǰ…è^ΰ ?
Why hadn't he yet cleared the file by
13. J`Ç_°È J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 h䛽 money
then ?
19. P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 P course …Õ „¬O„¬…è^ΰ ?
KÍ~¡…è^ΰ ? 14. P"³° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê "Œix ZO^ΰ䛽 invite
Why hadn't she joined the course by K͆ǰ…è^ΰ ?
then?
20. "Œ~¡° J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 JH›ø_•H÷ 15. "Œ~¡° J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 JH›ø_È䛽
KÍ~¡…è^ΰ ? KÍ~¡°HË…è^ΰ ?
Why hadn't they yet reached there
by then ? Z
Small deeds done are better than great deeds planned. 80
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ ''Had' + III form of the
Verb" Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Past Perfect Tense JO\ì~¡°.
nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative
Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹°¬ 䛽O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò „¬îiëKÍ‹²# ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê „¬îië
KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 'Had' + III form of the Verb L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I had finished my work before I went out.
2. We had known the news before you told us.
3. He had gone out before I went there.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° K³„¬CKǶ J„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ WOHê „¬îiëK͆ǰx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Had + not+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I had not yet got this job by then.
2. We had not yet received the message by that time.
3. He had not yet completed his studies by then.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò „¬îië KÍ‹²# ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê
KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Had + III form of the
Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Had you taken lunch before you came here ?
2. Had you booked the tickets before they came here ?
3. Had you counted the notes before you paid him money ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° K³„¬CKǶ J„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ WOHê „¬îië K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Hadn't + III form of the
Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Hadn't you yet woke up by that time ?
2. Hadn't he yet got ready by then ?
3. Hadn't they yet commenced the programme by that time ?
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Z
82 Ability is of little account without opportunity.
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FUTURE PERFECT
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› Yzó`"
Ç °³ #
Ø ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• „¬îiëK†
Í ò
Ç ^ΰ=ò.
P „¬xx Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• „¬îië K͆Çò^Î"³¶ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô L^ΆǰO …Õ„¬• q[†Ç°"Œ_È KÍ~¡°ä›½O\ì#°.
J "Í°=ò next Monday …Õ„¬• report `dž¶Ç ~¡°Kͪ•ë=ò.
J "Œ~¡° g°ä›½ =KÍó 15th …Õ„¬• orders „¬O„¬ô`Œ~¡°.
J <Í#° ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• D answers Jhß <Í~¡°ó䛽O\ì#°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› Yzó`"
Ç °³ #
Ø ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• „¬îië K͆ò
Ç „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› Yzó`"Ç °³ #Ø ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• J#Qê ~ö „¬ôQêx, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•,
=KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬•<³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ „¬îië
K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Will have + III form' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ~ö „¬\÷ …Õ„¬• D #=• KÇk"ͪ•ë#°. 6. "Œ~¡° =KÍó <³• …Õ„¬• family <³•¶Á~°¡ H÷ shift
I will have read this novel by tomorrow. Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
2. "Í°=ò next week …Õ„¬• D work finish They will have shifted their family to
Kͪ•ë=ò. Nellore by next month.
We will have finished this work by next 7. Nagarjuna University next 15th …Õ„¬•
week. Degree results announce KÍ‹¬°ëOk.
3. g°~¡ ° next Monday …Õ„¬ • orders Nagarjuna University will have
JO^ΰ䛽O\ì~¡°. announced the Degree results by 15th
You will have received the orders by of next month.
next Monday. 8. <Í#° ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• g°ä›½ inform
4. =¶ brother next May …Õ„¬• degree „¬îië Kͪ•ë#°.
Kͪ•ë_°È . I will have informed you by tomorrow
My brother will have completed his evening.
degree by next May. 9. "Í°=ò next Sunday …Õ„¬• D cards Jhß
5. P"³° ~ö „¬\÷ …Õ„¬• XOQË•°H÷ uiy =‹¬°Oë k. distribute Kͪ•ë=ò.
She will have returned to Ongole by We will have distributed all these
tomorrow. cards by next Sunday.
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QUESTION FORM
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› Yzó`" Ç °³ #
Ø ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• „¬îië K͆ò Ç ^ΰ=ò.
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• XH›~°¡ „¬îië K͆ò Ç XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ~ö „¬\÷ …Õ„¬• g°~¡° D „¬xx „¬îië Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
J =KÍó Pk"Œ~¡O …Õ„¬• J`Ç_°È XOQË•°H÷ uiy =ª•ë_¨ ?
J Next June …Õ„¬• P"³° degree „¬îië KÍ‹¬°ëO^¥ ?
J ö~„¬ô evening …Õ„¬• g°~¡° D bill pay Kͪ•ë~Œ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ„¬• XH›~°¡ „¬îië K͆ò
Ç „¬#°•#°
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• J#Qê ~ö „¬\÷ …Õ„¬•, =KÍó "Œ~¡O …Õ„¬•, =KÍó
<³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …Õ„¬• „¬îië K͆òÇ XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
"Will have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note :
I, We - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Shall have'
You, He, She, It, They - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Will have' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô ~ö „¬\÷ …Õ„¬• x~¡†
â °Ç O f‹¬°ä›½O\ì"Œ? 6. h=ô ª•†Ç°Oã`ÇO…Õ„¬• D letters type
Will you have taken a decision by Kͪ•ë"Œ?
tomorrow ? Will you have typed these letters by
2. g°~¡° next month …Õ„¬• D W•°Á Mìm this evening?
Kͪ•ë~Œ ? 7. g°~¡° next week …Õ„¬• orders receive
Will you have vacated this house by KÍ‹¬°ä›½O\ì~Œ?
next month ? Will you have received the orders by
3. g° brother next Monday …Õ„¬• duty join next week?
J=ô`Œ_¨ ? 8. g° lecturers next January …Õ„¬ •
Will your brother have joined duty by syllabus „¬îië Kͪ•ë~Œ?
next Monday? Will the lecturers have completed the
syllabus by next January?
4. P"³° next month …Õ„¬• D subject 9. g°~¡° next week …Õ„¬• college H÷ report
prepare J=ô`Ç°O^¥?
submit Kͪ•ë~Œ?
Will she have prepared this subject
Will you have submitted the report to
by next month?
the college by next week ?
5. "Œ~¡° =KÍó _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ …Õ„¬• D house 10. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• cards Jhß distribute
construct Kͪ•ë~Œ? Kͪ•ë~Œ?
Will they have constructed the house Will they have distributed all the cards
by next December? by tomorrow ?
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11. h=ô Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• D course „¬îië D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Kͪ•ë=ô?
When will you have completed this
course ?
12. g°~¡° Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• new house …ÕH÷ shift
1. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• g°~¡° =¶ä›½ g° x~¡â†Ç°O
J=ô`Œ~¡° ? `³e†Ç°*誕ë~Œ ?
When will you have shifted to the new 2. WO@sà_•†³°\˜ ƒÕ~ŸÛ "Í° 31 …Õ„¬• „¦e¬ `Œ•°
house? ㄬH›\÷‹¬°ëO^¥ ?
13. D train Z„¬ æ \÷ …Õ„¬ • Chennai
3. =KÍ ó <³ • …Õ„¬ • J`Ç _ È ° promotion
KÍ~¡°ä›½O@°Ok ?
When will this train have reached
‡ÚO^ΰ`Œ_¨ ?
Chennai ? 4. =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …Õ„¬• "Œ~¡° JH›ø_È bridge
14. J`Ç_È° Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• certificates receive xiકë~Œ ?
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O\ì_È° ? 5. Next Monday …Õ„¬• g°~¡° D bill pay
When will he have received the
certificates ?
Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
15. P"³° Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• WH›ø_•H÷ uiy =‹¬°Oë k? 6. ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• g°~¡° g°\÷OQ·H÷ Jxß
When will she have returned here ? U~Œæ@°Á Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
16. D <³…ìY~¡° …Õ„¬• g°~¡° ZO`Ç amount 7. ö~„¬ô 7 p.m. …Õ„¬• "Œ~¡° programme
collect Kͪ•ë~°¡ ? ‡ã •~¡Oa•ª•ë~Œ ?
Howmuch amount will you have
collected by the end of this month ? 8. D <³• PY~¡° …Õ„¬• g°~¡° Jxß lessons
17. Next Saturday …Õ„¬• "Œ~¡° Zxß files revise Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
clear Kͪ•ë~°¡ ? 9. h=ô Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• D book KÇk"ͪ•ë=ô ?
Howmany files will they have cleared
10. g°~¡° Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• tickets book Kͪ•ë~°¡ ?
by next Saturday ?
18. =KÍó 15= `Ín …Õ„¬• h=ô Zxß new 11. J`Ç_È° Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• iHê~ŸÛ work „¬îië
policies book Kͪ•ë=ô ? Kͪ•ë_°È ?
Howmany new policies will you have 12. P"³ ° Z„¬ æ \ ÷ …Õ„¬ • D dress stitch
booked by next 15th ? KÍ‹¬°ëOk ?
19. =KÍó _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ …Õ„¬• "Œ~¡° bank …Õ ZO`Ç
amount deposit Kͪ•ë~°¡ ?
13. =KÍó <³• …Õ„¬• g°~¡° …Õ<£ ‡ÚO^ΰ`Œ~Œ?
Howmuch amount will they have 14. =KÍó "Œ~¡O …Õ„¬• h=ô Zxß lessons
deposited in the bank by next prepare J=ô`Œ=ô ?
December?
15. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• "Œ~¡° Zxß copies print
20. "Œ~¡° Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• D ãHù`Çë book publish Kͪ•ë~°¡ ?
Kͪ•ë~°¡ ?
When will they have published this
new book ? Z
He who follows two hares catches neither. 86
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ "Will + have + III form of the Verb"
Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Future Perfect Tense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1. Positive
Form 2. Question Form J#° 2 parts <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. D 2 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹°¬ 䛽O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• XH›~¡° „¬îië K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 'Will have' + III form of the Verb L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
2. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• XH›~¡° „¬îië K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 'Will have' + III form of the Verb L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡°
H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 2 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß
"ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
88 A journey of thousand miles begins with a single step.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject –> I, We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'have been',
Subject –> He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'has been' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° <Œ•°Q®° <³•• #°Oz English 5. "Œ~¡° <Œ•°Q®° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò• #°Oz D
grammar <Í~¡°ó䛽O@°<Œß#°. Hê•h…Õ x=t‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°.
I have been learning English They have been living in this colony
grammar for four months. for four years.
2. "Í°=ò ï~O_È° <³•• #°Oz bank test H÷ 6. ‡é~ò# ªé=°"Œ~¡O #°Oz WH›ø_È =~¡ÂO
prepare JQ®°KÇ°<Œß=ò. „¬_È°KÇ°#ßk.
We have been preparing for the bank It has been raining here since
test for two months. Monday last.
3. =¶ brother 1995 #°Oz POã^•¥ƒì¼OH± 7. <Í#° L^Ά°Ç O 7 Q®OII• #°Oz =¶ friend
…Õ „¬x KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß_È°. HË‹¬O Z^ΰ~¡°KǶ‹¬°ë<Œß#°.
My brother has been working in the I have been waiting for my friend
Andhra Bank since 1995. since 7 a.m.
4. P"³ ° ï ~ O_È ° ~ËA• #°Oz [Þ~¡ O `Ë 8. "Í°=ò ï~O_È° <³•• #°Oz water
ƒì^•Î„_¬ °È KÇ°#ßk. problem face KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=ò.
She has been suffering from fever for We have been facing water problem
two days. for two months.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „ ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ KÍ‹°¬ Oë _Èx XH› „¬xx Zxß~ËA•°Qê K͆°Ç _ÈO…è^Ë, ZO`ÇHê•OQê
KÍ‹¬°ëO_È_ÈO…è^Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° <Œ•°Q®°~ËA•#°O_• Hê…èlH÷ "³ˆ¤× _ÈO…è^°Î .
J J`Ç_°È ~ï O_È° "Œ~Œ•#°O_• duty H÷ attend J=_ÈO…è^ΰ.
J P"³° <Œ•°Q®°~ËA•#°Oz P‚¬ð~¡O f‹¬°HË=_ÈO…è^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° 1998 #°O_• D town …Õ x=tOKÇ_ÈO …è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`Ç Hê•=òQê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# =°#=ò KÍ‹¬°ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx
Z„¬æ\÷#°O_• K͆°Ç _ÈO…è^Ë, Zxß~ËA•°Qê K͆òÇ @…è^Ë, ZO`ÇHê•OQê K͆òÇ @…è^Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Have / Has + not + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ~ï O_È°~ËA•#°O_• computer class 6. "Œ~¡° "Œ~¡O~ËA•#°O_• shop open
H÷ attend J=_ÈO…è^ΰ. K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
I have not attended the computer They have not opened the shop for
class for two days. one week.
2. "Í°=ò „¬k~ËA• #°Oz ãH÷ïH\˜ practice 7. "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç =ü_È°‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ• #°O_• school
K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ. Annual Day celebrate K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
We have not practised cricket for ten They have not celebrated the school
days. Annual Day for the past three years.
3. P`Ç_È° <Œ•°Q®° <³•• #°Oz room rent 8. <Í # ° last Monday #°O_• J`Çxx
pay K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ. H›•°=…è^ΰ.
He has not paid room rent for four I have not met him since Monday last.
months. 9. "Í°=ò E<£ 1 #°O_• =¶ =î~¡° "³ˆ¤…× ^
è °Î .
4. P"³° x#ß\÷#°O_• =¶WO\÷H÷ ~Œ…è^ΰ. We have not gone to our village since
She has not come to our house since June 1st.
yesterday. 10. J`Ç_°È ~ï O_È° <³•• #°O_• studies Ì„á
5. =ü_È° <³••°Qê WH›ø_È =~ŒÂ•° „¬_È…è^ΰ. concentrate K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ.
It has not rained here for three months. He has not concentrated on his
studies for two months.
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QUESTION FORM
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ‡ã •~¡Oa•Oz „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ WOH›#¶
continuous Qê K͆ÇòKÇ°O^ΰ=ò. XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx Zxß ~ËA•°Qê, ZO`Ç Hê•OQê, Z„¬æ\÷
#°O_• K͆ò Ç KÇ°#ßn „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô WH›ø_È Q®O@ #°Oz wait K͆ÇòKÇ°<Œß"Œ?
J g°~¡° 1998 #°Oz D town …Õ x=t‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ ?
J g° brother ~ï O_È° ‹¬OI #°O_• job KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß_¨ ?
J P"³° x#ß\÷ #°Oz [Þ~¡O`Ë ƒì^•Î„_¬ °È KÇ°#ß^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ‡ã •~¡Oa•Oz WOH›#¶ KÍ‹¶
¬ #
ë ß „¬#°•#°
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë=ô#ß XH› „¬xx Zxß
~ËA•°Qê, Zxß <³••°Qê, Zxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê, ZO`Ç Hê•OQê K͆ÇòKÇ°#ßn ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has + been + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject –> 'I' 'We' 'You' 'They' J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Have been'
'He', 'She', 'It' J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Has been' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô x#ß\÷ #°O_• D notes `džǶ~¡° 6. "Œ~¡ ° 1985 #°O_• D ‹¬ O ‹¬ Ö # °
K͆ÇòKÇ°<Œß"Œ ? x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ ?
Have you been preparing this notes Have they been maintaining this firm
since yesterday ? since 1985 ?
2. g°~¡° "Œ~¡O ~ËA• #°O_• results HË‹¬O 7. h=ô ~ï O_È° <³•• #°O_• Spoken English
Z^ΰ~¡° KǶ‹¬°ë<Œß~Œ ? HêÁ‹¬°•ä›½ ‚¬ð[~¡Q®°KÇ°<Œß"Œ ?
Have you been waiting for the results Have you been attending the Spoken
for one week ? English classes for two months ?
3. g° brother ~ï O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ• #°O_• 8. h=ô 2002 #°O_• job HË‹¬ O try
Vizag …Õ LO@°<Œß_¨ ? KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß"Œ?
Has your brother been staying in Vizag Have you been trying for a job since
for two years ? 2002?
4. P"³ ° Q® ` Ç <Œ•°Q® ° ~ËA• #°O_• 9. 10 ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ• #°O_È• h=ô D scooter
L„¬"Œ‹¬=òO@°#ß^¥ ? use KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß"Œ ?
Has she been fasting for the last four Have you been using this scooter for
days? ten years ?
5. Q® ` Ç ï ~ O_È ° ~ËA•°Qê WH› ø _È =~¡ Â O 10. 1995 #°O_• P"³° D school …Õ teacher
„¬_È°KÇ°#ß^¥ ? Qê „¬xKÍ‹¬°ë#ß^¥ ?
Has it been raining here for the last Has she been working as a teacher
two days ? in this school since 1995 ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject I, We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Haven't' =KÇ°ó#°.
He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Hasn't' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô ~ï O_È° ~ËA• #°O_• classes H÷ attend 6. Jan 1st #°O_• h=ô g° T~¡° "³ˆ¤… × ^
è ¥?
Hê=@O…è^¥? Haven't you gone to your village since
Haven't you attended the classes for Jan 1st ?
two days ? 7. g°~¡° Q®`Ç ï~O_È° <³••°Qê salary draw
2. g°~¡° <Œ•°Q®° <³•• #°Oz house rent pay K͆ǰ@O…è^¥?
K͆ǰ@O…è^¥? Haven't you drawn salary for the past
Haven't you paid house rent for four two months ?
months ? 8. P"³° J„¬æ\÷ #°O_• g° WO\÷H÷ ~Œ=@O …è^¥?
3. J`Ç_È° J„¬æ\÷ #°Oz h䛽 help K͆ǰ@O Hasn't she come to your house since
…è^¥? then ?
Hasn't he helped you since then ? 9. Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° <³••°Qê WH›ø_È =~¡ÂO „¬_È_ÈO
4. P"³° x#ß L^Ά°Ç O #°O_• food f‹¬°HË=@O …è^¥?
…è^¥? Hasn't it rained here for the past four
Hasn't she taken food since yesterday
months ?
morning ?
5. "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç ï~O_È° <³••°Qê games practise 10. Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡ Hê•OQê Ganguly matches
K͆ǰ@O…è^¥? P_È@O …è^¥?
Hasn't Ganguly played matches for the
Haven't they practised the games for
past one year ?
the last two months ?
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11. ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê h=ô class H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
~Œ=@O …è^ΰ ?
Why haven't you come to the class for
the past two days ? 1. ï~O_È° <³••°Qê g° father h䛽 money
12. Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê "Œ~¡° shop ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬O„¬@O…è^¥?
open K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ? 2. ï~O_È° <³••°Qê h=ô movies KǶ_È@O
Why haven't they opened the shop for
the last four days ?
…è^¥?
13. Q®`"
Ç Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê J`Ç_°È duty H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 3. KŒ…ì ~ËA•°Qê g°~¡° J`Çxx H›•=…è^¥?
attend Hê=@O…è^ΰ ? 4. KŒ…ì ~ËA•°Qê h=ô "ŒiH÷ letters
Why hasn't he attended the duty for the ã"Œ†Ç°…è^¥?
past one week ?
14. Q®`Ç Hùxß <³••°Qê h=ô studies Ì„á ZO^ΰ䛽 5. Q®`Ç 6 <³••°Qê g°~¡° bank #°O_• money
concentrate K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ? withdraw K͆ǰ…è^¥?
Why haven't you concentrated on your
studies for the past few months ? 6. Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° <³••°Qê "Œ~¡° g°ä›½ salary
15. P"³° Q®`Ç 10 ~ËA•°Qê Hê…èlH÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 K³eÁOKÇ@O…è^¥?
"³ˆ×¤@O…è^ΰ ? 7. x#ß\÷ #°Oz h=ô Ug° f‹¬°HË…è^¥?
Why hasn't she gone to college for the
8. J„¬æ\÷ #°Oz J`Ç_°È h`Ë =¶\ìÁ_@ È O…è^¥?
past ten days ?
16. "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê classes 9. Q®`Ç 10 ~ËA•°Qê h=ô J`Çxx ZO^ΰ䛽
ZO^ΰ䛽 x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ@O…è^ΰ ? H›•=…è^ΰ?
Why haven't they conducted the 10. h=ô Jan-1 #°O_• g° T~¡° ZO^ΰ䛽
classes for the past four days ? "³ˆ×¤…è^ΰ?
17. Q®`Ç Hùxß <³••°Qê g°~¡° <Œ`Ë ZO^ΰ䛽
‹¬‚¬ìH›iOKÇ@O…è^ΰ ? 11. Q® ` Ç 6 <³ • •°Qê g°~¡ ° instalments
Why haven't you co-operated with me ZO^ΰ䛽 pay K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ?
for the past few months ?
18. Q® ` Ç ï ~ O_È ° „¬ ~ Œ¼†Ç ° =ò•°Qê P†Ç ° # 12. Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡ Hê•OQê "Œ~¡° g°ä›½ material
ZO^ΰ䛽 ZxßH›•…Õ ‡é\© K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ? ZO^ΰ䛽 supply K͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ?
Why hasn't he contested in the 13. ï~O_È° ~ËA• #°O_• h=ô temple H÷
elections for the past two times ?
ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆ×¤_ÈO…è^ΰ?
19. Q®`Ç Hùxß <³••°Qê J`Ç_È° ZH›ø_¨ ZO^ΰ䛽
„¬xK͆ǰ@O…è^ΰ ? 14. <Œ•°Q®° <³•• #°O_• g°~¡° monthly report
Why hasn't he worked any where for ZO^ΰ䛽 submit K͆ǰ…è^ΰ?
the past few months ?
20. J„¬æ\÷ #°O_• h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 "Œi q+¬†°Ç O…Õ 15. ~ï O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò• #°O_• P"³° birthday
*ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°HË=@O…è^ΰ? ZO^ΰ䛽 celebrate KÍ‹¬°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
Why haven't you interefered in their
matter since then ?
Z
Adversity introduces a man to himself. 96
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ "Have / Has + been + Verb
+ 'ing ' form " Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Present Perfect Continuous
Tense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form
4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ㇕~¡Oa•Oz ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOH›#°
continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "have / has + been +
Verb + ' ing ' form " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I have been doing this job for two years.
2. We have been facing this problem for one month .
3. He has been staying with us since July.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`Ç HùO`ÇHê•OQê =°#=ò KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 (P „¬xx
ZO`Ç Hê•OQê KÍ † Ç ò @…è ^ Ë) "have / has + not+ III form of the Verb"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I have not met him for two days.
2. We have not come here since Sunday last.
3. He has not sent me money for two months.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ㇕~¡Oa•Oz ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOH›#¶
continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ë#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have /
Has + been + Verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Have you been trying for a job for two years ?
2. Has he been helping you for a long time ?
3. Have they been practising this game since Monday last ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`ÇHê•OQê =°#=ò KÍ‹¬¶ëO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Haven't / Hasn't + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Haven't you gone to office for five days ?
2. Hasn't he met you since Monday last ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
98 A good beginning makes a good ending.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'had been + 'ing' form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß class H÷ "³ˆõÁ ‹¬iH÷, J~¡Q®O@ 4. =¶ brother Q®=~¡ß"°³ O@° job ‡ÚO^Í^¥xH÷
=òO^ΰ #°OKÍ lecturer lesson teach =òO^ΰ ~ï O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê private
KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß~¡°. school …Õ „¬xKÍ‹°¬ Oë _•<Œ_È°.
The lecturer had been teaching the My brother had been working in a
lesson for half-an-hour before I went to private school for two years before he
the class yesterday. got the govt. job.
2. "Í°=ò x#ß ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ ground H÷ KÍ~°¡ 䛽<Í 5. "Í°=ò last week Mysore KÍ~¡°ä›½<Í^¥xH÷
‹¬iH÷ ï~O_È°Q®O@• =òO^ΰ#°O_Í "Œ~¡° =òO^ΰ ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê JH›ø_È =~¡ÂO
match P_È°`ǶO_•<Œ~¡°. „¬_°È `ǶO_•#k.
They had been playing the match for It had been raining there for two days
two hours before we reached the before we reached Mysore last week.
ground yesterday evening.
6. <Í#° x#ß press H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ XH›
3. "Í°=ò Ongole town H÷ shift J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ Q® O @ #°O_• J`Ç _ È ° cards print
=òO^ΰ, <Œ•°Q®° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•#°Oz KÍ‹°¬ Oë _•<Œ_È°.
Q®°O@¶~¡°…Õ x=t‹¬¶Oë _•<Œ=ò. He had been printing the cards for one
We had been living in Guntur for four hour before I went to the press.
years before we shifted to Ongole town.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx HùO`ÇHê•=ò =~¡ä½› XH›~°¡ continuous Qê KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•# XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz, P „¬xx ZO`Ç Hê•=òQê K͆ÇòKÇ°#ßk ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° WH›ø_•H÷ =KÍó ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ~ï O_È° Q®O@•°Qê JH›ø_È rest f‹¬°ä›½O@¶O_•<Œ~Œ ?
J J`Ç_È° D job ‡ÚO^Í ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ 2 ‹¬OII•°Qê private company …Õ „¬x KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ_¨ ?
J g°~¡° work ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKÍ =òO^ΰ ~ï O_È° Q®O@•°Qê "Œi`Ë KÇi‹ó ¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬x †³òH›ø Hê•=ò#°
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`ÇO…Õx ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä›½ continuous Qê
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz P „¬x ZO`ÇHê•OQê KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ"³¶ „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had + been + Verb + ing form " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Had been' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
4. Programme ㇕~¡Oa•OKÍ^¥xH÷ Q®O@
1. h=ô WH›ø_È䛽 =KÍó^¥xH÷ ï~O_È° Q®O@•
=òO^Î ° Qê "Œ~¡ ° tickets issue
=òO^Î ° Qê WO\÷ ^Î Q ® ¾ ~ ¡ home-work KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ?
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ"Œ?
Had they been issuing the tickets for
Had you been doing home-work for two
one hour before they commenced the
hours before you came here ?
programme ?
2. H÷ appear J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ ï~O_È° <³••
Test
5. Guests =KÍ ó ^¥xH÷ ï ~ O_È ° Q® O @•
=òO^ΰQê g°~¡° prepare J=ô`¶Ç O_•<Œ~Œ? =òO^Î ° Qê g°~¡ ° JH› ø _È U~Œæ@°Á
Had you been preparing for the test for KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ?
two months before you appeared for the Had you been making arrangements for
test ? two hours before the guests came ?
3. Train =KÍó^¥xH÷ Q®O@ =òO^ΰQê g°~¡° 6. D company …Õ join J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ P~¡°
station …Õ wait KÍ ‹ ¬ ¶ ë O _•<Œ~Œ? <³ • •° =òO^Î ° Qê h=ô Hyd. …Õ
Had you been waiting for one hour at „¬xKÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ"Œ?
the station before the train arrived ? Had you been working in Hyd. for six
months before you joined this company?
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7. g°~¡° D town H÷ shift HêH›=òO^ΰ ZO`Ç D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Hê•OQê Hyd …Õ x=‹²‹¬¶ëO_•<Œ~¡° ?
Howlong had you been living in 1. h=ô class H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ half an hour #°Oz
Hyderabdad before you shifted to this teacher lesson teach KÍ‹¶ ¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ?
town ?
2. D room …ÕxH÷ shift J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ
8. Manager =KÍó ^¥xH÷ ZO`Ç‹ À „¬\÷ #°O_• 6 <³••°Qê h=ô g° uncle WO\ÕÁ stay
KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ"Œ?
h=ô WH›ø_È wait KÍ‹¬°ë<Œß=ô ?
Howlong had you been waiting here 3. h=ô theatre H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ Q®O@ =òO^ΰQê
before the manager came ? "Œ~¡° JH›ø_È queue …Õ x•|_• =ôO_•<Œ~Œ?
9. WH› ø _È Join J†Í ° ¼ ^¥xH÷ =òO^Î ° 4. D post …Õ join J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ h=ô
ZO`Ç H ê•OQê h=ô JH› ø _È KÇ ^ Î ° =ô ZO`ÇHê•OQê training ‡ÚO^ΰ`ǶO_•<Œ=ô?
KÇ°O_•<Œ=ô ? 5. g° father retire J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ZO`Ç
Howlong had you been studying there
Hê•OQê h=ô job KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ=ô?
before you joined here ?
6. WH›ø_•H÷ =KÍó ^¥xH÷ Q®O@ =òO^ΰ #°O_•
10. Class H÷ attend J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ g°~¡° JH›ø_È chess P_È°`ǶO_•<Œ~Œ?
ZO`Ç À ‹ „¬ \ ÷ #°Oz h=ô lessons
7. g°~¡° JH›ø_•H÷ KÍ~°¡ Hù<Í ^¥xH÷ ~ï O_È° Q®O@•
KÇ^°Î =ô`Ç°O_•<Œ=ô ? =òO^Î ° #°O_• JH› ø _È =~¡  O
Howlong had you been reading the „¬_°È KǶO_•#^¥?
lessons before you attended the class ?
8. Minister =KÍ ó ^ ¥xH÷ ï ~ O_È ° Q® O @•
11. Final match P_Í^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ g°~¡° Zxß =òO^ΰQê "Œ~¡° U~Œæ@°Á KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~Œ?
~ËA•°Qê game practise KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡°? 9. KÇx‡é†Í° ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ZO`Ç Hê•OQê
Howlong had you been practising the g° grand father business KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _•<Œ~¡°?
game before you played the final match?
10. National team …ÕxH÷ selection ‡ÚO^Í
12. Business start KÍÀ‹^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ J`Ç_È° ^¥xH÷ ZO`Ç Hê•OQê Sachin cricket
ZO`ÇHê•OQê „¬x <Í~°¡ äó ½› O@¶O_•<Œ_È°? P_È°`ǶO_•<Œ_È°?
Howlong had he been learning work
before he started business?
Z
A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. 102
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'will have + been + 'ing' form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. „¬ s H› Æ • ° "³ ò ^Î • †Í ° ¼^¥xH÷ J~¡ Q ® O @ 4. Function ‡
ã •~¡Oa•OKÍ^¥xH÷ Q®O@ =òO^ΰ
=òO^ΰ #°O_• invigilators q^¥¼~¡°Ö• hall #°Oz "Í°=ò function hall decorate
tickets verify KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°. KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì=ò.
The invigilators will have been We will have been decorating the
verifying the student hall-tickets for function hall for one hour before we
half-an hour before they commence the start the function.
examination. 5. "Œ~¡° product #° =¶ï~ø\˜…ÕxH÷ q_È°^Ε
KÍÀ‹^¥xH÷ ï~O_È° <³•• =òO^ΰ #°OKÍ
2. "Œ~¡° programme "³ò^Ε°Ì„>è^
“ ¥xH÷ Q®O@ orders book KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
=òO^ΰ #°O_• ‡•‹¹•° issue KÍ‹°¬ Oë \ì~¡°. They will have been booking the
They will have been issuing the orders for two months before they
passes for one hour before they release the product into the market.
commence the programme. 6. ㄬ^Î~¡Å# "³ò^Ε° J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ J~¡Q®O@
3. Promotion =KÍó^¥xH÷ 6 <³•• =òO^ΰQê =òO^ΰ#°OKÍ ãÀ„H›Æ䛽•° ‚¬ð…˜…Õ ä›•~¡°óx
<Í#° training ‡ÚO^ΰ`Ç°O\ì#°. LO\ì~¡°.
I will have been undergoing training The audience will have been sitting
in the hall for half-an-hour before they
for six months before I get a promotion.
begin the show.
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EXERCISE
7. =¶ father India H÷ uiy =KÍó^¥xH÷ XH›
‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O =òO^Î ° #°O_Í <Í # ° job D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì#°.
I will have been doing job for one year
before my father returns to India.
1. „¬sH›•Æ ° "³ò^Ε° J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ <³•
~ËA• #°Oz =¶ lecturers lessons Jhß
8. Jƒ•’¼~¡°Ö•O^Î~¡¶ „¬sH›Æ ‚¬ð•°…ÕxH÷ revise KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
=KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ XH› Q®O@ #°O_Í "Œ~¡°
seating U~Œæ@°Á KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°. 2. Australia tour "³ˆõ¤^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ 15
They will have been making seating ~ËA• #°Oz Indian Cricket players
arrangements for one hour before the Madras …Õ practise KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
candidates come into the exam hall.
3. Admission list ㄬH›\÷OKÍ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ
9. Doctor clinic H÷ =KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ Q®O@
#°O_• patients P†Ç°#HË‹¬O Z^ΰ~¡° ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê "Œ~¡° application forms
KǶ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°. verify KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
The patients will have been waiting 4. Train |†Ç°•°^Í~¡_¨xH÷ Q®O@ =òO^ΰ
for one hour before the doctor comes
#°OKÍ ã„¬†Ç¶}÷䛽•° `Ç=° ‹Ô@Á…Õ ä›•~ùóx
to the clinic.
LO\ì~¡°.
10. Office H÷ |†Ç°•° ^Íö~ ^¥xH÷ XH› Q®O@
=òO^ΰ #°O_Í <Í#° WO\÷ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ files 5. ö~„¬ô Class H÷ "³ˆõÁ^¥xH÷ XH› Q®O@ =òO^ΰ
verify KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì#°. #°O_• <Í#° D exercise KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì#°.
I will have been verifying the files at
home for one hour before I start for
6. ö~„¬ô function "³ò^Ε†Í°¼^¥xH÷ Q®O@
office. =òO^ΰ #°OKÍ guests =‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
11. ö~„¬ô guests =KÍó^¥xH÷ ï~O_È° Q®O@• 7. ~ö „¬ô J`Ç_°È WH›ø_•H÷ =KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ
=òO^ΰ #°O_• mother items `džǶ~¡° ï~O_È° Q®O@• #°Oz "Í°=ò J`Çx HË‹¬O
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°. Z^ΰ~¡° KǶ‹¬¶ëO\ì=ò.
Mother will have been preparing
items for two hours before the guests 8. ‡é\© Jƒ•’¼~¡°•Ö list announce KÍÀ‹ ^¥xH÷
arrive tomorrow. =òO^ΰ ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê N KÇOã^΃ì|°
12. h=ô ö~„¬ô <Œ room H÷ =KÍó^¥xH÷ Q®O@ Jƒ•’¼~°¡ •Ö bio-datas verify KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°.
=òO^ΰ #°OKÍ <Í#° lessons KÇ^ΰ=ô
`Ç°O\ì#°.
I will have been reading lessons for
one hour before you come to my room. Z
All that glitters is not gold. 104
11TH DAY - A
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê
‡ã •~¡Oa•Oz HùO`ÇHê•=ò continuous Qê KÍ‹¶ ¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz, ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ~ö „¬ô "Í°=ò JH›ø_•H÷ =KÍ‹ó i¬ H÷ g°~¡° XH› Q®O@ =òO^ΰQê U~Œæ@°Á KÍ‹¶¬ Oë \ì~Œ ?
J =°#=ò JH›ø_È䛽 "³ˆõ¤^¥xH÷ ï~O_È° Q®O@•°Qê "Œ~¡° JH›ø_È work KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ ?
J h=ô own business ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKÍ ^¥xH÷ 6 <³••° =òO^ΰQê accounts <Í~¡°ó䛽O@°O\ì"Œ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _È° XH› „¬x †³òH›ø Hê•=ò
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ÿ…Õ =°#=ò K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê KÍ‹¶¬ Oë _È° XH› „¬xx
ZO`ÇHê•OQê K͆ÇòKÇ°O^ΰ"³¶ ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will have + been + Verb + ing form " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
Subject I, We, J~ò#„¬C_È° "Shall have"
You, He, She, It, they J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Will have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô g° WO\÷H÷ =KÍó^¥xH÷ Q®O@ Will you have been sitting in the hall
=òO^Î ° #°O_Í h=ô lessons half an hour before the chief guest
KÇ^ΰ=ô`Ç°O\ì"Œ? comes?
Will you have been reading the lessons 4. <Œ\÷ H › ã „ ¬ ^ Î i ÅOKÍ ^¥xH÷ <³ • ~ËA•°
for one hour before I come to your =òO^ΰQê g°~¡° rehearsals KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ?
house? Will you have been making rehearsals
2. h=ô ö~„¬ô exam hall H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ^¥xH÷ Q®O@ for one month before you perform the
=òO^Î ° #°Oz D book refer play?
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì"Œ? 5. Doctor clinic H÷
=KÍó ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ Q®O@
Will you have been refering to this book #°O_• patients P†Ç ° # HË‹¬ O wait
for one hour before you go to the exam KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~Œ?
hall ? Will the patients have been waiting for
3. Chief guest =KÍó ^¥xH÷ J~¡QO
® @ =òO^ΰQê the doctor for one hour before he comes
g°~¡° hall …Õ ä›•~ùóx LO\ì~Œ? to the clinic?
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EXERCISE
6. Test 䛽 appear J†Í°¼^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ZO`Ç
D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Hê•OQê h=ô lessons revise KÍ‹°¬ Oë \ì=ô?
Howlong will you have been revising 1. ö ~ „¬ ô h=ô WH› ø _•H÷ =KÍ ó ^ ¥xH÷ Q® O @
the lessons before you appear for the =òO^Î ° Qê WO\÷ ^Î Q ® ¾ ~ ¡ lessons
KÇ^ΰ=ô`ǶO\ì"Œ?
test?
7. <Í#° ö~„¬ô g° room H÷ =KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ 2. =°#=ò ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ JH›ø_•H÷ "³ˆ¤õ ^¥xH÷
ï ~ O_È ° Q® O @•° =òO^Î ° Qê "Œ~¡ ° test
ZO`Ç À ‹ „¬ ô Qê g°~¡ ° matter discuss ã"Œ‹¬¶ëO\ì~Œ?
KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°?
Howlong will you have been 3. h=ô |†Ç ° @ä› ½ "³ ˆ õ ¤ ^¥xH÷ J~¡ Q ® O @
discussing the matter before I come
=òO^ΰQê ready J=ô`Ç°O\ì"Œ?
to your room tomorrow?
4. J`Ç_È° Delhi "³ˆõ¤ ^¥xH÷ ï~O_È° <³••°
8. =°#=ò "³ˆõ¤ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ZO`ÇÀ‹„¬\÷ =òO^ΰQê Hindi <Í~¡°ó䛽O@¶O\ì_¨?
#°O_• "Œ~¡° JH›ø_È „¬xKÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°?
5. Function "³ò^Ε° J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ Q®O@
Howlong will they have been working
=òO^ΰQê<Í guests =‹¬¶ëO\ì~Œ?
before we go there?
9. Train =KÍ^
ó ¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ZO`Ç‹
À „¬\÷ #°O_• 6. „¬sH›•Æ ° "³ò^Ε° J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ Zxß
~ËA•°Qê g° lecturers lessons revise
clerk tickets issue KÍ ‹ ¬ ° ë O \ì_È ° ? KÍ‹¬¶ëO\ì~¡°?
Howlong will the clerk have been
issuing the tickets before the train 7. Promotion ‡ÚO^Í ^¥xH÷ ZO`Ç Hê•O
=òO^ΰQê h=ô tH›Æ} ‡ÚO^ΰ`Ç°O\ì=ô?
arrives?
10. =°#=ò "³ˆõ¤ ^¥xH÷ =òO^ΰ ZO`ÇÀ‹„¬\÷ 8. |‹¬ ° • |†Ç ° •°^Í ö ~ ^¥xH÷ ZO`Ç À ‹ „¬ ô
=òO^ΰQê "Œ~¡° tickets W‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°?
#°Oz "Œ~¡° JH›ø_È U~Œæ@° KÍ‹¬°ëO\ì~¡°?
Howlong will you have been making
REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ =òO^ΰQê "Had + been + Verb
+ 'ing' form" J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D structure #° grammar …Õ Past
Perfect Continuous Tense JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1) Positive Form 2) Question Form
J#° ï~O_È° pasrts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D ï~O_È° parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥O.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õ HùO`ÇHê•=ò =~¡ä›½ continuous Qê KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx ZO`ÇHê•OQê
K͆ÇòKÇ°#ßn ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Had + been + Verb + ' ing ' form " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I had been suffering form a head-ache for two hours before I went to sleep
last night.
2. They had been revising the lessons for ten days fefore they appeared for
the exam.
2. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õ HùO`ÇHê•=ò =~¡ä›½ continuous Qê KÍ‹¬¶ëO_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ZO`ÇHê•OQê K͆ÇòKÇ°#ßn ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Had+ been + Verb +
'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Had you been staying in your uncle's house for two months before you
shifted to this room ?
2. Had she been typing the letters for two hours before you went there ?
D~ËA =°#=ò "Will have + been + Verb + 'ing' form " J#° structure Q®°iOz
䛕_¨ <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D structure #° grammar …Õ Future Perfect Continuous Tense
JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ Positive Form =°i†Çò Question Form J#° ï~O_È° parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
D ï~O_È° parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥O.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› „¬x [~¡°Q®°@H›O>è =òO^ΰ ‡ã •~¡Oƒ•’"°³ Ø continuous Qê HùO`ÇHê•OQê
KÍ‹¬¶ëO_È° "Í~ùH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will have + been + Verb +
'ing'form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will have been taking rest for one hour before you come to my house.
2. She will have been preparing for the test for two months before she appears
for it.
2. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› „¬x [~¡°Q®°@ H›O>è =òO^ΰ ‡ã •~¡Oƒ•’"°³ Ø continuous Qê HùO`Ç
Hê•OQê KÍ ‹ ¬ ¶ ë O _È ° "Í ~ ùH› „¬ x x Q® ° iOz ã „ ¬ t ß O KÇ ° @#° ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½
"Will have + been + verb + 'ing' form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Will you have been waiting for me for one hour before I come there ?
2. Will they have been getting ready for two hours before they go out ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡°
H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 2 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß
"ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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USED TO
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õ ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J…"Œ@°Qê KÍ‹°¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P J•"Œ@° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO…è^ΰ. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê K͆Çò@…è^ΰ. XH›„¬C_È°
ï~Q®°¼•~Ÿ Qê KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ~¡=ò.
J <Í#° z#ß„¬C_È° KŒ…ì ƒìQê KÇk"Í"Œ_•x.
J "Í°=ò =¶ ‹¬¶ø•° ~ËA•…Õ ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê P@•° P_Í "Œˆ×¤=ò.
J P"³° J„¬C_È° guests #° ƒìQê treat KÍ‹¬°ëO_Ík.
J "Œ~¡° XH›ø„¬C_È° XH› z#ß Ti…Õ x=tOKÍ"Œ~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ XH›~¡° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J…"Œ@°Qê KÍ‹¬°ëO_³_• „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õ =°# z#ß `Ç#O…Õ, Hê…èl ~ËA•…Õ =°iOïH„¬C_³<á Œ Q®`OÇ …Õ ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH›
J•"Œ@°Q®ê, „¬^„Í ^¬ Í KÍ‹°¬ Oë _³_• XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Used to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†Ç³¶ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : 'Used to' J#°#k XH› Anomalous Verb. Wk Past Tense …Õ =¶ã`Ç"Í°
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°. Present Tense, Future Tense •…Õ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ䛕_È^ΰ.
"ŒH›¼=ò…Õ Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'used to' =KÇ°ó#°. 'Used to' `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç
verb Z•Á„¬C_È° I form …Õ LO_È=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° <Œ Hê…èl ~ËA•…Õ ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê …ÿáã|s 6. N=°u ƒ•ì#°=°u XH› „ ¬ C _È ° `Ç q °ˆ×
H÷ "³•°ëO_Í"Œ_•x. ‹²x=¶•…Õ ä›•_¨ #\÷‹¬°ëO_Ík.
I used to go to library regularly during Smt. Bhanumathi used to act in Tamil
my college days. movies also once.
2. "Í ° =ò J„¬ C _È ° KŒ…ì hard work 7. N Z<£ . \÷ . P~Ÿ . =°Oz ã H › = °tH› Æ }
KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ~¡=ò. ‡•\÷‹°¬ Oë _Í"Œ~¡°.
We used to work hard then. Sri N.T.R. used to maintain good
discipline.
3. =¶ brother 90's …Õ Delhi …Õ Bank
8. N=°u WOkQêOn• Z䛽ø=Qê English
Manager Qê „¬xKÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ_È°.
My brother used to work as a Bank
=¶\ìÁ_Í"Œ~¡°.
Smt. Indira Gandhi used to speak
Manager in Delhi during 90' s.
English mostly.
4. Mrs. Madhavi =¶ä›½ J„¬C_È° Hindi teach 9. P ~ËA•…Õ ‹¬°h…˜ Q®"Œ‹¬ø~Ÿ =°# ãH÷ïH\˜
KÍ‹¬°ëO_Ík. \©"£°#° lead KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ_È°.
Mrs. Madhavi used to teach us Hindi Sunil Gavaskar used to lead our
then. Cricket team in those days.
5. "Œ~¡ ° XH› „ ¬ C _È ° KŒ…ì z#ß WO\ÕÁ 10. N „².q. #~¡tO‚¬ð~Œ=ô N=°u WOk~Œ
x=t‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ~¡°. QêOn•H÷ ~Œ[H©†¶
Ç •…Õ ‹¬•‚¬ð•° W‹¬°Oë _Í
They used to live in a small house "Œ~¡°.
once. Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao used to advise
Smt. Indira Gandhi in politics once.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õ ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê KÍ‹¬°ëO_Èx „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. J#Qê Q®`ÇO…Õ =°#䛽 J•"Œ@° …èH› K͆ǰx„¬#°•°.
J <Í#° J‹¬••° HêÁ‹°¬ •° miss J†Í°¼"Œ_•xHê^ΰ.
J P"³° J„¬C_È° J‹¬•° Z=Þi`Ë#¶ =¶\ìÁ_Ík Hê^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° XH›„¬C_È° =¶ä›½ ‹¬‚¬ìH›iOKÍ"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ.
J "Í°=ò Hê…èl…Õ J‹¬•° games P_Í"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
Ì „ á "ŒH› ¼ =ò•° XH› ~ ¡ ° Q® ` Ç O …Õ ï ~ Q® ° ¼•~Ÿ Q ê …è H › J•"Œ@°Qê KÍ ‹ ¬ ¶ ë O _È x „¬ # °•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ J•"Œ@°…èHQ› êx, W+¬O“ …èHQ› êx ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê KÍ‹°¬ Oë _Èx
XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Did not + use to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ' did not + use to + I form' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° J„¬C_È° J‹¬•° hard work KÍ‹À "Œ_•ß 6. "Í ° =ò J„¬ C _È ° J‹¬ • ° time waste
Hê^ΰ. KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
I did not use to work hard then. We did not use to waste time at all
2. "Í°=ò school days …Õ guides follow then.
J†Í°"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ. 7. N=°u WOk~ŒQêOn• J‹¬•° Z=ih care
We didnot use to follow guides in our KÍÀ‹k Hê^ΰ.
Smt. Indira Gandhi did not use to care
school days.
anyone.
3. P ~ËA•…Õ L^˼Q®°•° •OKÇO f‹¬°ä›½<Í 8. <Í#° XH›„¬C_È° J‹¬•° friends `Ë move
"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ. J†Í°¼"Œ_•x Hê^ΰ.
Employees did not use to take bribe I did not use to move with friends
in those days. once.
4. P "³ ° J„¬ C _È ° J‹¬ • ° Z=i`Ë#° 9. "Í°=ò J„¬C_È° studies neglect KÍ
=¶\ìÁ_Ík Hê^ΰ. À‹"Œˆ×¤O Hê^ΰ.
She did not use to talk to anybody We did not use to neglect our studies
then. then.
5. "Œ~¡ ° XH› „ ¬ C _È ° J‹¬ • ° W`Ç ~ ¡ ° •Ì „ á 10. =¶ brother z#ß „ ¬ C _È ° Z=i=¶\ì
P^•¥~¡„_
¬ "Í Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ. q<Í"Œ_È° Hê^ΰ.
They did not use to depend on others My brother did not use to listen to any
once. body's words in his boyhood days.
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QUESTION FORM
Q®`ÇO…Õ XH›~¡° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQ®ê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê K͆Çò „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•#°
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° XH›„¬C_È° D Ti…Õ x=tOKÍ"Œ~Œ?
J g° father J„¬C_È° L.I.C …Õ „¬x KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ~Œ?
J "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° "Œ¼‡•~¡=ò KÍ‹°¬ Oë _Í"Œ~Œ ?
J P"³° g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° English teach KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í^¥ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~°¡ Q®`OÇ …Õ ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê K͆ò
Ç „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°
@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õ XH›„C¬ _È° ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê XH›~°¡ KÍ‹°¬ Oë _³_• XH› „¬xx „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
"Did + use to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° "Did + use + I form" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. g°~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° ï ~ Q® ° ¼•~Ÿ Q ê grammar 5. "Œ~¡° WO`Çä½› =òO^ΰ H›ƒ
Á …˜ Õ ª•O‹¬ø$uH›
<Í~¡°ó䛽O@°O_Í"Œ~Œ? Hê~¡¼ãH›=°=ò•° x~¡Þ‚²ì‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ~Œ ?
Did you use to learn grammar Did they use to conduct the cultural
regularly then ? programmes in the club then ?
2. g°~¡ ° XH› „ ¬ C _È ° Hyderabad …Õ 6. h=ô J„¬C_È° private college …Õ „¬x
x=t‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ~Œ ? KÍ‹°¬ Oë _Í"Œ_•"Œ ?
Did you use to live in Hyderabad Did you use to work in a private
once? college then ?
7. g°~¡° XH›„¬C_È° book shop #_È°„¬ô`Ç°O_Í
3. H›=°•‚¬ð‹¬<£ J„¬C_È° Hindi films …Õ act "Œ~Œ ?
KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ_¨ ? Did you use to run a book shop once?
Did Kamala Hasan use to act in Hindi 8. h=ô J„¬ C _È ° ã „ ¬ u L^Î † Ç ° O ¢ Q ÒO_£ … Õ
films then ? exercise KÍ‹°¬ O
ë _Í"Œ_•"Œ ?
4. P"³° J„¬C_È° „¬ãuH›•ä›½ H›^ŠÎ•° Did you use to take exercises in the
„¬O„¬ô`Ç°O_Í^¥ ? ground every morning then ?
Did she use to send stories to the 10. h=ô J„¬C_È° ãH÷ïH\˜ ƒìQê P_È°KÇ°O_Í
magazines then ? "Œ_•"Œ?
Did you use to play cricket well then ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Didn't + use to' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô school days …Õ J‹¬ • ° games 7. g°~¡° J„¬C_È° classes miss J†Í°¼"Œ~¡°
P_Í"Œ_•qHê^¥? Hê^¥?
Didn't you use to play games in your Didn't you use to miss the classes
school days? then?
2. g°~¡° J„¬C_È° answers by heart KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡°
Hê^¥? 8. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° studies Ì„á concentrate
Didn't you use to byheart the answers KÍÀ‹"Œ_È°Hê^¥?
then ? Didn't he use to concentrate on studies
3. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° ‹¬iQê „¬xKÍÀ‹"Œ_È°Hê^¥? then ?
Didn't he use to work properly then ? 9. "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° regular Qê taxes pay
4. P"³° J„¬C_È° Z=i`Ë#¶ =¶\ìÁ_ÍkHê^¥? KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡°Hê^¥?
Didn't she use to talk to anyone then?
Didn't they use to pay taxes regularly
5. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° D „¬ O _È ° Q® celebrate
then ?
KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡°Hê^¥?
Didn't they use to celebrate this festival 10. h=ô J„¬ C _È ° college H÷ regular Qê
then ? "³ˆ"¤õ Œ_•qHê^¥?
6. h=ô J„¬C_È° movies KǶ‹À "Œ_•qHê^¥? Didn't you use to go to college regularly
Didn't you use to see movies then ? then?
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11. g°~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° language classes H÷ D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
ZO^ΰ䛽 attend J†Í°¼"Œ~¡°Hê^ΰ?
Why didn't you use to attend language
1. h=ô J„¬C_È° answers byheart KÍ‹À "Œ_•q
classes then?
Hê^¥ ?
12. h=ô J„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 guides follow J†Í°¼
"Œ_•qHê^ΰ? 2. g°~¡° J„¬C_È° D game P_Í"Œ~¡°Hê^¥?
Why didn't you use to follow guides 3. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° law practise KÍ‹¬°ëO_Í"Œ_È°
then? Hê^¥ ?
13. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 g° =¶@ q<Í"Œ_È°
Hê^ΰ? 4. P"³° J„¬C_È° gold ornaments ^•ÎiOKÍk
Why didn't he use to listen to your
Hê^¥ ?
words then? 5. "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° "Œ¼‡•~¡O…Õ ƒ•ìs „ Ì @°“|_È°•°
14. P"³° J„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 ZH›ø_•H© "³ˆ¤k
õ Hê^ΰ? Ì„>è“ "Œ~¡°Hê^¥?
Why didn't she use to go anywhere 6. h=ô J„¬C_È° Z=iÌ„<á Œ P^•¥~¡„_ ¬ Í "Œ_•q
then? Hê^¥ ?
15. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° ZO^Î ° ä› ½ „¬ O _È ° Q® • ° 7. g°~¡° J„¬C_È° taxies …Õ „ ã †
¬ ¶Ç }O KÍ‹À "Œ~¡°
[iÀ„"Œ~¡°Hê^ΰ? Hê^¥ ?
Why didn't they use to celebrate
festivals then? 8. P†Ç°# J„¬C_È° U q+¬†°Ç =ü „¬\O“÷ Kǰ䛽<Í
16. h=ô college ~ËA•…Õ seminors …Õ "Œ_È°Hê^¥ ?
ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡•…ç¾<"Í Œ_•qHê^ΰ? 9. P"³° XH›„¬C_È° modern dresses ^•ÎiOKÍk
Why didn't you use to participate in Hê^¥ ?
the seminors in your college days?
17. g°~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° ZO^Î ° ä› ½ regular Qê 10. "Œ~¡° XH›„¬C_È° non-veg. f‹¬°ä›½<Í "Œ~¡°
accounts maintain KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡°Hê^ΰ?
Hê^¥ ?
Why didn't you use to maintain 11. h=ô J„¬C_È° ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê college H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽
accounts regularly then? "³ˆ"¤õ Œ_•qHê^ΰ ?
18. P"³° J„¬C_È° =°# WO\ÕÁ ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_Ík 12. g°~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° traffic rules ZO^Î ° ä› ½
Hê^ΰ? ‡•\÷OKÍ"Œ~¡°Hê^ΰ ?
Why didn't she use to stay in our house
then?
13. P"³° J„¬C_È° g° WO\ÕÁ ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_Ík
19. "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 loans f‹¬°ä›½<Í Hê^ΰ ?
"Œ~¡°Hê^ΰ? 14. "Œ~¡° XH›„¬C_È° life #° ZO^ΰ䛽 enjoy
Why didn't they use to take loans then? KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡°Hê^ΰ ?
20. h=ô XH›„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 money save 15. h=ô z#ß`Ç#O…Õ g° father =¶@ ZO^ΰ䛽
KÍ‹À "Œ_•qHê^ΰ? q<Í"Œ_•qHê^ΰ ?
Why didn't you use to save money
once ?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
=°#=ò D~ËA =°# Spoken English Course …Õ "Used to + I form of the Verb"
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õ HùO`ÇHê•O ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê …èH› J•"Œ@°Qê „¬^„
Í ^
¬ Í KÍ‹¶
¬ Oë _•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Used to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I used to write letters to the foreigners then.
2. We used to help one another in our college days.
3. She used to teach us Hindi in our school days.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õ HùO`ÇHê•OQê ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê Qêx, J•"Œ@°…èH› Qêx =°#=ò K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Didnot + use to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I did not use to go to library in my school days.
2. We did not use to miss the classes then.
3. He did not use to work hard once.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õ HùO`ÇHê•=ò ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê Qêh, J•"Œ@°Qê Qêh KÍ‹°¬ Oë _³_• XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ã „ ¬ t ß O KÇ ° @#° ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½ "Did + use to + I form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Did you use to play games in your school days?
2. Did he use to stay with you in those days?
3. Did they use to celebrate every festival grandly then ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx HùO`Ç Hê•O J•"Œ@° …èH› ~ï Q®°¼•~ŸQê KÍ‹°¬ Oë _Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative
sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Didn't+use to + I form of Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Didn't you use to attend the classes regularly at school ?
2. Didn't he use to pay rent regularly then ?
3. Didn't they use to maintain the accounts regularly once ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
118 A little learning is a dangerous thing.
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POSSESSIONS -PRESENT
=°#=ò H›ey†Çò#ß "Œ\÷x Possessives JO^ΰ~¡°.
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O …è^¥ "Íï~=ï~á<Œ H›ey†Çò#ß "Œ\÷ Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Œä›½ D ~ËA urgent work =ô#ßk. J =¶ä›½ D <³•…Õ public exams =ô#ßq.
J J`ÇxH÷ ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°Oz income =ô#ßk. J P"³°ä›½ XH› gold necklace =ô#ßk.
D "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O …è^¥ "Íï~=ï~á<Œ H›ey†Çò#ß "Œ\÷ Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# J#Qê D ~ËA, D "Œ~¡O, D <³•, D
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O, „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey†Çò#ß@°=O\÷ "Œ\÷ Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
He, She, It - Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'has' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Œä›½ D ~ËA WO@~¡¶Þ¼ L#ßk. 6. <Œä›½ W^Îí~¡° sisters L<Œß~¡°.
I have an interview today. I have two sisters.
2. =¶ä›½ D "Œ~¡O English test =ô#ßk. 7. =¶ä›½ WO\ÕÁ Jxß facilities =ô<Œß~ò.
We have English test this week. We have all facilities in our house.
3. =¶ brother 䛽 government Job =ô#ßk. 8. Sachin Tendulkar 䛽 batting …Õ =°Oz
My brother has a govt. Job. skill =ô#ßk.
4. =¶ sister 䛽 college …Õ =°Oz friends Sachin Tendulkar has good skill in
L<Œß~¡°. batting.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J "ŒiH÷ J‹¬•° principles LO_È=ô. J =¶ä›½ D "Œ~¡O school …Õ tests …è=ô.
J =¶ brother H÷ ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO U income …è^ΰ. J P"³°ä›½ J‹¬•° friends …è~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO XH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë =Ç ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# D ~ËA, D "Œ~¡O, D <³•, D
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Donot / Does not + have " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "do not have"
He, She, It –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "does not have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Œä›½ D ~ËA office …Õ work …è^ΰ. 7. <Œ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ W„¬C_È° _È|°Ä …è^ΰ.
I don't have work in the office today. I don't have money with me now.
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18. "ŒiH÷ LO_ÍO^ΰ䛽 Wˆ×ä…è=ô. 12. <Œä›½ J‹¬•° business …Õ profit …è^ΰ.
They don't have houses to live in.
13. =¶ä›½ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O bonus …è^ΰ.
19. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =¶ä›½ Ì‹•=ô•° …è=ô. 14. ~Œ‚¬•…˜ QêOn•H÷ J‹¬•° ~Œ[H©†Ç°OQê
We don't have holidays at present. experience …è^ΰ.
Z
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PRESENT - QUESTION FORM
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò XH›~°¡ H›ey†Çò#ß"Œ\÷x Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J D ~ËA WH›ø_È h䛽 work =ô#ß^¥? J W„¬C_È° h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ money =ô#ß^¥?
J D"Œ~¡O g°ä›½ Ì‹•=ô•° =ô<Œß†Ç¶? J J`ÇxH÷ government job =ô#ß^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò H›ey†Çò#ß"Œ\÷x Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# W„¬C_È°, D ~ËA, „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ , D"Œ~¡O, D<³•,
D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey†Çò#ß@°=O\÷ "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
" Do / Does + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They - subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° ' Do + have' =KÇ°ó#°.
He, She, It - subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° ' Does + have' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h䛽 D~ËA English class =ô#ß^¥? 7. P"³°ä›½ English …Õ =°Oz knowledge
Do you have English class today? =ô#ß^¥?
Does she have good knowledge in
2. g°ä›½ D "Œ~¡O screening test =ô#ß^¥? English?
Do you have screening test this week?
8. "ŒiH÷ D town …Õ =°Oz influence
3. h䛽 brothers =ô<Œß~Œ? =ô#ß^¥?
Do you have brothers? Do they have good influence in this
town?
4. g°ä›½ ㄬu Pk"Œ~¡O Ì‹•=ô =ôO@°O^¥?
Do you have a holiday every Sunday? 9. g° father H÷ WOHê KŒ…ì years service
=ô#ß^¥?
5. g° brother H÷ vehicle =ô#ß^¥?
Does your father have still many year
Does your brother have a vehicle ?
service ?
6. g° WO\ÕÁ g°ä›½ Jxß =‹¬`°Ç •¶ =ô<Œß†¶
Ç ? 10. P"³°ä›½ gold ornaments =ô<Œß†Ç¶?
Do you have all facilities in your house?
Does she have gold ornaments?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Don't have" =KÇ°ó#°.
He, She, It - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Doesn't have" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h䛽 sisters …è~Œ? 8. "ŒiH÷ „²•Á•° …è~Œ?
Don't you have sisters? Don't they have children?
3. h䛽 J‹¬•° common sense …è^¥? 10. g° Ti…Õ internet ªÏH›~¡¼O …è^¥?
Don't you have common sense at all? Don't you have internet facility in your
4. g°ä›½ D <³•…Õ J‹¬•° Ì‹•=ô•°…è"Œ? village?
Don't you have holidays this month? 11. h䛽 ‹¬ï~á# guidance …è^¥?
5. J`Ç x H÷ D ~ËA Uq° work …è ^ ¥? Don't you have proper guidance?
Doesn't he have any work today? 12. g° brother H÷ teaching …Õ experience
6. P"³°H÷ WH›ø_È U problem …è^¥? …è^¥?
Doesn't your brother have experience
Doesn't she have any problem here?
in teaching?
7. "ŒiH÷ J‹¬•° property …è^¥?
Don't they have property at all?
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13. g°ä›½ D ~ËA classes ZO^ΰ䛽…è=ô? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why don't you have classes today?
14. h䛽 D ~ËA duty ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? 1. h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ English Text Book …è^¥?
Why don't you have duty today?
2. g° town …Õ „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ water problem …è^¥?
15. g° =°^•Î¼ unity ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ?
Why don't you have unity among you? 3. P"³°ä›½ brothers …è~Œ?
16. J`ÇxH÷ P post 䛽 eligibility ZO^ΰ䛽…è^°Î ? 4. J`ÇxH÷ regular income …è^¥?
Why doesn't he have eligibility for that
post ? 5. "ŒiH÷ D Ti…Õ own house …è^¥?
17. P"³°ä›½ JH›ø_È ZO^ΰ䛽 freedom …è^ΰ? 6. J`ÇxH÷ J‹¬•° business …Õ experience
Why doesn't she have freedom there? …è^¥?
18. "ŒiH÷ D festival H÷ Ì‹•=ô•° ZO^ΰ䛽 7. P"³°H÷ J‹¬•° science …Õ knowledge
…è=ô? …è^¥?
Why don't they have holidays for this
festival? 8. "ŒiH÷ J‹¬•° ‡Ú•O#䛽 water supply
19. h䛽 W„¬C_È° work ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? …è^¥?
Why don't you have work now? 9. <Œä›½ Dª•i J=Hê‰×O …è^¥?
20. "ŒiH÷ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O profits ZO^ΰ䛽…è=ô?
10. =°#䛽 Dª•i election duty …è^¥?
Why don't they have profits this year?
21. J`ÇxH÷ job ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^ΰ? 11. h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ driving licence ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^ΰ?
Why doesn't he have a job?
12. "ŒiH÷ „²•Á•° ZO^ΰ䛽 …è~¡°?
22. P"³°ä›½ g° co-operation ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ?
Why doesn't she have your co-
13. J`ÇxH÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 ^•³~á ¼¡ O …è^°Î ?
operation? 14. J`ÇxH÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 =°Oz qualities …è=ô?
23. J`ÇxH÷ ‹¬i†³Ø°# P^¥†Ç°O ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ?
Why doesn't he have sufficient income? 15. "ŒiH÷ J‹¬ • ° Sunday work ZO^Î ° ä› ½
LO_È^ΰ?
24. "ŒiH÷ J‹¬•° leisure ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why don't they have leisure at all?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
=°#=ò D~ËA =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Have / Has' • Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
D ~ï O_•O\÷x grammar …Õ Anomalous Verbs JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive
Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts
<Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Vㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò H›ey†Çò#ß@°=O\÷ "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have / Has "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. I have good friends here. 2. We have a test today.
3. She has a gold necklace. 4. He has good experience in business.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
V„
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò =°#=ò H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "don't / doesn't have"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. I don't have the driving licence. 2. We don't have any problem here.
3. He doesn't have a job. 4. She doesn't have brothers.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Vㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò H›ey†Çò#ß@°=O\÷ "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Do / Does + have " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. Do you have leisure today? 2. Do you have an interview this week?
3. Does he have good income? 4. Does she have a fever now?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Vㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Don't / Doesn't have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. Don't you have any work today? 2. Don't you have rest at all?
2. Doesn't she have classes today ? 3. Doesn't he have money with him now?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
128 Power comes from sincere service.
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POSSESSIONS - PAST
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J =¶ä›½ x#ß ‹Ì •=ô LO_•#k. J <Œ^ÎQ~
¾® ¡ x#ß ~¡¶. 500 LO_•#q.
J =¶ä›½ x#ß P„¦Ô‹¬°…Õ KŒ…ì work =ôO_•#k. J "ŒiH÷ XH›„¬C_È° =°Oz property =ôO_•#k.
D "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey †ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
'Had' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'had' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß <Œ^ÎQ~¾® ¡ ~¡¶. 5000 LO_•#q. 6. =°#ä› ½ XH› „ ¬ C _È ° ö H Oã ^ Î O …Õ stable
I had Rs. 5000 with me yesterday. government LO_Ík.
2. last Sunday <Œä›½ K³<³áß…Õ interview We had a stable government at centre
=ôO_•#k. once.
I had an interview in Chennai last 7. N.T.R.H÷ J„¬ C _È ° =°Oz popularity
Sunday. LO_•#k.
3. Last month =¶ä› ½ public exams N.T.R. had a good popularity then.
LO_•#q. 8. XH›„C¬ _È° "ŒiH÷ 100 acres land LO_•#k.
We had public examinations last They had 100 acres land once.
month. 9. <Œä›½ x#ß Journey …Õ =°Oz H›OÌ„h
4 =¶ cousin H÷ J„¬C_È° government job LO_•#k.
LO_•#k. I had a good company on my journey
My cousin had a govt. job then. yesterday.
5. =¶ä› ½ x#ß office …Õ heavy work 10. P"³°ä›½ ~Œãu KŒ…ì [Þ~¡=ò LO_•#k.
LO_•#k. She had a high fever last night.
We had heavy work in office yesterday.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Œä›½ J„¬C_È° D town …Õ J‹¬•° friends …è~¡°. J =¶ä›½ x#ß Hê…èl…Õ H›O„¬î¼@~Ÿ HêÁ‹¬° …è^ΰ.
J P"³° 䛽 J„¬C_È° J‹¬•° gold ornaments …è=ô. J =¶ brother H÷ x#ß office …Õ duty …è=ô.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O, XH›„C¬ _È°
…èH› Q®`ÇO…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Did not + have " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject –> Singular, Plural U^³á##° "did not + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =¶ä›½ x#ß J‹¬•° leisure …è^ΰ. 6. "ŒiH÷ J„¬C_È° own house …è^ΰ.
We did not have leisure yesterday. They did not have own house then.
2. <Œ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ x#ß J‹¬•° money …è^ΰ. 7. =¶ä›½ J„¬C_È° Hê…èl…Õ =°Oz staff …è~¡°.
I did not have money with me We did not have good staff in our
yesterday. college then.
3. =¶ä›½ x#ß =¶ colony …Õ power supply 8. =¶ä›½ J„¬C_È° entrance tests LO_Íq
…è^ΰ. Hê=ô.
We did not have power supply in our We did not have entrance tests then.
colony yesterday. 9. J`ÇxH÷ J„¬C_È° J‹¬•° work LO_Ík Hê^ΰ.
4. =¶ brother H÷ J„¬C_È° D L^˼Q®=ò …è^°Î . He did not have work at all then.
My brother did not have this job then. 10. "ŒiH÷ J„¬C_È° study classes LO_Íq Hê=ô.
5. P"³°H÷ x#ß J‹¬•° q㉧Ou …è^ΰ. They did not have study classes then.
She did not have rest yesterday. 11. <Œä›½ J„¬C_È° J‹¬•° ƒ•’†°Ç =òO_Ík Hê^ΰ.
I did not have fear at all then.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h䛽 x#ß interview =ôO_•#^¥? J g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° KŒ…ì property =ôO_Í^¥?
J J`ÇxH÷ last month training =ôO_•#^¥? J P"³°ä›½ x#ß fever =ôO_•#^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡=ò, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò …èH›
Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
" Did + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ' Did + have' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ money =ôO_•#^¥? 6. "ŒiH÷ J„¬C_È° KŒ…ì property LO_•#^¥?
Did you have money with you Did they have good property then?
yesterday? 7. h䛽 J„¬C_È° close firends =ôO_•<Œ~Œ?
2. Last Sunday g°ä› ½ special class Did you have close friends then?
=ôO_•#^¥?
8. g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° college …Õ =°Oz staff
Did you have a special class last
LO_•<Œ~Œ?
Sunday?
Did you have good staff in the college
3. Last month g°ä› ½ public exams
then?
=ôO_•#"Œ?
Did you have public exams last month? 9. g° brother H÷ J„¬C_È° government job
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11. hä› ½ last Sunday interview ZH› ø _È D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
LO_•#k?
Where did you have the interview last
Sunday?
1. h䛽 x#ß <Œ`Ë work LO_•#^¥ ?
12. g°ä›½ last year Zxß subjects =ôO_•#q? 2. g°ä›½ last Sunday exam LO_•#^¥ ?
How many subjects did you have last
3. J`ÇxH÷ XH›„C¬ _È° ‡•s“ „¬^q
Î =ôO_Í^¥ ?
year?
13. x#ß h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ZO`Ç moeny LO_•#k? 4. P"³°ä›½ x#ß high temperature LO_•#^¥?
How much moeny did you have with 5. "ŒiH÷ XH› „ ¬ C _È ° KŒ…ì problems
you yesterday? LO_•<Œ†Ç¶ ?
14. g°~¡ ° x#ß ZO^Î ° ä› ½ J`Ç x `Ë `Ç Q ê^¥
H›ey†Çò<Œß~¡° ? 6. h䛽 last year =°Oz income LO_•#^¥?
Why did you have a quarrel with him 7. g°ä›½ XH›„¬C_È° "Œi =°^Îí`Ç° LO_Í^¥ ?
yesterday?
8. J`Ç x H÷ z#ß„¬ C _È ° `Ç e Á ^ Î O ã _ È ° •
15. x#ß h䛽 holiday ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_•#k? encouragement LO_Í^¥ ?
Why did you have a holiday yesterday?
16. Q®`Ç ‡•~¡"Á °³ O\˜…Õ HêOãQï ‹¹ä½› ZO`Ç =°Ok 9. g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° drinking water facility
‹¬ƒ•’°¼•° LO_•<Œ~¡°. LO_Í^¥ ?
Howmany members did the congress 10. "ŒiH÷ XH› „ ¬ C _È ° D toun …Õ =°Oz
party have in the last Parliament?
influence LO_•#^¥ ?
17. last month h account …Õ ZO`Ç amount
=ôO_•#k? 11. g°ä›½ last time training ZH›ø_È LO_•#k?
Howmuch amount did you have on 12. NH› $ +¬ â ^ Í = ~Œ†Ç ò •° `Ç # court …Õ
your account last month? ZO`Ç=°Ok poets #° H›ey†ÇòO_•<Œ_È°?
18. WO`ÇH›=òO^ΰ g° ‘•„¬ô…Õ ZO`Ç=°Ok
13. g°ä›½ last month Zxß working days
Workers =ôO_•i?
Howmany workers did you have in
LO_•<Œ~ò ?
your shop then? 14. x#ß P time …Õ h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ZO`Ç money
19. h䛽 J„¬C_È° <³•ä›½ ZO`Ç income =ôO_Ík? LO_•#k ?
Howmuch income did you have per
15. ~Œãu g°ä›½ party U hotel …Õ LO_•#k ?
month then?
20. "ŒiH÷ J„¬C_È° Zxß ZH›~Œ• ƒ•’¶q° LO_Ík?
Howmany acres land did they have
then?
Z
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XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß h䛽 computer class …è^¥? J g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° own house …è^¥?
J P"³°ä›½ x#ß J‹¬•° rest …è^¥? J J`ÇxH÷ J„¬C_È° D L^˼Q®O …è^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò …èH›
Q®`ÇO…Õ =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@䛽
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Didn't + have" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß g°ä›½ classes …è"Œ? 7. g°ä›½ P ~ËA•…Õ entrance tests LO_Íq
Didn't you have classes yesterday? Hê"Œ?
2. Last week h䛽 office …Õ duty …è^¥? Didn't you have entrance tests in those
Didn't you have duty in the office last days?
week?
8. "ŒiH÷ last year business …Õ profits …è"Œ?
3. J`ÇxH÷ J„¬C_È° D job …è^¥? Didn't they have profits in the business
Didn't he have this job then? last year?
4. P"³°H÷ x#ß WO\ÕÁ work Ug°…è^¥? 9. g°ä› ½ XH› „ ¬ C _È ° L^˼Q® J=Hê‰× = ò•°
Didn't she have any work in the house
yesterday?
LO_ÍqHê"Œ?
Didn't you have job opportunities once?
5. "ŒiH÷ XH›„¬C_È° J‹¬•° property …è^¥?
Didn't they have property at all once? 10. "Œi ^ÎQ®¾~¡ x#ß tickets …è"Œ?
Didn't they have tickets with them
6. h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ x#ß money …è^¥? yesterday?
Didn't you have money with you
yesterday?
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11. x#ß h䛽 duty ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why didn't you have duty yesterday?
12. h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ P time …Õ licence ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? 1. Last year g°ä›½ office …Õ inspection
Why didn't you have the licence with
…è^¥?
you at that time?
2. Last Sunday g°ä›½ office …Õ meeting
13. g°ä›½ x#ß JH›ø_È programme ZO^ΰ䛽
…è^ΰ? …è^¥ ?
Why didn't you have a programme there 3. x#ß h ^ÎQ®¾~¡ P time …Õ money …è^¥?
yesterday? 4. g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° Sanskrit subject LO_Ík
14. g°ä›½ last Sunday school …Õ test ZO^ΰ䛽 Hê^¥?
…è^ΰ? 5. "ŒiH÷ J„¬C_È° WH›ø_È U problem …è^¥?
Why didn't you have test in the school
last Sunday?
6. x#ß h䛽 J‹¬•° leisure …è^¥?
15. h䛽 J„¬C_È° D post H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 J~¡Ý`Ç 7. g° TiH÷ J„¬C_È° bus =‹¬u LO_Ík
…è^ΰ? Hê^¥?
Why didn't you have eligibility for this 8. J`ÇxH÷ J„¬C_È° "Œ¼‡•~¡O…Õ J#°ƒ•’=O
post then ? …è^¥?
16. J`ÇxH÷ last year promotion ZO^ΰ䛽 9. g°ä› ½ J„¬ C _È ° "Œ¼‡•~¡ O O…Õ profits
~Œ…è^ΰ?
Why didn't he have a promotion last
ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_ÍqHê=ô?
year? 10. J`ÇxH÷ J„¬C_È° regular income ZO^ΰ䛽
17. "Œi =°^•Î¼ J„¬C_È° unity ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^ΰ? …è^ΰ?
Why didn't they have unity among them 11. h student days …Õ h䛽 close friends
then? ZO^Î°ä› …è~¡°?
18. g°ä›½ last month exams `Ç~°¡ "Œ`Ç ‹
Ì •=ô•° 12. h=ô last time "Œi ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽
ZO^ΰ䛽 …è=ô?
Why didn't you have holidays after the
H›ey†ÇòO_È…è^ΰ?
exams last month?
13. x#ß P"³°ä›½ ZO^ΰ䛽 rest …è^ΰ?
19. Last time J`ÇxH÷ "Œi support ZO^ΰ䛽 14. Last time "ŒiH÷ D J=Hê‰×O ZO^ΰ䛽
…è^ΰ? ~Œ…è^ΰ?
Why didn't he have their support last 15. x#ß h=ô lunch ZO^ΰ䛽 H›ey†ÇòO_È
time? …è^ΰ?
20. g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° night duties ZO^ΰ䛽O_Íq
Hê=ô ?
Why didn't you have night duties then? Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Had" Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Had' #° grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb JO\ì~¡°. nxx Past tense …Õ L„¬†¶ ³ yª•ë=ò.
nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form
J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
=°#=ò Q® ` Ç O …Õ H› e y†Ç ò O_•# "Œ\÷ x Q® ° iOz ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½ "Had"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I had an interview last Sunday. 2. We had holidays last month.
3. He had many problems once. 4. They had heavy work yesterday.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
=°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Did not + have"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I did not have class work yesterday. 3. He did not have rest yesterday.
2. We did not have any problem then. 4. They didn't have this property
once.
3. QUESTION FORM :
=°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õ H›ey†ÇòO_•# "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Did +
have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Did you have work yesterday? 2. Did you have good opportunities once?
3. Did he have training last month?4. Did they have good harvest last time ?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
=°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Didn't + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Didn't you have class yesterday?
2. Didn't he have this job then?
3. Didn't she have good company on journey yesterday?
4. Didn't they have income once ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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POSSESSIONS - FUTURE
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey †ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will have" L„¬†³¶ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Will have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Œä› ½ ö ~ „¬ ô P„¦ Ô ‹ ¬ ° …Õ special duty 5. h䛽 =°Oz ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë LO@°Ok.
LO@°Ok. You will have a bright future.
I will have special duty in the office 6. g°ä› ½ selection `Ç ~ ¡ ° "Œ`Ç training
tomorrow. LO@°Ok.
2. =¶ä›½ =KÍó Pk"Œ~¡O Hê…èl…Õ function You will have training after the
LO@°Ok. selection.
We will have function in the college 7. "ŒiH÷ D season …Õ =°Oz sales
next Sunday. LO\ì~ò.
3. =¶ brother H÷ next year promotion They will have good sales in this
LO@°Ok. season.
My brother will have a promotion next 8. =¶ä›½ =KÍó <³• school …Õ P@• ‡é\©•°
year. LO\ì~ò.
4. "ŒiH÷ =KÍó March …Õ public exams We will have sports competitions in our
LO\ì~ò. school next month.
They will have public examinations 9. g°ä›½ „¬sH›Æ• `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Ì‹•=ô•° LO\ì~ò.
next March. You will have holidays after the
examinations.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Œä›½ ö~„¬ô office …Õ duty =ôO_È^ΰ. J =¶ä›½ next week classes =ôO_È=ô.
J h䛽 WH› transfer =ôO_È^ΰ. J J`ÇxH÷ WH› U ‹¬=°‹¬¼ LO_È^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Will not + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ' will not + have' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Œä›½ ö~„¬ô U work =ôO_È^ΰ. 6. h䛽 =°~¡… D J=Hê‰×O LO_È^ΰ.
I will not have any work tomorrow. You will not have this opportunity
We will not have test next Sunday. 7. =¶ä›½ WH› increment =ôO_È^ΰ.
3. =¶ brother H÷ WH› promotion =ôO_È^ΰ. We will not have any increment.
My brother will not have a promotion. 9. g°ä›½ WH› work …Õ risk =ôO_È^ΰ.
4. =¶ä›½ exams `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Ì‹•=ô•° =ôO_È=ô. You will not have any risk in the work.
We will not have holidays after the 10. P"³°H÷ WH› JH›ø_È U problem =ôO_È^ΰ.
exams. She will not have any problem there.
5. J`ÇxH÷ WH› =¶ co-operation =ôO_È^ΰ. 11. "ŒiH÷ next season …Õ sales =ôO_È=ô.
He will not have our co-operation They will not have sales in the next
hereafter. season.
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=ôO_È^ΰ. They will not have power D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
supply in the colony tomorrow.
12. <Œä›½ D ª•i election duty =ôO_È^ΰ. 1. <Œä›½ WH› U ‹¬=°‹¬¼ LO_È^ΰ.
I will not have election duty this time. 2. =¶ä›½ Next year D subject LO_È^ΰ.
13. =¶ä› ½ next year language paper
3. g°ä›½ ö~„¬ô English class LO_È^ΰ.
=ôO_È^ΰ. 4. _•ã w q^¥¼~¡ ° í • ä› ½ WH› g°^Î @
We will not have language paper next supplementary „¬sH›Æ•° LO_È=ô.
16. <Œä›½ ö~„¬ô J‹¬•° leisure =ôO_È^ΰ. 10. D scheme ^¥Þ~Œ =°#䛽 U „ ã †
¬ ¶
³ [#O
I will not have leisure at all tomorrow. LO_È^ΰ.
17. g°ä›½ ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È g°\÷OQ· =ôO_È^ΰ. 11. =°#䛽 ö~„¬ô town …Õ power supply
You will not have meeting there
LO_È^ΰ.
tomorrow. 12. WOHùH› 50 ‹¬OII• =~¡ä›½ =°#䛽 =°#
‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ ‹¬°<Œg° ƒ•’†°Ç O LO_È^°Î .
18. =¶ä›½ D ª•i Z䛽ø= profits =ôO_È=ô.
We will not have much profit this time.
13. J`ÇxH÷ D `Ç„¬CH÷ U tHÆê LO_È^ΰ.
14. P"³°ä›½ next time D payment LO_È^ΰ.
19. J`ÇxH÷ next time =¶ support LO_È^ΰ.
He will not have our support next time.
15. "ŒiH÷ D project =•# U q^•Î"°³ # Ø
#+¬“=ò LO_È^ΰ.
20. h䛽 WH›#°Oz D business …Õ Z䛽ø=
income =ôO_È^ΰ.
You will not have much income in this
business hereafter. Z
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h䛽 ö~„¬ô special class =ôO@°O^¥? J g°ä›½ next week exams =ôO\ì†Ç¶?
J J`ÇxH÷ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O promotion =ôO@°O^¥? J "ŒiH÷ ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È meeting LO@°O^¥ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
" Shall + have" or " Will + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
I, We Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Shall + have'
You, He, She, It, They, Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° will + have' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =°#=ò D ~ËA ~ŒãuH÷ hotel …Õ dinner 7. "ŒiH÷ D season …Õ =°Oz sales
H›ey†ÇòO^¥=¶? LO\ì†Ç¶?
Shall we have dinner at hotel tonight? Will they have good sales in this
season?
2. =°#=ò HùO`Ç‹
À „¬ô rest H›ey†ÇòO^¥=¶?
Shall we have rest for a while? 8. hä› ½ ö ~ „¬ ô P„¦ Ô ‹ ¬ ° …Õ work Zä› ½ ø=Qê
LO@°O^¥?
3. g°ä›½ ö~„¬ô holiday LO@°O^¥?
Will you have heavy work in the office
Will you have a holiday tomorrow?
tomorrow ?
4. "ŒiH÷ next week inspection =ôO@°O^¥?
9. h䛽 JH›ø_È =°Oz =‹¬u LO@°O^¥?
Will they have inspection next week?
Will you have good accommodation
5. J`Ç x H÷ D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O promotion there?
=ôO@°O^¥? 10. "ŒiH÷ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O䛕_¨ =°Oz profits
Will he have a promotion this year? LO\ì†Ç¶?
6. P"³°ä›½ P WO\ÕÁ ‹
À ÞKÇ•ó LO@°O^¥? Will they have good profits this year
Will she have freedom in that house? also?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Shalln't + have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
You, He, She, It, They - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Won't have" L„¬¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h䛽 ö~„¬ô class work LO_È^¥? 6. h䛽 next time JH›ø_È J=Hê‰×=ò LO_È^¥?
Won't you have class work tomorrow? Won't you have an opportunity there
next time?
2. g°ä›½ exams `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Ì‹•=ô•° LO_È"Œ?
Won't you have holidays after the 7. g°ä›½ selection `Ç~°¡ "Œ`Ç training LO_È^¥?
exams? Won't you have training after the
selection?
3. J`ÇxH÷ next year transfer LO_È^¥?
Won't he have a transfer next year? 8. J`ÇxH÷ =°Oz ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë LO_È^¥?
Won't he have a bright future?
4. P"³°H÷ Dq+¬†Ç°O…Õ "Œi ã‡é`Œ•‚¬ìO
LO_È^¥ ? 9. P"³°H÷ JH›ø_È "Œi ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡O LO_È^¥?
Won't she have their encouragement in Won't she have their co-operation
this matter? there?
5. "ŒiH÷ Dª•i =°Oz profits LO_È"Œ? 10. "ŒiH÷ next Sunday meeting LO_È^¥?
Won't they have good profits this time? Won't they have meeting next Sunday?
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11. h䛽 ö~„¬ô duty ZO^ΰ䛽 =ôO_È^ΰ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why won't you have duty tomorrow?
12. g°ä› ½ next season …Õ sales 1. h䛽 ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È work LO_È^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È=ô?
Why won't you have sales in the next 2. g°ä› ½ Dª•i summer …Õ classes
season? LO_È"Œ?
13. J`Ç x H÷ D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O promotion 3. J`ÇxH÷ ö~„¬ô duty LO_È^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 4. P"³°H÷ P job …Õ Z@°=O\÷ risk LO_È^¥?
Why won't he have a promotion this
year? 5. g°ä›½ next year D subject LO_È^¥?
14. P"³°H÷ JH›ø_È ‹
À ÞKÇ•ó ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^°Î ? 6. P†Ç°#䛽 JH›ø_È Ug° trouble LO_È^¥?
Why won't she have freedom there?
7. "ŒiH÷ Dª•i g°`Ë discussions LO_È"Œ?
15. "ŒiH÷ next year recruitments ZO^ΰ䛽
LO_È=ô? 8. h䛽 Dª•i P post ä› ½ competition
Why won't they have recruitments next
LO_È^¥?
year? 9. "ŒiH÷ JH›ø_È =‹¬`Ç°•° LO_È"Œ?
16. h䛽 JH›ø_È "Œi support ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 10. hä› ½ ö ~ „¬ ô JH› ø _È programme
Why won't you have their support ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
there?
11. g°ä› ½ Dª•i admission test
17. g°ä›½ Dª•i =°Oz „¬O@ ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^°Î ? ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why won't you have good harvest this
12. P†Ç°#H÷ Dª•i =°Oãu =~¡O¾ …Õ ª•Ö#=ò
time?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
18. "Œi =°^•Î¼ ‹¬‚ì¬ Hê~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^°Î ? 13. P"³°ä›½ JH›ø_È "Œi company (`Ë_È°)
Why won't they have co-operation
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
among them?
14. "ŒiH÷ D „¬ ^ Š Î H › = ò ^¥Þ~Œ benefits
19. =KÍó series …Õ Ganguly H÷ team …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽O_È=ô?
ª•Ö#"³°O^ΰ䛽O_È^°Î ?
Why won't Ganguly have room in the 15. g°ä› ½ =KÍ ó season 䛽 water supply
team in the next series? ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
20. ö~„¬ô g°ä›½ Ì‹•=ô ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why won't you have a holiday
tomorrow? Z
Fools build houses and wisemen live in them. 146
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
=°#=ò D~ËA =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Will have' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative
Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ XH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will have "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will have leisure tomorrow. 2. We will have inspection next month.
3. He will have a bright future. 4. They will have a meeting tomorrow.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ XH›~¡° H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Won't have "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I won't have any trouble from them.
2. We won't have any risk there.
3. He won't have their support next time.
4. She won't have any recognition there.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_ȃÕ=ô "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shall
have / Will have " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shall I have leave tomorrow? 2. Shall we have dinner tonight?
3. Will you have comforts there? 4. Will they have exams next month?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH›~°¡ H›ey†ÇòO_Èx "Œ\÷x Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shalln't / Won't + have " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Won't you have leisure tomorrow? 2. Won't you have a goal?
3. Won't she have help from them? 3. Won't they have job opportinities in
future ?
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Z
148 Great talkers are not great doers.
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* Note :
'I' Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "am"
He, She, It Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "is"
We, you, they Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "are" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° XH› _•ãw q^¥¼iÖx. 6. Cricket XH› P‹¬H÷ëH›~¡"³°Ø# P@.
I am a degree student. Cricket is an interesting game.
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EXERCISE
11. „²•Á•° "Í°_Èg°^Î L<Œß~¡°.
Children are upstairs. D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
8. ‚
Ì ìá ^Î~Œƒì^ΰ XH› Qù„¬æ KŒiã`Œ`ÇàH› #Q®~=
¡ ò.
16. "Œ~¡° KŒ…ì c^Î"Œ~¡°.
They are very poor. 9. =¶ parents „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =¶ =îi…Õ =ô<Œß~°¡ .
17. D~ËA "Œ`Œ=~¡}O KÇ•ÁQêL#ßk. 10. _•ãw q^¥¼~¡°•Ö ° W„¬C_È° Physics lab …Õ
The weather is cold today.
=ô<Œß~¡°.
11. u~¡°„¬u XH› †Ç¶ã`Œ ‹¬Ö•=ò.
18. D ~ËA question paper KŒ…ì H›+¬“OQê
L#ßk. 12. H›=°…˜‚¬ð‹¬<£ XH› Qù„¬æ #@°_È°.
The question paper is very difficult 13. `³•°Q®°^͉O× XH› ‡ã •Of†Ç° ‡•s“.
today.
14. U‹¬°Hã ‹
© °¬ ë JO^ÎiH© „
ã ƒ¬ •’°=ô.
19. h=ô KŒ…ì |•‚Ôì#OQê =ô<Œß=ô.
15. ‡ã •¦ <£• XH› ‡•‰§ó`¼Ç ^͉=× ò.
You are very week.
Z
A great deal of talent is lost for want of a little courage. 150
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NEGATIVE FORM
151
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Z
Attention is one's first duty. 152
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QUESTION FORM
* Note :
'I' Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "am"
He, She, It Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "is"
We, You, They Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "are" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô Engineering q^¥¼iÖ"Œ? 6. h=ô ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O Andhra University
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11. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g° Principal Z=~¡°? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Who is your Principal at present?
12. D ~ËA HêÁ ‹ ¬ ° H÷ h=ô ZO^Î ° ä› ½ late 1. g°~¡° XH› school teacher Qê L<Œß~Œ ?
J~ò<Œ=ô?
Why are you late to the class today ?
2. h=ô XH› Muslim =°`Ç‹°¬ _Ö •"Œ ?
15. g° HêÁ‹¬°…Õ ZO`Ç =°Ok girls =ô<Œß~¡°? 6. h=ô D club Secretary Qê L<Œß"Œ ?
Howmany girls are there in your class?
7. g° father D "Œ~¡O camp …Õ L<Œß~Œ ?
16. g° elder brother =†Ç°‹¬°• ZO`Ç?
8. P"³° XH› ‚²ìOn actress Qê L#ß^¥ ?
How old is your elder brother?
Z
A man should live within his income. 154
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I' Subject Qê L#ß#¶ Aren't =KÇ°ó#°. Amn't L„¬†³¶yOKÇ䛕_È^ΰ.
He, She, It Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° Isn't
We, You, They Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° Aren't =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô Mr. <Œ~Œ†Ç°} Qêi 䛽=¶~¡°_•q 7. g° father W„¬C_È° WO\ÕÁ …è~Œ?
Hê^¥? Isn't your father at home now?
Aren't you the son of Mr. Narayana?
8. P"³° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO JH›ø_È ‹¬O`Ë+¬OQê …è^¥?
2. g°~¡° D ^ׇ͉Ï~¡°•° Hê^¥? Isn't she happy there at present ?
Aren't you the citizens of this country?
9. "Œ~¡° ^•Î#=O`Ç°•° Hê~Œ?
3. J`Ç_È° h class-mate Hê^¥? Aren't they rich?
Isn't he your class-mate ?
10. D~ËA cricket match interesting Qê …è^¥?
4. D~ËA Pk"Œ~¡O Hê^¥? Isn't the cricket match interesting today?
Isn't it Sunday today ?
11. h=ô govt. employee Hê^¥?
5. "Œ~¡° g° |O^•Î°=ô•° Hê~Œ? Aren't you a govt. employee ?
Aren't they your relatives ?
12. g° brother h䛽 helpful Qê =ôO_È_¨?
6. h=ô D~ËA duty …Õ …è"Œ? Isn't your brother helpful to you?
Aren't you on duty today ?
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13. D~ËA Ì‹•=ô ZO^ΰ䛽Hê^ΰ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why isn't it a holiday today?
1. h=ô D Hê…èl student q Hê^¥?
14. Ganguly team …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽…è_È°?
Why isn't Ganguly in the team? 2. g°~¡° XOQË•° =òx‹²‡•e\÷ F@~¡°Á Hê~Œ?
15. "Œ~¡° W„¬C_È° D town …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽…è~¡°? 3. J`Ç_°È W„¬C_È° P ‡•s“ ‹¬ƒ•’°¼_È° Hê^¥?
Why aren't they in the town at present? 4. P"³° g° own sister Hê^¥?
16. J`Ç_È° D~ËA duty …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽…è_È°? 5. "Œ~¡° öH~¡ˆ×"Œ~¡° Hê^¥?
Why isn't he on duty today?
6. h=ô government employee q Hê^¥?
17. h"³O^ΰ䛽 ^•³~á ¼¡ OQê LO_È=ô? 7. g° father W„¬C_È° `³•°Q®°^͉O× ‡•s“…Õ …è~Œ?
Why aren't you bold?
8. P"³° W„¬C_È° P school Head mistress
18. h=ô g° father `Ë close Qê ZO^ΰ䛽 Hê^¥?
=ôO_È=ô?
Why aren't you close with your father?
9. "Œ~¡° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ Jk•Hê~¡O…Õ …è~Œ?
10. h=ô J`ÇxH÷ ‹¬xß‚²ì`Ç°_È=ôHê^¥?
19. "Œ~¡° SH›=°`ǼOQê ZO^ΰ䛽 LO_È~¡°?
Why aren't they united? 11. D~ËA g°\÷OQ·…Õ J`Ç_È° ZO^ΰ䛽…è_È°?
20. h=ô work …Õ serious QêZO^Î ° ä› ½ 12. "Œ~¡° „ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ g°ä›½ ZO^ΰ䛽 J#°ä›••OQê
LO_È=ô? …è~¡°?
Why aren't you serious at work? 13. h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 XH› job …Õ ‹²Ö~¡OQê LO_È=ô?
21. KÇ O ã ^ Î ° _È ° ‹¬ ¶ ~¡ ° ¼_È ° JO`Ç bright Qê 14. P†Ç°# students `Ë ZO^ΰ䛽 strict Qê
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È_È°? LO_È_È°?
Why isn't the moon so bright as the
15. India …Õ [<Œƒ•ì Ì„~¡°Q®°^Ε ZO^ΰ䛽
sun?
control …Õ LO_È^ΰ?
22. ‹¬=òã^΄¬ô h~¡° ~¡°zQê ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why isn't the sea water tasty?
Z
Money is a good servant but a bad master. 156
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
=°#=ò D~ËA =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Am, Is, Are' • Q®°iOz
<Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D =ü_•O\÷x grammar …Õ Present Tense 'Be' forms JO\ì~¡ ° .
nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form
J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
„
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ L#ß XH› Position,
Place, Condition Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "am / is / are " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° …èx XH› Position, Place, Condition Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "am not / is not / are not " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I am not an innocent man. 2. He is not in the town today.
3. They are not helpful to us. 4. This book is not useful to us.
3. QUESTION FORM :
„¬‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° L#ß XH› Position, Place, Condition Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Am / Is / Are " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Are you an officer here? 2. Is he on duty now?
„
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ …èx XH› Position, Place, Condition Q®°iOz negative
sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Isn't / Aren't " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
158 A mother is worth hundred teachers.
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* Note :
'I, He, She, It' SubjectQê L#ß„¬ô_È° "was"
We, you, they Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "were" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° last year XH› WO@~Ÿ q^¥¼iÖx. 6. H›~¶
¡ ß•° J„¬C_È° =°# ~ŒR ~Œ[^•¥x.
I was an Intermediate student last year. Kurnool was the capital city of our
2. J„¬C_È° N N.T.R. =°# =òY¼=°OãuQê state then.
LO_•<Œ~¡°. 7. P"³° J„¬C_È° =¶ hostel warden.
Sri N.T.R. was our Chief-Minister then. She was our hostel warden then.
3. Smt. WOk~ŒQêOn• J„¬ C _È ° =°# 8. <Í#° x#ß P time …Õ library …Õ L<Œß#°.
„ã ^¬ •¥#=°Oãu. I was in the library at that time
Smt. Indira Gandhi was our Prime- yesterday.
minister then. 9. "Í°=ò last week =¶ native place …Õ
4. Mr. Rao =¶ä›½ J„¬C_È° „
ã x² •‡•….̃ LO_•<Œ=ò.
Mr. Rao was our Principal then. We were at our native place last week.
5. ƒì|¶ ~Œ*è O ã ^ Î ã „ ¬ ª •^£ =°# "³ ò ^Î \ ÷ 10. =°# =òY¼=°Oãu x#ßO`Œ _•bÁ…Õ L<Œß~°¡ .
~ŒR„¬u. The Chief-minister was in Delhi
Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad was our first yesterday.
Prime-Minister
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_Èx ª•Ö#=ò (Position)
‹¬Ö•=ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° J„¬C_È° D office …Õ L^˼yx Hê#°. J "Í°=ò last year D town …Õ …è=ò.
J =¶ brother x#ß duty …Õ …è_È°. J P"³° x#ß P time …Õ WO\ÕÁ …è^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_Èx ª•Ö#=ò (Position)
‹¬Ö•=ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò …èH›
"Í~ùH›~¡° LO_Èx Position, Place or Condition ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Was not / Were not" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I, He, She, It' – > Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "was not"
We, You, They – > Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "were not " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° J„¬C_È° D Hê…èl ‹¬¶“_³O\˜x Hê^ΰ. 7. ªéx†Ç¶ QêOn• J„¬C_È° ‡•s“ J^•Î¼ä›½Æ ~Œ•°
I was not a student of this college then. Hê^ΰ.
2. "Í°=ò J„¬C_È° class mates Hê^ΰ. Mrs. Sonia Gandhi was not the party
We were not class-mates then. President then.
3. =¶ father J„¬C_È° businessman Hê^ΰ. 8. x#ß Ì‹•=ô …è^ΰ.
My father was not a business man Yesterday was not a holiday.
then. 9. "Œ~¡° XH›„C¬ _È° ƒ•ì~¡`Ç ^Í‰× ‡Ï~¡°•° Hê~¡°.
4. Mr. Rao J„¬C_È° =¶ „
ã x
² •„¬…˜ Hê^ΰ. They were not Indian citizens once.
Mr. Rao was not our Principal then. 10. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° JO`Ç `³e"³á#"Œ_È° Hê^ΰ.
5. N KÇOã^΃ì|° J„¬C_È° =òY¼=°Oãu Hê^ΰ. He was not so clever then.
Sri Chandra Babu was not the Chief- 11. "Œ~¡° XH›„C¬ _È° ^•Î#=O`Ç°•° Hê^ΰ.
minister then. They were not rich once.
6. last year J`Ç_È° D H›OÌ„h L^˼y Hê^ΰ. 12. P~ËA•…Õ XOQË•° XH› Ì„^Îí town Hê^ΰ.
He was not an employee of this Ongole was not a big town in those
company last year. days.
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15. x#ß cricket match P‹¬H÷ëH›~¡OQê …è^ΰ. 3. Q®OQ®¶b J„¬C_È° team captain Hê^ΰ.
The circket match was not interesting
4. P"³° last year =¶ class teacher Hê^ΰ.
yesterday.
5. "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° =¶ Hê•h "Œ‹¬°•° Hê~¡°.
16. last month D W•°Á MìmQê …è^ΰ.
This house was not vacant last month. 6. =¶ father J„¬C_È° "Œ¼‡•i Hê^ΰ.
17. P ~ËA•…Õ "Œ¼‡•~¡°•° Jqhu„¬~¡°•° 7. "Í°=ò X Class …Õ classmates Hê^ΰ.
Hê~¡°.
8. J„¬C_È° |OQê~¡O ^•Î~¡ Z䛽ø=Qê …è^°Î .
Businessmen were not corrupted in
those days. 9. =¶ Q®`Ç „ã x² •‡•…˜ strict Hê^ΰ.
18. x#ß dinner …Õ items ~¡°zQê …è=ô. 10. x#ß =¶ journey comfortable Qê …è^ΰ.
The items were not delicious in dinner
yesterday.
11. x#ß JH›ø_È programme interesting Qê
…è^ΰ.
19. x#ß function …Õ U~Œæ @ °Á guests ä› ½
ªÏH›~¡¼OQê …è=ô. 12. P"³° J„¬C_È° WO`Ç weak Qê …è^ΰ.
The arrangements in the function were 13. x#ß H›$‘•âZH±•„Ì ã ‹¹ late Hê…è^ΰ.
not comfortable to the guests
yesterday. 14. last year chairman „¬ ^ Î q H÷ P†Ç ° #
‡é\©…Õ …è~¡°.
20. J„¬C_È° „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•° "ŒiH÷ J#°ä›••OQê
…è=ô. 15. Last year J`Ç_È° P firm …Õ partner Hê^ΰ.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_•# ª•Ö#=ò (Position)
‹¬Ö•=ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition) Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° J„¬C_È° D factory …Õ workers Qê =ôO_•<Œ~Œ? J x#ß h=ô leave …Õ =ôO_•<Œ"Œ?
J x#ß programme interesting Qê =ôO_•#^¥? J P"³° XH›„C¬ _È° g° WO\ÕÁ LO_•#^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_•# ª•Ö#=ò (Position)
‹¬Ö•=ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition) Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò …èH›
"Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_•# Position, Place or Condition ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽 Past 'Be' forms J~ò#
"Was / Were" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I, He, She, It' Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "was"
We, You, They Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "were" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô last year degree q^¥¼iÖ"Œ? 7. J„¬ C _È ° N.T.R. =°# =òY¼=°Oã u Qê
Were you a degree student last year? LO_•<Œ~Œ?
Was N.T.R. our Chief-minister then?
2. g°~¡° WO@sà_•†³°\˜…Õ class mates Qê
=ôO_•<Œ~Œ? 8. h=ô J„¬C_È° P H›OÌ„h…Õ accountant Qê
Were you class-mates in Intermediate? =ôO_•<Œ"Œ?
Were you an accountant in that
3. g° father XH›„C¬ _È° politics …Õ =ôO_•<Œ~Œ?
company then?
Was your father in politics once?
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11. POã^•Î„
ã ^
¬ ‰Í ˜ "³ò^Î\÷ =òY¼=°Oãu Z=~¡° ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Who was the first Chief-minister of
Andhra Pradesh?
12. h=ô x#ß HêÁ ‹ ¬ ° ä› ½ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ absent 1. x#ß g°~¡° busy Qê LO_•<Œ~Œ ?
J~ò<Œ=ô?
Why were you absent from the class 2. Last week h=ô Chennai LO_•<Œ"Œ ?
yesterday?
13. P time …Õ h=ô library ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ZO^ΰ䛽 3. x#ß h=ô special duty …Õ LO_•<Œ"Œ ?
=ô<Œß=ô?
Why were you near the library at that
4. g° father XH›„¬C_È° g° Ti ‹¬~¡æOKŸQê
time? LO_•<Œ~Œ ?
14. Last Sunday g°~¡° ZH›ø_È =ô<Œß~¡°?
Where were you last Sunday?
5. JH›ø_È "Œ~¡° h䛽 helpful Qê LO_•<Œ~Œ?
15. x#ß exams …Õ question paper Z…ì 6. h=ô J„¬C_È° VVM College q^¥¼iÖ"Œ ?
=ôO_•#k ?
How was the question paper in the 7. x#ß h=ô class H÷ late J~ò<Œ"Œ ?
examination yesterday?
16. N.T.R. =°Oã u =~¡ ¾ O …Õ ZO`Ç = °Ok 8. g° father XH›„¬C_È° railway employee Qê
ministers =ôO_•<Œ~¡° ? LO_¨<Œ~Œ ?
Howmany ministers were there in
N.T.R's cabinet? 9. Last week h=ô camp …Õ LO_¨<Œ"Œ ?
17. ^ùOyeO„¬|_•# bag …Õ ZO`Ç amount
=ôO_•#k ? 10. x#ß circus show Z…ì =ôO_•#k ?
Howmuch amount was there in the
stolen bag? 11. x#ß h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 leave …Õ L<Œß=ô ?
18. Last month P"³° hospital …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽
LO_•#k ? 12. x#ß match …Õ Indian team …Õ ZO`Ç
Why was she in the hospital last =°Ok bowlers LO_•<Œ~¡° ?
month?
19. 10 ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò• Hã `÷ OÇ =°# ~ŒRO…Õ Zxß 13. J`Ç _ È ° P time …Õ JH› ø _È ZO^Î ° ä› ½
universities =ôO_•#q ? =ô<Œß_È° ?
Howmany universities were there in
our state ten years ago? 14. XH›„¬C_È° D house Z=ik ?
20. x#ß g° annual day function H÷ chief
guest Z=~¡°?
15. J„¬C_È° g° Branch Manager Z=~¡° ?
Who was the chief-guest to your
annual day function yesterday ?
Z
Wise men love truth where as fools shun it. 164
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject I, He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Wasn't'
We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Weren't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô last year P offfice …Õ accountant 6. x#ß P time …Õ <Í#° JH›ø_È …è<Œ?
q Hê^¥? Wasn't I there at that time yesterday ?
Weren't you an accountant in that office
7. "Œ~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È busy Qê …è~Œ?
last year?
Weren't they busy there yesterday?
2. h=ô x#ß staff meeting …Õ …è"Œ?
8. x#ß question paper easy Qê …è^¥?
Weren't you in the staff meeting
Wasn't the question paper easy
yesterday?
yesterday ?
3. x#ß ‰×x"Œ~¡=ò Hê^¥?
9. x#ß party …Õ dinner ƒìQê …è^¥?
Wasn't it Saturday yesterday ?
Wasn't the dinner delicious in the party
4. XH›„¬C_È° P†Ç°# P firm H÷ owner Hê^¥? yesterday?
Wasn't he the owner of that firm once ?
10. P†Ç°# x#ß office H÷ late Hê…è^¥?
5. "Œ~¡° XH›„¬C_È° c^Î"Œ~¡° Hê^¥? Wasn't he late to the office yesterday ?
Weren't they poor once?
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11. x#ß h=ô English class …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 …è=ô? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why weren't you in the English class
yesterday?
1. x#ß programme ƒìQê …è^¥?
12. J`Ç_È° h䛽 JH›ø_È ZO^ΰ䛽 helpful Qê 2. D chapter last year syllabus …Õ …è^¥?
…è_È°?
Why wasn't he helpful to you there? 3. x#ß JH›ø_È U problem …è^¥?
13. P"³° x#ß function …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^ΰ? 4. Olden days …Õ =°#^͉×O…Õ Jqhu…è^¥?
Why wasn't she in the function
5. QêOn• Qêi ‹²^¥œO`Œ•° ‹¬i†³°Ø #qHê"Œ?
yesterday ?
14. hÀ „ ~¡ °
first list …Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ …è ^ Î ° ?
6. ‡ã •*ÿä½› •“ ° xiàOKÇ@O J„¬æ\÷ „
ã ƒ
¬ •’°`ŒÞxH÷
Why wasn't your name in the first list?
ª•^•Î¼„_¬ …È ^è ¥?
15. x#ß ‡é\©…Õ h"³O^ΰ䛽 …è=ô? 7. J„¬æ\ÕÁ „¬O*샘 ‹¬=°‹¬¼ KŒ…ì H÷Á+¬“"³°Ø#k
Why weren't you in the competition Hê^¥?
yesterday? 8. P ‹¬O^Î~Ä¡•O…Õ J`Ç_°È ‹¬O`Ë+¬OQê…è_¨?
16. x#ß\÷ match …Õ Ganguly ZO^ΰ䛽 …è_È°? 9. WOk~ŒQêOn• =°Oãu=~¡O¾ …Õ M.S.R ‹¬ƒ•’°¼_°È
Why wasn't Ganguly in yesterday's
Hê^¥?
match?
17. x#ß ZO^ΰ䛽 Ì‹•=ô Hê^ΰ? 10. Ongole XH› „ ¬ C _È ° Guntur l…ìÁ … Õxk
Why wasn't it a holiday yesterday? Hê^¥?
18. P ~ËA•…Õ _È|°Ä䛽 ZO^ΰ䛽 q•°=…è^ΰ? 11. h=ô x#ß P time …Õ WO\ÕÁ ZO^ΰ䛽…è=ô?
Why wasn't money valuable in those 12. P ~ËA•…Õ money ‹¬ O ‡•kOKÇ @ O
days?
ZO^ΰ䛽 ‹¬°•ƒ•’O Hê^ΰ?
19. W„¬æ\÷ ~ËA•O`Ç "ÍQ®OQê J„¬æ\÷ ~ËA•°
13. D rules Jhß XH›„¬C_È° ZO^ΰ䛽…è=ô?
ZO^ΰ䛽 …è=ô?
Why weren't those days so fast as these 14. P"³° x#ß journey …Õ *ìãQ®`ÇëQê ZO^ΰ䛽O_È
days? …è^ΰ?
20. XH›„æ\
¬ ÷ WO_•†Ç¶ D<Œ\÷ WO_•†Ç¶ JO`Ç 15. h=ô x#ß JH›ø_È ‹¬i†³Ø°# ‹¬=°†Ç¶xH÷
|•OQê ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^ΰ? ZO^ΰ䛽…è=ô?
Why wasn't yester-India so strong as
today's India?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'was / were' • Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'was / were' D ï~O_•O\÷x grammar …Õ Past Tense 'Be' forms JO\ì~¡ ° . nx…Õ
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_•# XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "was / were " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I was sick yesterday. 2. We were on tour last week.
3. He was our group leader then. 4. They were absent from the class yesterday.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° LO_Èx XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Was not / Were not " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I was not an employee then. 2. He was not on duty yesterday.
3. We were not aware of it then. 4. They were not Indians once.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_•# XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "was / were " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. Were you on strike last week? 2. Was she ill then?
3. Was he in the hospital last month ? 4. Were they at work at that time?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° LO_Èx XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Wasn't / Weren't " L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. Weren't you a hostler last year?
2. Wasn't he in the restaurant at that time?
3. Weren't they poor once?
4. Wasn't she in your house then ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
168 Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them.
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* Note :
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "will be" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° next year Branch Manager Qê 6. P"³° g°ä›½ next year Head-mistress Qê
LO\ì#°. LO\ì~¡°.
I will be the Branch Manager next year. She will be your Head-mistress next
2. "Í°=ò next year final year q^¥¼~¡°Ö•°Qê year.
LO\ì=ò. 7. ö~„¬ô Ì‹•=ô.
We will be the final year students next Tomorrow will be a holiday.
year. 8. <Í#° ö~„¬ô D >ÿØO…Õ g°\÷OQ®°…Õ LO\ì#°.
3. ~Œ‚¬•…˜ ã^¥q_£ =°# \©O next captain. I will be in the meeting at this time
Rahul Dravid will be the next captain tomorrow.
of our team. 9. "Í°=ò WOHùH› ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•° D
4. ö~„¬ô match winner J`Ç_Í. \º<£…Õ<Í LO\ì=ò.
He will be the winner of the match We will be in this town two more years.
tomorrow. 10. ö~„¬ô E-TV…Õ XH› special programme
5. WH›#°Oz P†Ç°# h䛽 ‹¬O~¡H›Æ䛽_È°. =ôO@°Ok.
He will be your guardian hereafter. There will be a special programme on
E.TV tomorrow.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_Èx ª•Ö#=ò (Position)
‹¬Ö•=ò (place) ‹²Öu (Condition) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô duty …Õ LO_È#°. J "Í°=ò next year D town …Õ LO_È=ò.
J P"³° ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È free Qê LO_È^ΰ. J "Œ~¡° WH› h䛽 helpful Qê LO_È~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_Èx ª•Ö#=ò, ‹¬•Ö =ò, ‹²u
Ö
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_Èx XH› ª•Ö#=ò
(Position) ‹¬• Ö =ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will not + be" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note :
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° "Will not be" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô D time H÷ WO\ÕÁ LO_È#°. 5. P"³° WH› P school Head-mistress Qê
I won't be at home at this time LO_È~¡°.
tomorrow. She won't be the Head-mistress of that
2. "Í°=ò next year D college q^¥¼~¡°•Ö °Qê school hereafter.
LO_È=ò. 6. ö~„¬ô Ì‹•=ô =ôO_È^ΰ.
We won't be the students of this Tomorrow will not be a holiday.
college next year. 7. <Í#° WH› P party member Qê LO_È#°.
3. Next series H÷ Ganguly =°# team I won't be a member of that party
captain Qê LO_È_È°. hereafter.
Ganguly won't be the captain of our 8. "Í°=ò WH› D town …Õ LO_È=ò.
team in the next series. We won't be in this town hereafter.
4. ö ~ „¬ \ ÷ match …Õ referee Qê J`Ç _ È ° 9. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô duty …Õ LO_È_È°.
LO_È_È°. He won't be on duty tomorrow.
He won't be the referee in the match
tomorrow.
10. "Í°=ò WH› J`ÇxH÷ helpful Qê LO_È=ò.
We won't be helpful to him hereafter.
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Z
An industrious man is sure to get on. 172
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøøª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬Ê†Ç°`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ LO_ȃÕ=ô ª•Ö#=ò
(Position), ‹¬Ö•=ò (Place), ‹²Öu (Condition) Q®°iOz ㄬtOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò,
=°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° LO_ȃÕ=ô position, place or condition Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽 Future
'BE' Form J~ò#
' Will + be' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Will be' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô ö~„¬ô leave …Õ LO\ì"Œ ? 7. h=ô ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ WO\÷ ^ÎQ~¾® ¡ LO\ì~Œ?
Will you be on leve tomorrow ? Will you be at home tomorrow
2. g°~¡ ° <Œä› ½ D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ helpful evening?
LO\ì~Œ ? 8. P†Ç ° # next time chairman „¬ ^ Î q H÷
Will you be helpful to me in this matter? ‡é\©…Õ LO\ì~Œ ?
3. g° father next week camp …Õ LO\ì~Œ? Will he be in the competition for the
Will your father be on camp next week? post of the chairman next time ?
11. ö~„¬ô D time H÷ g°~¡° ZH›ø_È LO\ì~¡° ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Where will you be at this time
tomorrow?
1. Next year h=ô hostel …Õ LO\ì"Œ ?
12. H÷ next
India president Qê Z=~¡ °
LO\ì~¡° ? 2. Next series H÷ Lakshman team …Õ
Who will be the next President of
=ôO\ì_¨ ?
India? 3. ö~„¬ô J`Ç_È° free Qê LO\ì_¨ ?
13. h=ô next month Hyderabad …Õ Zxß 4. ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È entertainment programmes
~ËA•° LO\ì=ô ? LO\ì†Ç¶ ?
Howmany days will you be in 5. g° parents WH› #°Oz g° `Ë<Í =ôO\ì~Œ?
Hyderabad next month ?
6. "Œ~¡° D ª•i „¬sH›•Æ time …Õ strict Qê
14. P book price ZO`Ç =ôO@°Ok ? LO\ì~Œ ?
What will be the price of that book ?
7. g°~¡ ° ö ~ „¬ ô D time H÷ journey …Õ
15. ã H ù`Ç ë H› q °\© … Õ ZO`Ç = °Ok ‹¬ ƒ •’ ° ¼•° =ôO\ì~Œ?
LO\ì~¡° ?
8. ö~„¬ô working day <Œ ?
Howmany members will be there in
the new committee ? 9. ƒ•’q+¬Ê†Ç°`Ç°…ë Õ computing …Õ progress
LO@°O^¥ ?
16. g° next programme Uq° =ôO@°Ok ?
What will be you next programme ? 10. D products 䛽 ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ demand H÷
LO@°O^¥ ?
17. Group-I Main exam. Z„¬C_È° LO@°Ok?
When will be the Main exam. for 11. S.S.C. H÷ next year #°Oz Zxß subjects
Group-I posts ? LO\ì~ò ?
18. University „¬sH›Æ•° Z„¬C_È° LO\ì~ò ? 12. Hã ù`Çë =°Oãu =~¡O¾ …Õ ZO`Ç =°Ok =°Oã`°Ç •°
When will be the university LO\ì~¡° ?
examinations ? 13. h ㄬ†Ç°`Œß• „¦¬e`ÇO Z…ì =ôO@°Ok ?
19. ö~„¬ô Ì‹•=ôO^ΰ䛽 =ôO@°Ok ? 14. g° college H÷ next principal Z=~¡° ?
Why will there be a holiday tomorrow?
15. Next world cup ãH÷ïH\˜ ‡é\©•° ZH›ø_È
20. Next meeting Z„¬C_È° =ôO@°Ok ? LO\ì~ò ?
When will be the next meeting ?
Z
Great thoughts always come from pure heart. 174
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject I, We J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Shalln't'
You, He, She, It, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Won't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô ö~„¬ô WO\÷ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ LO_È"Œ? 7. =KÍ ó World Cup team …Õ Ganguly
Won't you be at home tomorrow? LO_È_¨?
Won't Ganguly be in the team for the
2. g°~¡° ö~„¬ô 5 pm `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç office …Õ
LO_È~Œ? next World Cup?
Won't you be in the office after 5 pm 8. ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È U ‹¬=°‹¬¼ LO_È^¥?
tomorrow? Won't there be any problem there
tomorrow?
3. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô duty …Õ LO_È_¨?
Won't he be on duty tomorrow ? 9. Wk ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ XH› L„¬†³¶Q®H›~¡"³°Ø#
course Qê LO_È^¥?
4. P"³ ° next year hostel …Õ LO_È ^ ¥?
Won't it be a useful course in future?
Won't she be in the hostel next year?
10. India ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‰×H=
ë÷ O`Ç"°³ #
Ø ^͉O× Qê
5. "Œ~¡° =°#䛽 JH›ø_È helpful Qê LO_È~Œ? LO_È^¥?
Won't they be helpful to us there?
Won't India be a powerful nation in
6. h=ô WH› g°^Î@ =¶`Ë LO_È"Œ? future?
Won't you be with us hereafter?
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11. h=ô ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 successful Qê D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
LO_È=ô?
Why won't you be successful in future?
1. h=ô ö~„¬ô camp …Õ LO_È"Œ?
12. D course g°ïHO^ΰ䛽 useful Qê LO_È^°Î ?
Why won't this course be useful to you? 2. P†Ç°# P college H÷ next Principal Qê
LO_È~Œ?
13. ƒ•’q+¬¼`°Ç …ë Õ soft -ware H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 _•=¶O_£
=ôO_È^ΰ? 3. P"³° next year D dept …Õ LO_È^¥?
Why won't there be demand for soft-
ware in future? 4. "Œ~¡° WH› P Ti…Õ LO_È~Œ?
14. J`Ç_°È ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ =°Oz position …Õ 5. g°~¡° ö~„¬ô P game …Õ LO_È~Œ?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È_È°?
Why won't he be in a good position in 6. ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ ƒ•ì~¡`^Ç ‰Í O× …Õ Jqhu LO_È^¥?
future?
7. ö~„¬ô Ì‹•=ô =ôO_È^¥?
15. P"³° P~ËQ®¼OQê ZO^ΰ䛽 =ôO_È^ΰ?
Why won't she be healthy? 8. J`Ç_°È WH› h ƒ•ìQ®ª•Þq°Qê LO_È_¨?
16. "Œ~¡° Dª•i ‡é\©…Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 =ôO_È~°¡ ? 9. P†Ç°# WH› P post …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 =ôO_È_È°?
Why won't they be in the competition
this time?
10. h=ô ö ~ „¬ ô discussions …Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½
=ôO_È=ô?
17. h=ô ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ "Œ¼‡•~¡~O¡ Q®O…Õ ZO^ΰ䛽
LO_È=ô? 11. g°~¡° WH› P club …Õ members Qê ZO^ΰ䛽
Why won't you be in the business field =ôO_È~¡°?
in future?
18. D book =°#ä› ½ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 12. "Œ~¡° WH› g°^Î@ ZO^ΰ䛽 H›e‹²=ôO_È~¡°?
=ô„¬†³¶Q®„¬_È^ΰ? 13. h=ô WH› g°^Î @ <Œ`Ë ZO^Î ° ä› ½
Why won't this book be useful to us?
co-operative Qê LO_È=ô?
19. Next year #°O_• degree course ZO^ΰ䛽
‹¬°•ƒ•’OQê =ôO_È^°Î ? 14. J`Ç_È° P „¬^Îq…Õ Z䛽ø= Hê•O ZO^ΰ䛽
Why won't the Degree course be easy LO_È_È°?
from next year on words?
15. D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽 =~ŒÂ•° =ôO_È=ô?
20. "Œ~¡ ° D ~¡ O Q® O …Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ ‹² Ö ~ ¡ O Qê
LO_È~¡°?
Why won't they be constant in this field? Z
The hands that help are holier than the lips that pray. 176
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'won't be' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
nxx grammar …Õ Future Tense 'Be' form JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form
3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i
revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_ȃÕ=ô XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 Future "be" form J~ò# "will be " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will be a law graduate next year.
2. We will be in the conference hall tomorrow.
3. He will be alright after the treatment.
4. They will be good at English after the coaching.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_Èx XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "will not be " (won't be) L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I won't be in this section next year.
2. We won't be present in the party tomorrow.
3. He won't be troublesome in future.
4. They won't be in power after the next elections.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_ȃÕ=ô XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shall / Will + be " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shall we be here to - night? 3. Will he be successful in his attempt?
2. Will you be careful next time? 4. Will they be in the U.S.A. perminently?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ LO_Èx XH› Position, Place,
Condition Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shalln't / Won't + be " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shalln't we be strict with them? 2. Won't you be harmful to them there?
3. Won't the match be on live relay? 4. Won't they be strong after this victory ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
178 A good name is got by many actions and lost by one.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I, We, You, They ' SubjectQê L#ß„¬ô_È° "Have been"
He, She, It Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "Has been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê D 6. <Í#° Q®`Ç 10 ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê D H›O„
Ì h
college student Qê =ô<Œß#°. L^˼yQê =ô<Œß#°.
I have been a student of this college I have been an employee of this
for four years. company for the past ten years.
2. "Í°=ò 1995 #°O_• D Hê•h "Œ‹¬°•°Qê 7. N †Ç ° O.\÷ . H› $ +¬ â ƒ ì|° Q® ` Ç ï ~ O_È °
=ô<Œß=ò. ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê „ ã H¬ ê‰×Ol…ìÁ H›…Hÿ ~“› °¡ Qê
We have been the residents of this =ô<Œß~¡°.
colony since 1995. Sri M.T. Krishna Babu has been the
3. N KÇOã^΃ì|° 1994 #°O_• T.D.P. Collector of Prakasam District for the
J^•Î¼ä›½Æ •°Qê L<Œß~°¡ . past two years.
Sri Chandra Babu has been the 8. <Í#° 1985 #°Oz D H›ƒ
Á ˜ ‹¬ƒ•’°¼_•Qê
President of the T.D.P. since 1994. =ô<Œß#°.
4. N=°u =¶•f^Íq Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬OII•°Qê =¶ I have been a member of this club
Hê…èl „ã x² •‡•…˜Qê =ô<Œß~°¡ . since 1985.
Mrs. Malathi Devi has been our 9. =¶ cousin KŒ…ì Hê•OQê K³ < ³ ß å … Õ
Principal for the past five years. LO@°<Œß_È°.
5. "Œ~¡° KŒ…ìHê•OQê =¶ ‡Ú~¡°Q®°# =ô<Œß~°¡ . My cousin has been in Chennai for a
They have been our neighbours for a long time.
long time.
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NEGATIVE FORM
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê town …Õ …è#°. 6. D car Q®`Ç ï~O_È° <³••°Qê use …Õ …è^ΰ.
I have not been in the town for two This car has not been in use for the past
days. two months.
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EXERCISE
11. D ~ËA L^Ά°Ç O #°O_• P†Ç°# office …Õ
…è~¡°. D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
He has not been in the office since
morning. 1. <Í#° ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê free Qê …è#°.
12. Q®`Ç ~ï O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê =¶ ‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ
‹¬i†³Ø°# =~ŒÂ•° …è=ô. 2. x#ß L^ΆǰO #°Oz =¶ colony …Õ
There have not been sufficient rains in power supply …è^ΰ.
our area for the past two years. 3. Q®`Ç Hùxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê P college …Õ
13. Q® ` Ç Hùkí ~ËA•°Qê =¶ "Œ¼‡•~¡ O ãH›=°tH›Æ}…è^ΰ.
…샕’^¥†Ç°H›OQê …è^°Î . 4. Q®`Ç Hùxß ~ËA•°Qê J`Ç_°È active Qê …è_°È .
Our business hasnot been profitable for
the past few days. 5. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê Q®°[~Œ`Ÿ…Õ „¬i‹²Öu
14. HùO`ÇHê•OQê J`Ç_°È =¶ä›½ helpful Qê …è_°È . J^ΰ„¬ô…Õ…è^ΰ.
He hasnot been helpful to us for some 6. 1995 #°Oz Ì ‚ á ì ^Î ~ Œƒì^£ …Õ =°`Ç
time. „¦¬°~¡Â}•°…è=ô.
15. Q®`Ç Hùxß <³••°Qê P"³° P~ËQ®¼O ƒìQê …è^ΰ. 7. Q®`Ç Hùkí <³••°Qê P product 䛽 demand
Her health hasnot been good for the
past few months.
…è^ΰ.
16. J`Çx `ÇO_
ã • =°~¡}O ^ÎQ~¾® ¡ #°Oz J`Ç_°È 8. Q® ` Ç 6 <³ • •°Qê D medicines
‹¬O`Ë+¬OQê …è_È°. ^ù~¡H›@O…è^ΰ.
He hasnot been happy since his father's 9. "Œi father =°~¡}O #°O_• "Œ~¡° WH›ø_È
death.
LO_È@O…è^ΰ.
17. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ æ \ ÷ #°Oz =¶`Ë =°OzQê
(‹¬‚ì¬ $^¥Ä•=O`Ë) =ôO_È@O …è^°Î . 10. Q® ` Ç Hùxß ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~Œ•°Qê WH› ø _•
They havenot been in good terms with "Œ`Œ=~¡ } O =¼=ª•†Ç ° =ò#ä› ½
us since then. J#°ä›••OQê…è^ΰ.
18. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° series • #°O_• Ganguly team 11. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° <³••°Qê P"³° P~ËQ®¼ „¬i‹²Öu
…Õ…è_È°. ƒìQê …è^ΰ.
Ganguly hasnot been in the team for
the last two series.
12. Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬OII•°Qê P†Ç°# ~Œ[H©†Ç¶•…Õ
19. XH› ^Ή§|í Hê•OQê „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë Ç q^¥¼q^•¥#O…Õ …è~¡°.
standard LO_È@O…è^ΰ. 13. J„¬æ\#÷ °O_• "Œ~¡° partners Qê …è~¡°.
There hasnot been any standard in the 14. P†Ç°# HùO`ÇHê•OQê P post …Õ …è~¡°.
education system for a decade.
20. Q®`Ç Hùkí ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê `³•OQê} 15. P"³° x#ß\÷ #°O_• ‹¬æ $‚¬ì…Õ …è~°¡ .
‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ Ja•=$kœ…^è °Î .
There hasnot been any development in
Telangana area for a few years.
Z
The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world. 182
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „ ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò XH›~°¡ L#ß Position, Place, Condition …Õ ZO`ÇHê•OQê
LO@°<Œß~Ë ã„¬tßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô 4 ‹¬OII•°Qê WH›ø_È L^˼yQê =ô<Œß"Œ? J g°~¡° Q®`Ç 10 ‹¬OII•°Qê D town …Õ =ô<Œß~Œ?
J KŒ…ìHê•OQê P"³° J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê =ô#ß^¥? J "Œ~¡° 2001 #°O_• D field …Õ =ô<Œß~Œ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~°¡ „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =ô#ß XH› Position, Place, Condition …Õ ZO`ÇHê•OQê =ôO@°#ß
q+¬†Ç°O Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë =Ç ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# XH›~°¡ =ô#ß XH› Position, Place,
Condition …Õ Z„¬æ\÷ #°O_• =ôO@°<Œß~Ë „ ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has + been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Have been'
He, She, It –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Has been' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô <Œ•°Q®° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê D college 6. 2001 #°O_• P†Ç°# g° ㄲx•‡•…˜Qê
student Qê =ô<Œß"Œ? =ô<Œß~Œ?
Have you been a student of this college Has he been your Principal since 2001?
for four years? 7. J„¬æ\÷ #°O_• g°~¡° D WO\ÕÁ<Í L<Œß~Œ?
2. g°~¡ ° 1995 #°O_• D town …Õ<Í Have you been in this house since then?
LO@°<Œß~Œ? 8. J„¬æ\÷ #°Oz J`Ç_È° h䛽 helpful Qê
Have you been in this town since 1995? =ô<Œß_¨?
3. g° father ï ~ O_È ° ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~Œ•°Qê Has he been helpful to you since then?
J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê =ô<Œß~Œ? 9. z#ß„æ\
¬ ÷ #°O_• g°i^Î~í ¶¡ „Ìã O¦ _£•Qê =ô<Œß~Œ?.
Has your father been ill for two years? Have you been friends since childhood
days?
4. P"³° P~¡° <³••°Qê g°`Ë<Í =ô#ß^¥?
Has she been with you for six months? 10. <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê "Œ`Œ=~¡}O KÇ•ÁQê
=ô#ß^¥?
5. "Œ~¡° <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê busy Qê =ô<Œß~Œ? Has the climate been cold for four days?
Have they been busy for four days?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Have been / Has been" •
Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. Have been / Has been J#° nxx grammar …Õ Present Perfect
'Be' form JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form J#° 3
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° L#ß XH› Position, Place or Condition …Õ ZO`Ç
Hê•OQê LO@°#ßn ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò`Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have been / Has been"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I have been here since 7 'O' clock.
2. We have been on special duty for three days.
3. He has been ill for a long time.
4. She has been with us since July last.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`ÇHê•OQê =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° …è#@°=O\÷ XH› Position, Place,
Condition ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "havenot been / has not been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I havenot been in the town for two days.
2. We have not been in the office since morning.
3. She hasnot been well for one week.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò=ô#ß XH› position, place, condition •…Õ ZO`Ç Hê•OQê =ôO@°#ßn
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have been / Has been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Have you been busy for one week ?
2. Have they been here since morning ?
3. Has he been your Principal for four years ?
4. Has she been sick since yesterday ?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
186 A proud mind and a poor purse are illmet.
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SHALL
=°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ Hùxß „¬#°•° K͆°Ç =…ÿ ##° L^Í‰í ¼× =ò H›ey †ÇòO^ΰ=ò. XHùøH›øª•i
W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È° KÇ°#ß„¬ô_È° =°#=ò (I, we) ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ P „¬#°•#° K͆ò Ç L^Í‰í ¼× =ò#°
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô leave apply Kͪ•ë#°. J "Í°=ò D ª•i ^΋~¬ Œ „¬O_È°Q® =¶ Ti…Õ [~¡°„¬ô䛽O\ì=ò.
J "Í°=ò D town …Õ<Í settle J=ô`Œ=ò. J <Í#° next month scooter HùO\ì#°.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° <Í#° (I) , …èH› "Í°=ò (we), =°#=ò XH› „¬xx K͆Çò
L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° (idea) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Shall + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
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EXERCISE
11. <Í#° =KÍó "Œ~¡O bank test H÷ appear
J=ô`Œ#°. D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
I shall appear for the bank test next
week. 1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ h䛽 help
12 "Í°=ò next Monday bank Manager Kͪ•ë#°.
#° consult J=ô`Œ=ò. 2. "Í ° =ò =KÍ ó "Œ~¡ O H© Þ *˜ ‡é\©
We shall consult the Bank Manager
next Monday.
x~¡Þ‚²ìª•ë=ò.
13. <Í#° next week leave H÷ apply 3. <Í#° =KÍó <³• ãHù`Çë course …Õ join
Kͪ•ë#°. J=ô`Œ#°.
I shall apply for leave next week. 4. "Í°=ò `ÇÞ~¡…Õ WH›ø_È W•°Á construct
14. "Í°=ò =KÍó Uㄲ…˜…Õ annual day Kͪ•ë=ò.
[~¡°„¬ô`Œ=ò.
5. <Í#° ~ö „¬ô x#°ß P„¦‹
Ô °¬ …Õ H›•°ª•ë#°.
We shall celebrate the annual day
next April. 6. "Í°=ò =KÍó "Œ~¡O „Ì O_••OQ· files clear
15. <Í#° ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ D q+¬†Ç°O Kͪ•ë=ò.
`³e†Ç°*誕ë#°. 7. <Í # ° ö ~ „¬ ô J`Ç x `Ë D q+¬ † Ç ° O
I shall inform them this news tomor- =¶\ìÁ_È°`Œ#°.
row .
8. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• 5 # =¶ ‡•„¬ birthday
16. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È guests 䛽 =‹¬u
U~Œæ@° Kͪ•ë=ò. KŒ…ì grand Qê celebrate Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall provide accommodation 9. <Í#° =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò Q®°O@¶~¡° A.C.
for the guests there tomorrow. Hê…èl…Õ join J=ô`Œ#°.
17. <Í#° next time P job HË‹¬O ㄬ†Ç°`ÇßO 10. "Í°=ò =KÍó _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ…Õ Hù`Çë WO\ÕÁH÷
Kͪ•ë#°. shift J=ô`Œ=ò.
I shall try for that job next time.
11. <Í#° ö~„¬ô marriage …Õ J`ÇxH÷ XH› watch
18. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• P W•°Á Mìm Kͪ•ë=ò.
present Kͪ•ë#°.
We shall vacate that house next
month. 12. "Í°=ò =KÍó "Í‹¬q…Õ tour x~¡Þ‚²ìª•ë=ò.
19. <Í#° ö~„¬ô SBI …Õ ~¡¶. 50,000/Ð 13. <Í#° next summer …Õ English grammar
_•‡•l\˜ Kͪ•ë#°. <Í~¡°ó䛽O\ì#°.
I shall deposit Rs. 50,000/- in the 14. "Í ° =ò D ª•i function H÷ =¶
SBI tomorrow.
|O^•Î°=ô•O^Îih P‚¬ðÞxª•ë=ò.
20. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô g°\÷OQ·H÷ Jxß U~Œæ@°Á
Kͪ•ë=ò. 15. <Í#° D ª•i ZxßH›•…Õ BJP H÷ F@°
We shall make all the arrangements "ͪ•ë#°.
for the meeting tomorrow. Z
Cut your coat according to the cloth. 188
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
=°#䛽 XH›„¬x K͆Çò L^Íí‰×¼=ò …è䛽O_È°@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È"Œix H›•°=#°. J "Í°=ò =KÍó"Œ~¡O P programme …Õ ‡•…ç¾#=ò.
J "Í°=ò "Œi q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°HË=ò. J <Í#° next May …Õ EAMCET H÷ appear J=#°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xK͆ò
Ç L^Í‰í ¼× =ò
…èH›‡é=ô@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß =¼H÷ë (speaker) <Í#° …èH› "Í°=ò (I , We)
`Œ#° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
''''Shall + not + I form of the VerbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, We, Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° =¶ã`Ç"Í° 'Shall notÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô computer class H÷ attend 6. "Í°=ò Dª•i "Œi q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O
J=#°. KÍ‹¬°HË=ò.
I shall not attend the computer class We shall not interefere in their matter
tomorrow. this time.
2. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• D course …Õ join J==ò. 7. <Í#° WH› J`Çx ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~¡#°.
We shall not join this course next I shall not seek his help hereafter.
month. 8. "Í ° =ò D ª•i g°\÷ O Q· postpone
3. <Í#° ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ `Ë_È°Qê <³•¶Á~¡° "³ˆ×¤#°. K͆ǰ=ò.
I shall not accompany them to Nellore We shall not postpone the meeting
tomorrow. this time.
4. "Í°=ò D ª•i annual day celebrate 9. <Í # ° next year D Hê…è l …Õ work
K͆ǰ=ò. K͆ǰ#°.
We shall not celebrate the annual day I shall not work in this college next
this time. year.
5. <Í # ° ö ~ „¬ ô J`Ç x `Ë D q+¬ † Ç ° =ò 10. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô strike …Õ ‡•…ç¾#=ò.
=¶\ìÁ_È#°. We shall not participate in the strike
I shall not talk to him this matter tomorrow.
tomorrow.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
<Í#° …èH› =°#=ò XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ^ΕKÇ° L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô J`ÇxH÷ letter ã"ŒÀ‹^¥ ? J =°#=ò =KÍó Pk"Œ~¡O picnic "³ˆ×^¥=¶?
J <Í#° =KÍó <³• h䛽 money „¬OÀ„^¥? J <Í#° h䛽 shop #°O_•book f‹¬°ä›½=KÍ^ó ¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
<Í#° …èH› =°#=ò XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ^ΕKÇ° L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ö~„¬ô, =KÍó"Œ~¡O, =KÍó<³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
=¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß =¼H÷ë …èH› =¼ä›½ë•° (<Í#° …èH› =°#=ò) XH› „¬xx K͆ǰƒÕ=ô L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Shall + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Shall J#° D form 'I' =°i†Çò 'We' J#° subjects 䛽 =¶ã`Ç"Í° L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô g° P„¦Ô‹¬°H÷ =KÍó^¥? 6. <Í#° ö~„¬ô h HË‹¬O WO\÷ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ wait
Shall I come to your office tomorrow? KÍÀ‹^¥?
2. =°#=ò next Sunday picnic "³ˆ×^¥=¶? Shall I wait for you at home tomorrow?
Shall we go on a picnic next Sunday? 7. <Í#° ö~„¬ô <³•¶Á~¡°H÷ h䛽 `Ë_È°Qê =KÍó^¥?
3. =°#=ò next Monday manager #° shall I accompany you to Nellore
consult J=ô^¥=¶? tomorrow?
Shall we consult the Manager next 8. =°#=ò next month Mysore visit
Monday? KÍ^¥í=¶?
4. <Í#° D q+¬†Ç°O ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ inform Shall we visit Mysore next month?
KÍÀ‹^¥? 9. =°#=ò ö~„¬ô J`ÇxH÷ marriage …Õ XH›
Shall I Inform them this matter watch present KÍ^¥í=¶?
tomorrow? Shall we present him a watch in the
5. =°#=ò next Sunday farewell party marriage tomorrow?
celebrate KÍ^¥í=¶? 10. =°#=ò D ª•i function H÷ guest Qê
Shall we celebrate the farewell party H›…ÿH›“~Ÿ#° invite KÍ^¥í=¶?
next Sunday? Shall we invite the Collector as guest
to the function this time?
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1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô hHË‹¬O ZH›ø_È wait KÍÀ‹k? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Where shall I wait for you tomorrow?
2. =°#=ò new house …ÕH÷ Z„¬C_È° shift 1. =°#=ò ö~„¬ô classes boycot KÍ^¥í=¶?
J=ô^¥=ò?
2. <Í#° ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ D message „¬OÀ„^¥?
When shall we shift to the new house?
3. <Í#° h䛽 Chennai #°O_• Uq° `³Kk
óÍ ? 3. <Í#° ö~„¬ô evening show H÷ =°#H÷ tickets
What shall I bring for you from book KÍÀ‹^¥?
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We =¶ã`Ç"Í° Subject Qê LO_È°#°. H›#°H› "Shalln't " =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ=^¥í? 6. <Í#° D letter post K͆ǰ=^¥í?
Shalln't I come here tomorrow? Shalln't I post this letter?
2. =°#=ò ö ~ „¬ ô "Œi`Ë D q+¬ † Ç ° O 7. =°#=ò D q+¬†Ç°O "ŒiH÷ `³•°„¬=^¥í?
KÇióOKÇ=^¥í? Shalln't we inform them this matter?
Shalln't we discuss this matter with
them tomorrow? 8. <Í # ° ö ~ „¬ ô bank #°O_• money draw
K͆ǰ=^¥í?
3. <Í#° ö~„¬ô J`ÇxH÷ D q+¬†Ç°O K³„¬æ=^¥í? Shalln't I withdraw money from the
Shalln't I tell him this matter tomorrow?
bank tomorrow?
4. =°#=ò ö ~ „¬ ô J`Ç x H÷ money pay
K͆ǰ=^¥í? 9. "Í ° =ò ö ~ „¬ ô g°HË‹¬ O JH› ø _È wait
K͆ǰ=^¥í?
Shalln't we pay him money tomorrow?
Shalln't we wait there for you tomorrow?
5. "Í ° =ò ö ~ „¬ ô JH› ø _•H÷ "³ ˆ × ¤ = ^¥í ?
Shalln't we go there tomorrow?
10. <Í#° J`ÇxH÷ help K͆ǰ=^¥í?
Shalln't I help him?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Shall' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Shall' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb - (Future Form) JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#°
4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› „¬xx K͆ò
Ç L^͉œ ¼× =ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shall + I form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°. I, We - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° =¶ã`Ç"Í° 'shall' =KÇ°ó#°.
Ex : 1. I shall meet you tomorrow.
2. We shall celebrate the Farewell Party next Sunday.
3. I shall appear for the I-CET next May.
4. We shall organize a tour next month.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç H› ‡é=ô@#° (L^͉œ ¼× =ò …èH)› negative sense …Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Shall not + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I shall not continue my studies next year.
2. We shall not stay here tomorrow.
3. I shall not join this course.
4. We shall not seek his help in this matter.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› „¬xx K͆ò
Ç L^͉œ ¼× =ò#° Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shall
+ I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shall I consult the Manager tomorrow?
2. Shall we visit Mysore next month?
3. Shall I come here tomorrow?
4. Shall we play a friendly match next Sunday?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ =°#=ò K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz (L^͉œ ¼× =ò …èH)› negative sense …Õ
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shalln't + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shalln't I wait for you tomorrow?
2. Shalln't we invite them to the party next week?
3. Shalln't I bring books for you?
4. Shalln't we stay here tonight?
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Z
196 Despair gives courage to a coward.
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WILL
=°#=ò Hùxß „¬#°•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ `Ç„æ¬ H› K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x x~¡~â òOKÇ°HùO^ΰ=ò. XHùøH›ø
ª•i W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ `Ç„æ¬ H› K͆ò
Ç XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
1 <Í#° D ª•i `Ç„æ¬ H› prize Qï •°ª•ë#°. 2. "Í°=ò =KÍ ó<³• `Ç„¬æH› loan clear KÇªÍ •ë=ò.
3. P"³° D ª•i =°#•#° `Ç„æ¬ H› P‚¬ðÞx‹¬°Oë k. 5. ªÏ~¡"£ Q®OQ®¶b =°~¡• captain J=ô`Œ_È°.
D q^•Î=òQê =°#=òQêx "Í~ùH›~°¡ Qêx ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍó
<³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° `Ç„æ¬ H› definite Qê K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô
XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Will + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, PluralU^³á##° "Will + I form" =KÇ°ó#°.
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH› Q®\“÷ x~¡†
â °Ç O f‹¬°Hùx P „¬xx `Ç„æ¬ H›
K͆Çò@Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° D „¬sH›Æ…Õ `Ç„¬æH› pass J=ô`Œ#°. 6. "Œ~¡° =KÍó _•‰×O|~¡°…Õ D HË~¡°• „¬îië
I will pass this examination definitely. Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
They will complete this course next
2. "Í°=ò Yzó`ÇOQê D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ h䛽 December.
support Kͪ•ë=ò. 7. ZxßH›• H›g°+¬<£ `ÇÞ~¡…Õ ZxßH›• `Ín•#°
We will support you in this matter. ㄬH›\÷‹¬°ëOk.
3. h=ô `Ç Þ ~¡ … Õ appointment orders The Election Commission will
JO^Îΰ䛽O\ì=ô. announce the election dates soon.
You will receive the appointment 8. D train ~ö „¬ô L^Ά°Ç O 10 Q®OII•ä›½ _••bÁ
orders soon. KÍ~¡°ä›½O@°Ok.
This train will reach Delhi at 10 a.m.
4. ~Œ‚¬•…˜ ã^¥q_£ Indian team H÷ next tomorrow.
captain J=ô`Œ_È°. 9. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô J`Çxx hospital …Õ admit
Rahul Dravid will become the next Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
captain of the Indian team. They will admit him to hospital
tomorrow.
5. Mrs. ªéx†Ç¶ QêOn• =°~¡• J"Í°n• #°O_• 10. "Œ~¡° =KÍ ó<³• ãHù`Çë product #° =¶ï~ø\˜
‡•~¡"Á °³ O\˜ä½› ‡é\© Kͪ•ë~°¡ . …ÕxH÷ q_È°^Ε Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
Mrs. Sonia Gandhi will contest to the They will release a new product into
Parliament from Amethi again. the market next month.
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NEGATIVE FORM
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH› (firm decision)
|•"³°Ø# x~¡â†Ç°O ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ h䛽 ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O K͆ǰ#°. J "Í°=ò D ª•i „ã †
¬ °Ç `ÇßO…Õ fail J==ò.
J P"³° D proposal X„¬ôCHË^ΰ. J P†Ç°# D ª•i Z•H›<Æ …£ Õ ‡é\© K͆°Ç ~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬x Q®°iOz (firm
decision) XH› |•"³°Ø# x~¡â†Ç°=ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH› Q®\“÷
x~¡â†Ç°O`Ë K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + not + I form of the VerbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³ á # #¶ ''''Will + not + I form of the verbÑÑÑÑ
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° D mistake =°~¡• K͆ǰ#°. 6. "Í°=ò D ª•i P‡•s“H÷ vote "͆ǰ=ò.
I will not commit this mistake again. We will not vote for that party this time.
2. "Í°=ò D J=Hê‰×=ò#° =^ΰ•°HË=ò. 7. h=ô ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ "Œi #°Oz U problem
We will not lose this opportunity. face K͆ǰ=ô.
You will not face any problem from
3. =¶ brother WH› studies continue them in future.
K͆ǰ_È°. 8. "Í°<Í[~¡° h䛽 XH› •H›Æ ~¡¶‡•†Ç°• H›O>è
My brother will not continue his Z䛽ø= loan sanction K͆ǰ~¡°.
studies. The Manager will not sanction you
4. =¶ cousin h proposal J‹¬•° accept more than Rs. 1 lakh loan.
K͆ǰ_È°. 9. =¶ sister next year college …Õ KÇ^°Î =^ΰ.
My cousin will not accept to your My sister will not study in the college
proposal. next year.
5. "Œ~¡° D <³• P house vacate K͆ǰ~¡°. 10. g°~¡ ° picnic "³ ˆ × Ã ¤ @ ä› ½ principal
They will not vacate that house this permission W=Þ~¡°.
month. The Principal will not give you
permission to go on a picnic.
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19. "Í°=ò WH› =‹¬°ë=ô•° credit 䛽 J=°à=ò. 13. "Œ~¡° =KÍó "Œ~¡O class x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ~¡°.
We will not sell goods on credit.
14. =¶ D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ ##°ß
friends
20. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô D q+¬†Ç¶xß serious Qê encourage K͆ǰ~¡°.
f‹¬°Hù#~¡°.
15. =¶ brother D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O promotion
They will not consider this matter
‡ÚO^Î_È°.
seriously.
Z
The child is father of the man. 200
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QUESTION FORM
=°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ `Ç„æ¬ H›
(definite) K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô D ª•i definite Qê pass J=ô`Œ"Œ ? J g°~¡° =KÍó <³• definite Qê money repay Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
J P"³° D proposal `Ç„¬æH› X„¬C䛽O@°O^¥ ? J N KÇOã^΃ì|° =°~¡• ‹².ZO. J=ô`Œ~Œ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ `Ç„æ¬ H› K͆ò
Ç XH› „¬xx
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° `Ç„¬æH› K͆Çò XH› „¬xx
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject – You, He, She, It, They J~ò#„¬C_È° 'will +I form of the verb'
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô next year studies continue Kͪ•ë"Œ? 6. N KÇOã^΃ì|° =°~¡• =°# CM J=ô`Œ~Œ?
Will you continue your studies next Will Sri Chandra Babu become our
year ? C.M. again ?
2. g°~¡° D town …Õ<Í settle J=ô`Œ~Œ ? 7. D tournments …Õ Indian team definite
Will you settle down in this town ? Qê finals H÷ KÍ~¡°ä›½O@°O^¥ ?
3. g° brother next month U.S.A. "³ˆ`× Œ_¨? Will the Indian team reach the finals
in this tournments definitely ?
Will your brother go to the U.S.A. next
month ?
8. g°~¡° ö~„¬ô definite Qê bill pay Kͪ•ë~Œ ?
Will you pay the bill definitely tomorrow?
4. g° sister D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O degree „¬îië 9. q.q.Z‹¹. •H›;}Ÿ D series …Õ ä›•_¨ ƒìQê
KÍ‹¬°ëO^¥ ? shine J=ô`Œ_¨ ?
Will your sister complete her degree
Will V.V.S. Lakshman succeed in this
this year ? series also ?
5. g° friends D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ h䛽 `Ç„¬æH› co- 10. \÷._•.„,² a.*.ÿ „² H÷ Dª•i 䛕_¨ =°^Î`í °Ç
operate Kͪ•ë~Œ ? W‹¬°ëO^¥ ?
Will your friends co-operate you in this Will the TDP support the BJP this time
matter ? also ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
You, He, She, It, They - subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Won't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. g°~¡° <Œä›½ D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ help K͆ǰ~Œ? 7. g°~¡° ö~„¬\÷ =~¡ä›½ JH›ø_È wait K͆ǰ~Œ ?
Won't you help me in this matter? Won't you wait there till tomorrow ?
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11 h=ô ö~„¬ô =¶`Ë picnic H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 ~Œ=ô? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why won't you come on picnic with us
tomorrow ?
1. h=ô WH› studies continue K͆ǰ"Œ?
12. g°~¡° next week =~¡ä›½ WH›ø_È ZO^ΰ䛽
LO_È~¡° ? 2. g°~¡° ~ö „¬ô T.V. …Õ cricket match KǶ_È~Œ?
Why won't you stay here till next week?
3. g°~¡° next Sunday Ongole H÷ ~Œ~Œ ?
13. J`Ç _ È ° hä› ½ D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½
‹¬‚¬ìH›iOKÇ_È° ? 4. h=ô next May …Õ entrance test H÷ appear
Why won't he co-operate with you in J="Œ ?
this matter ?
5. P"³° D ª•i function H÷ =°#•#° invite
14. P"³° D medicines ZO^ΰ䛽 f‹¬°Hù#^ΰ? K͆ǰ^¥ ?
Why won't she take these medicines?
6. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô bill pay K͆ǰ_¨ ?
15. "Œ~¡° =°#䛽 ZO^ΰ䛽 support K͆ǰ~¡°?
Why won't they support us ? 7. "Œ~¡° D q+¬†°Ç O…Õ =°#H÷ ‹¬‚ì¬ H›iOKÇ~Œ?
16. h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 P „¬xK͆ǰ=ô ? 8. h=ô ö~„¬ô ZxßH›•…Õ vote "͆ǰ"Œ ?
Why won't you do that work ?
9. h=ô ö~„¬ô office H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆ×¤=ô ?
17. "Œ~¡° J`ÇxÌ„á ZO^ΰ䛽 KÇ~¡¼ f‹¬°Hù#~¡°?
Why won't they take action against 10. g°~¡ ° next week meeting ZO^Î ° ä› ½
him? x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ~¡° ?
18. h=ô next March exam H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 appear 11. P†Ç°# D ª•i ZxßH•› …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡é\©
J==ô ? K͆ǰ~¡° ?
Why won't you appear for the exams
next March ? 12. P"³° D ª•i birthday ZO^ΰ䛽 celebrate
KÍ‹¬°HË^ΰ ?
19. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô meeting H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 attend
J=_È° ? 13. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô =°#•#° ZO^ΰ䛽 cousult
Why won't he attend the meeting J=~¡°?
tomorrow ?
14. g°~¡° ~ö „¬ô seminar …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡•…ç¾#~¡°?
20. "Œ~¡° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O tour ZO^ΰ䛽 organize
K͆ǰ~¡° ? 15. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô =°#`Ë TiH÷ ZO^ΰ䛽~Œ_È°?
Why won't they organize a tour this
year?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Will' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Will' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb - (Future Form) JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ `Ç„æ¬ HK
› †
Í ò
Ç XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will
+ I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will help you in this matter. 2. We will organize a tour next month.
3. She will join MBA next June. 3. He will participate in the seminar next Sunday.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense
…Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽"Won't + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I won't stay here tomorrow. 2. We won't settle down in this town.
3. He won't come here next week. 4. They won't accept to this proposal.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ `Ç„¬æH›K͆Çò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Will you post this letter?
2. Will you visit Tirumala next month?
3. Will you complete the course next December?
4. Will they vacate the house next month?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense
…Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽"Won't + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Won't you come here tomorrow?
2. Won't you stay here tonight?
3. Won't you join college next year?
4. Won't they pay the bill tomorrow?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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MAY
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ
XH› „¬xx K͆ò Ç J=Hê‰×=ò (Possibility) #° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P „¬x [~¡Q= ® KÇ°ó,
[~¡Q®H›‡é=KÇ°ó. ‹¬O^Í‚¬ì=òQê (doubtful) K³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô =¶ brother `Ë K³<³áß "³ˆ×¤=KÇ°ó. J "Í°=ò |‚¬•‰§ =KÍó <³• D W•°Á Mìm K͆°Ç =KÇ°.ó
J P"³° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ „¬îiëQê HË•°HË=KÇ°ó. J D ~ËA ~ŒãuH÷ H˪•ë l…ìÁ…Õ =~¡ÂO „¬_È=KÇ°ó.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° XH› „¬xx K͆Çò J=Hê‰×=ò
(Possibility) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"May + I form of the Verb" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô
office H÷ late Qê ~Œ=KÇ°ó. 6. P"³° |‚¬•‰§ D proposal X„¬CHË=KÇ°ó.
I may come to office late tomorrow.
She may accept to this proposal.
2. "Í°=ò |‚¬•‰§ D \º<£…Õ<Í settle 7. D ª•i |‚¬•‰§ Congress öHOã^ÎO…Õ
Hê=KÇ°ó. ã „ ¬ ƒ •’ ° `Ç Þ O U~Œæ@° KÍ † Ç ° =KÇ ° ó .
We may settle down in this town. The Congress may form the govt. at
centre this time.
3. =¶ brother Dª•i teacher post
8. "Œ~¡ ° |‚¬ • ‰§ D "Œ~¡ O …Õ orders
‡ÚO^Î=KÇ°ó.
My brother may get the teacher post JO^ΰHË=KÇ°ó.
this time. They may receive the orders this
EXERCISE
11. <Í#° |‚¬•‰§ =KÍó Pk"Œ~¡O K³<ßá³ "³ˆ¤×=KÇ°ó.
I may go to Chennai next Sunday. D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
12. "Œ~¡° |‚¬•‰§ ~ö „¬ôª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ q[†Ç°"Œ_È
KÍ~¡°HË=KÇ°ó. 1. <Í#° |‚¬•‰§ Dª•i „¬sH›Æ second class
They may reach Vijayawada tomorrow …Õ pass Hê=KÇ°ó.
evening.
2. "Í°=ò |‚¬•‰§ D ~ËA D „¬x „¬îië
13. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô =°#䛽 Ì‹•=ô ㄬH›\÷OKÇ=KÇ°ó.
They may declare a holiday for us
K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó.
tomorrow. 3. =¶ father D "Œ~¡ O <Œä› ½ money
14. |‚¬•‰§ ~ö „¬ô, =°~¡°<Œ_È° H˪•ë l…ìÁ•…Õ „¬O„¬=KÇ°ó.
=~¡ÂO„¬_È=KÇ°ó. 4. P"³° K³<³áß…Õ =KÍó "Œ~¡O heart specialist
It may rain in the coastal districts x consult Hê=KÇ°ó.
tomorrow and day after tomorrow. 5. ö~„¬ô match …Õ |‚¬•‰§ ~Œ‚¬ì…˜ ã^¥q_£
15. "Œ~¡ ° D „¬ x H÷ ‹¬ ° =¶~¡ ° 4000~¡ ¶ . team x lead K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó.
demand K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó. 6. D ª•i 䛕_¨ T.D.P. öHOã^ÎO…Õ B.J.P. H÷
They may demand Rs. 4000 for this =°^Îí`Ç° W=Þ=KÇ°ó.
work.
7. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ `Ç=° x~¡† â °Ç O „
ã H¬ \
› O÷ KÇ=KÇ°ó.
16. N "³OH›†°Ç ¼<Œ†Çò_È° =°~¡• ‡•s“ „
Ìã ‹²_O³ \˜
8. ö ~ „¬ ô _•ã w q^¥¼~¡ ° Ö • ° HêÁ ‹ ¬ ° •°
J==KÇ°ó.
Sri Venkaiah Naidu may become party
|‚²ì+¬øiOKÇ=KÇ°ó.
President again. 9. |‚¬ • ‰§ Indian team =KÍ ó PQ® ‹ ¬ ° “ … Õ
17. Degree `Ç~°¡ "Œ`Ç =¶ brother |‚¬•‰§ job WOQêÁO_£ „¬~¡¼\÷OKÇ=KÇ°ó.
H÷ try K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó. 10. Ex†Ç°~Ÿ _¨H›“~¡°Á WOHùH› "Œ~¡O strike
My brother may try for a job after his Hù#ª•yOKÇ=KÇ°.ó
Degree. 11. `ÇÞ~¡…Õ „ ã ƒ
¬ •’°`ÇÞO †Çò=䛽• HË‹¬O XH›
18. =¶ cousin =KÍó _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ…Õ USA „¬^ŠÎH›O ㄬ"͉×Ì„@“=KÇ°ó.
"³ˆ×¤=KÇ°ó. 12. XH›\÷ ï~O_È° <³••…Õ P†Ç°# L^˼QêxH÷
My cousin may leave for the USA next ~Œr<Œ=¶ K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó.
December.
19. J`Ç _ È ° g°ä› ½ D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ help
13. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ WO_•†Ç¶ä›½ uiy ~Œ=KÇ°.ó
14. |‚¬ • ‰§ "Œ~¡ ° P‹¬ Ö • O…Õ `Ç Þ ~¡ … Õ XH›
K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó.
shopping complex xiàOKÇ=KÇ°ó.
He may help you in this matter.
20. "Œ~¡ ° |‚¬ • ‰§ J`Ç x x clerk Qê 15. =¶ brother `Ç# vizag tour cancel
x†Ç°q°OKÇ=KÇ°ó. KÍ‹¬°HË=KÇ°ó.
They may appoint him a clerk.
Z
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NEGATIVE FORM
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ
XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx K͆ǰH› ‡é=KÇ°ó#x (doubtful) Qê T‚²ìOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J P"³° D ª•i „¦O¬ H›<Æ ä£ ½› =°#•#° invite K͆ǰH›‡é=KÇ°ó. J <Í#° ö~„¬ô P„¦Ô‹¬°ä›½ "³ˆ×ÁH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
J "Í°<Í[~Ÿ h䛽 permission W=ÞH›‡é=KÇ°ó. J "Œ~¡° D q+¬†°Ç O…Õ =°#䛽 ‹¬‚ì¬ H›iOKÇH› ‡é=KÇ°.ó
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç H›‡é=KÇ°ó#x
T‚²ìOz K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç H›‡é=KÇ°#ó x doubt
Qê K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
''''May + not + I form of the VerbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ''''May + not + I form of the verbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô Hê…èlH÷ ~ŒH›‡é=KÇ°ó. 6. "Œ~¡° D town …Õ settle HêH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
I may not come to college tomorrow. They may not settle down in this town.
2. "Í ° =ò next week programme …Õ 7, N "³OH›†°Ç ¼<Œ†Çò_È° Dª•i ZxßH•› …Õ
‡•…ç¾#H›‡é=KÇ°.ó ‡é\© K͆ǰ‡é=KÇ°ó.
We may not participate in the Sri Venkaiah Naidu may not contest
programme next week. in the elections this time.
3. English lecturer ö ~ „¬ ô =°#ä› ½ HêÁ ‹ ¬ ° 8. "Í°<Í[~¡° ö~„¬ô h䛽 leave grant K͆ǰH›
f‹¬°Hù#H›‡é=KÇ°ó. ‡é=KÇ°ó.
The English lecturer may not take our The Manager may not grant you a
class tomorrow. leave tomorrow.
4. =¶ cousin D ª•i `Ç # birthday 9. =¶ uncle D proposal X„¬CHËH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
celebrate KÍ‹¬°HËH›‡é=KÇ°ó. My uncle may not accept to this
My cousin may not celebrate her birth proposal.
day this time. 10. =¶ sister D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O studies continue
5. D train time H÷ q[†Ç°"Œ_È KÍ~H¡ ‡› é=KÇ°ó. K͆ǰH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
This train may not reach Vijayawada My sister may not continue her studies
in time. this year.
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QUESTION FORM
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject – Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'May + I form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° D HË~¡°• join J==KÇ°ó<Œ? 6. "Í ° =ò ä› • _¨ ö ~ „¬ ô g°`Ë picnic ä› ½
May I join this course ? ~Œ=KÇ°ó<Œ ?
May we come on picnic with you
2. <Í # ° g° WO\ÕÁ ï ~ O_È ° ~ËA•° stay
tomorrow ?
K͆ǰ=KÇ°ó<Œ ?
May I stay two days in your house ? 7. h À„~¡°, Jã_È‹¬° `³•°‹¬°HË=KÇ°ó<Œ ?
May I know your name and address ?
3. =°#=ò ä› • _¨ ö ~ „¬ ô seminar …Õ
‡•…ç¾#=KÇ°<
ó Œ? 8. "Í ° =ò D ~ËA g° vehicle use
May we participate in the seminar KÍ‹¬°HË=KÇ°ó<Œ ?
tomorrow ? May we use your vehicle today ?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'May' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'May' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb - (Future Form) JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› „¬xx K͆òÇ J=Hê‰×=ò#° Q®°iOz (Possibility) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"May + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°. nxx Doubtful Future JO\ì~¡°.
Ex :
1. I may go to Hyderabad next week.
2. We may win the match tomorrow.
3. He may get the post this time.
4. They may receive the orders soon.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH›„¬xx K͆ǰH›‡é=KÇ°ó#x (Doubtful)
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "May not + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. He may not help in this matter.
2. She may not continue her studies next year.
3. They may not come here tomorrow.
4. You may not get the opportunity this time.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› „¬xx K͆ò
Ç @䛽 XH›~°¡ WOHùH›i J#°=°ux (Permission) ‡ÚO^ΰ@
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "May + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. May I read this letter?
2. May we go home now?
3. May I speak to the Manager?
4. May we stay here tonight?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
214 What does the moon care if the dogs bark at her.
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CAN
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼œ =ò (ability) #° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J "Í°=ò D ‹¬=°‹¬¼#° ‹¬•ƒ•’=òQê „¬i+¬øiOKÇ Q®•=ò.
J <Í#° ~ËA䛽 „¬k Q®O@•° „¬xK͆ǰQ®•#°.
J "Œ~¡° Dª•i "Œ¼‡•~¡O…Õ =°Oz profits ‡ÚO^ÎQ•® ~¡°.
J =¶ brother English ƒìQê =¶\ìÁ_ÈQ®•_È°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•…Õx „¬#°•x߆ü Ç ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx
K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼œ =ò (ability) #° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼œ =ò#°
(ability) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
''''Can + I form of the VerbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'CanÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° WOwÁ+¬µ fluent Qê =¶\ìÁ_ÈQ®•#°. 6. N =°<Ëà‚¬ì<£‹²OQ· Hêjà~¡° ‹¬=°‹¬¼#°
I can speak English fluently. „¬i+¬øiOKÇQ®•~¡°.
2. "Í ° =ò Jxß subjects ï ~ O_È ° <³ • •…Õ Sri Manmohan Singh can solve the
prepare HêQ®•=ò. Kashmir problem.
We can prepare all the subjects within 7. <Í#° D „
ã ‰¬ ßוxßO\÷H÷ answer K͆°Ç Q®•#°.
two months. I can answer all these questions.
3. <Í#° h ‹¬=°‹¬¼#° J~¡ÖOKÍ‹¬°HËQ®•#°. 8. "Í°=ò D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ J`Çxx convince
I can understand your problem. K͆ǰQ®•=ò.
4. Oral practice ^¥Þ~Œ g°~¡ ° English We can convince him in this matter.
improve KÍ‹¬°HËQ®•~¡°. 9. P"³° U q+¬†°Ç OÌ„<
á <
á³ Œ argue K͆°Ç Q®•^ΰ.
You can improve English through oral She can argue on any matter.
practice. 10. "Œ~¡ ° D work <Œ•°Q® ° ~ËA•…Õ
5. ‹¬z<£ >ÿO_ȶ•ø~Ÿ ㄬ„¬OKÇO…Õ U ƒº•~Ÿ „¬îiëK͆ǰ Q®•~¡°.
<³á<Œ Z^ΰ~ùø#Q®•_È°. They can complete this work in four
Sachin Tendulkar can face any bowler days.
in the world.
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NEGATIVE FORM
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ
XH›iH÷ XH› „¬x K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼œ =ò (ability) …èH›‡é=ô@ Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô g°`Ë village H÷ ~Œ…è#°. J "Í°=ò WH› D old house …Õ x=tOKÇ…=è ò.
J P†Ç°# =°#䛽 ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O K͆ǰ…è_È°. J P ‡•s“ Dª•i„ã ƒ¬ •’°`ŒÞxß U~Œæ@° K͆°Ç …è^°Î .
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç …èH‡› é=ô@ Q®°iOz
K³„¬CKÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH›„x¬ x K͆òÇ ª•=°~¡¼œ =ò (lack
of ability) …èH›‡é=ô@ Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Cannot + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° English fluent Qê =¶\ìÁ_È…è#°. 7. "Œ~¡° WO`Ç #+¬O“ ƒ•’iOKÇ…~è °¡ .
I cannot speak English fluently. They cannot bear this much loss.
She cannot travel by bus. 11. <Í#° ~ËAH÷ 10 Q®OII•H›O>è Z䛽ø= work
6. <Í#° D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ h䛽 ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O K͆ǰ…è#°.
K͆ǰ…è#°. I cannot work more than ten hours in
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ
XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° (ability) ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° D problem #° ^•³~á ¼¡ OQê face K͆°Ç Q®•~Œ? J h=ô ~ËAH÷ „¬k Q®O@•° „¬xK͆°Ç Q®•"Œ?
J J`Ç_È° U vehicle J~ò<Œ drive K͆ǰQ®•_¨?• J P"³° U q+¬†Ç°=òÌ„á<³á<Œ argue K͆°Ç Q®•^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò
#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò
(ability) #° ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Can+ I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject – Singular, Plural U^³á##° "Can + I form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. D competition …Õ <Í # ° prize 6. g° lecturers D <³•…Õ g° syllabus „¬îië
ïQ•°=Q®•<Œ ? K͆ǰQ®•~Œ ?
Can I win a prize in this competition ? Can your lecturers complete your
2. =°#=ò D <³• target reach J=Q®•=¶? syllabus this month ?
Can we reach the target this month ? 7. N KÇO^ã ƒ
Î ì|° =°~¡• „
ã ƒ
¬ •’°`ŒÞxß U~Œæ@°
3. g°~¡° =¶ä›½ English Grammar teach
K͆ǰQ®•~Œ ?
Can Sri Chandra Babu form the
K͆ǰQ®•"Œ ?
government again ?
Can you teach us English Grammar ?
8. g°~¡° D ª•ï~<á Œ succeed J=Q®•~Œ ?
4. g° brother D attempt …Õ Group-I Can you succeed atleast this time ?
Officer J=Q®•_¨ ? 9. 2007…Õ =°# Indian players =°#䛽
Can your brother become a Group-I World Cup f‹¬°ä›½~ŒQ®•~Œ ?
Offier in this attempt ? Can the Indian players bring the World
5. g° sister pictures ƒìQê paint Cup in 2007 ?
K͆ǰQ®•^¥? 10. h=ô D box #° Ì„áH÷ lift K͆ǰQ®•"Œ ?
Can your sister paint the pictures well? Can you lift this box ?
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11. h=ô Zxß languages =¶\ìÁ_ÈQ®•=ô ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Howmany languages can you speak?
12. h=ô D ª•i English …Õ Zxß marks
score K͆ǰQ®•=ô ? 1. h=ô <Œä›½ D doubt clarify K͆ǰQ®•"Œ?
Howmany marks can you score in 2. =°#O <³ • ~ËA•…Õ Jxß subjects
English this time ? prepare J=Q®•=¶ ?
13. <Œ ‹¬=°‹¬¼#° Z=~¡° J~¡ÖO KÍ‹¬°HËQ®•~¡°?
Who can understand my problem ?
3. g° brother D ª•i EAMCET …Õ rank
14. D Ì„^Îí city …Õ =°#=ò J`Çxx ZH›ø_È ‡ÚO^ÎQ®•_¨ ?
"³^ÎH› Q®•=ò ? 4. g° younger brother business
Where can we search for him in this KǶ‹¬°HËQ®•_¨ ?
big city ? 5. <Œ „ã ‰¬ ß×ä½› h=ô ‹¬=¶^•¥#O K³„æ¬Q•® "Œ ?
15. g° brother <³ • ä› ½ ZO`Ç money 6. h=ô D letter =¶ brother 䛽 JO^Î*è†Ç°
‹¬O‡•kOKÇQ•® _È° ?
Q®•"Œ ?
Howmuch money can your brother
earn in a month ? 7. g° sister English fluent Qê
16. h=ô xq°‘•xH÷ Zxß words type =¶\ìÁ_ÈQ®•^¥?
K͆ǰQ®•=ô ? 8. P"³° XH›ø`Í JO^Î~¡° guests •#° treat
Howmany words can you type in a K͆ǰQ®•^¥ ?
minute ?
9. g°~¡° WO`Ç #+¬O“ ƒ•’iOKÇQ•® ~Œ ?
17. =°#=ò ZxßH›• „¦¬e`Œ•° =òO^ΰQê Z…ì
guess K͆ǰQ®•=ò ?
10. J`Ç _ È ° D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ =°#ä› ½ help
How can we guess the election results K͆ǰQ®•_¨ ?
earlier ? 11. P†Ç°# U subject ƒìQê teach K͆ǰ
18. D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ =°#O W„¬ C _È ° UO Q®•~¡°?
K͆ǰQ®•=ò ? 12. =°#=ò D „¬ô‹¬Hë O› ZH›ø_È ‡ÚO^ÎQ•® =ò?
What can we do in this matter now ?
13. D ‹¬=°‹¬¼ #°O_• x#°ß Z=~¡° Hꇕ_È
19. P ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° WH› #°Oz Z=~¡° maintain
Q®•~¡°?
K͆ǰQ®•~¡°?
Who can maintain that firm hereafter? 14. D structure Ì„á h=ô Zxß sentences
20. =°#=ò W„¬C_È° D „ ã =
¬ ¶^ÎO #°O_• Z…ì frame K͆ǰQ®•=ô ?
`Ç„²æOKÇ°HËQ®•=ò ? 15. g° brothers co-operation …è䛽O_¨ h=ô
How can we escape from this danger D ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° Z…ì maintain K͆ǰQ®•=ô ?
now ?
Z
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XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ
XH›~¡° K͆ǰ…èH›‡é=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô D questions answer K͆ǰ…è"Œ? J g°~¡° D test pass Hê…è~Œ ?
J J`Ç_È° maths teach K͆ǰ…è_¨? J "Œ~¡° =°#䛽 =‹¬u H›eæOKÇ…è~Œ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬`°Ç …ë Õ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èH‡› é=ô (XH› „¬xx
K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò …èH‡› é=ô@) XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
"Cann't + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Cann't " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô English fluent Qê =¶\ìÁ_È…è"Œ? 6. "Œ~¡° D problem solve K͆ǰ…è~Œ?
Cann't you speak English fluently? Cann't they solve this problem?
12. <Í<³O^ΰ䛽 job ‡ÚO^Î…è#°? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why cann't I get a job?
13. =°#"³°O^ΰ䛽 match ïQ•°=…è=ò? 1. h=ô D work D ~ËA „¬îië K͆ǰ…è"Œ?
Why cann't we win the match? 2. g°~¡° D problem face K͆ǰ…è~Œ?
14. h=ô rank ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡ÚO^Î…è=ô? 3. J`Ç_°È Dª•i prize ïQ•°=…è_¨?
Why cann't you secure a rank?
4. P"³° bus …Õ ã„¬†Ç¶}O K͆ǰ…è^¥?
15. J`Ç_³O^ΰ䛽 #_È°=…è_È°?
Why cann't he walk? 5. "Œ~¡° WO`Ç rent bear K͆ǰ…è~Œ?
16. P"³° ZO^ΰ䛽 =¶\ìÁ_È…è^ΰ? 6. =°#=ò D subject <³• ~ËA•…Õ prepare
Why cann't she speak? Hê…è=¶?
17. "Œï~O^ΰ䛽 „
ã ƒ
¬ •’°`ÇÞO U~Œæ@°K͆°Ç …è~°¡ ? 7. g°~¡° D case ïQ•°=…è~Œ?
Why cann't they form the government? 8. P†Ç°# Dª•i `Ç# „ã u ¬ ƒ•’ KǶ„¬…_ è ¨?
18. h=ô J`Çxx ZO^ΰ䛽 X„²æOKÇ…è=ô? 9. Ganguly =°~¡ • team …Õ ª•Ö # =ò
Why cann't you convince him?
‡ÚO^Î…è_¨?
19. h"³O^ΰ䛽 „¬i‘•ø~¡O H›#°Qù#…è=ô?
Why cann't you find the solution?
10. India =KÍó World Cup ZO^ΰ䛽 Qï •°=…è^°Î ?
20. =°#"³°O^ΰ䛽 H›‘•“•° Jk•H›q°OKÇ…=
è ò? 11. g°~¡° J`Çx`Ë ZO^ΰ䛽 argue K͆ǰ…è~¡°?
Why cann't we overcome difficulties? 12. P"³° ZO^ΰ䛽 "Œix X„²æOKÇ…è^ΰ?
21. h=ô D „¬sH›Æ ZO^ΰ䛽 pass Hê…è=ô? 13. J`Ç_È° money ZO^ΰ䛽 ‹¬O‡•kOKÇ…_ è °È ?
Why cann't you pass this test?
14. "Œ~¡° syllabus in time …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬îië
22. <Í#°lessons ZO^ΰ䛽 follow Hê…è#° ? K͆ǰ…è~¡°?
Why cann't I follow the lessons ?
15. h"³O^ΰ䛽 early morning xã^Î…è=…è=ô?
23. =°#"³°O^ΰ䛽 success Hê…è=ò ?
Why cann't we succeed ? 16. <Í#° D test ZO^ΰ䛽 pass Hê…è#° ?
24. h"³O^ΰ䛽 ^•Î#=O`Ç°_•q Hê…è=ô ? 17. =°#=ò •H›Æ ¼O ZO^ΰ䛽 ª•k•OKÇ…=è ò?
Why cann't you become a richman ?
18. g°ï~O^ΰ䛽 loan clear K͆ǰ…è~¡° ?
25. g°ï~O^ΰ䛽 "Œix ZkiOKÇ…è~¡° ?
Why cann't you oppose them ?
19. J`Ç_È° ZO^ΰ䛽 HË•°HË…è_È° ?
26. "Œï~O^ΰ䛽 D problem solve K͆ǰ…è~¡°? 20. "Œï~O^ΰ䛽 „¬O^³O ïQ•°=…è~¡° ?
Why cann't they solve this problem ?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Can' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Can' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb - (Future Form) JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#°
4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° (capacity)
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Can + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I can speak English fluently. 2. We can solve this problem easily.
3. He can do any work. 4. They can win the match today.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç …èH› ‡é=ô@#° (ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò
…èH›‡é=ô@) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Cann't + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I cann't understand Hindi. 2. We cann't face this problem.
3. He cann't get rank this time. 4. They cann't do anything.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° (capacity)
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Can + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Can he lead the team towards success?
2. Can you guess the result?
3. Can we achieve our target?
4. Can they clear the loan this month?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz (ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#°
…èH›‡é=ô@ Q®°iOz) negative sense …Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Cann't + I form of the verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Cann't you complete the course this month?
2. Cann't you provide us some work?
3. Cann't he clear this loan ?
4. Cann't they make arrangements?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson…Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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SHOULD
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
=°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =•‹²# qk• (duty) …èH› ƒì^•Î¼`Ç•#° (responsibility)
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô election duty H÷ attend J"Œe. J "Í°=ò D<³• WO\÷„¬#°ß K³eÁOKŒe.
J =°#=ò life …Õ XH› aim H›ey†ÇòO_¨e. J \©K~Ç •Ÿ Hùxß principles ‡•\÷OKŒe.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•…Õ ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx
K͆°Ç =•‹²# qk• (duty) …èH› ƒì^•Î¼`Ç•#° (responsibility) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =•‹²# qk•
(duty) …èH› ƒì^•Î¼`Ç (responsibility) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
''''Should + I form of the VerbÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'shouldÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ㄬu~ËA 10 a.m. H÷ duty H÷ attend 5. L^˼Q®‹°¬ •ë ° ~ËAH÷ 8 Q®O@•° „¬xK͆¶
Ç e.
J"Œe. Employees should work eight hours
I should attend the duty at 10 a.m. in a day.
everyday. 6. _¢ =á³ ~Ÿ• JO^Î~°¡ licence H›eyLO_¨e.
2. "Í°=ò ㄬu"Œ~¡O H›…ÿH›“~ŸH÷ report submit All the drivers should possess the
K͆Ƕe. licence.
We should submit the report to the 7. q^¥¼~¡°•Ö ° =°Oz Hã =
› °tH›}
Æ ‡•\÷OKŒe.
collector everyweek. Students should maintain good
3. g°~¡° application form `Ë certificates discipline.
enclose K͆Ƕe. 8. =°#O x*ì~òf Q® • <Œ†Ç ° ä› ½ •#°
You should enclose the certificates Z#°ßHË"Œe.
with the application form. We should elect honest leaders.
4. "Œ¼‡•~¡‹¬°ë•° ㄬƒ•’°`ŒÞxH÷ accounts 9. =°#=ò „¬ @ “ } ì•…Õ traffic rules
KǶ‡•e. ‡•\÷OKŒe.
Businessmen should show the We should follow the traffic rules in
accounts to the government. the towns.
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K͆Ƕe. KÍ‹¬°HË"Œe.
The seniors should encourage their
juniors.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„ô¬ _È° XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç 䛕_Èx „¬#°• Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J =°#=ò time waste K͆ǰ䛕_È^ΰ. J †Çò=䛽•° W`Ç~°¡ •Ì„á depend Hê䛕_È^ΰ.
J =°#=ò „¬xx postpone K͆ǰ䛕_È^ΰ. J parents „²••
Á #° disappoint K͆°Ç 䛕_È^°Î .
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~¡° K͆ǰ䛕_Èx „¬#°• Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç 䛕_Èx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Should + not + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =°#=ò =°# work neglect K͆°Ç 䛕_È^°Î . 6. q^¥¼~¡°Ö•° classes miss Hê䛕_È^ΰ.
We should not neglect our work. Students should not miss the classes.
2. W`Ç~¡°•° …ÕxH÷ ~Œä›•_È^ΰ. 7. „²••Á ° K³_°È J•"Œ@°Á J•=~¡K°Ç HË ä›•_È^°Î .
Others should not come inside. Children should not cultivate bad
3. =°#=ò W`Ç ~ ¡ ° • q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ *ÕH› ¼ O habits.
KÍ‹¬°HË䛕_È^ΰ. 8. =°#O L^˼Q®°•ä›½ •OKÇO W=Þ䛕_È^ΰ.
We should not interefere in others' We should not offer bribe to
matter. employees.
4. =°#=ò =°# À‹ß‚²ì`Ç°•#° "³¶‹¬yOKÇ 9. =°#=ò =°# `Ë\÷"Œix J==¶xOKÇ
䛕_È^ΰ. 䛕_È^ΰ.
We should not deceive our friends. We should not insult our fellowmen.
5. =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°• work disturb K͆ǰ 10. =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ W|ÄOk H›•°Q®*è†Ç°
䛕_È^ΰ. 䛕_È^ΰ.
We should not disturb other's work. We should not cause trouble to others.
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QUESTION FORM
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =•‹²# ƒì^•Î¼`Ç (Responsibility)
H›~¡ë=¼=ò (duty) Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° P„¦Ô‹¬°…Õ daily ten hours work K͆Ƕ…ì?
J h=ô abroad …Õ KÇ^"Î Œ•O>è TOEFL qualify J"Œ…ì?
J =°#=ò exam hall …Õ J_•y#„¬ô_È° hall ticket KǶ‡•…ì?
J "Œ~¡° D test 䛽 appear Hê"Œ…ì ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =•‹²# ƒì^•Î¼`Ç
(Responsibility) H›~¡ë=¼=ò (duty) Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =•‹²# ƒì^•Î¼`Ç,
H›~¡ë=¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Should+ I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject – Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Should+ I form' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° =òO^ΰQê Principal #° consult 6. g°~¡° D application ö~„¬ô „¬O„¬=…ÿ<Œ?
Hê"Œ…ì? Should you send this application form
Should I consult the Principal first? tomorrow?
2. =°#=ò ã „ ¬ u "Œ~¡ O report submit 7. =°#=ò text books refer K͆ǰ=…ÿ<Œ?
K͆Ƕ…ì? Should we refer to the text books?
Should we submit the report every 8. "Œ~¡° D <³• 10 …Õ„¬• nomination file
week? K͆Ƕ…ì?
3. g°~¡° D <³• penalty K³eÁOKŒ…ì? Should they file the nomination before
Should you pay penalty this month? 10th of this month?
4. =°#=ò =òO^ΰQê manager permission 9. XH› business K͆ò
Ç @䛽 =°#=ò licence
f‹¬°Hù#=…ÿ<Œ? H›eyLO_¨…ì?
Should we take the Manager's Should we possess the licence to do
permission first? some business?
5. <Í#° D document Ì„á sign K͆Ƕ…ì? 10. ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È䛽 g°`Ë <Í#° 䛕_¨ ~Œ"Œ…ì?
Should I sign to this document ? Should I too come there with you
tomorrow?
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1. =°#=ò W„¬C_È° WH›ø_È Uq° K͆Ƕe? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
What should we do here now?
2. g°~¡° D report ZH›ø_È submit K͆Ƕe?
Where should you submit this report?
1. h=ô ö~„¬ô election duty H÷ attend J"Œ…ì?
2. =°#=ò =KÍ ó " Œ~¡ O exam fee pay
3. <Í#° h䛽 ZO^ΰ䛽 help K͆Ƕe?
Why should I help you? K͆Ƕ…ì?
3. g°~¡ ° ã „ ¬ u ~ËA accounts maintain
4. =°#=ò =òO^ΰQê "ŒiH÷ ZO`Ç deposit
pay K͆Ƕe? K͆Ƕ…ì?
Howmuch amount should we pay 4. =°#=ò guests 䛽 =‹¬u H›eæOKŒ…ì?
them as deposit first ? 5. g°~¡° next Sunday =~¡ä›½ WH›ø_È stay
5. D #+¬O“ "Í°=ò ZO^ΰ䛽 ƒ•’iOKŒe? K͆Ƕ…ì?
Why should we bear this loss? 6. h=ô D~ËA D work finish K͆Ƕ…ì?
6. =°#=ò application `Ë Zxß copy •° 7. =°#=ò ㄬu lesson H÷ notes prepare
[`Ç„¬~¡KŒe? KÍ‹¬°HË"Œ…ì?
Howmany copies should we enclose 8. "Í ° =ò ã „ ¬ u important point note
with the application form?
KÍ‹¬°HË"Œ…ì?
7. h=ô J#=‹¬ ~ ¡ O Qê J`Ç x q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ 9. =°#=ò bank …Õ chalan f‹¬°HË"Œ…ì?
ZO^ΰ䛽 *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°HË"Œe? 10. g°~¡° interview H÷ original certificates
Why should you interefere in his
matter unnecessarily?
f‹¬°Hùx"³ˆì¤…ì?
11. =°#O next month JH›ø_È Zxß~ËA•°
8. g°~¡° office …Õ ~ËA䛽 Zxß Q®O@•°
work K͆Ƕe?
„¬xK͆Ƕe?
Howmany hours should you work in 12. =°#O WOHê Zxß ~ËA•° training
the office in a day? ‡ÚO^¥e?
9. =°#O ~ö „¬ô JH›ø_È Z=ix consult J"Œe? 13. =°#O ralley x~¡ Þ ‚² ì OKÇ ° @ä› ½ Z=i
J#°=°uf‹¬°HË"Œe?
Whom should we consult there 14. g°~¡ ° training camp ä› ½ Z„¬ C _È °
tomorrow?
KÍ~¡°HË"Œe?
10. =°#=ò licence HË‹¬O ZH›ø_È apply 15. <Í # ° D medicine ~ËAH÷ Zxߪ•~¡°Á
K͆Ƕe? f‹¬°HË"Œe?
Where should we apply for the
licence?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Shouldn't " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° …ÕxH÷ ~Œä›•_È^¥? 7. XH› ¢ ï H á ‹ ¬ ë = ‹¬ < Œ¼‹² x q"Œ‚¬ ì O
Shouldn't I come in? KÍ‹¬°HË䛕_È^¥?
2. "Í°=ò D programme …Õ ‡•…ç¾#䛕_È^¥? Shouldn't a nun get married?
Shouldn't we participate in this 8. Office hours …Õ =°#=ò |†Ç ° @
programme? u~¡Q®ä›•_È^¥?
3. =°#=ò D q+¬ † Ç ° O |‚² ì ~¡ ¾ ` Ç = ò Shouldn't we move out during office
K͆ǰ䛕_È^¥? hours?
Shouldn't we reveal this matter? 9. g°~¡ ° J#°=°u…è ä › ½ O_¨ |†Ç ° @ä› ½
4. =°#=ò =¶Oª•‚¬ð~¡=ò f‹¬°HË䛕_È^¥? "³ˆ×¤ä›•_È^¥ ?
Shouldn't we take non-veg food? Shouldn't you go out without
permission?
5. XH› ‹¬<Œ¼‹² HËiH›•° H›ey†ÇòO_È䛕_È^¥?
Shouldn't a saint possess desires? 10. =°#=ò P q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ *ÕH› ¼ =ò
KÍ‹¬°HË䛕_È^¥?
6. <Í#° q=~Œ•° `³•°‹¬°HË䛕_È^¥? Shouldn't we interefere in that matter?
Shouldn't I know the details?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Should' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Should' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb - (Future Form) JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ qk•Qê, ƒì^•Î¼`ÇQêK͆ò
Ç XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Should + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. We should maintain discipline. 2. You should possess the licence.
3. He should seek their permission. 4. They should pay the bill regularly.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç 䛕_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Should not + I form of the verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. We should not blame others. 2. You should not neglect the work.
3. He should not do like that. 4. They should not cause trouble.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ qk•Qê, ƒì^•Î¼`ÇQê K͆°Ç =•‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Should + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Should we attend the special duty tomorrow?
2. Should you consult the Manager today?
3. Should he come here?
4. Should they pay penalty?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ K͆ǰ䛕_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Shouldn't + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Shouldn't we know the matter?
2. Shouldn't we interefere in this matter?
3. Shouldn't he appear for this test?
4. Shouldn't they participate in this seminar?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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MUST
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
XH›~¡° `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê (compulsory) KÍ‹² f~¡=•‹²# „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ö~„¬ô <Í#° J`Çxx Yzó`ÇOQê H›e‹² f~Œe. J g°~¡° Yzó`ÇOQê =òO^ΰQê "Í°<Í[~Ÿ J#°=°u f‹¬°HË"Œe.
J J`Ç_°È D ª•i exam pass J~ò f~Œe. J"Œ~¡° `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê licence H›ey†ÇòO_¨e.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ `Ç„æ¬ x‹¬iQê (compulsory) KÍ‹²
f~¡=•‹²# „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° Yzó`ÇOQê, `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê
(compulsory) KÍ‹² f~¡=•‹²# XH›„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'MustÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° D ~ËA D work complete KÍ‹² 6. "Œ~¡° customers #° satisfy KÍ‹²f~Œe.
f~Œe. They must satisfy the customers.
I must complete this work today. 7. <Í#° D "Œ~¡O Yzó`ÇOQê =¶ T~¡°
2. "Í ° =ò MCA admission ‡ÚO^Î ° @ä› ½ "³o¤f~Œe.
entrance test 䛽 appear J~òf~Œe. I must go to my village this week.
We must appear for the entrance test 8. =°#=ò D J=Hê‰×=ò#° qx†³¶yOKÇ°
to get admission to MCA. 䛽xf~Œe.
3. g°~¡° WO@~¡¶Þ¼ ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ originals We must avail ourselves of this
submit KÍ‹²f~Œe. opportunity.
You must submit the originals at the 9. g°~¡° ㄬu important point note KÍ‹¬°Hùx
time of interview. f~Œe.
4. MBA course 䛽 J`Ç_°È donation pay KÍ‹² You must note every important point.
f~Œe. 10. Indian team finals KÍ~¡°@䛽 D ~ËA
He must pay donation for MBA course. match ïQezf~Œe.
5. P"³° "³O@<Í _¨H›~“ #
Ÿ ° consult J~òf~Œe. The Indian team must win the match
She must consult the doctor today to reach the finals.
immediately.
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EXERCISE
11. Court orders ã „ ¬ H ê~¡ O "Œ~¡ ° P W•°Á
MìmKÍ‹²f~Œe. D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
They must vacate the house according
to the court orders. 1. <Í#° `Ç„¬æx ‹¬iQê Hindi <Í~¡°óHùxf~Œe.
12. "Í°=ò D ~ËA WH›ø_È |†Ç°•°^Íif~Œe. 2. "Í°=ò Yzó`ÇOQê D course complete
We must start here today. KÍ‹²f~Œe.
13. P"³° WOHùH› "Œ~¡O ~ËA•° hospital …Õ 3. h=ô `Ç„¬æx ‹¬iQê penalty K³eÁOzf~Œe.
LO_•f~Œe. 4. =°#O `Ç„¬æx ‹¬iQê Principal permission
She must stay in the hospital one more f‹¬°Hùxf~Œe.
week. 5. =°#O Z…ìï Q á < Œ ª•†Ç ° Oã ` Ç O …Õ„¬ •
14. "Œ~¡° `Ç„¬æx ‹¬iQê ö~„¬ô HË~¡°“䛽 ‚¬ð[~¡° Q®°O@¶~¡° KÍ~¡°HË"Œe.
J~òf~Œe. 6. P†Ç°# D ~ËA `Ç„¬æx ‹¬iQê WH›ø_È䛽
They must attend the court tomorrow. =zóf~Œe.
15. q^¥¼~¡°•Ö ° „
ã u
¬ q+¬†°Ç O `³•°‹¬°Hùx f~Œe. 7. P"³° Z…ìïQ<á Œ D "Œ¼k• #°Oz HË•°HË"Œe.
Students must know everything.
8. =°#=ò next Monday …Õ„¬• amount
16. D <³•…Õ "Œ~¡° loan clear KÍ‹²f~Œe. deposit KÍ‹²f~Œe.
They must clear the loan this month.
9. g°~¡ ° D ã „ ¬ † Ç ° `Ç ß O …Õ `Ç „ ¬ æ x ‹¬ i Qê
17. `Ç e Á ^ Î O ã _ È ° •° „² • Á • #° `Ç „ ¬ æ x ‹¬ i Qê succeed J"Œe.
educate KÍ‹²f~Œe.
10. h=ô Z…ìïQá<Œ "Œix D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ
Parents must educate their children.
convince K͆Ƕe.
18. h=ô h honesty x prove KÍ‹°¬ Hùxf~Œe. 11. =°#O Hùxß ‹²^¥œO`Œ•ä›½ H›@°“|_• LO_¨e.
You must prove your honesty.
12. D game …Õ =°#O "Œix F_•Oz f~Œe.
19. XH› =°Oz teacher Jxß L`Çë=° •H›Æ}ì•°
13. =°#O Z…ìïQá<Œ „¬sH›Æ•ä›½ =òO^ΰ D
H›ey†ÇòO_¨e.
book publish KÍ‹²f~Œe.
A good teacher must possess all good
qualities.
14. ã „ ¬ u =ò‹² Á O `Ç „ ¬ æ x ‹¬ i Qê =°Hêø
‹¬O^ÎiÅOKŒe.
20. „
ã u
¬ ‚²ìO^ΰ=ô ƒ•’Q=
® n¾`Ç KÇkqf~Œe.
Every Hindu must read the Bhagavad
15. =°#=ò Z…ìïQá<Œ D ª•i best rank
Gita.
ª•k•OKŒe.
Z
Bad workmen quarrel with their tools. 236
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NEGATIVE FORM
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ Z\÷“ „¬i‹²`Ö °Ç •…Õ#¶ K͆°Ç 䛕_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ ö~„¬ô Ì‹•=ô f‹¬°HË䛕_È^ΰ.
J =°#=ò Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ D J=Hê‰×O =^ΰ•°HË䛕_È^ΰ.
J J`Ç_È° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ D „¬sH›Æ fail J=䛕_È^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ D match F_•‡é䛕_È^°Î .
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ XH›~¡° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ K͆ǰ䛕_Èx „¬#°• Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ Z\÷“ „¬i‹²`Ö °Ç •…Õ#¶ K͆°Ç 䛕_Èx
„¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Must + not + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
á #¶ "Must + not + I form of the verb" L„¬†¶³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Subject – Singular, Plural U^³#
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ D „¬sH›Æ fail 6. h=ô Z@°=O\÷ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ time
J=䛕_È^ΰ. waste K͆ǰ䛕_È^ΰ.
I must not fail in this examination. You must not waste time.
2. =°#=ò Z\÷ “ „¬ i ‹² Ö ` Ç ° • …Õ#¶ D 7. =°#O Z\÷ “ „¬ i ‹² Ö ` Ç ° •…Õ#¶ ‹¬ ‚ ¬ ì #O
J=Hê‰×=ò ‡ÚQù@°“HË䛕_È^ΰ. HË…Õæ䛕_È^ΰ.
We must not lose this opportunity. We must not lose patience.
3. g°~¡° ö~„¬ô U „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ class miss 8. =°#O Z\÷ “ „¬ i ‹² Ö ` Ç ° •…Õ#¶ =°#
Hê䛕_È^ΰ. ‹²^¥œO`Ç=ò•#° KÇO„¬ôHË䛕_È^ΰ.
You must not miss the class tomorrow. We must not kill our principles.
4. J`Ç_È° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ D q+¬†Ç°O 9. g°~¡° Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ D q+¬†Ç°O
`³•‹¬°HË䛕_È^ΰ. |‚²ì~¡¾`ÇO K͆ǰ䛕_È^ΰ.
He must not know this matter. You must not reveal this matter.
5. P"³° U „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ D proposal 10. =°#O Z@°=O\÷ „¬ i ‹² Ö ` Ç ° •…Õ#¶
JOwH›iOKÇ䛕_È^ΰ. x~¡°`Œ•‚¬ì„¬_äÈ •› _È^°Î .
She must not accept to this proposal. We must not lose heart.
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QUESTION FORM
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ `Ç„æ¬ x‹¬iQê KÍ‹f
² ~¡=•‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô `Ç„æ¬ x‹¬iQê W„¬C_È° "Œi WO\ÕÁ LO_• f~Œ…ì?
J P"³° `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê D ~ËA T~¡° "³o¤ f~Œ…ì?
J P†Ç°# `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê D medicine f‹¬°Hùx f~Œ…ì?
J "Œ~¡° `Ç„¬æx ‹¬iQê B.Ed. KÍ‹²f~Œ…ì ?
D "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ `Ç„æ¬ x‹¬iQê KÍ‹f
² ~¡=•‹²# XH›
„¬xx ㄬtßOKÇ°@ Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ `Ç„æ¬ x ‹¬iQê KÍ‹² f~¡=•‹²#
XH› „¬xx ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Must + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject – Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Must + I form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô h`Ë JH›ø_È䛽 =zóf~Œ…ì? 6. P"³° `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê ö~„¬ô WH›ø_È䛽 =zó
Must I come there with you tomorrow? f~Œ…ì?
2. =°#=ò MCA admission 䛽 entrance Must she come here tomorrow?
test 䛽 appear J~òf~Œ…ì? 7. "Œ~¡° `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê P ‹¬Ö•O Mìm KÍ‹²
Must we appear for the entrance test f~Œ…ì?
for MCA admission ? Must they vacate that site?
3. g°~¡ ° ö ~ „¬ ô `Ç „ ¬ æ x‹¬ i Qê seminar H÷ 8. =°#=ò `Ç„æ¬x‹¬iQê D HË~Ÿ• KÍ‹f
² ~Œ…ì?
‚¬ð[~¡~òf~Œ…ì? Must we do this course?
Must you attend the seminar 9. loanHù~¡ä›½ `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê =°#=ò surity
tomorrow? KǶ„²Oz f~¡=…ÿ<Œ?
4. P†Ç°# `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê doctor #° consult Must we show surity for a loan?
J~òf~Œ…ì? 10. J`Ç _ È ° "Œix `Ç „ ¬ æ x‹¬ i Qê ‡é+² O z
Must he consult the doctor? f~Œ…ì?
5. <Í#° `Ç„¬æx‹¬iQê identity card KǶ‡•…ì? Must he feed them?
Must I show the Identity card?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Must' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Must' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anoamalous Verb - (Future Form) JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ `Ç„æ¬ H› KÍ‹f
² ~¡=•‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Must + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I must pass this test.
2. We must learn Sanskrit.
3. You must prepare all the lessons.
4. They must finish this work today.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò Z\÷“ „¬i‹²`Ö °Ç •…Õ#° K͆°Ç 䛕_Èx XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Must not+ I form of the Verb " L„¬†¶ ³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. We must not lose heart in our difficulties.
2. We must not fear to our problems.
3. He must not know this news.
4. They must not repeat this mistake.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ Yzó`OÇ Qê KÍ‹f
² ~¡=•‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Must + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. Must I appear for the entrance test ?
2. Must we enclose original certificates ?
3. Must you submit this report tomorrow ?
4. Must they vacate the house next month ?
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Z
242 He who spits against the sky will have it fall on his face.
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COULD
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx K͆ǰQ®ey#
ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß interview ƒìQê K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ#°.
J "Í°=ò last year =°Oz results ‡ÚO^ÎQ®eQê=ò.
J J`Ç_È° x#ß =¶ä›½ amount adjust K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ_È°.
J "Œ~¡° x#ß match easy Qê ïQ•°= Q®ey<Œ~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° (ability)
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Could + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Could" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° Degree …Õ 90% =¶~¡°ø•° score 6. <Í#° x#ß interview …Õ Jxß questions
K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ#°. answer K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ#°.
I could score 90% of marks in Degree. I could answer all the questions in the
2. "Í°=ò x#ß ï~O_È° Q®O@•…Õ <³•¶Á~¡° interview yesterday.
KÍ~¡°HËQ®eQê=ò. 7. "Í°=ò last time P problem easy Qê solve
We Could reach Nellore within two K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ=ò.
hours yesterday. We could solve that problem easily
3. Sachin Tendulkar KŒ…ì z#ß =†Ç°‹¬°•…Õ last time.
ㄬ„¬OKÇ records create K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ_È°. 8. ‡éb‹¬°•° <Í~¡‹¬°Ö•#° ï~O_È° ~ËA•…Õ
Sachin Tendulkar could create the Q®°iëOKÇQ®ey<Œ~¡°.
world records at a young age. The police could identify the criminals
4. =¶ sister x#ß ‡•@• ‡é\©…Õ first prize within two days.
‡ÚO^ÎQ®ey#k. 9. <Í # ° <Œ 19= †Í ° @†Í ° „² . l. „¬ î ië
My sister could win the first prize in
K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ#°.
I could complete my P.G. at the age
the singing competition yesterday.
of 19.
5. N KÇ O ã ^ Î ƒ ì|° `Ç # 45= U@<Í 10. "Í°=ò Hùkí ~ËA•…Õ<Í `Ç„¬C `³•°‹¬°HË
=òY¼=°Oãu J=Q®ey<Œ~¡°. Q®e<Œ=ò.
Sri Chandra Babu could become We could realise our mistake in a few
Chief- minister at the age of 45. days.
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NEGATIVE FORM
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò …èH‡› é=ô@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß h䛽 help K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ#°.
J "Í°=ò Q®`Ç"Œ~¡O match ïQ•=…èH›‡é~ò <Œ=ò.
J =¶ brother last year exams pass Hê…èH›‡é~ò<Œ_È°.
J "Œ~¡° x#ß time H÷ WH›ø_È䛽 KÍ~¡°HË…èH› ‡é~ò<Œ~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò …èH› ‡é=ô@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° „¬îië K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò# (ª•=°~¡œ¼=ò
…èH›‡é=ô@) lack of ability XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Could + not + I form of the verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Could+ not" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° x#ß exam …Õ Jxß questions 5. Last year =¶ lecturers „¬sH›•
Æ ä›½ =òO^ΰ
answer K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ#°. syllabus „¬îiëK͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ~¡°.
I could not answer all the questions Our lecturers could not complete the
syllabus before the exams last year.
in the examination yesterday.
6. "Œ~¡ ° last time =¶ä› ½ JH› ø _È =‹¬ u
2. "Í°=ò x#ß P work time H÷ „¬îië K͆ǰ…èH› H›eæOKÇ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ~¡°.
‡é~ò<Œ=ò. They could not provide us
We could not complete the work in accommodation there last time.
time yesterday. 7. <Í # ° last year studies Ì „ á ‹¬ i Qê
3. last year EAMCET …Õ =¶ brother rank concentrate K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ#°.
‡ÚO^Î…èH›‡é~ò<Œ_È°. I could not concentrate on my studies
last year.
My brother could not get rank in the
8. Q®`Ç ZxßH•› …Õ `³•°Q®°^͉O× ‡•s“ „
ã [¬ •#°
EAMCET last year. PH›iÂOKÇ…èH›‡é~ò#k.
4. Indian team 2003 World Cup final The Telugu Desam Party could not
match …Õ P¢ À ‹ “ e †Ç ¶ #° F_•OKÇ … è H › attract the people in the last elections.
‡é~ò#k. 9. =¶ father business …Õ success
The Indian team could not defeat the Hê…èH›‡é~ò<Œ~¡°.
Australian team in the final match of My father could not succeed in the
2003 World Cup. business.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° Q®`OÇ …Õ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç Q®ey# XH› „¬xx
(„¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò) ability ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô x#ß quiz ‡é\©…Õ prize ïQ•°= Q®ey<Œ"Œ ?
J x#ß Indian players easy Qê match ïQ•°=Q®ey<Œ~Œ ?
J h=ô JO`Ç ‹¬°•ƒ•’OQê D job Z…ì ‡ÚO^Î Q®ey<Œ=ô ?
J "Œ~¡° last week Zxß files clear K͆ǰ Q®ey<Œ~¡° ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey# ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° (ability)
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Could + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Could + I form" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß g°\÷OQ· …Õ h=ô ƒìQê =¶\ìÁ_È 6. P"³° x#ß ‡é\©…Õ ƒìQê ‡•_ÈQe® y#^¥ ?
Q®ey<Œ"Œ ? Could she sing well in the competition
Could you speak well in the meeting yesterday ?
yesterday? 7. "Œ~¡° x#ß ‹¬=°†Ç¶xH÷ „¬sH›Æ ‚¬ð•°ä›½
2. g°~¡ ° x#ß P „¬ x x ‹¬ H ê•O…Õ „¬ î ië KÍ~¡°HËQ®ey<Œ~Œ ?
K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ~Œ ? Could they reach the examination hall
Could you finish that work in time in time yesterday?
yesterday?
3. h=ô x#ß Interview board members #° 8. h=ô last time =°Oz =¶~¡°ø•° score
h answers `Ë satisfy K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ"Œ ? K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ"Œ ?
Could you score good marks last
Could you satisfy the members of the
time?
Interview Board with your answers?
4. g° cousin last time h䛽 amount adjust 9. g°~¡° =¶ address easy Qê `³•°‹¬°HË
K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ_¨ ? Q®ey<Œ~Œ ?
Could your cousin adjust you the Could you find our address easily?
amount last time? 10. g°~¡° D „¦¬e`Ç=ò =òO^ΰQê<Í guess
5. J`Ç_°È `Ç# •H›¼Æ O ª•k•OKÇQe® y<Œ_¨ ? K͆ǰQ®ey<Œ~Œ ?
Could he achieve his goal? Could you guess this result earlier?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "Couldn't " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô x#ß train JO^ΰHË…èH›‡é~ò<Œ"Œ? 6. h=ô x#ß J`Çxx X„²æOKÇ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ"Œ?
Couldn't you catch the train yesterday? Couldn't you convince him yesterday?
2. g°~¡° x#ß P show H÷ tickets ‡ÚO^Î…èH› 7. g°~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È work „¬îië K͆ǰ…èH›
‡é~ò<Œ~Œ? ‡é~ò<Œ~Œ?
Couldn't you get the tickets for that Couldn't you finish the work there
show yesterday? yesterday?
3. J`Ç _ È ° last year exam pass 8. h=ô x#ß JH›ø_È䛽 ‹¬=°†Ç¶xH÷ KÍ~¡°HË…èH›
Hê…èH›‡é~ò<Œ_¨? ‡é~ò<Œ"Œ?
Couldn't he pass the examination last Couldn't you reach there in time
year? yesterday?
4. P"³° last year EAMCET …Õ rank ‡ÚO^Î…Hè › 9. "Œ~¡ ° last month bill K³ e Á O KÇ … è H ›
‡é~ò#^¥? ‡é~ò<Œ~Œ?
Couldn't she secure a rank in the Couldn't they pay the bill last time?
EAMCET last year?
10. g°~¡ ° x#ß "ŒiH÷ =‹¬ u H› e æOKÇ … è H ›
5. "Œ~¡ ° P business …Õ success ‡é~ò<Œ~Œ ?
Hê…èH›‡é~ò<Œ~Œ? Couldn't you provide them
Couldn't they succeed in that
accommodation yesterday?
business?
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11. h=ô last year P college …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 seat D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
‡ÚO^Î…èH›‡é~ò<Œ=ô?
Why couldn't you get a seat in that
college last year?
1. h=ô x#ß test …Õ Jxß questions answer
12. Sachin Captain Qê ZO^ΰ䛽 success
K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ"Œ?
Hê…èH›‡é~ò<Œ_È°? 2. x#ß friendly match …Õ g°~¡ ° "Œix
Why couldn't Sachin succeed as a F_•OKÇ…Hè ‡› é~ò<Œ~Œ?
Captain?
3. Last time ZxßH›•…Õ P†Ç°# majority
13. g°~¡° P exam ƒìQê ZO^ΰ䛽 ã"Œ†Ç°…èH› ‡ÚO^Î…èH›‡é~ò<Œ~Œ?
‡é~ò<Œ~¡°?
Why couldn't you write that exam well? 4. P"³° x#ß WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ…èH›‡é~òO^¥?
14. h=ô P interview ƒìQê ZO^ΰ䛽 K͆ǰ…èH› 5. "Œ~¡° last time g°ä›½ material supply
‡é~ò<Œ=ô? K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ~Œ?
Why couldn't you do that interview
well?
6. h=ô x#ß J`ÇxH÷ amount adjust K͆ǰ…èH›
15. J`Ç_È° h䛽 P q+¬†Ç°O…Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 help ‡é~ò<Œ"Œ?
K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ_È°? 7. g°~¡ ° P ‹¬ = °‹¬ ¼ #° „¬ i +¬ ø iOKÇ … è H ›
Why couldn't he help you in that ‡é~ò<Œ~Œ?
matter? 8. h=ô x#ß J`Ç x =¶@•° #=°à…è H ›
16. P"³ ° x#ß party H÷ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ attend ‡é~ò<Œ"Œ?
Hê…èH›‡é~òOk?
Why couldn't she attend the party 9. J`Ç_È° last year =°Oz =¶~¡°ø•° score
yesterday? K͆ǰ…èH›‡é~ò<Œ_¨?
17. P"³° P "Œ¼k• #°Oz ZO^ΰ䛽 HË•°HË…èH› 10. P"³° P J==¶#O ƒ•’iOKÇ…Hè ‡› é~ò#^¥?
‡é~ò#k ? 11. g°~¡° P q+¬†Ç°O…Õ ‹¬i†³Ø°# x~¡â†Ç°O
Why couldn't she recover from that
ZO^ΰ䛽 f‹¬°HË…èH›‡é†Ç¶~¡°?
decease?
18. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß match ZO^Î ° ä› ½ ï Q •°=…è H › 12. h=ô x#ß J`Ç x x ZO^Î ° ä› ½ H› • °=…è H ›
‡é~ò<Œ~¡°? ‡é†Ç¶=ô?
Why couldn't they win that match 13. g°~¡° J`ÇxÌ„á ZO^ΰ䛽 KÇ~¡¼ f‹¬°HË…èH›
yesterday? ‡é†Ç¶~¡°?
19. P†Ç°# last time ZO^ΰ䛽 minister Hê…èH› 14. "Œ~¡° P course time H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬îië
‡é~ò<Œ~¡°? K͆ǰ…èH›‡é†Ç¶~¡°?
Why couldn't he become a minister last
time? 15. g°~¡° x#ß P programme …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽
20. "Œ~¡° P loan ZO^ΰ䛽 clear K͆ǰ…èH› participate K͆ǰ…èH›‡é†Ç¶~¡°?
‡é~ò<Œ~¡°?
Why couldn't they clear that loan? Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Could' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
'Could' J#° ^¥xx grammar …Õ Anomalous Verb JO\ì~¡ ° . nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4
parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç Q®• ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò#° (capacity)
H› e y†Ç ò O_È ° @#° Q® ° iOz ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½ "Could + I form of the verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I could speak well in the meeting yesterday.
2. We could complete the course successfully.
3. He could win the election with good majority last time.
4. They could achieve the target last time.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò …èH› XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èH‡› é~ò# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Could not + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I could not attend the meeting yesterday.
2. We could not write exam well last time.
3. He could not help us last time.
4. They could not satisfy the customers.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò`Ë K͆°Ç Q®•y# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Could + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Could you find his address easily yesterday?
2. Could you do the interview well yesterday?
3. Could he pass the Group-2 exam in the first attempt?
4. Could they clear the loan in time?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò …èH› XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç …èH‡› é=ô@#°
Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Couldn't + I form of the
Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Couldn't you pay the bill last month?
2. Couldn't you stay there alone last night?
3. Couldn't he help you last time?
4. Couldn't they reach the station in time?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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HAVE TO
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò =°#=ò K͆°Ç =•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡=ò#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° D ~ËA L.I.C. office 䛽 "³ˆ×¤=•‹² =ô#ßk.
J "Í°=ò D "Œ~¡=ò tax pay K͆ǰ=•‹² †Çò#ßk.
J J`Ç_È° D ~ËA duty …Õ join J==•‹² †Çò#ßk.
J P"³° doctor #° consult Hê=•‹²†òÇ #ßk.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò XH›~¡° K͆ǰ =•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë =Ç ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ W„¬C_È°, D ~ËA, D"Œ~¡O, D
<³•, D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=¡ ò#ß XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have to / Has to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, we, you, they subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'have to'.
He, She, it subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'has to' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° W„¬C_È° "³O@<Í railway station 䛽 6. "Œ~¡° D<³• D W•°Á Mìm K͆ǰ=•‹²
"³ˆ×¤=•‹² †Çò#ßk. †Çò#ßk.
I have to go to railway station They have to vacate this house this
immediately now. month.
2. "Í°=ò D "Œ~¡O house tax K³eÁOKÇ=•‹² 7. P"³° D ~ËA ª•†Ç°Oã`ÇO doctor #°
†Çò#ßk. consult Hê=•‹²†Çò#ßk.
We have to pay house tax this week. She has to consult the doctor this
3. g°~¡° application D~ËA „ ã x
² •‡•…˜ä½› evening.
submit K͆ǰ=•‹²†Çò#ßk. 8. "Í°=ò =¶ =îiH÷ 4 H÷.g° #_È==•‹²
You have to submit the application †Çò#ßk.
form to the principal today. We have to walk 4 Kms. to our village.
4. =¶ brother D Sunday Hyderabad …Õ 9. g°~¡ ° D work D~ËA finish
interview H÷ attend J==•‹²†Çò#ßk? K͆ǰ=•‹²†Çò#ßk.
My brother has to attend an interview You have to finish this work today.
in Hyderabad this Sunday. 10. =¶ father D ~ËA camp 䛽 "³ˆ×¤=•‹²
5. <Í#° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O hard work K͆°Ç =•‹² †Çò#ßk.
†Çò#ßk. My father has to go on camp today.
I have to work hard this year.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# =°#=ò K͆°Ç =•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡=ò …èx „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° J‹¬•° room H÷ rent pay K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
J "Í°=ò J‹¬•° taxes pay K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ.
J J`Ç_°È J‹¬•° job K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
J P"³° J‹¬•° college H÷ "³ˆ×¤#=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò …èx „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# D ~ËA, D "Œ~¡O, D <³•, D
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡ …èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Don't have to / Doesn't have to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, We, You, They Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Don't have to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
He, She, It, Subject Qê =ô#ß„¬ô_È° 'Doesn't have to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° J‹¬•° =¶WO\ÕÁ „¬xK͆ǰ=•‹²# 6. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° W`Ç~°¡ •Ì„á depend J==•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
I don't have to work in my house at They don't have to depend on other's
all. at all.
2. "Í ° =°‹¬ • ° Sunday duty H÷ attend 7. <Í#° J‹¬•° =¶ brothers 䛽 help
J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O =ôO_È^ΰ.
We don't have to attend the duty on I don't have to help my brothers at
Sunday at all. all.
3. =¶ brother J‹¬•° W`Ç~¡°• ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O 8. "Í ° =ò J‹¬ • ° accounts maintain
HË~¡=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
My brother doesn't have to seek We don't have to maintain accounts
other's help. at all.
4. P"³° J‹¬•° hostel …Õ stay K͆ǰ=•‹²# 9. J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° job K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ. …è^ΰ.
She doesn't have to stay in the hostel He doesn't have to do job at all.
at all. 10. P"³° J‹¬•° WO\ÕÁ#°O_• |†Ç°@䛽
5. "Œ~¡ ° J‹¬ • ° tax pay KÍ † Ç ° =•‹² # ~Œ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ. She does't have to come out of the
They don't have to pay tax at all. house at all.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò#ß
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô ㄬu ~ËA computer class H÷ attend J==•‹² L#ß^¥ ?
J g°~¡° ㄬu <³• report submit K͆ǰ=•‹² L#ß^¥ ?
J P"³° „ã u¬ <³• doctor #° consult J==•‹² L#ß^¥ ?
J J`Ç_È° ㄬu "Œ~¡O camp "³ˆ×¤=•‹² L#ß^¥ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•…Õx „¬#°•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò LO_È°@#° Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë =Ç ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# J#Qê W„¬C_È°, „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ , „ã u¬ ~ËA,
„ã u¬ "Œ~¡O, „ã u¬ <³•, „ã u¬ ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡ LO_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
"Do/Does + have to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, we, you, they - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Do + have to'
He, She, It - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Does + have to" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô „
ã u
¬ ~ËA office …Õ „¬k Q®O@•° work 6. "Œ~¡° govt. orders 䛽 H›@°“|_• LO_È=•‹²
K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°O^¥ ? L#ß^¥ ?
Do you have to work ten hours in the Do they have to abide by the govt.
office daily ? orders?
2. h=ô D medicine ㄬu~ËA f‹¬°Hù#=•‹² 7. h=ô „ã u¬ ª•i g° grandfather H÷ `Ë_È°Qê
hospital 䛽 "³ˆ×¤=•‹² L#ß^¥ ?
L#ß^¥ ? Do you have to take this Do you have to accompany your
medicine daily? grandfather to hospital everytime ?
3. g°~¡° ㄬu q+¬†Ç°O manager `Ë discuss 8. P"³° „ã u¬ <³• doctor #° consult J==•‹²
K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°O^¥? L#ß^¥ ?
Do you have to discuss every matter Does she have to consult the doctor
with the Manager ? every month ?
9. g°~¡° ㄬu <³• bank …Õ money deposit
4. g° father ㄬu"Œ~¡O camp "³ˆ×¤=•‹² K͆ǰ=•‹² L#ß^¥ ?
L#ß^¥? Does your brother have to go Do you have to deposit money in the
on camp every week ? bank every month ?
5. P"³° „
ã u
¬ =°^•¥¼‚¬ìßO „²••Á 䛽 lunch box 10. "Œ~¡° ㄬu<³• report submit K͆ǰ=•‹²
f‹¬°ä›½"³ˆ×¤=•‹² L#ß^¥ ? LO@°O^¥ ?
Does she have to take lunch box for Do they have to submit the report
every month ?
children every afternoon ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Don't have to" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
He, She, It –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° "Doesn't have to " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô J‹¬ • ° Maths H÷ coaching 6. h=ô J‹¬ • ° g° brother H÷ money
f‹¬°H›ù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O…è^¥? „¬O„¬=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
Don't you have to take coaching for Don't you have to send money to your
Maths at all ? brother at all?
2. g°~¡ ° J‹¬ • ° night duty H÷ attend 7. g°~¡ ° J‹¬ • ° accounts maintain
J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
Don't you have to attend the night duty Don't you have to maintain the
at all? accounts at all?
3. J`Ç _ È ° J‹¬ • ° camp •ä› ½ "³ ˆ × ¤ = •‹² # 8. J`Ç_°È J‹¬•° Z=iÌ„<
á Œ P^•¥~¡„_
¬ =
È •‹²#
J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
Doesn't he have to go on camps at Doesn't he have to depend on others
all? at all?
4. P"³° J‹¬•° doctor #° consult J==•‹²# 9. P"³° J‹¬•° WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? =ôO_È^¥?
Doesn't she have to consult the doctor Doesn't she have to come here at all?
at all? 10. "ŒiH÷ J‹¬•° W`Ç~°¡ • ‹¬‚𬠆ǰO HË~¡=•‹²#
5. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° taxes K³eOÁ KÇ=•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡ J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥ ?
=ôO_È^¥? Don't they have to seek others help at
Don't they have to pay taxes at all? all?
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11. h=ô books refer K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why don't you have to refer to the
books? 1. h=ô J‹¬•° lessons byheart K͆ǰ=•‹²#
12. g°~¡° text books Hù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O J=‹¬~¡O =ôO_È^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 2. g°~¡° J‹¬•° "Œi J#°=°u f‹¬°Hù#=•‹²#
Why don't you have to buy text books? J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
13. J`Ç_È° camp •ä›½ "³ˆ×¤=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O 3. J`Ç_È° J‹¬•° money Y~¡°ó Ì„@“=•‹²#
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
Why doesn't he have to go on camps? 4. P"³ ° J‹¬ • ° WO\÷ #°O_• |†Ç ° @ä› ½
14. P"³° medicines f‹¬°H›ù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ=•‹¬²# J=‹¬~¡OLO_È^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? 5. "Œ~¡ ° J‹¬ • ° „¦ ¬ e `Œ• Q® ° iOz worry
Why doesn't she have to take J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
medicines?
6. h=ô J‹¬•° money J„¬C K͆ǰ=•‹²#
15. "Œ~¡ ° notes ã " Œ†Ç ° =•‹² # J=‹¬ ~ ¡ O J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 7. "Œ~¡° J‹¬•° rice Hù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
Why don't they have to write notes?
=ôO_È^¥?
16. h=ô H›+¬“„¬_È=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽 8. h=ô J‹¬•° "Œi ‹¬•‚¬ð f‹¬°HË=•‹²#
…è^ΰ? J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
Why don't you have to work hard?
9. J`Ç _ È ° J‹¬ • ° |‹¬ ° •…Õ ã „ ¬ † Ç ¶ }O
17. g°~¡° project report `dž¶
Ç ~¡° K͆°Ç =•‹²# K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽=ôO_È^ΰ ?
Why don't you have to prepare the
10. P"³° J‹¬•° study classes 䛽 "³ˆ×¤#=‹¬~¡O
project report? =ôO_È^¥?
18. "Œ~¡ ° J‹¬ • ° ‡Ú•O…Õ fertilizers use 11. g°~¡° entrance test 䛽 appear J==•‹²#
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why don't they have to use fertilizers 12. J`ÇxH÷ job K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡ ZO^ΰ䛽
in the field? …è^ΰ?
19. g°~¡° J‹¬•° games practise K͆°Ç =•‹²# 13. P"³° J‹¬•° reports `džǶ~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why don't you have to practise 14. h=ô J‹¬•° cell phone use K͆ǰ=•‹²#
games? J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
20. J`ÇxH÷ J‹¬•° money ‹¬O‡•kOKÇ=•‹²# 15. "ŒiH÷ J‹¬•° J`Çx q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? KÍ‹¬°Hù# =•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O =ôO_È^¥?
Why doesn't he have to earn money
at all? Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Have to / Has to' Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question
Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò Hêh, ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê Qêh XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=òO_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have to / Has to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I have to work ten hours daily. 4. They have to consult the Manager every Monday.
3. He has to go on camp every week. 2. We have to pay rent on 5th every month.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò Hêh, J‹¬…ÿ„¬æ\÷H© Hêh XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=òO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Don't have to / Doesn't have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I don't have to take any risk in my job.
2. We don't have to attend the duty on Sundays.
3. He doesn't have to care anyone.
4. They don't have to show any guarantee.
3. QUESTION FORM :
„¬‹¬°ë`Ç=ò Hêh, ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê Qêh XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=òO_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Do / Does + have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Do you have to speak English in your college?
2. Do you have to discuss every matter with your Manager?
3. Does he have to lookafter his business?
4. Does she have to take this medicine daily?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
„¬‹¬°ë`Ç=ò Hêh, J‹¬…ÿ„¬æ\÷H© Hêh XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=òO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Don't have to / Doesn't have to + I form of the
Verb"L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Don't you have to go on camps at all?
2. Don't you have to wake up early in the morning?
3. Doesn't he have to know the details every time?
4. Don't they have to encourage him?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
262 A thief thinks that everyone steals.
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HAD TO
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò =zó# XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß sudden Qê <³•¶Á~¡° "³ˆ×¤=•‹² =zó#k.
J "Í°=ò last week special class H÷ attend Hê=•‹² =zó#k.
J =¶ sister last year studies discontinue K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k.
J =¶ brother last Sunday interview H÷ attend Hê=•‹² =zó#k.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò =zó# XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Had to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Had to' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß urgent „¬xg°^Î =¶ native 6. "Œ~¡° last month sudden Qê P house
place "³ˆ×¤=•‹² =zó#k. vacate K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k.
I had to go to our native place on some They had to vacate that house
urgent work. suddenly last month.
2. "Í°=ò x#ß Bank Manager #° consult 7. "Í°=ò last month money J„¬C K͆°Ç =•‹²
J==•‹² =zó#k. =zó#k.
We had to consult the Bank Manager We had to borrow money last month.
yesterday. 8. =¶ father x#ß bank #°Oz ~¡¶. 10,000
3. =¶ brother last month job H÷ resign withdraw K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k.
K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k. My father had to withdraw Rs. 10,000
My brother had to resign to his job from the bank yesterday.
last month. 9. "Í°=ò x#ß =~¡Â=ò=•# programme
4. P"³° last week hospital …Õ LO_È=•‹² cancel K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k.
=zó#k. We had to cancel the programme due
She had to stay in the hospital last to rain yesterday.
week. 10. "Œ~¡° x#ß g°\÷OQ· postpone K͆ǰ=•‹²
5. <Í#° x#ß =¶ friends H÷ help K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k.
=zó#k. They had to postpone the meeting
I had to help my friends yesterday. yesterday.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ òO_Èx
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß office H÷ "³ˆ×¤=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
J "Í°=ò last year entrance test 䛽 appear J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
J =¶ brother studies discontinue K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
J P"³° last year donation pay K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=òO_Èx
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Didn't + have to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular Plural U^³á##¶ 'Didn't have to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß J`Çxx H›•°= =•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O 6. <Í#° x#ß penalty K³eOÁ KÇ=•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡
~Œ…è^ΰ. H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
I did not have to meet him yesterday. I did not have to pay penalty
2. "Í ° =ò last year entrance test H÷ yesterday.
coaching f‹¬°HË=•‹²# J=‹¬~O ¡ ~Œ…è^°Î . 7. "Í ° =ò x#ß P =îiH÷ #_È ° ==•‹² #
We did not have to take coaching for
the entrance test last year.
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
We did not have to walk to that village
3. =¶ brother last time job H÷ resign
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ. yesterday.
My brother did not have to resign to 8. P"³ ° x#ß P„¦ Ô ‹ ¬ ° H÷ leave apply
his job last year. K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
4. P"³° last month hospital …Õ LO_È=•‹²# She did not have to apply for leave to
J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. the office yesterday.
She did not have to stay in the
hospital last month.
9. <Í # ° last month money J„¬ C
5. "Œ~¡ ° last month house vacate K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. I did not have to borrow money last
They did not have to vacate the house month.
last month.
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EXERCISE
10. "Í°=ò last year WH›ø_È problem face
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ. D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
We did not have to face this problem
here last year.
11. "Œ~¡ ° last month class ä› ½ attend 1. <Í # ° x#ß JH› ø _È J`Ç x `Ë stay
Hê=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
They did not have to attend the 2. "Í°=ò last month JH›ø_È䛽 "³ˆ×¤=•‹²#
classes last month. J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
12. "Í ° =ò J„¬ C _È ° licence ‡ÚO^Î = •‹² # 3. P"³° J„¬VC_È° D course K͆ǰ=•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
We did not have to get the licence
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
then. 4. "Œ~¡° Q®`ÇO…Õ night duty H÷ attend
13. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° job K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. 5. J`Ç _ È ° x#ß JH› ø _È "Œix receive
He did not have to do job then. KÍ‹¬°Hù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
14. <Í#° last year hostel …Õ KÍ~¡=•‹²# 6. <Í#° last time WO`Ç syllabus prepare
J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
I did not have to join hostel last year.
15. "Í°=ò Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O entrance test 䛽 7. "Í ° =ò last year donation pay
appear J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
We did not have to appear for the 8. P†Ç°# Q®`Ç ZxßH›•…Õ ïQ•°„¬ôHË‹¬O
entrance test last year. Zä› ½ ø= amount Y~¡ ° ó Ì „ @“ = •‹² #
16. <Í#° x#ß J`Çx ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~¡=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ. 9. P"³ ° x#ß "ŒiH÷ =°~¡ • explain
I did not have to seek his help
yesterday.
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
17. "Í ° =ò "Œi`Ë D q+¬ † Ç ° O discuss 10. "Œ~¡ ° last week P programme …Õ
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ. ‡•…ç¾#=•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡ H›•°Q®…^ è °Î .
We did not have to discuss this 11. <Í # ° D job HË‹¬ O Zä› ½ ø=
matter with them. H›+¬“„¬_È=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
18. J`Ç_È° last time training ‡ÚO^Î=•‹²# 12. "Í°=ò last year P town H÷ family shift
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ. K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
He did not have to undergo training
last time.
13. h=ô last year private college …Õ
19. "Œ~¡° Z䛽ø= amount invest K͆°Ç =•‹²# KÍ~¡=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ. 14. "Í ° =ò J„¬ C _È ° Wxß subjects
They did not have to invest much KÇ^ΰ==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
amount. 15. P†Ç°# x#ß WH›ø_Èä½› ~Œ=•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡
20. <Í # ° x#ß JH› ø _È "ŒiHË‹¬ O wait H›•°Q®…è^ΰ.
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^ΰ.
I did not have to wait for them there
yesterday. Z
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò =zó#
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô x#ß K³<³áß "³ˆ×¤=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
J g°~¡° x#ß meeting postpone K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
J J`Ç_È° last month money J„¬C K͆ǰ=•‹²=zó#^¥ ?
J P"³° last week heart specialist #° consult J==•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò =zó# XH›
„¬xx Q®¶ió ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`Ç <³•, Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò =zó# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Did + have to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Did + have to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß g°~¡° programme cancel K͆°Ç =•‹² 6. h=ô x#ß g° brother H÷ money „¬O„¬=•‹²
=zó#^¥ ? =zó#^¥ ?
Did you have to cancel the Did you have to send money to your
programme yesterday ? brother yesterday ?
2. Last week g°~¡° Ì‹q°<Œ~Ÿ…Õ participate 7. P"³ ° last year studies discontinue
K͆ǰ=•‹²=zó#^¥ ? K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
Did you have to participate in the Did she have to discontinue her
seminar last week ? studies last year ?
3. g° brother last year private college …Õ 8. g°~¡° x#ß J`Çx HË‹¬O KŒ…ì À‹„¬ô wait
join J==•‹²=zó#^¥ ? K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
Did your brother have to join private Did you have to wait for him for a long
college last year ? time yesterday ?
4. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß J`Ç x H÷ help KÍ † Ç ° =•‹² 9. "Œ~¡° last year P house sale K͆°Ç =•‹²
=zó#^¥ ? =zó#^¥ ?
Did they have to help him yesterday ? Did they have to sell that house last
5. g°~¡ ° last time bank #°O_• loan year ?
f‹¬°HË=•‹² =zó#^¥ ? 10. g°~¡° x#ß D q+¬†Ç°O JO`Œ J`ÇxH÷
Did you have to take loan from the explain K͆ǰ=•‹²=zó#^¥ ?
bank last time ? Did you have to explain this matter to
him yesterday ?
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11. g°~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È Z=ix consult J==•‹² D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
=zó#k ?
Whom did you have to consult there
yesterday ? 1. g°~¡° x#ß P TiH÷ #_Èz "³ˆ×¤=•‹²
12. g°~¡° last time P problem Z…ì solve =zó#^¥ ?
K͆ǰ=•‹²=zó#k ? 2. h=ô last month comp "³ˆ¤= × •‹² =zó#^¥?
How did you have to solve that
problem last time ? 3. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° P job =^Ε°Hù#=•‹²
13. g°~¡° sudden Qê P house ZO^ΰ䛽 =zó#^¥ ?
vacate K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k ? 4. P"³° x#ß guests HË‹¬O =°~¡• cook
Why did you have to vacate that K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥?
house suddenly ? 5. "Œ~¡° last month sudden Qê P house
14. ~Œã u g°~¡ ° ZH› ø _È stay KÍ † Ç ° =•‹² vacate K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
=zó#k? 6. h=ô x#ß =°~¡• Manager #° consult
Where did you have to stay last night?
15. h=ô last year M.C.A. course H÷ ZO`Ç J==•‹²=zó#^¥ ?
donation pay K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k ? 7. P†Ç°# x#ß court …Õ ‚¬ð[~¡° J==•‹²
Howmuch donation did you have to =zó#^¥?
pay for MCA course last year ? 8. g°~¡ ° P"³ ° #° hospital …Õ admit
16. g°~¡° x#ß meeting ZO^ΰ䛽 postpone K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k ? 9. P"³ ° ~Œã u P WO\ÕÁ XO@iQê stay
Why did you have to postpone the
meeting yesterday ?
K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#^¥ ?
17. g°~¡° last time P"³°#° ZH›ø_È admit 10. "Œ~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È trouble face K͆ǰ=•‹²
K͆ǰ=•‹²=zó#k ? =zó#^¥ ?
Where did you have to admit her last 11. h=ô last Sunday Guntur ZO^Î ° ä› ½
time ? "³ˆ×¤=•‹² =zó#k ?
18. g°~¡ ° last time Zxß <³ • • tH› Æ } 12. g°~¡° bank #°O_• x#ß ZO`Ç amount
‡ÚO^Î=•‹² =zó#k ? withdraw K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k ?
Howmany months did you have to
undergo training last time ? 13. J`Ç_È° last year P course …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽
19. P"³ ° last year studies ZO^Î ° ä› ½ KÍ~¡=•‹² =zó#k ?
discontinue K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k ? 14. P"³° last time U subject H÷ coaching
Why did she have to discontinue her f‹¬°Hù#=•‹² =zó#k ?
studies last year ?
15. J`Ç_È° last time Zxß ~ËA•° hospital …Õ
20. g°~¡° last month money ZO^ΰ䛽 J„¬C stay K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k?
K͆ǰ=•‹² =zó#k ?
Why did you have to borrow money
last month ? Z
Hardwork always brings success. 268
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Didn't + have to' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß g°~¡° JH›ø_È J`Çxx H›•°==•‹²# 5. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° business …Õ invest
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^¥? K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O~Œ…è^¥?
Didn't you have to meet him there Didn't they have to invest in the
yesterday? business then?
2. g°~¡° last month penalty pay K͆°Ç =•‹²# 6. g°~¡° XH›„¬C_È° D house H÷ rent pay
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^¥? K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O~Œ…è^¥?
Didn't you have to pay penalty last Didn't you have to pay rent for this
month? house once?
3. J`Ç_È° last week office H›÷ "³ˆ×¤=•‹²# 7. h=ô XH›„¬C_È° job K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^¥? ~Œ…è^¥?
Didn't he have to go to office last week? Didn't you have to do job once?
4. P"³ ° J„¬ C _È ° "ŒiO\ÕÁ LO_È = •‹² # 8. g°~¡° J„¬C_È° "Œi`Ë discuss K͆°Ç =•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^¥? J=‹¬~¡O ~Œ…è^¥ ?
Didn't she have to stay in their house
Didn't you have to discuss with them
then?
then ?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Had to + I form of the Verb' J#°
structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx Past necessary action JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò
1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#°
4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò =ôO_•# XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Had to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I had to go to Chennai last week. 2. He had to join a private college last year.
3. We had to help him yesterday. 4. They had to deposit Rs. 10,000 last time.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=¡ ò =ôO_Èx XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Did not + have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I did not have to meet him yesterday.
2. We did not have to take permission.
3. He did not have to apply for leave yesterday.
4. They did not have to stay here last night.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~= ¡ ò =ôO_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
„
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Did + have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Did you have to consult the doctor yesterday?
2. Did he have to appear for the test last month?
3. Did she have to go to hospital yesterday?
4. Did they have to take coaching last time?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò =ôO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Didn't + have to + I form of the
Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Didn't you have to pay rent then?
2. Didn't he have to come here yesterday?
3. Didn't she have to stay in the hospital last time?
4. Didn't they have to buy the tickets yesterday?
271
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson…Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
272 Little enemies and little wounds are not to be despised.
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WILL HAVE TO
XHùøH›øª•i ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò =ôO_È° XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° ö~„¬ô office 䛽 early Qê "³ˆ×¤=•‹² LO@°Ok.
J g°~¡° next week …Õ„¬• D work „¬îië K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°Ok.
J =°#=ò ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ money pay K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°Ok.
J =¶ brother next year hostel …Õ stay K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°Ok.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò =ôO_È° XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò…èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò#ß
XH›„¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will have to + I form of the verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ "will have to" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° next Monday Hyderabad "³ˆ×¤=•‹² 6. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô g°\÷OQ·ä›½ attend J==•‹²
LO@°Ok. LO@°Ok.
I willhave to go to Hyderabad next They will have to attend the meeting
Monday. tomorrow.
2. "Í ° =ò =KÍ ó " Œ~¡ O exam fee pay 7. <Í # ° D report =KÍ ó " Œ~¡ O P„¦ Ô ‹ ¬ ° …Õ
K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°Ok. submit K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°Ok.
We will have to pay the exam fee next I will have to submit this report in the
week . office next week.
3. g°~¡° =°~¡• XH›ª•i principal #° consult 8. "Í°=ò D work next week complete
J==•‹² LO@°Ok. K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°Ok.
You will have to consult the principal We will have to complete this work
again. next week.
4. =¶ brother selection `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç XH› <³• 9. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ P house vacate K͆°Ç =•‹²
training ‡ÚO^Î=•‹² LO@°Ok. LO@°Ok.
My brother will have to undergo They will have to vacate that house
training for one month after the soon.
selection. 10. h=ô JH› ø _È KŒ…ì problems face
5. P"³° WOHùH› <³•~ËA•° D medicine K͆ǰ=•‹² =‹¬°ëOk.
f‹¬°HË=•‹² LO@°Ok. You will have to face many problems
She will have to take this medicine for there.
one more month.
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Z
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 274
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò
LO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô ö~„¬ô WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
J g°~¡° next month bill pay K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
J =°#=ò D ª•i J`Çx„Ì á depend J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ.
J J`Ç_È° WH› D medicine f‹¬°HË=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ ò LO_Èx
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í°W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³#á #¶ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~O¡ LO_Èx
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will not have to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Will not have to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô P„¦Ô‹¬°ä›½ "³ˆ×¤=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O 6. h=ô ö ~ „¬ ô "ŒiH÷ `Ë_È ° Qê "³ ˆ × ¤ = •‹² #
…è^ΰ. J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ.
I will not have to go to office tomorrow. You will not have to accompany them
2. "Í ° =ò WH› g °^Î @ house tax pay tomorrow.
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. 7. J`Ç _ È ° WH› g °^Î @ =¶ä› ½ money
We will not have to pay house tax here „¬O„¬=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ.
after. He will not have to send us money
3. g°~¡ ° WH› # °Oz D problem face hereafter.
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. 8. "Œ~¡ ° WH› g °^Î @ WH› ø _È ä › ½ ~Œ=•‹² #
You will not have to face this problem J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ.
hereafter. They will not have to come here
4. =¶ brother WH›#°Oz night duty H÷ hereafter.
attend J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. 9. <Í#° WH›g°^Î@ J`Çx„
Ì á P^•¥~¡„_
¬ È =•‹²#
My brother will not have to attend the J=‹¬~¡O…è^ΰ.
night duty hereafter. I won't have to depend on him
5. P"³ ° WH› # °Oz D private job hereafter.
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O LO_È^ΰ. 10. "Í ° =ò WH› g °^Î @ J`Ç x ‹¬ ‚ ¬ ð †Ç ° O
She will not have to do this private HË~¡=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O …è^ΰ.
job hereafter. We won't have to seek his help
hereafter.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ òO_È°
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô ö~„¬ô g° T~¡° "³ˆ×¤=•‹² LO@°O^¥ ?
J g°~¡° next Sunday test ã"Œ†Ç°=•‹² LO@°O^¥ ?
J J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô Manager #° consult J==•‹² LO@°O^¥ ?
J P"³° =°~¡• WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ=•‹² LO@°O^¥ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ òO_È°
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ, ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ …èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx
=°i†Í°W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=ò#ß XH› „¬xx
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will + have to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° ö ~ „¬ ô =°~¡ … WH› ø _È ä › ½ ~Œ=•‹² 6. h=ô WH› #°Oz g° business
LO@°O^¥? KǶ‹¬°Hù#=•‹²=ôO@°O^¥ ?
Shall I have to come here again ? Will you have to look after your
2. =°#=ò next week exam fee pay business hereafter ?
K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°O^¥? 7. P"³ ° next year university …Õ
Shall we have to pay exam fee next KÇ^ΰ==•‹²=ôO@°O^¥ ?
week ? Will she have to study in the university
3. g°~¡° next week ‡•s“ Hê~¡¼ãH›=°=ò…Õ next year ?
participate K͆ǰ=•‹² LO@°O^¥? 8. h=ô ~ö „¬ô g° parents 䛽 `Ë_È°Qê g° T~¡°
Will you have to participate in the "³ˆ×¤=•‹²=ôO@°O^¥ ?
party programme next week ? Will you have to accompany your
4. g° brother next month Hyderabad …Õ parents to your village tomorrow ?
training ‡ÚO^Î=•‹² =ôO@°O^¥ ? 9. P"³° next month 䛕_¨ D medicine
Will your brother have to undergo f‹¬°Hù#=•‹²=ôO@°O^¥ ?
training in Hyderabad next week ? Will she have to take this medicine
5. "Œ~¡° =KÍó <³• loan clear K͆ǰ=•‹² next month also ?
=ôO@°O^¥ ? 10. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È guests #° receive
Will they have to clear the loan next KÍ‹¬°Hù#=•‹²=ôO@°O^¥ ?
month ? Will they have to receive the guests
there tomorrow ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject I, We J~ò#„¬C_È° "Shalln't have to" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Subject He, She, It, They J~ò#„¬C_È° "Won't have to " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô ö ~ „¬ ô JH› ø _È "Œix H› • °==•‹² # 6. h=ô next month g° brother H÷ money
J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? „¬O„¬=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
Won't you have to meet them there Won't you have to send money to your
tomorrow? brother next month?
2. g°~¡ ° next week report submit 7. g°~¡° WH› WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? =ôO_È^¥?
Won't you have to submit the report Won't you have to come here
hereafter?
next week?
3. J`Ç _ È ° next year donation pay 8. J`Ç_È° ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ `Ë_È°Qê "³ˆ×¤=•‹²#
J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥?
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? Won't he have to accompany them
Won't he have to pay donation next tomorrow?
year?
9. "Œ~¡° WH› J`Çx„
Ì á P^•¥~¡„_
¬ =
È •‹²# J=‹¬~O¡
4. P"³ ° tH› Æ } ‡ÚO^Î = •‹² # J=‹¬ ~ ¡ O =ôO_È^¥?
=ôO_È^¥? Won't they have to depend on him
Won't she have to under go training? hereafter?
5. "Œ~¡ ° next time amount deposit 10. g°~¡° WH› "Œi`Ë KÇióOKÇ=•‹¬²# J=‹¬~¡O
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥? =ôO_È^¥ ?
Won't they have to deposit the amount Won't you have to discuss with them
next time ? hereafter?
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11. h=ô entrance test ä› ½ coaching D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
f‹¬°HË=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ?
Why won't you have to take coaching
for the entrance test? 1. h=ô ö~„¬ô office 䛽 "³ˆ×¤=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
12. g°~¡° next time bill pay K͆ǰ=•‹²# …è^¥?
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 2. g°~¡° ö~„¬ô programme …Õ ‡•…ç¾#=•‹²#
Why won't you have to pay the bill next J=‹¬~¡O…è^¥ ?
time? 3. J`Ç_È° =°~¡• WH›ø_È䛽 ~Œ#=‹¬~¡O…è^¥ ?
13. J`Ç_È° job H÷ try K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 4. P"³° WH› medicine f‹¬°HË#=‹¬~¡O…è^¥?
Why won't he have to try for a job? 5. "Œ~¡ ° WH› q°ye# instalments pay
14. P"³ ° WH› g°^Î @ doctor #° consult K͆ǰ#=‹¬~¡O…è^¥ ?
J==•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽=ôO_È^ΰ? 6. h=ô books H›ù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O…è^¥ ?
Why won't she have to consult the
doctor hereafter?
7. g°~¡ ° ã „ ¬ ` Í ¼ H› O Qê P „¬ s H› Æ ä › ½ prepare
15. "Œ~¡ ° WH› g °^Î @ WH› ø _È LO_È = •‹² # Hê#=‹¬~¡O …è^¥ ?
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 8. P†Ç°# D document „ Ì á sign K͆°Ç =•‹²#
Why won't they have to stay here J=‹¬~¡O…è^¥ ?
hereafter? 9. P"³° Dª•i ‚¬ð‹²æ@…˜…Õ LO_È=•‹²#
16. h=ô "Œi permission f‹¬°H›ù#=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^¥ ?
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽…è^ΰ? 10. "Œ~¡ ° D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O practicals
Why won't you have to take their
K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O…è^¥ ?
permission?
17. g°~¡° WH›g°^Î@ g° T~¡° "³ˆ×¤=•‹²# 11. h=ô ö~„¬ô study class H›÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 attend
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽=ôO_È^ΰ ? Hê#=‹¬~¡O…è^ΰ ?
Why won't you have to go to your 12. g°~¡ ° =KÍ ó <³ • bill ZO^Î ° ä› ½ pay
village hereafter? K͆ǰ#=‹¬~¡O…è^ΰ ?
18. P"³° WH›#°Oz "Œi ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~¡=•‹²# 13. P"³° WH› "ŒiO\ÕÁ ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬xK͆¶ Ç e•#
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? J=‹¬~¡O =ôO_È^ΰ ?
Why won't she have to seek their help
hereafter? 14. "Œ~¡° WH› P game ZO^ΰ䛽 practise
19. "Œ~¡° ö~„¬ô duty H÷ attend J==•‹² # K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O=ôO_È^ΰ ?
J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ? 15. g°~¡ ° WH› #°Oz J`Ç x H÷ money
Why won't they have to attend the duty „¬O„¬=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽O_È^ΰ ?
tomorrow?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Will have to' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question
Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰ=•‹²# J=‹¬~¡=òO_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will have to work hard next year.
2. We will have to face this problem one more year.
3. He will have to undergo training next month.
4. They will have to pay the bill tomorrow.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~= ¡ òO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will not have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I will not have to meet him there tomorrow.
2. We will not have to take risk hereafter.
3. He will not have to do any job hereafter.
4. They will not have to make arrangements for us.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ òO_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Will have to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Will you have to enclose the certificates?
2. Will you have to receive the guests tomorrow?
3. Will he have to explain to them this matter again?
4. Will they have to vacate this house next month?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç =•‹²# J=‹¬~=
¡ òO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Won't have to + I form of the Verb
" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Won't you have to clear this loan?
2. Won't you have to pay any donation?
3. Won't he have to resign to this post?
4. Won't they have to vacate this house next month?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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WANT TO
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject- I, We, You, They Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° 'Want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
He, She, It, - Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° 'Wants to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° D ~ËA <³ • ¶Á ~ ¡ ° "³ ˆ ì¤ • x 6. <Í#° Group-I „¬sH›Æ䛽 appear J"Œ•#°
J#°ä›½O@°<Œß#°. 䛽O@°<Œß#°.
I want to go to Nellore today. I want to appear for Group-I
2. "Í°=ò D town …Õ<Í settle J"Œ•x examinations.
J#°ä›½O@°<Œß=ò. 7. "Í°=ò D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O house Hù<Œ•#°
We want to settle down in this town. 䛽O@°<Œß=ò.
3. =¶ brother D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O MBA join 8. P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O B.L. KÍ † Ç ¶ •x
J"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß_È°. J#°ä›½O@°#ßk.
My brother wants to join MBA this She wants to do B.L. this year.
year. We want to buy a house this year.
4. =¶ brother D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O USA 9. P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Guntur …Õ M.Sc.
"³ˆì¤#°ä›½O@°<Œß_È°. KÇ^Î"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°#ßk.
My brother wants to go to the USA this She wants to study M.Sc in Guntur
year. this year.
5. "Œ~¡° K³<³áß…Õ business start K͆Ƕ•x 10. "Œ~¡° D ª•i Annual day KŒ…ì grand
J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~¡°. Qê celebrate K͆Ƕ•#° 䛽O@°<Œß~¡°.
They want to start business in They want to celebrate annual day
Chennai. very grand this year.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH›„x
¬ x
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O D Hê…èl…Õ KÇ^"Î Œ•#° HË=_ÈO …è^°Î .
J "Í°=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO WH›ø_È stay K͆Ƕ•#°HË=_ÈO …è^ΰ.
J =¶ father D business continue K͆Ƕ•#°HË=_ÈO …è^ΰ.
J P"³° D function 䛽 "Œix invite K͆Ƕ•#° HË=_ÈO …è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH›„¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# D ~ËA, D <³•, D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò
…èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#°KÇ°#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Don't / Doesn't + want to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, We, You, They Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° 'Donot want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
He, She, It, - Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° 'Does not want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° WH›ø_È time waste K͆¶
Ç •#°HË=_ÈO 6. "Œ~¡° Z䛽ø= amount business …Õ invest
…è^ΰ. K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ.
I don't want to waste my time here. They don't want to invest much
2. "Í°=ò J`Çx q+¬†Ç°O *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°HË"Œ• amount on business.
#°HË=@O …è^ΰ. 7. <Í#° D H›OÌ„h…Õ join J"Œ•#°HË=@O
We don't want to interefere in his …è^ΰ.
matter. I don't want to join this company.
3. =¶ brother opportunity x miss 8. "Í°=ò D town …Õ settle J"Œ•#°HË=@O
KÍ‹¬°HË"Œ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ. …è^ΰ.
My brother doesnot want to miss the We don't want to settle down in this
opportunity. town.
4. P"³° studies continue K͆¶
Ç •#°HË=@O 9. P"³° WH›ø_È stay K͆¶
Ç •#°HË=@O …è^°Î .
…è^ΰ. She doesnot want to stay here.
She doesnot want to continue her 10. "Œ~¡ ° D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ J`Ç x H÷ help
studies. K͆Ƕ•#°HË=_ÈO…è^ΰ.
5. J`Ç_È° job K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O …è^ΰ. They don't want to help him in this
He doesnot want to do job. matter.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x J#°Hù#°KÇ°#ß
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° ‹Ì •=ô•…Õ Mysore visit K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
J h=ô D "Œ~¡O computer course join J"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß"Œ?
J P"³° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g° office …Õ job K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°#ß^¥?
J "Œ~¡° D<³• tour "³ˆì¤•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#°KÇ°#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# D ~ËA, D <³•, D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O =°#=ò
…èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#°KÇ°#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Do/Does + want to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, We, You, They - Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° 'Do + want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
He, She, It, - Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° 'Does + want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O B.L. KÍ † Ç ¶ •x 6. h=ô lawyer J"ŒÞ•#°HùO@°<Œß"Œ?
J#°Hù#°KÇ°<Œß"Œ? Do you want to become a lawyer?
Do you want to do B.L. this year? 7. g°~¡° D ~ËA '=~¡ÂOÑ ‹²x=¶ KǶ_¨•x
2. g°~¡° Hyderabad …Õ settle J"Œ•#°Hù#° J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
KÇ°<Œß~Œ? Do you want to see the film "Varsham"
Do you want to settle down in today?
Hyderabad ? 8. P†Ç°# D ~ËA leave apply K͆Ƕ•x
3. g° brother WH› ø _È business start J#°ä›½O@°<Œß_¨?
K͆Ƕ•#°ä›½O@°<Œß_¨? Does he want to apply for leave
Does your brother want to start today?
business here? 9. P"³ ° Group-I „¬ s H› Æ • ä› ½ HËzOQ·
4. P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O hostel …Õ stay f‹¬°HË"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°#ß^¥?
K͆Ƕ•x J#°HùO@°#ß^¥? Does she want to take coaching for
Does she want to stay in the hostel the Group - I exam?
this year ? 10. "Œ~¡° K³<³ßåH÷ train …Õ travel K͆Ƕ•x
5. "Œ~¡° D <³• new house …ÕxH÷ shift J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
J"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ? Do they want to travel to Chennai by
Do they want to shift to the new house train?
this month?
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11. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O ZH›ø_È KÇ^Î"Œ•x D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
J#°ä›½O@°<Œß=ô?
Where do you want to study this year?
12. g°~¡ ° manager x Z„¬ C _È ° consult 1. g°~¡° D ~ËA Mourya Hotel …Õ dinner
J"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~¡°? f‹¬°HË"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œ~Œ ?
When do you want to consult the 2. h=ô D "Œ~¡O computer course join
Manager ? J"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß"Œ ?
13. h=ô D Ì ‹ •=ô•…Õ U course 3. g° brother govt. job H÷ try K͆Ƕ•x
K͆Ƕ•#°ä›½O@°<Œß=ô? J#°ä›½O@°<Œß_¨ ?
Which course do you want to do in
these holidays ?
4. P"³ ° D <³ • …Õ necklace Hù<Œ•x
14. g°~¡° D ª•i summer holidays ZH›ø_È J#°ä›½O@°#ß^¥?
Q®_‡È ••x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~°¡ ? 5. "Œ~¡° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Q®°O@¶~¡°…Õ house
Where do you want to spend your construct K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
summer holidays this time? 6. h=ô 䛕_¨ =¶`Ë D room …Õ stay
15. g° brother job H÷ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ resign K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß"Œ?
K͆Ƕ•#°HùO@°<Œß_È° ? 7. g°~¡° students H÷ D summer holidays
Why does your brother want to resign …Õ tour organize KÍ † Ç ¶ •x
to his job? J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
16. P"³ ° W„¬ C _È ° D shop …Õ Uq° 8. g° parents x#°ß central school …Õ admit
Hù<Œ•#°ä›½O@°#ßk ? K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
What does she want to buy in the
shop now ? 9. P†Ç°# High court …Õ lawyer Qê practice
17. J`Ç_È° D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ Z=i ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß~Œ?
f‹¬°HË"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß_È°? 10. P"³ ° nursing school x~¡ Þ ‚² ì OKŒ•x
Whose help does he want to seek in J#°ä›½O@°#ß^¥ ?
this matter ? 11. h=ô W„¬ C _È ° D job ZO^Î ° ä› ½ =ke
18. "Œ~¡° ZH›ø_È settle J"Œ•x J#°ä›½O@° "͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½O@°<Œß=ô ?
<Œß~¡°? 12. g°~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO U place visit K͆Ƕ•#°
Where do they want to settle down? 䛽O@°<Œß~¡° ?
19. g°~¡° D~ËA marriage …Õ bride H÷ Uq° 13. J`Ç _ È ° Delhi Z„¬ C _È ° "³ ˆ ì¤ • x
present K͆Ƕ•#°Hù#°KÇ°<Œß~¡°?
What do you want to present to the
J#°ä›½O@°<Œß_È° ?
bride in the marriage today? 14. g°~¡° D problem Z…ì solve K͆Ƕ•#°
20. J`Ç _ È ° W„¬ C _È ° Hyderabad Z…ì 䛽O@°<Œß~¡°?
KÍ~Œ•#°ä›½O@°<Œß_È° ? 15. g° mother D ~ËA guests 䛽 U special
How does he want to reach Hyderabd item `Ç † Ç ¶ ~¡ ° KÍ † Ç ¶ •x J#°ä› ½ O@°
now ? <Œß~¡° ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject I, We, You, They J~ò#„¬C_È° "Don't + want to" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Subject He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° "Doesn't + want to " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O college KÍ ~ Œ•x 6. h=ô D~ËA =¶`Ë party H÷
J#°HË=@O…è^¥? ~Œ"Œ•#°HË=@O…è^¥?
Don't you want to join college this year? Don't you want to come to the party
2. "Œ~¡ ° D ª•i test H÷ appear with us today?
J"ŒÞ•#°HË=@O…è^¥? 7. g°~¡° WH› P company …Õ work K͆¶
Ç •#°
Don't they want to appear for the test HË=@O…è^¥?
this time? Don't you want to work in that company
3. J`Ç_È° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO job HË‹¬O try K͆Ƕ•#° hereafter ?
HË=@O…è^¥? 8. h=ô D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ J`Ç x H÷ help
Doesn't he want to try for a job at K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^¥ ?
present? Don't you want to help him in this
4. P"³° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O studies continue matter ?
K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^¥? 9. g°~¡° J`Çx`Ë D q+¬†Ç°O KÇióOKŒ•#°
Doesn't she want to continue her HË=@O…è^¥?
studies this year? Don't you want to discuss this matter
5. "Œ~¡° D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Annual Day celebrate with him ?
K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^¥? 10. g°~¡ ° D~ËA WH› ø _È stay KÍ † Ç ¶ •#°
Don't they want to celebrate the Annual HË=@O…è^¥?
Day this year? Don't you want to stay here today?
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11. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O D college …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
KÇ^Î"Œ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
Why don't you want to study in this
college this year? 1. h=ô Hindi <Í~¡°óHË"Œ•#°HË=@O…è^¥?
12. g°~¡° D town …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 settle J"Œ•#° 2. g°~¡ ° D~ËA friendly cricket match
HË=@O…è^ΰ? P_¨•#°HË=@O…è^¥?
Why don't you want to settle down in
this town? 3. J`Ç_È° "Œi ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~Œ•#°HË=@O
13. J`Ç_È° Dª•i seminar …Õ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ …è^¥?
‡•…ç¾<Œ•#°HË=@O…è^°Î ? 4. P"³° J`Çx„Ì á complaint K͆¶ Ç •#°HË=@O
Why doesn't he want to participate in …è^¥?
the seminar this time?
14. P"³° D party H÷ "Œix ZO^ΰ䛽 invite 5. "Œ~¡ ° J`Ç x H÷ D q+¬ † Ç ° O inform
K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ? K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^¥?
Why doesn't she want to invite them 6. g°~¡° Dª•i P ‚¬ìÙ@…˜…Õ stay K͆Ƕ•#°
to this party? HË=@O…è^¥?
15. "Œ~¡ ° D ~ËA programme ZO^Î ° ä› ½
conduct K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ? 7. h=ô "Œi ‹¬•‚¬ð ‡•\÷OKŒ•#°HË=@O…è^¥?
Why don't they want to conduct the 8. g°~¡ ° D game practise KÍ † Ç ¶ •#°
programme today? HË=@O…è^¥?
16. h=ô XH› govt. employee J"Œ•x ZO^ΰ䛽
J#°HË=@O…è^ΰ? 9. P†Ç°# Dª•i "ŒiÌ„á P^•¥~¡„_ ¬ = È …ÿ#x
Why don't you want to become a govt. J#°HË=@O…è^¥?
employee? 10. P"³ ° doctor #° consult J"Œ•x
17. P†Ç°# Dª•i ZxßH•› …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 ‡é\© J#°HË=@O…è^¥?
K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ ?
Why doesn't he want to contest in the 11. Dª•i h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 F@° "͆Ƕ•#°
elections this time? HË=@O…è^ΰ?
18. h=ô ZO^ΰ䛽 bike Hù<Œ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ? 12. g°~¡° P bank …Õ account ZO^ΰ䛽 open
Why don't you want to buy a bike? K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
19. h=ô g° friends `Ë ZO^Î ° ä› ½ tour
"³ˆì¤•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ? 13. g°~¡ ° D~ËA meeting H÷ ZO^Î ° ä› ½
Why don't you want to go on tour with ~Œ"Œ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
your friends? 14. J`Ç_È° D train …Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 ㄬ†Ç¶}O
20. h=ô P new movie ZO^Î ° ä› ½ K͆Ƕ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
KǶ_¨•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
Why don't you want to see that new 15. "Œ~¡ ° P <Í ~ ¡ ‹ ¬ ° Ö _ •Ì „ á ZO^Î ° ä› ½ KÇ ~ ¡ ¼
movie? f‹¬°HË"Œ•#°HË=@O…è^ΰ?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Want to' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nx…Õ
=°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form
J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
„
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë =
Ç ò =°#=ò K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x J#°Hù#°KÇ°#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Want
to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I want to buy a scooter this month.
2. We want to help him now.
3. He wants to join M.C.A. this year.
4. She wants to stay with us.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Do not /
Does not + want to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I do not want to seek his help in this matter.
2. We do not want to interefere in his matter.
3. He does not want to do job at present.
4. She does not want to continue her studies.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#°KÇ°#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Do / Does + want to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Do you want to study in Hyd. this year?
2. Do you want to learn Hindi?
3. Does he want to do M.B.A this year?
4. Does she want to appear for the I-CET?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Don't / Doesn't + want to + I form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Don't you want to come with us?
2. Don't you want to stay with them?
3. Doesn't he want to join college this year?
4. Doesn't she want to go on tour with them?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson…Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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WANTED TO
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH›„x
¬ x
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß h䛽 phone K͆Ƕ•x J#°Hùx<Œ#°.
J "Í°=ò last week friendly match P_¨•x J#°Hùx<Œ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° Q®`Ç ZxßH›•…Õ ‡é\© K͆Ƕ•x J#°Hùx<Œ_È°.
J P"³° last year M.A. join J"Œ•x J#°Hùx#k.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH›„¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##¶ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Wanted to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Wanted to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß x#°ß H›•"Œ•x J#°ä›½<Œß#°. 6. <Í#° last time J`Çx ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~Œ•x
I wanted to meet you yesterday. J#°ä›½<Œß#°.
2. "Í°=ò last Sunday picnic 䛽 "³ˆì¤•x I wanted to seek his help last time.
J#°ä›½<Œß=ò. 7. "Í°=ò "Œix x#ß consult J=ô^¥=°x
We wanted to go on a picnic last J#°ä›½<Œß=ò.
Sunday. We wanted to consult them yesterday.
3. =¶ brother last month vehicle Hù<Œ•x 8. =¶ father =¶ brother x last year
J#°ä›½<Œß_È°. central school …Õ admit KÍ † Ç ¶ •x
My brother wanted to buy a vehicle
J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°.
My father wantd to admit my brother
last month.
to central school last year.
4. =¶ sister x#ß competition …Õ 9. P"³ ° last summer …Õ painting
participate K͆Ƕ•x J#°Hùx#k. <Í~¡°óHË"Œ•x J#°ä›½#ßk.
My sister wanted to participate in the She wanted to learn painting last
competition yesterday. summer.
5. "Œ~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È work start K͆Ƕ•x 10. "Œ~¡ ° last week cards distribute
J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°. K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°.
They wanted to start the work there They wanted to distribute the cards
yesterday. last week.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH›„x
¬ x
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß P function H÷ attend J"Œ•x J#°Hù#…è^ΰ.
J "Í°=ò last week =¶ native place H÷ "³ˆì¤•#°HË…è^ΰ.
J J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° job K͆Ƕ•x J#°HË…è^ΰ.
J P"³° last year college …Õ join J"Œ•x J#°HË…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH›„¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##¶ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Did not want to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Did not want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° x#ß JH› ø _È "Œix H› • "Œ•x 6. <Í # ° x#ß office H÷ leave apply
J#°HË…è^ΰ. K͆Ƕ•#°HË…è^ΰ.
I did not want to meet them there I did not want to apply for leave to the
yesterday. office yesterday.
2. "Í°=ò last week =¶ =î~¡° "³ˆì¤•x 7. "Í ° =ò J‹¬ • ° last time "ŒiH÷ help
J#°HË…è^ΰ. K͆Ƕ•x J#°HË…è^ΰ.
We did not want to go to our village We did not want to help them last time.
last week. 8. =¶ father last week "ŒiH÷ money
3. =¶ brother J„¬ C _È ° job KÍ † Ç ¶ •x W"ŒÞ•x J#°HË…è^ΰ.
J#°HË…è^ΰ. My father did not want to give them
My brother did not want to do job then. money last week.
4. P"³ ° x#ß function H÷ "Œix invite 9. "Í ° =ò x#ß J`Ç x `Ë Pq+¬ † Ç ° O
K͆Ƕ•x J#°HË…è^ΰ. =¶\ìÁ_¨•x J#°HË…è^ΰ.
She did not want to invite them to the We did not want to talk to him that
function yesterday. matter yesterday.
5. "Œ~¡ ° last month P house vacate 10. <Í # ° ~Œã u "Œo¤ O \ÕÁ stay KÍ † Ç ¶ •x
K͆Ƕ•x J#°HË…è^ΰ. J#°HË…è^ΰ.
They did not want to vacate that I did not want to stay in their house
house last month. last night.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç =…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH›„x
¬ x
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô x#ß "Œix H›•"Œ•x J#°ä›½<Œß"Œ?
J g°~¡° last month P house vacate K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ?
J g° brother last year U.S.A. "³ˆì¤•x J#°ä›½<Œß_¨?
J P"³° last year M.C.A. join J"Œ•x J#°ä›½#ß^¥?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH›„¬xx
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##¶ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Did + want to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Did + want to' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô x#ß J`ÇxH÷ telegram „¬O‡••x 6. g°~¡° x#ß J`Çx marriage H÷ attend
J#°ä›½<Œß"Œ? J"Œ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ?
Did you want to send him the telegram Did you want to attend his marriage
yesterday? yesterday?
2. g°~¡° last Sunday Quiz competition …Õ 7. h=ô x#ß "Œix H›•"Œ•x J#°Hùx<Œ"Œ?
participate K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ? Did you want to meet them yesterday?
Did you want to participate in the quiz 8. J`Ç_È° last night hotel …Õ stay K͆Ƕ•x
competition last Sunday? J#°Hùx<Œ_¨?
3. J`Ç_È° last time Chairman „¬^ÎqH÷ ‡é\© Did he want to stay in the hotel last
K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß_¨? night?
Did he want to contest for the post of 9. P"³° x#ß P ‘•„¬ô…Õ new sari Hù<Œ•x
Chairman last time? J#°Hùx#^¥?
4. h=ô J„¬C_È° B.E. KÇ^"
Î Œ•x J#°ä›½<Œß"Œ? Did she want to buy a new sari in that
Did you want to study B.E. then? shop yesterday ?
5. Last month h=ô Delhi "³ ˆ ì¤ • x 10. "Œ~¡° last year business …Õ Ì„^Îí"³ò`ÇëO
J#°ä›½<Œß"Œ? invest K͆Ƕ•x J#°Hùx<Œ~Œ?
Did you want to go to Delhi last month? Did they want to invest a huge
amount in the business last year?
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11. g°~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È Z=ix consult J"Œ•x D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°?
Whom did you want to consult there
yesterday? 1. g°~¡° last night movie KǶ_¨•#°ä›½<Œß~Œ
12. last Sunday g°~¡° ZH›ø_•H÷ "³ˆì¤•x ?
J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°?
Where did you want to go last
2. h=ô x#ß =¶`Ë picinic H÷ ~Œ"Œ•x
Sunday? J#°ä›½<Œß"Œ ?
13. g°~¡° last year g° brother x U Hê…èl…Õ 3. g° brother Engineer J"Œ•x
admit K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°? J#°Hù<Œß_¨ ?
In which college did you want to admit
4. P"³° `Ç# birthday party H÷ JO^Îih invite
your brother last year?
14. g° brother last month job H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½#ß^¥ ?
resign K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß_È°? 5. "Œ~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È work start K͆Ƕ•x
Why did your brother want to resign J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ?
to his job last month? 6. h=ô last year Andhra University …Õ
15. h=ô last month Delhi …Õ Zxß~ËA•° stay M.Phil K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß"Œ ?
K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß=ô?
Howmany days did you want to stay 7. g°~¡° "Œi`Ë x#ß D q+¬†Ç°O discuss
in Delhi last month? K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ ?
16. "Œ~¡° last time problem #° Z…ì solve 8. g° uncle last year Ongole …Õ business
K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°? start K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ ?
How did they want to solve that
problem last time?
9. P"³° last time Group-I exam. H÷ appear
17. h=ô x#ß J`Ç x H÷ marriage …Õ Uq° J"Œ•x J#°ä›½#ß^¥ ?
present K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß=ô? 10. "Œ~¡ ° last month P house vacate
What did you want to present him in K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~Œ ?
the marriage yesterday? 11. h=ô actual Qê Uq° J"Œ•x J#°ä›½<Œß=ô?
18. g°~¡° x#ß J`Çx`Ë Uq° =¶\ìÁ_¨•x
J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°? 12. h=ô P university …Õ last year U course
What did you want to talk to him K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß=ô ?
yesterday? 13. g°~¡° last week Farewel party ZH›ø_È
19. h=ô x#ß Q®°O@¶~¡° ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆì¤•x celebrate K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~¡° ?
J#°ä›½<Œß=ô? 14. g°~¡ ° last time P q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ Z=i
Why did you want to go to Guntur
yesterday?
‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~Œ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~¡° ?
20. "Œ~¡° last year ZH›ø_È branch open 15. "Œ~¡° J„¬C_È° Chennai …Õ settle J"Œ•x
K͆Ƕ•x J#°ä›½<Œß~¡°? ZO^ΰ䛽 J#°ä›½<Œß~¡° ?
Where did they want to open the
branch last year ? Z
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject I, We, You,He, She, It, They U^³#
á #° "Didn't + want to" L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß h=ô g° friends `Ë picnic "³ˆì¤•x 6. "Œ~¡° last week meeting x~¡Þ‚²ìOKŒ•#°
J#°HË…è^¥? HË…è^¥ ?
Didn't you want to go on picnic with Didn't they want to conduct the
your friends yesterday? meeting last month?
2. h=ô J„¬æ\ÕÁ university …Õ KÇ^Î"Œ•x 7. h=ô x#ß JH› ø _È J`Ç x x H› • "Œ•x
J#°HË…è^¥? J#°HË…è^¥?
Didn't you want to study in the Didn't you want to meet him there
university then? yesterday?
3. g°~¡° J„¬C_È° D town …Õ house construct 8. J`Ç _ È ° ~Œã u WH› ø _È stay KÍ † Ç ¶ •x
K͆Ƕ•xJ#°HË…è^¥ ? J#°HË…è^¥?
Didn't you want to construct the house Didn't he want to stay here last night?
in this town then? 9. g°~¡° last time ZxßH›•…Õ J`ÇxH÷ support
4. J`Ç_È° J„¬C_È° Group-I exam H÷ appear K͆Ƕ•xJ#°HË…è^¥?
J"Œ•xJ#°HË…è^¥? Didn't you want to support him in the
Didn't he want to appear for the elections last time ?
Group-I exam then? 10. "Œ~¡ ° last year bank loan HË‹¬ O try
5. P"³° x#ß "Œix D q+¬†Ç°O J_ÈQê•#° K͆Ƕ•xJ#°HË…è^¥ ?
HË…è^¥? Didn't they want to try for the bank loan
Didn't she want to ask them this matter last year?
yesterday?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Wanted to' Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question
Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Wanted to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I wanted to go to my village yesterday.
2. We wanted to visit Delhi last month.
3. He wanted to learn Grammar last summar.
4. They wanted to invite the collector to the function.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Did not + want to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I did not want to meet him there yesterday.
2. We did not want to help him last time.
3. He did not want to participate in the programme last week.
4. They did not want to sell that house last time.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hùx# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Did + want to + I form of the Verb " L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Did you want to pay him money yesterday?
2. Did he want to see that movie last Sunday?
3. Did she want to practise type writing last year?
4. Did they want to inform him this matter yesterday?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰ=…ÿ#x J#°Hù#x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Didn't + want to + I form of the
Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Didn't you want to continue the course last month?
2. Didn't he want to stay with you last time?
3. Didn't she want to do that job then?
4. Didn't they want to buy that site then?
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Z
302 A mother should always be respected.
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Z
303
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PASSIVE VOICE
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° XH› "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P „¬xx KÍ‹²# "Œ~¡° (subject / doer) Z=~¡° J<Ík ‹¬¶zOKÇ=ò .
Subject 䛽 importance W=Þ=ò.
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"ŒH›¼=ò U tense …Õ =ôO>è P tense 'be' form =°i†Çò verb †³òH›ø III form.
Passive Voice …Õ Verb U tense …Õ<³á<Œ III form …Õ<Í =ôO_È°#°.
is / are + done = is/are done
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
'I' Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am' , He, She, It, subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'is'
Plural subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. E T.V. …Õ „
ã u
¬ ~ËA 9 p.m. H÷ news „ã ª¬ •~¡O 6. =¶ college …Õ classes regular Qê
J=ô`Œ~ò. x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È°`Œ~ò.
The news is telecast at 9 p.m. on The classes are conducted regularly
E-T.V. every day. in our college.
2. Hyderabad …Õ Holi ƒìQê [~¡°Q®°`Ç°Ok. 7. =¶ school …Õ =°Oz discipline ‡•\÷O„¬
Holi is celebrated very grand in |_È°`Ç°Ok.
Hyderabad. Good discipline is maintained in our
3. S.S.C. „¬sH›•
Æ ° ª•^•¥~¡}OQê =¶ió <³•…Õ school.
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È°`Œ~ò. 8. ㄬHê‰×Ol…ìÁ…Õ =i „¬O_È°`Ç°Ok.
S.S.C. examinations are held usually Paddy is grown in Prakasam District.
in the month of March. 9. ª•^•¥~¡}OQê text books govt. press …Õ
4. D shop …Õ English medicines print J=ô`Œ~ò.
•aOKÇ°#°. Text books are usually printed in the
English medicines are sold in this shop. govt. press.
5. N^Í q kŠ † Í ° @~Ÿ … Õ Zä› ½ ø=Qê ‚² ì Ok 10. XOQË•° \º<£H÷ †Ç°<£.†Ç°‹¹. Hï <Œ…˜ #°O_•
‹²x=¶•° ㄬ^ÎiÅO„¬|_È°`Œ~ò. drinking water supply J=ô`Ç°Ok
Mostly Hindi movies are shown at Drinking water is supplied from the
Sridevi. N.S. canal to Ongole town.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° regular Qê …èH› J‹¬…„
ÿ æ¬ \H÷ © K͆°Ç |_Èx,
[~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J =¶ college …Õ notes dictate K͆ǰ|_È^ΰ.
J Text books private press ……Õ print K͆ǰ|_È=ô.
J College …Õ late commers class …ÕH÷ J#°=°uOKÇ|_È~¡°.
J =°# ‡
ã •O`ÇO…Õ ‚¬ìÙb „¬O_È°Q® [~¡°„¬|_È^°Î .
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê, J‹¬…ÿ„¬æ\÷H© K͆ǰ|_Èx „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê regular Qê Hêx, J‹¬•° Z„¬æ\÷H© K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am/Is/Are+not +IIIform of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am' =KÇ°ó#°.
Singular subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'is' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =¶ä›½ Sunday classes [~¡Q®=ô. 7. XH› ª •i J=°à# =‹¬ ° ë = ô•° "Œ„¬ ‹ ¬ °
Classes are not conducted to us on f‹¬°Hù#|_È=ô.
sundays. Goods once sold are not taken back.
2. =¶ ‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ ‚¬ìÙb „¬O_È°Q® [~¡°Q®^°Î . 8. P college …Õ donations =‹¬ ¶ •°
Holi festival is not celebrated in our K͆ǰ|_È=ô.
area. Donations are not collected in that
3. =¶ shop …Õ credit W=Þ|_È^ΰ. college.
Credit is not given in our shop. 9. z#ß towns …Õ trafic rules ‡•\÷O„¬|_È=ô.
4. WKÇó@ ‡••° J=°à|_È=ô. Traffic rules are not followed in small
Milk is not sold here. town.
K͆ǰ|_È^ΰ. K͆ǰ|_È=ô.
Notes is not dictated in our school at 12. Late commers class …ÕxH÷ J#°=°uO„¬
all. |_È~¡°.
19. JH›ø_È J‹¬•° ‰×Ã㠕’`Ç ‡•\÷OKÇ|_È^°Î . 13. Cities …Õ powersupply xe„²"͆ǰ|_È^ΰ.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° regular Qê …èH› „¬^Í „¬^Í K͆ǰ|_È°,
[~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°ä›½ cleass •° regular Qê x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ |_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
J g° office …Õ salary prompt Qê K³eÁO„¬ |_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
J g° college …Õ =°Oz Hã =› °tH›}Æ ‡•\÷O„¬ |_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
J P shop …Õ English medicins J=°à|_È `Œ†Ç¶ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê K͆ǰ|_È° „¬#°•#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê „ã u¬ ~ËA, „ã u¬ "Œ~¡=ò, „ã u¬ <³•, „ã u¬ ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò regular Qê Z•Á„¬C_È° `Ç~¡KÇ°Qê „¬^Í
„¬^Í K͆ǰ|_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am/Is/Are + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am' =KÇ°ó#°.
Singular subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'is' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. g° hostel …Õ ã„¬u Pk"Œ~¡=ò special 6. WH›ø_È T.V. sets repair K͆ǰ|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
item serve K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°O^¥? Are T.V. sets repaired here ?
Is a special item served in your hostel 7. g° college …Õ ã„¬u <³• tests x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬
every Sunday ? |_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
2. g° Ti…Õ ^΋¬~Œ „¬O_È°Q® ƒìQê [~¡°Q®° Are tests conducted in your college
`Ç°O^¥ ? every month ?
Is Dasara festival celebrated grand in 8. D grammar book Inter q^¥¼~¡ ° Ö • ä› ½
your village ? prescribe K͆°Ç |_•#^¥ ?
3. g° college …Õ HêÁ ‹ ¬ ° •° regular Qê Is this grammar book prascribed for
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È`Œ†Ç¶? the Intermediate students ?
Are the classes conducted regularly
in your college ?
9. g° club …Õ `Ç ~ ¡ K Ç ° Qê cultural
programmes x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
4. g° town …Õ English films ㄬ^ÎiÅOKÇ
Are cultural programmes often held in
|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
your club ?
Are English fims shown in your town?
5. g°ä›½ ㄬu <³• salary prompt Qê K³eÁO„¬ 10. g°ä›½ ㄬu <³• paper Madras #°Oz
|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ? supply J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
Is salary paid to you promptly every Is paper supplied to you from Madras
month ? every month ?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° - 'Isn't'
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° - 'Aren't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. g° ‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ =i„¬O_È^¥? 6. Cities…Õ power supply J‹¬•° xe„²
Isn't paddy grown in your area? "͆ǰ|_È^¥?
2. g° college …Õ classes regular Qê Isn't power supply stopped at all in
[~¡°Q®"Œ? cities?
Aren't the classes conducted regularly
7. g° town …Õ drinking water daily ‹¬~¡„¦¬~Œ
J=^¥?
in your college?
Isn't drinking water supplied daily in
3. D channel …Õ English movies „ã ª¬ •~¡O your town?
Hê"Œ? 8. g° ‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ ƒÕ<Œ• „¬O_È°Q® [~¡°Q®^¥?
Aren't English movies telecast on this Isn't Bonala festival celebrated in your
channel? area?
4. g° college …Õ J‹¬ • ° ã H › = °tH› Æ } 9. D medicines D town …Õ ^ù~¡H›"Œ?
‡•\÷O„¬|_È^¥? Aren't these medicines sold in this
town?
Isn't discipline maintained in your
10. `Çq°ˆ×<Œ_È°…Õ ZOã@<£• tests J‹¬ • °
college?
x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È"Œ?
5. D ƒ•’¶q° ª•Q®°…Õ …è^¥? Aren't entrance tests conducted in
Isn't this land cultivated?
Tamilnadu?
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11. g°ä› ½ salary regular Qê ZO^Î ° ä› ½ D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
K³eÁO„¬|_È^ΰ?
Why isn't salary paid to you regularly?
12. g° school …Õ tests ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 1. D office …Õ work sincere Qê [~¡Q®^¥?
x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È=ô? 2. Sunday letters deliver K͆ǰ|_È"Œ?
Why aren't the tests conducted in your
school? 3. g° monthly meetings …Õ ‹¬ = °‹¬ ¼ •°
13. Cancer ZO^Î ° ä› ½ x"ŒiO„¬ | _È ^ Î ° ? KÇióO„¬|_È"Œ?
Why isn't cancer cured?
4. c^Î q^¥¼~¡°•œ #°O_• mess bill =‹¬¶•°
14. =°# ~ŒRO…Õ Hã ù`Çë x†Ç¶=°Hê•° ZO^ΰ䛽 K͆ǰ|_È^¥?
[~¡°Q®=ô?
Why aren't the new recruitments made 5. P door lock KÍ‹²…è^¥?
in our state?
15. Govt. hostels …Õ „¬i‰×Ãフ’`Ç ZO^ΰ䛽 6. D q+¬†Ç°O h䛽 `³e†Ç°^¥?
‡•\÷O„¬|_È^°Î ? 7. D temple …Õ ã „ ¬ ` Í ¼ H› „¬ î [•°
Why isn't cleanliness maintained in the x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È"Œ?
govt. hostels?
16. D town …Õ English movies ZO^ΰ䛽 8. h䛽 Hindi J~¡ÖOHê^¥?
ㄬ^ÎiÅO„¬|_È=ô?
Why aren't English movies shown in
9. D camera ZO^ΰ䛽 use …Õ …è^ΰ?
this town? 10. g°ä› ½ classes regular Qê ZO^Î ° ä› ½
17. g° college …Õ syllabus time H÷ ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡°Q®=ô?
„¬îiëJ=^ΰ?
Why isn't the syllabus completed in 11. D fields H÷ water ZO^ΰ䛽 supply J=^ΰ?
time in your college?
12. D ‹¬=°‹¬¼H÷ „¬i‘•ø~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽 ^ù~¡H^
› °Î ?
18. „ã ƒ¬ •’°`ÇÞ „¬^HΊ ê•° strict Qê ZO^ΰ䛽 J=°•°
Hê=ô? 13. =°# l…ìÁ…Õ „¬i‰ã =
× °•° ZO^ΰ䛽 Ja•=$kœ
Why aren't the govt. schemes K³O^Î=ô?
implemented strictly?
19. Defaulters Ì „ á KÇ ~ ¡ ¼ ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 14. Bills ‹¬Hê•O…Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 pass Hê=ô?
f‹¬°H›ù#|_È^ΰ? 15. =°# ~ŒR L^˼Q®°•ä›½ bonus ZO^ΰ䛽
Why isn't action taken against the K³eÁO„¬|_È^ΰ?
defaulters?
20. J"³ ° iHê…Õ cricket ZO^Î ° ä› ½
‡ã é`Ç•‚²ìO„¬|_È^°Î ?
Why isn't cricket promoted in America?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ "Am/Is/Are + III form of the Verb"
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nxx Grammar …Õ Passive Voice -Present Tense JO\ì~¡°.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question
Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê K͆ǰ|_È° …èH› [~¡°„¬|_È° (Subuject 䛽 ‡ã •^•¥#¼`Ç …èä½› O_¨) XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Am / Is / Are + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I am encouraged well in my studies.
2. This chain is made of gold.
3. Text books are printed in the govt. press.
4. Rs. 5,000 is paid to him per month.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê K͆ǰ|_Èx …èH› [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Am not / Is not / Are not + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I am not treated well here.
2. Our festivals are not celebrated in Nepal.
3. Entry tax is not levied in Karnataka.
4. The door is not locked.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê K͆ǰ|_È° …èH› [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Is
/ Are + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Is this serial telecast daily?
2. Are the tests conducted every month?
3. Is Hindi spoken in West Bengal?
4. Are the patients treated well in this hospital?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ï~Q®°¼•~ŸQê K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Isn't / Aren't + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Isn't grammar taught to you regularly?
2. Aren't the letters delivered on holidays?
3. Isn't permission given to you to go home on Sunday ?
4. Aren't games practised in your school?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Singular Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'was'
Plural Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'were' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß =¶ English class cancel J~ò#k. 6. x#ß *ÿq°x K•Œ#…˜…Õ XH› new film
Our English class was cancelled „
ã ª¬ •~¡"°³ #
Ø k.
yesterday. A new film was telecast on Gemini
2. 1994 …Õ „¬O*샘 ‹¬=°‹¬¼ „¬i‘•ø~¡"°³ #
Ø k. Channel yesterday.
The punjab problem was solved in 7. D book 2002 …Õ publish J~ò#k.
1994. This book was published in 2002.
3. D house 20 ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~Œ•ã H ÷ ` Ç O 8. x#ß =¶ä› ½ guest house …Õ =‹¬ u
xiàOKÇ|_•#k. H›eæOKÇ|_•#k.
This house was constructed twenty The accommodation was provided for
years ago. us in the guest house yesterday.
4. Last Sunday bank test x~¡ Þ ‚² ì OKÇ 9. x#ß =¶ town …Õ XH› ƒ•ìs ~Œ¼b
|_•#k. x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_•#k.
The bank test was conducted last A huge rally was organized in our
Sunday. town yesterday.
5. x#ß =¶~òO\ÕÁ festival ƒìQê [iy#k. 10. 1983…Õ `³•°Q®°^͉O× ‡•s“ U~Œæ@~ò#k.
The festival was celebrated very grand The Telugu Desam party was formed
in our house yesterday. in 1983.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß =¶ ‹¬=°‹¬¼ „¬i‘•ø~¡O Hê…è^°Î .
J =¶ brother H÷ x#ß ‹Ì •=ô •a•OKÇ…^è °Î .
J Last year P posts ƒ•’së K͆°Ç |_È…^è °Î .
J J`ÇxH÷ P bank …Õ loan sanction Hê…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ K͆ǰ|_Èx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° K͆°Ç |_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Was/Were + not + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Singular subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'was' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'were' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß =¶ä›½ English class [~¡°Q®…è^ΰ. 6. =¶ä›½ x#ß permission •a•OKÇ…^è °Î .
English class was not taken to us Permission was not given to us
yesterday. yesterday.
2. Last year MBA entrance test x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬ 7. "ŒiH÷ last time message „¬O„¬|_È…è^ΰ.
|_È…è^ΰ. The message was not sent to them
MBA entrance test was not conductd last time.
last year. 8. J`ÇxH÷ last time loan sanction Hê…è^ΰ.
3. x#ß J`ÇxH÷ money K³eÁO„¬|_È…è^ΰ. The loan was not sanctioned to him
Money was not paid to him yesterday. last time.
4. Last time J`ÇxÌ„á KÇ~¡¼ f‹¬°Hù#|_È…è^ΰ. 9. x#ß L.I.C. office …Õ =¶ work „¬îië
Action was not taken against him last Hê…è^ΰ.
time. Our work was not finished in the L.I.C
5. Last budject …Õ Hã ù`Çë „¬#°ß•° qk•O„¬ office yesterday.
|_È…è^ΰ. 10. x#ß =¶ä›½ Ì‹•=ô ㄬH›\÷OKÇ|_È…è^ΰ.
New taxes were not levied in the last A holiday was not declared to us
budget. yesterday.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß JH›ø_È g° work „¬îië J~ò#^¥ ?
J Q®`Ç"Œ~¡O g° office …Õ meeting [iy#^¥ ?
J Q®`<Ç •³ complex …Õ XH› ãHù`Çë show room open J~ò#^¥ ?
J Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O B.Ed. entrance test x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_•#^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õ K͆°Ç |_•# „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
Q®`OÇ …Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° K͆°Ç |_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Was/Were + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Singular Subject QêL#ß„¬C_È° 'was" =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'were" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß g°ä› ½ English class cancel 6. Last year entry tax G.O. ~¡^°Î í J~ò#^¥?
J~ò#^¥? Was the G.O. of the entry tax
Was your English class cancelled abolished last year ?
yesterday ? 7. x#ß JÌ‹OcÁ…Õ budget „ã "¬ ‰Í „Ì× @“|_•#^¥?
2. Last mnth teacher post •ä›½ interviews Was the budget presented in the
[iy#"Œ ? Assembly yesterday ?
Were the interviews held for the
teacher posts last month ? 8. x#ß g° WO\ÕÁ function ƒìQê [iyO^¥ ?
3. D W•°Á 60 ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ = ò• ã H ÷ ` Ç O Was the function celebrated grand in
xiàO„¬|_•#^¥ ? your house yesterday ?
Was this house constructed sixty 9. x#ß g° cheques POã^•¥ ƒì¼OH±…Õ encash
years ago ? J~ò#"Œ ?
4. x#ß =°OãuH÷, junior doctors 䛽 =°^μ Were your cheques encashed in
KÇ~¡ó•° [iy#"Œ ? Andhra Bank yesterday ?
Were the discussions made among the 10. Last time J`Ç x Ì „ á case file
minister and the junior doctors K͆°Ç |_•#^¥?
yesterday? Was the case filed against him last
5. x#ß wedding cards print J~ò#"Œ ? time?
Were the wedding cards printed
yesterday ?
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11. x#ß g° meeting ZO^ΰ䛽 cancel D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
J~ò#k ?
Why was your meeting cancelled
1. x#ß g°ä›½ message JOk#^¥ ?
yesterday ?
12. g°ä›½ Zxß
Last time application forms 2. Last monthg°ä› ½ =‹¬ ° ë = ô•° deliver
JOk#q ? J~ò<Œ†Ç¶ ?
Howmany application forms were 3. x#ß g° town …Õ |O^£ ‡•\÷O„¬|_•#^¥ ?
received to you last time ?
13. ~Œãu Gemini T.V. …Õ U film telecast 4. x#ß P case f~¡°æ „
ã H¬ \
› O÷ „¬|_•#^¥ ?
J~ò#k ? 5. Last year „¬sH›Æ•° ~¡^ΰíJ~ò#"Œ ?
Which film was telecast on Gemini
T.V. last night ? 6. D W•°Á 1980…Õ xiàO„¬|_•#^¥ ?
14. P ƒì¼O䛽…Õ Q®`Ç <³• ZO`Ç amount 7. P"³° x#ß hospital #°Oz discharge
deposit K͆°Ç |_•Ok ? J~ò#^¥ ?
Howmuch amount was deposited in
that bank last month ?
8. N ~Œr"£ QêOn• ZH›ø_È ‚¬ì`Ǽ QêqOKÇ|_•
<Œ~¡° ?
15. „¬O*샘 ‹¬=°‹¬¼ Z…ì „¬i+¬øiO„¬|_•#k?
How was the Punjab problem solved? 9. `³•°Q®°^͉O× ‡•s“ Z„¬C_È° U~Œæ>#
Øÿ k ?
16. •þ film g° town …Õ Zxß ~ËA•° 10. =°‚¬ð`ŒàQêOn• Z„¬C_È° [xàOKŒ~¡° ?
„ã ^¬ iÎ ÅO„¬|_•#k ?
Howmany days was the film 'Lakshmi'
11. x#ß g°\÷OQ·…Õ U q+¬†°Ç O KÇiOó „¬|_•
shown in your town ?
#k ?
17. Ja•…ì+¬ #=• Z=iKÍ`Ç "ã Œ†Ç°|_•#k ? 12. Last week g° office …Õ Zxß files clear
By whom was the novel 'Abhilasha' K͆°Ç |_•<Œ~ò ?
written ?
13. x#ß P programme ZO^ΰ䛽 cancel
18. Last time ‡•~¡"Á °³ O\˜ ZxßH•› …Õ g° town J~ò#k ?
…Õ Zxß F@°Á poll J~ò#q ?
Howmany votes were polled in your 14. Last time Zxß teacher posts ƒ•’së K͆°Ç
town in the last Parliament elections ? |_•#q ?
19. x#ß g°ä› ½ dinner ZH› ø _È U~Œæ@° 15. ‡é~ò# ZxßH›•…Õ =°# x†³¶[H›=~¡¾O…Õ
K͆°Ç |_•#k ? Zxß nominations file K͆°Ç |_•#q ?
Where was the dinner arranged for
you yesterday ?
10. P W•°Á Z„¬C_È° Mìm J~ò#k ?
When was that house vacated ? Z
To err is human, to forgive divine. 320
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° - 'Wasn't'
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° - 'Weren't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß g° bill pass Hê…è^¥? 6. Last month g°ä›½ interviews [~¡°Q®…è^¥?
Wasn't your bill passed yesterday? Weren't the interviews conducted to
you last month?
2. x#ß meeting …Õ D q+¬†Ç°O KÇ~¡ó䛽
~Œ…è^¥? 7. q^¥¼~¡°Ö•ä›½ scholarships
Last year B.C
Wasn't this matter discussed in the =°OE~¡°Hê…è^¥?
meeting yesterday? Weren't scholarships granted to the
B.C. students last year?
3. Last month h䛽 salary ~Œ…è^¥?
8. x#ß g°ä›½ hall tickets issue Hê…è^¥?
Wasn't salary paid to you last month?
Weren't the hall tickets issued to you
4. x#ß g°ä›½ telegram JO^Î…è^¥? yesterday?
Wasn't the telegram received to you 9. x#ß SBI …Õ g° cheque encash Hê…è^¥?
yesterday? Wasn't your cheque encashed in SBI
5. x#ß cards „¬O„²}©Hê…è^¥? yesterday?
Weren't the cards distributed 10. x#ß JH›ø_È g° work „¬îië Hê…è^¥?
yesterday? Wasn't your work finished there
yesterday?
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11. Last year entrance test ZO^Î ° ä› ½ D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
[~¡Q®…è^ΰ?
Why wasn't the entrance test
conducted last year? 1. h䛽 x#ß time ^ù~¡H›…è^¥?
12. h䛽 x#ß leave ZO^ΰ䛽 grant Hê…è^ΰ?
Why wasn't the leave granted to you
2. h䛽 D q+¬†Ç°O J„¬C_È° `³e†Ç°^¥?
yesterday ? 3. Last year h=ô teacher post H÷ select
13. g°ä›½ x#ß J#°=°u ZO^ΰ䛽 •a•OKÇ…^
è °Î ? Hê…è^¥?
Why wasn't the permission given to you
yesterday?
4. Last month P house vacate Hê…è^¥?
14. g° Hê…èr…Õ x#ß Farewell Party ZO^ΰ䛽 5. h application accept Hê…è^¥?
[~¡Q®…è^ΰ?
Why wasn't the Farewell Party 6. Last year syllabus intime …Õ „¬îië Hê…è^¥?
celebrated in your college yesterday?
7. Last time P†Ç°# ‹¬~æ¡ OKŸQê ZxßH› Hê…è^¥?
15. Last time Group-I x†Ç¶=°Hê•° ZO^ΰ䛽
[~¡Q®…è^ΰ? 8. x#ß h䛽 money Y~¡°óHê…è^¥?
Why weren't the Group-I appointments
made last year? 9. x#ß g°ä›½ test ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡Q®…è^ΰ?
16. Last year J`Ç _ È ° ZO^Î ° ä› ½ promote 10. ~Œãu T.V …Õ movie ZO^ΰ䛽 ㄬª•~¡O
Hê…è^ΰ? Hê…è^ΰ?
Why wasn't he promoted last year?
17. Group-4 „¦¬e`Œ•° ZO^ΰ䛽 ~Œ…è^ΰ? 11. P college …Õ last year ‹Ô@°Á ZO^ΰ䛽
Why weren't Group-4 results ƒ•’së Hê…è^°Î ?
announced?
12. Last time g° problem ZO^ΰ䛽 solve
18. x#ß function H÷ U~Œæ@°Á ZO^Î ° ä› ½ Hê…è^ΰ?
[~¡Q®…è^ΰ?
Why weren't the arrangements made 13. h䛽 last time P bank …Õ loan ZO^ΰ䛽
to the function yesterday? sanction Hê…è^ΰ?
19. x#ß India - England =°^•Î¼ one-day match
ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡Q®…è^ΰ? 14. Last time P†Ç°# ZO^ΰ䛽 transfer
Why wasn't the one-day match played
Hê…è^ΰ?
between India and England yesterday? 15. x#ß judgement ZO^ΰ䛽 "³•°=_È…è^ΰ?
20. Q®`Ç ZxßH•› …Õ F@°Á ƒ•ìsQê ZO^ΰ䛽 poll
Hê…è^ΰ?
Why weren't the votes polled heavily
in the last elections?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Was/Were + III form of the Verb '
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nxx Grammar …Õ "Passive Voice -Past Tense" JO\ì~¡°.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question
Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Was / Were + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. This book was published in 2003.
2. This film was released last month.
3. Degree admissions were closed last month.
4. The wedding cards were distributed yesterday.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Was not / Were not + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. He was not invited to the party yesterday.
2. She was not treated well in the hospital there.
3. Our proposal was not accepted yesterday.
4. Cultural programmes were not held in the function last night.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Was / Were + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Was dinner arranged to the guests yesterday?
2. Were the letters dispatched last week?
3. Was he suspended from the service last month?
4. Were the encroachments removed last month?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative
sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Wasn't / Weren't + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Wasn't the programme relayed on T.V. yesterday?
2. Weren't the orders sent to them last week?
3. Wasn't the loan cleared last month?
4. Weren't the books damaged then?
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Z
324 A proverb is one man's wit and all men's wisdom.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject -Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'will be + III form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Next year Inter syllabus =¶~¡°`Ç°Ok. 6. J`Ç x H÷ next week SBI …Õ 1 •H› Æ
Intermediate syllabus will be changed
~¡¶‡•†Ç°• loan sanction J=ô`Ç°Ok.
next year. A loan of Rs. 1 lakh will be sanctioned
to him in SBI next week.
2. D house next month Mìm J=ô`Ç°Ok. 7. ö ~ „¬ ô 7 p.m. H÷ programme
This house will be vacated next month. "³ò^Ε=ô`Ç°Ok.
3. `ÇÞ~¡…Õ Jƒ•’¼~¡°•Ö 䛽 appointment orders The programme will be commenced
JO^ΰ`Œ~ò. at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
The appointment orders will be 8. ö~„¬ô guests 䛽 grand dinner U~Œæ@°
received to the candidates soon. K͆ǰ|_Ȱ`ǰOk.
Grand dinner will be arranged to the
4. †Çò=䛽•HË‹¬O `ÇÞ~¡…Õ XH› new scheme
guests tomorrow.
‡ã •~¡Oƒ•’=°=ô`Ç°Ok.
9. Nextweek B.Ed entrance test x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ
A new scheme will be launched for |_È°`Ç°Ok.
the youth soon.
B.Ed. entrance test will be conducted
5. ö~„¬ô degree final year results ㄬH›\÷OKÇ nextweek.
|_È°`Œ~ò. 10. `Ç Þ ~¡ … Õ Hêjà~¡ ° ‹¬ = °‹¬ ¼ „¬ i ‘•ø~¡ = °
Degree final year results will be =ô`Ç°Ok.
announced tomorrow. Kashmir problem will be solved soon.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È KÇ~¡ó•° [~¡°Q®=ô.
J D ª•i „¬sH›•Æ ° "Œ~ò^¥ „¬_=È ô.
J D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Hù`Çë x†Ç¶=°Hê•° [~¡°Q®=ô.
J D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O "ŒiH÷ ƒÕ#‹¹ K³eOÁ „¬|_È^°Î .
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç |_Èx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍ<ó •³ , =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
…èH› ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will not+ be + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Will not + be + III form of the verb" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Inter q^¥¼~¡°•
Ö ä›½ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O syllabus 6. ö~„¬ô h䛽 leave grant J=^ΰ.
=¶~¡^ΰ. Leave will not be granted to you
The syllabus will not be changed for tomorrow.
Inter students this year.
7. Dª•i „¬sH›•Æ ° "Œ~ò^¥ „¬_=
È ô.
2. D work D ~ËA „¬îië J=^ΰ. Examinations will not be postponed
This work will not be finished today. this time.
3. WH› D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Group-I x†Ç¶=°Hê•° 8. ~ö „¬ô g°\÷OQ·…Õ D q+¬†°Ç O KÇióO„¬|_È^°Î .
[~¡°Q®=ô. This matter will not be discussed in
Group-1 appointments will not be held the meeting tomorrow.
this year.
9. D <³•…Õ D course „¬îië J=^ΰ.
4. D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O =°O_È • Zxß H › • °
This course will not be completed this
x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È=ô.
month.
The Mandal elections will not be held
this year. 10. P†Ç°# D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O transfer J=_È°.
5. D ª•i work delay J=^ΰ. He will not be transfered this year.
Work will not be delayed this time.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Vƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç †Ç°|_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P „¬xx KÍ‹²# "ŒiH÷ (subject) ‡ã •^•¥#¼`Ç LO_È^°Î .
J ö~„¬ô g°ä›½ special class [~¡°Q®°`Ç°O^¥ ?
J =KÍó"Œ~¡O inter „¦¬e`Œ•° ㄬH›\÷OKÇ |_È`Œ†Ç¶?
J =KÍó <³• g°ä›½ bonus K³eÁO„¬|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
J =KÍó [#=i…Õ ‡•~¡"Á °³ O@° ZxßH›•° [~¡°Q®°`Œ†Ç¶?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç |_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ~ö „¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò …èH›
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° K͆ǰ|_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will+be+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Will be + III form" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =KÍó Uㄲ…˜…Õ g° „¬sH›Æ•° [~¡°Q®°`Œ†Ç¶ ? 6. ö~„¬ô h䛽 salary K³eÁO„¬|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
Will your examinations be held next Will your salary be paid tomorrow ?
April ? 7. ö~„¬ô =°#䛽 orders JO^ΰ`Œ†Ç¶ ?
2. D work next week „¬îiëJ=ô`Ç°O^¥ ? Will the orders be received to us
Will this work be finished next week? tomorrow ?
3. ö ~ „¬ ô ~ŒR =°Oã u =~¡ ¾ q‹¬ ë ~ ¡ } [~¡ ° Q® ° 8. g° town …Õ `ÇÞ~¡…Õ LIC branch open
`Ç°O^¥? J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
Will the state cabinet be expanded Will the LIC office branch be opened
tomorrow ? in your town soon ?
4. P Hã ù`Çë „¬^•ÎHO› =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O J=°•° 9. =KÍ ó budget …Õ ã H ù`Ç ë „¬ # °ß•°
„¬~¡KÇ|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ? qk•OKÇ|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
Will that new scheme be implemented Will new taxes be levied in the next
next year ? budget ?
5. =KÍó <³• P W•°Á Mìm J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ? 10. =°# ~ŒRO…Õ =KÍ ó <³ • „¬ O KŒ~òf
Will that house be vacated next ZxßH›•° [~¡°Q®°`Œ†Ç¶ ?
month? Will the Panchayat elections be held
in our state next month ?
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11. Hã ù`Çë „
ã ƒ
¬ •’°`ÇÞO Z„¬C_È° U~Œæ@° K͆°Ç |_È° D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
`Ç°Ok ?
When will the new government be
formed ? 1. =°#ä› ½ ö ~ „¬ ô JH› ø _È =‹¬ u U~Œæ@°
12. D ~ËA ~ŒãuH÷ ETV …Õ U movie telecast K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
Which movie will be telecast on ETV 2. Degree „¦¬e`Œ•° May …Õ ã„¬H›\÷O„¬|_È
to night ? `Œ†Ç¶ ?
13. <ŒQê~¡°û# University Vice-chancellor Qê 3. Dª•i B.S.R.B. test August …Õ
Z=~¡° x†Ç°q°O„¬|_È°^ΰ~¡° ? x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
Who will be appointed Vice-
chancellor of Nagarjuna University ?
4. ö ~ „¬ ô function `Ç ~ ŒÞ`Ç cultural
programmes x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
14. =°# office …Õ ãHù`Çë x†Ç¶=°Hê•° Z„¬C_È°
[~¡°Q®°`Œ~ò ? 5. D book next month market…ÕH÷ release
When will the new appointments be K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ?
made in our office ? 6. `ÇÞ~¡…Õ P Institute …Õ EAMCET HêÁ‹¬°•°
15. hä› ½ =KÍ ó <³ • ZO`Ç loan sanction x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
Howmuch loan will be sanctioned to 7. ZxßH›• notification ö~„¬ô *ìs K͆ǰ|_È°
you next month ? `Ç°O^¥ ?
16. ö ~ „¬ ô guest •ä› ½ =‹¬ u ZH› ø _È 8. g° Hê…èl Z„¬C_È° reopen J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
H›eæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok? 9. P bridge consturction Z„¬C_È° „¬îië
Where will the accomodation be
provided to the guests tomorrow ?
J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
17. ã H ù`Ç ë Jƒ•’ ¼ ~¡ ° Ö • ä› ½ training ZH› ø _È 10. g° ‹¬=°‹¬¼ Z…ì „¬i+¬øiO„¬|_È°`Ç°Ok?
W=Þ|_È°`Ç°Ok ? 11. ö ~ „¬ ô meeting …Õ U q+¬ † Ç ° O
Where will the training be given to the KÇióO„¬|_È°`Ç°Ok ?
new candidates ?
18. g° institute …Õ Spoken English fresh 12. h computer course Z„¬ C _È ° „¬ î ië
batch Z„¬C_È° commence J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
When will the Spoken English fresh 13. g° institute #°Oz D ª•i ZO`Ç=°Ok
batch be commenced in your institute? students S.I. posts •H÷ select J=ô`Œ~¡°?
19. =KÍ ó budget …Õ education H÷ ZO`Ç 14. ö ~ „¬ ô party U hotel …Õ arrange
amount öH\ì~òOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok ? K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°Ok ?
Howmuch amount will be allocated
for Education in the next budget ? 15. =KÍó budget …Õ agriculture H÷ ZO`Ç
20. g°ä› ½ =KÍ ó " Œ~¡ O interview ZH› ø _È amount öH\ì~òOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok ?
[~¡°Q®°`Ç°Ok ?
Where will the interview be
conducted to you next week ?
Z
Bad news spreads fast. 330
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Won't be' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. ö~„¬ô g°ä›½ classes [~¡°Q®"Œ? 6. =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Hã ù`Çë HË~¡°••° ‡ã •~¡Oƒ•’OHê"Œ?
Won't the classes be conducted to you Won't the new courses be introduced
tomorrow? next year?
2. ö~„¬ô =°#䛽 =‹¬°ë=ô•° deliver Hê"Œ? 7. Hêjà~¡° ‹¬=°‹¬¼ WH› „¬i‘•ø~¡OHê^¥?
Won't the goods be delivered to us Won't the Kashmir problem be solved?
tomorrow? 8. Deposit uiy K³eÁO„¬|_È^¥?
3. ö~„¬ô amount collect Hê^¥? Won't the deposit be refunded?
Won't the amount be collected 9. D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O S.S.C ‹²•|‹¹=¶~¡^¥?
tomorrow? Won't the syllabus be changed for
4. D house sale K͆ǰ|_È^¥? S.S.C this year?
Won't this house be sold? 10. ö~„¬ô g°\÷OQ·…Õ D q+¬†Ç°O KÇ~¡ó䛽~Œ^¥?
5. D "Œ~¡O „¦¬e`Œ•° ㄬH›\÷O„¬|_È"Œ? Won't this matter be discussed in the
Won't the results be announced this meeting tomorrow?
week?
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11. ~ö „¬ô =°#䛽 J#°=°u ZO^ΰ䛽 •a•OKÇ^°Î ? D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Why won't the permission be given to
us tomorrow? 1. ~ö „¬ô college …Õ seminar x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È^¥?
12. D „¬x ö~„¬ô ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬îiëJ=^ΰ?
Why won't this work be finished 2. D project D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O „¬îië J=^¥?
tomorrow?
13. g°ä›½ ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È =‹¬u ZO^ΰ䛽 U~Œæ@° 3. Dª•i g° college Annual Day [~¡°Q®^¥?
K͆ǰ|_È^ΰ?
Why won't the accommodation be
4. g° brother D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O promote J=_¨?
provided to you there tomorrow? 5. D ª•i =°# „¬sH›•Æ ° "Œ~ò^¥„¬_"
È Œ?
14. „¦ ¬ e `Ç = ò g°ä› ½ =òO^Î ° Qê ZO^Î ° ä› ½
`³e†Ç°^ΰ? 6. D <³•…Õ g° syllabus „¬îiëJ=^¥?
Why won't the result be known to you
earlier? 7. P"³° D "Œ~¡O 䛕_¨ hospital #°O_•
15. ö ~ „¬ ô JH› ø _È Hê~¡ ¼ ã H › = °=ò ZO^Î ° ä› ½ discharge Hê^¥?
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È^ΰ?
Why won't the programme be 8. D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O 䛕_¨ teacher posts ƒ•’së
organized there tomorrow? K͆ǰ|_È"Œ?
16. D ª•i function ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡°Q®^ΰ?
Why won't the function be celebrated 9. D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O „¬ O KŒ~òf Zxß H › • °
this time? ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡°Q®=ô?
17. g°ä› ½ Dª•i allowance ZO^Î ° ä› ½
K³eÁOKÇ|_È^ΰ? 10. g° house construction D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
Why won't the allowance be paid to you ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬îiëJ=^ΰ?
this time?
18. Dª•i S.I. Post 䛽 h"³O^ΰ䛽 select 11. P ãHù`Çë movie D <³•…Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 release
Hê=ô? Hê^ΰ?
Why won't you be selected for the post
of S.I? 12. g°ä›½ ö~„¬ô payment ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡°Q®^ΰ?
19. Main Road …Õx Pã H › = °}•° ZO^Î ° ä› ½
`ù•yO„¬|_È=ô? 13. `dz•OQê}ì ~ŒRO ZO^ΰ䛽 U~¡æ_È^ΰ?
Why won't the encroachments be
14. g°ä›½ licence ZO^ΰ䛽 ~Œ^ΰ?
removed on the Main Road?
20. h application form ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 15. D loan D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O ZO^ΰ䛽 clear
„¬iQ®}÷O„¬|_È^ΰ? J=^ΰ?
Why won't your application form be
considered?
Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Will be + III form of the Verb ' J#°
structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx Grammar …Õ "Passive Voice -Future Tense" JO\ì~¡°.
nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question
Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Will be + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. The course will be commenced on 5th next month.
2. The syllabus will be changed next year.
3. The orders will be sent to them next week.
4. The price of petrol will be hiked again.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative
sense …Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Will not + be + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Leave will not be granted to you tomorrow.
2. New taxes will not be levied in the next budget.
3. The exams will not be postponed this time.
4. The work will not be delayed next time.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Will be + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Will you be promoted next year?
2. Will this matter be discussed tomorrow?
3. Will the file be cleared next week?
4. Will the last date be extended to next month?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç |_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative
sense …Õ „ ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Won't + be + III form of the Verb " L„¬†¶
³ yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Won't this work be finished tomorrow?
2. Won't this book be published next month?
3. Won't you be transfered next month?
4. Won't the arrangements be made for the function tomorrow?
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Z
334 God helps those who help themselves.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Singular Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'is+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =¶ä›½ ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO „¬sH›Æ•° [~¡°Q®°KÇ°#ßq. 6. letters type K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°#ßq.
Examinations are being conducted Letters are being typed now.
now 7. Invitation cards print J=ô`Ç°<Œß~ò.
2. [†Ç ° ~ŒO kŠ † Í ° @~Ÿ … Õ XH› new film Invitation cards are being printed now.
ㄬ^ÎiÅOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok. 8. D~ËA ~ŒR=°O`Ç\ì LQêk „¬O_È°Q®
A new film is being shown at Jayaram [~¡°„¬|_È°KÇ°#ßk.
Theatre. Ugadi is being celebrated through out
3. _•#ß~HŸ ÷ items `džǶ~¡° J=ô`Ç°<Œß~ò. the state today.
Items are being prepared for dinner 9. „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#~ŒRO…Õ =°^•¥¼‚¬ìß ƒ•Õ[#
4. High Way g°^Î @OQ®°@¶~¡° =^Îí a
ã _•û „¬^ŠÎH›O J=°•°…Õ L#ßk.
x~Œà}O…Õ =ô#ßk. The mid-day meal scheme is being
A bridge is being constructed on the implemented in our state at present.
high way at Tangutur. 10. …Õ D~ËA 144= Ì‹H›Æ#°
Hyd. old city
5. Function H÷ U~Œæ@°Á [~¡°Q®°KÇ°#ßq. qk•OKÇ|_•#k.
Arrangements ar being made for the 144 section is being levied in the old
function. city of Hyderabad today.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH› ø ª•i =°#=ò W`Ç ~ ¡ ° •`Ë =¶\ìÁ _ È ° KÇ ° #ß „ ¬ C _È ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O continuous Qê
[~¡°„¬|_È°`ǶO_Èx, K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =¶ä›½ salary K³eÁO„¬|_È@O …è^ΰ.
J D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Hã ù`Çë telephone connections W=Þ|_È@O …è^ΰ.
J D ~ËA JH›ø_È „¬x [~¡Q®@O…è^ΰ.
J ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P film =°# town …Õ ã„¬^ÎiÅOKÇ |_È@O…è^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_Èx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# J#Qê W„¬C_È°, D ~ËA, D <³•, D
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O continuous Qê K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_È°`ǶO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am/Is/Are+ not+being + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'am+not+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Singular Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'is+not+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are+not+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç = ò P „¬ ^ Š Î H › = ò J=°•° 6. „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =¶ä›½ JH›ø_È #°O_• material
„¬~¡KÇ|_È@=ò…è^ΰ. supply JQ®°@…è^ΰ.
The scheme is not being The material is not being supplied to
implemented at present. us from that place at present.
2. ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò P serial „
ã ª¬ •~¡=°Q®°@…è^°Î . 7. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°# ~ŒRO…Õ entry tax =‹¬¶•°
The serial is not being telecast at K͆ǰ|_È@O…è^ΰ.
present.
The Entry tax is not being collected
3. ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P ‹¬ O ‹¬ Ö "ŒiKÍ x~¡ Þ ‚² ì O„¬ in our state at present.
|_È@O…è^ΰ.
The firm is not being maintained by
8. P film W„¬C_È° =°# town …Õ ã„¬^ÎiÅO„¬
them at present. |_È@O…è^ΰ.
4. ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O =¶ä› ½ computer classes That film is not being shown in our
[~¡Q®@O…è^ΰ. town now.
Computer classes are not being 9. W„¬C_È° JH›ø_È work [~¡°Q®°@…è^ΰ.
conducted to us at present. Work is not being done there now.
5. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO dull students Ì„á ã‰×^Îí KǶ|_È@O 10. „
ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ P college …Õ donations =‹¬¶•°
…è^ΰ. K͆ǰ_È@O…è^ΰ.
Attention is not being paid on dull Donations are not being collected in
students. that college at present.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH› ø ª•i =°#=ò V W `Ç ~ ¡ ° •`Ë =¶\ìÁ _ È ° KÇ ° #ß „ ¬ C _È ° ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O continuous Qê
[~¡°„¬[_È°`Ƕ#ß, K͆ǰ|_È°`Ƕ#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO „¬sH›Æ•° x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°KÇ°<Œß†Ç¶?
J D ~ËA JH›ø_È g°\÷OQ·ä›½ U~Œæ@°Á K͆ǰ|_È°KÇ°#ß"Œ ?
J ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO JH›ø_È XH› shopping complex x~¡àOKÇ|_È°KÇ°#ß^¥ ?
J D <³• new ration cards issue K͆ǰ|_È°KÇ°#ß"Œ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO K͆ǰ|_È°KǶ#ß „¬#°•#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# J#Qê W„¬C_È°, D ~ËA, D <³•, D
‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°KǶ#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am/Is/Are+being+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
'I' Subject Qê
L#ß„¬C_È° 'am+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Singular Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'is+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'are+being' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. D~ËA JH›ø_È C.M. g°\÷OQ·ä›½ U~Œæ@°Á 6. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO main road repair K͆ǰ|_È°
[~¡°Q®°KÇ°#ß"Œ? KÇ°#ß^¥?
Are the arrangements being made Is the main road being repaired now?
there for the C.M.'s meeting today? 7. qk• serial ETV …Õ WOHê „ã ª¬ •~¡O K͆°Ç
2. „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ P „¬^HΊ O› q[†Ç°=O`ÇOQê J=°•° |_È°KÇ°#ß^¥?
„¬~¡KÇ|_È°KÇ°#ß^¥? Is the serial "Vidhi" still being telecast
Is the scheme being implemented on ETV.
successfully now? 8. „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ Intermediate exams x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ
3. P case WOHê ^Î~Œ¼„¬ôë K͆ǰ|_È°KÇ°#ß^¥? |_È°KÇ°#ß"Œ?
Is that case still being investigated? Are Intermediate exams being
conducted at present?
4. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO JH›ø_È Hù`Çë theatre x~Œà}O
[~¡°Q®°KÇ°#ß^¥? 9. D "Œ~¡O urgent files clear K͆ǰ|_È°
is a new theatre being constructed
KÇ°#ß"Œ?
Are urgent files being cleared this
there at present?
week?
5. D <³• Hù`Çë ration cards distribute 10. Guests ä› ½ dinner serve KÍ † Ç ° |_È °
K͆ǰ|_È°KÇ°#ß"Œ? KÇ°#ß^¥?
Are new ration cards being distributed Is dinner being served to the guests
this month? now?
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Isn't + being' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Aren't being' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. ㄬ‹¬°`ÇëO g°ä›½ classes [~¡Q®_ÈO…è^¥? 6. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P serial „
ã ª¬ •~¡=°=@O…è^¥?
Aren't the classes being conducted to Isn't that serial being telecast at
you at present? present?
2. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P „¬^ŠÎH›O J=°•°…Õ…è^¥? 7. WH›ø_È „¬#°ß•° ‹¬iQê =‹¬¶•° Hê=@O
Isn't that scheme being implemented …è^¥?
at present? Aren't the taxes being collected
3. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P movie =°# town …Õ P_È@O regularly?
…è^¥? 8. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P ‡Ú•O…Õ ã„¬uë „¬O_È@O…è^¥?
Isn't that movie being shown in our Isn't cotton being grown in that field at
town at present? present?
4. W„¬C_ÈH›ø_È function 䛽 U~Œæ@°Á [~¡Q®@O 9. Dinner H÷ items `džǶ~¡° Hê=@O…è^¥?
…è^¥? Aren't items being prepared for
Aren't arrangements being made there dinner?
for the function? 10. BSNL ãHù`Çë connections W=Þ|_È@O…è^¥?
5. ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P
vehicle use …Õ …è ^ ¥? Aren't new connections being given by
Isn't that vehicle being used now? the BSNL?
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11. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g°ä›½ Chennai #°O_• material D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
ZO^ΰ䛽 supply Hê=@O…è^ΰ?
Why isn't the material being supplied
to you from Chennai at present?
12. P modal cars ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO ZO^ΰ䛽 sale 1. „ã ‹ ¬ °¬ `ë OÇ g° college …Õ donations =‹¬¶•°
Hê=@O…è^ΰ? K͆ǰ|_È@O…è^¥?
Why aren't the cars of that model being 2. D ~ËA project report `džǶ~¡° Hê=@O
sold at present? …è^¥?
13. Classcal movies ZO^ΰ䛽 xiàOKÇ|_È@O
…è^ΰ? 3. „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ Hã ù`Çë ration cards =°OE~¡° J=@O
Why aren't classical movies being …è^¥?
made (produced) at present? 4. Voter list …Õ ãHù`Çë À„~¡°Á #"³¶^ΰ Hê=@O
14. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO colleges …Õ ‹¬i†³Ø°# ãH›=°tH›Æ} …è^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È@O…è^ΰ?
Why isn't good discipline being 5. „ã ‹ ¬ °¬ `ë OÇ govt. hospitals …Õ medicines free
maintained in the colleges at present? Qê ‹¬~¡„¦¬~Œ Hê=@O…è^¥?
15. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO ãHù`Çë x†Ç¶=°Hê•° ZO^ΰ䛽 6. D <³•…Õ ãHù`Çë Cellone connections
[~¡Q®@O…è^ΰ? W=Þ|_È@O…è^¥?
Why aren't the new appointments being
made at present? 7. D <³•…Õ Hê…èr…Õ admissions [~¡Q®_ÈO
16. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P project „¬x "ÍQ®OQê ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^¥?
[~¡Q®@O…è^ΰ? 8. „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ g°ä›½ practice tests [~¡Q@
® O …è^¥?
Why isn't the work of that project being
done fast? 9. D ~ËA cricket match T.V …Õ relay J=@O
17. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO T.V Channels …Õ old movies …è^¥?
ZO^ΰ䛽 „
ã ª¬ •~¡O Hê=@O…è^°Î ? 10. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO g°ä›½ study classes ZO^ΰ䛽
Why aren't old movies being telecast x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È@O …è^ΰ?
on T.V. Channels at present?
18. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO „¬O_È°Q®•° grand Qê ZO^ΰ䛽 11. ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O P case ZO^Î ° ä› ½ ^Î ~ Œ¼„¬ ô ë
[~¡Q®@O…è^ΰ? K͆ǰ|_È@O…è^ΰ?
Why aren't festivals being celebrated 12. „
ã ‹ ¬ °¬ `ë OÇ P „¬^HΊ O› J=°•°…Õ ZO^ΰ䛽 …è^°Î ?
grand at present?
19. ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç school level …Õ studies …Õ quality 13. ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O games ZO^Î ° ä› ½ practise
ZO^ΰ䛽O_È@O…è^ΰ? K͆ǰ|_È@O…è^ΰ?
Why isn't quality being maintained in 14. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO P room ZO^ΰ䛽 use …Õ …è^ΰ?
studies at school level?
20. „ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ ä›•¼ƒì #°O_• WO_•†Ç¶ä›½ sugar 15. ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO new polocies ZO^ΰ䛽 book
ZO^ΰ䛽 kQ®°=°u J=@O…è^ΰ? K͆ǰ_ÈO…è^ΰ?
Why isn't sugar being imported to
India from Cuba at present? Z
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Am/Is/ Are + being + III form of the
Verb' J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ "Passive Voice -Present
Continuous Tense" JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question
Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°KǶ =ô#ß
[~¡°„¬|_È°KǶ =ô#ß XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Am / Is / Are + being + III form
of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. The examinations are being conducted this month.
2. Discussions are being made today.
3. An interesting programme is being made today.
4. Special classes are being conducted this month.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°KǶO_Èx
[~¡°„¬|_È°KǶO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Am / Is /
Are + not + being + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Work is not being done there at present.
2. Water is not being supplied today.
3. New houses are not being constructed in our colony at present.
4. Free passes are not being issued now.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ã „ ¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O =°#O =¶\ìÁ _ È ° KÇ ° #ß ‹¬ = °†Ç ° =ò# continuous Qê KÍ † Ç ° |_È ° KÇ ¶ #ß ,
[~¡°„¬|_È°KǶ#ß, XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Am / Is / Are +
being + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Is the meeting being conducted now?
2. Are the cards being printed now?
3. Is she being kept in the I.C.U.?
4. Are the votes being polled?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°KǶO_Èx,
[~¡°„¬|_È°KǶO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Isn't / Aren't + being + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Is n't milk being sold here?
2. Are n't the files being cleared this week?
3. Is n't the problem being discussed now?
4. Are n't the hall-tickets being issued today?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson…Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
344 Idle mind is devil's workshop.
, : 94406 16425
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° 'was' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'were' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Last week teacher post •ä›½ interviews 5. J„¬C_È° degree students 䛽 D book
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È°KÇ°O_•#q. prescribe K͆°Ç |_È°`Ç°O_•#k.
Interviews were being conducted for This book was being prescribed to the
Degree students then.
the teacher posts last week.
6. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ~ËA•° Lions Club "ŒiKÍ P
2. Last month =¶ä› ½ special classes
Ti…Õ Free Medical Camp x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬
x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_È°KÇ°O_•#q. |_È°KÇ°O_•#k.
Special classes were being Free medical camp was being
conducted to us last month. organized by the Lion's Club in that
3. x#ß JH›ø_È field work manager KÍ „¬~¡¼ village last two days.
"ÍHOÆ÷ „¬|_È°KÇ°O_•#k. 7. Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O P college …Õ donations
The field work was being supervised =‹¬¶•° K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#q.
Donations were being collected in that
by the manger there yesterday.
college last year.
4. Last month SBI …Õ House loans
8. Last week P theatre …Õ XH› old film
sanction K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#q. „
ã ^
¬ iÎ ÅOKÇ|_È°KÇ°O_•#k.
House-loans were being sanctioned An old film was being shown at that
in the SBI last month. theatre last week.
345
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9. „
ã ƒ¬ •’°`ÇÞ L^˼Q®°•ä›½ J„¬C_È° ƒÕ#‹¹ K³eOÁ „¬ EXERCISE
|_È°`Ç°O_•#k. D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•°
"ŒH›English …ÕxH÷ translate
¼=ò•° English K͆°Ç O_•.
…ÕxH÷ translate
Bonus was being paid to the KÍ
1.†°Ç O_•.
Last month S.S.C „¬sH›Æ•°
government employees then. x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`Ç°O_•#q.
10. ~Œã u JO`Œ Hê…è l …Õ farewell party 2. N.T.R. Hê•O…Õ =°# ~Œã+O“¬ …Õ =°^•¥¼‚¬ìß
[~¡°Q®°KÇ°O_•#k. ƒ•Õ[# „¬^•ÎH=› ò q[†Ç°=O`ÇOQê J=°•°
„¬~¡°KÇ|_È°KÇ°#ßk.
The farewell party was being
3. Last year E.T.V …Õ KŒ}°H› ¼ serial
celebrated in the college last night. „ã ª¬ •~¡=°Q®° KÇ°O_•#k.
11. x#ß DD sports channel …Õ cricket match 4. J„¬C_È° P case C.B.I. "ŒiKÍ ^Î~Œ¼„¬ôë
relay K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#k.
K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#k.
5. Last year =°# state …Õ entry tax col-
The cricket match was being relayed
lect K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#k.
on the DD Sports Channel yesterday. 6. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ~ËA•° invitation cards dis-
12. Q® ` Ç O …Õ D factory H÷ raw material tribute K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#q.
chennai #°O_• supply KÍ † Ç ° |_È ° 7. Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O JO`Œ pending files clear
K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#q.
`Ç°O_•#k.
8. Last year B.C. q^¥¼~¡°œ•ä›½ Lz`ÇOQê
The raw material was being supplied books supply K͆ǰ|_Ȱ`ǰOk#q.
to this factory from Chennai in the past. 9. ãHù`Çë L^˼Q®°•ä›½ last month training
classes x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`Ç°O_•#q.
13. x#ß Telugu class …Õ notes dictate
10. x#ß Jxß T.V. Channels …Õ special
K͆°Ç |_È°`Ç°O_•#k. programmes „ ã ª¬ •~¡=°Q®°KÇ°O_È°#q.
Note was being dictated in the Telugu 11. x#ß JH›ø_È meeting H÷ U~Œæ@°Á [~¡°Q®°
class yesterday. KÇ°O_•#q.
14. x#ß club members 䛽 free pass •° 12. x#ß class …Õ new lesson teach
K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k.
issue K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#q.
13. ~Œãu JO`Œ "Œi =°^•Î¼ KÇ~ó¡•° [~¡°Q®°
Free passes were being issued to the KÇ°O_•#q.
club members yesterday. 14. Last month =¶ town …Õ PãH›=°}•° Jhß
`ù•yO„¬|_È°KÇ°O_•#q.
15. x#ß P Ti…Õ =~¡^Î ƒìk•`Ç°•ä›½ food
packets „¬O„²}© K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#q.
Z
He who hunts two hares catches neither. 346
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
continuous Qê [~¡ ° „¬ | _È ° `Ç ¶ O_È x , KÍ † Ç ° |_È ° `Ç ¶ O_È x XH› „¬ x x Q® ° iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J Lat month =¶ä›½ classes [~¡°Q®° `ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
J x#ß JH›ø_È meeting x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
J D scheme last year J=°•° „¬~¡KÇ|_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
J Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O =¶ä›½ hall-tickets issue K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Singluar Subject J~ò#„¬C_È° 'was' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural Subject J~ò#„¬C_È° 'were not+ being+III form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Last week =¶ä›½ college …Õ classes 6. J„¬C_È° =¶ä›½ school …Õ Hindi ƒÕk•O„¬
[~¡°Q®°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ. |_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
Classes were not being conducted Hindi was not being taught to us in
to us in the college last week. the schools then.
2. Last month WH› ø _È D road 7. x#ß one day cricket match T.V. …Õ relay
"͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ. K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
This road was not being laid here last The Oneday cricket match was not
month. being relayed on T.V. yesterday.
3. x#ß JH›ø_È work [~¡°Q®°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ. 8. x#ß JH›ø_È g°\÷OQ·H÷ U~Œæ@°Á [~¡°Q®°
Work was not being done there `ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
yesterday. Arrangements were not being made
4. J„¬C_È° 'D<Œ_È°Ñ daily …Õ „ã u
¬ ƒ•’ jiÂH› there for the meeting yesterday.
publish J=ô`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
9. J„¬C_È° =¶ ‡Ú•O…Õ K³~¡ä›½ „¬O_•O„¬
'Pratibha' column was not being
|_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ.
Sugarcane was not being grown in
published in Eenadu daily then.
our field then.
5. J„¬ C _È ° Hê…è r •…Õ D courses Jxß 10. Last month P club …Õ cultural
x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬ |_È°`ǶO_È…è^ΰ. programmes x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`Ç°O_È…è^ΰ.
All these courses were not being Cultural programmes were not being
conducted in the colleges then. held in that club last month.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò VW`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
continuous Qê [~¡°„¬|_È°`ǶO_•#, K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß Vijayawada …Õ polling x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ |_È°`Ƕ LO_•#^¥ ?
J Q®`Ç ~Œãu JH›ø_È KÇ~•ó¡ ° [~¡°Q®°KǶO_•#"Œ ?
J x#ß Star Sports channel …Õ match „ã ª¬ •~¡=°Q®° KǶO_•#^¥ ?
J Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O g° classes P old building …Õ x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È° KǶO_•#"Œ ?
J Q®`Ç"Œ~¡O college …Õ degree admissions [~¡°Q®°KǶO_•#"Œ ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_•# „¬#°•#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ J#Qê x#ß Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O, …èH›
Q®`ÇO…Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° continuous Qê K͆°Ç |_È°KǶO_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Was/Were+being+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject - Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° 'was' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'were' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. x#ß T.V. …Õ match relay K͆ǰ|_È° 6. x#ß club …Õ ‹¬ƒ•’°¼•ä›½ pass •° issue
`ǶO_•#^¥? K͆°Ç |_È°KǶO_•#"Œ?
Was the match being relayed on T.V. Were the passes being issued to the
yesterday? club members yesterday?
2. Last week Hyderabad …Õ curfew 7. Last week pending files clear
qk•„¬|_È°`ǶO_•#^¥? K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#"Œ?
Was the curfew being levied in Were the pending files being cleared
Hyderabad last week? last week?
3. Last month college …Õ admissions 8. x#ß D T.V. set repair KÍ † Ç ° |_È °
x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`ǶO_•#"Œ? `ǶO_•#^¥?
Were the admissions being made in Was this T.V. set being repaired
your college last month? yesterday?
4. Last year ï ~ á ` Ç ° •ä› ½ loans sanction 9. Last month Hù`Çë telephone connections
K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#"Œ? W=Þ|_È°KǶO_•#"Œ?
Were the loans being sanctioned to Were new telephone connections
the farmers last year? being given last month?
5. x#ß =~¡^Î ƒìk•`Ç°•ä›½ P‚¬ð~¡ ‡Ú\ìÁ•° 10. Last year =°# ~ŒRO…Õ entry tax collect
„¬O„²}© K͆°Ç |_È°`Ƕ LO_•#"Œ? K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#^¥?
Were food packets being distributed Was the entry tax being collected in
to the flood victims yesterday? our state last year?
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11. x#ß English class …Õ U lesson teach D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k?
Which lesson was being taught in the
English class yesterday?
1. x#ß JH› ø _È ~Œ¼e x~¡ Þ ‚² ì O„¬ | _È °
12. Q®`ÇO…Õ D WO\÷H÷ ZO`Ç „¬#°ß =‹¬¶•° `ǶO_•#^¥?
K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k? 2. Last week nominations ^¥Y•°
Howmuch tax was being collected for K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#"Œ?
this house in the past?
13. WO`Ç䛽 =òO^ΰ <³•¶Á~¡° town H÷ water 3. x#ß cards print K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#"Œ?
ZH›ø_È #°O_• supply KÍ † Ç ° |_È ° 4. Last month Pã H › = °}•° `ù•yO„¬ _ È °
`ǶO_•#k? `ǶO_•#"Œ?
From where was water being
supplied to Nellore town previously?
5. x#ß JH›ø_È KÇ~•ó¡ ° [~¡°Q®°`ǶO_•#"Œ?
14. Q®`OÇ …Õ D ‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ Z䛽ø=Qê U „¬O@ 6. g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° ㄬu ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O ƒÕ#‹¹
„¬O_•O„¬|_È°`ǶO_•#k? K³eÁO„¬|_È°`Ç°O_Í^¥?
Which crop was being grown mostly
7. g° ‡ã •O`ÇO…Õ J„¬C_È° „ ã u¬ ë „¬O_•O„¬|_È°
in this area previously?
15. Q®`ÇO…Õ India 䛽 sugar ZH›ø_È #°O_• `Ç°O_Í^¥?
kQ®°=°u KÍ‹°¬ Hù#|_È°`ǶO_•#k? 8. Q® ` Ç "Œ~¡ = ò interview •° ZH› ø _È
From where was sugar being x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°`ǶO_•#q?
imported to India in the past?
16. x#ß meeting …Õ U q+¬†Ç°O KÇióO„¬|_È° 9. g°H› „ ¬ C _È ° ZO`Ç salary K³ e Á O „¬ | _È °
`ǶO_•#k? `ǶO_•#k?
Which matter was being discussed 10. J„¬ C _È ° "ŒiH÷ Maths …Õ U book
in the meeting yesterday? prescribe K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k?
17. WO`Ç䛽 =òO^ΰ P family Z…ì feed 11. Last series …Õ =°# cricket team
K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k? Z=iKÍ`Ç lead K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#k?
How was that family being fed
previoulsy? 12. Last week P theatre …Õ U film
18. h䛽 J„¬C_È° ZO`Ç salary K³eÁO„¬|_È° „
ã ^
¬ iÎ ÅO„¬|_È°KÇ°O_•#k?
`ǶO_•#k? 13. Last week interviews ZH› ø _È
Howmuch salary was being paid to
you then?
x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°KÇ°O_•#q?
19. g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° JH›ø_È Grammar Z=i KÍ`Ç 14. WO`Ç ä › ½ =òO^Î ° P ‹¬ O ‹¬ Ö Z=iKÍ ` Ç
teach K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k? maintain K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#k?
By Whom was Grammar being taught
to you there then?
15. x#ß P Hê…è*˜…Õ U „¬sH›Æ x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È°
20. WO`Çä½› =òO^ΰ g° amout ZH›ø_È deposit KÇ°O_•#k?
K͆°Ç |_È°`ǶO_•#k?
Where was your amount being
deposited previously? Z
If a blind man leads another blind man, both fall into a ditch. 350
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Wasn't' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Weren't' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. J„¬C_È° D entrance tests x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬ 6. x#ß JH›ø_È KÇ~¡ó•° [~¡°Q®°`ǶO_È…è^¥?
|_È°`ǶO_È…è^¥? Weren't the discussions being made
Weren't these entrance tests being there yesterday?
conducted then? 7. D material g°ä›½ J„¬C_È° supply K͆ǰ
2. x#ß g°ä› ½ college …Õ classes |_È°`ǶO_È…è^¥?
[~¡°Q®°`ǶO_È…è^¥? Wasn't this material being supplied to
Weren't the classes being conducted you then?
to you in the college yesterday?
8. Last year D bank …Õ loans sanction
3. J„¬C_È° J`ÇxH÷ salary K³eÁO„¬|_È°`ǶO_È K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_È…è^¥?
…è^¥? Weren't the loans being sanctioned in
Wasn't the salary being paid to him this bank last year?
then?
9. J„¬C_È° D vehicle use K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_È
4. x#ß JH›ø_È „¬x [~¡°Q®°`ǶO_È…è^¥? …è^¥?
Wasn't work being done there Wasn't this vehicle being used then?
yesterday?
5. x#ß JH›ø_È U~Œæ@°Á [~¡°Q®°`ǶO_È…è^¥? 10. x#ß pass •° *ìs K͆ǰ|_È°`ǶO_È…è^¥?
Weren't the passes being issued
Weren't the arrangements being made
yesterday?
there yesterday?
351
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Was/Were + being + III form of
the Verb' J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D structure #° grammar …Õ "Passive
Voice -Past Continuous Tense" JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative
Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò.
D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`ÇHê•O continuous Qê K͆°Ç |_È°KǶO_•#, [~¡°„¬|_È°KǶO_•# XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Was/Were + being + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Work was being done here yesterday.
2. Cards were being distributed yesterday.
3. The programme was being organized yesterday.
4. Arrangements were being made yesterday.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`ÇHê•O continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°KǶO_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_È°KǶO_Èx XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Was/Were + not + being + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. This vehicle was not being used last year.
2. Passes were not being issued then.
3. New appointments were not being made last year.
4. The material was not being supplied then.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx HùO`ÇHê•O continuous Qê K͆°Ç |_È°KÇ°O_•#, [~¡°„¬|_È°KÇ°O_•# XH› „¬xx
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Was/Were + being + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Was this bridge being constructed last year?
2. Were the admissions being made last month?
3. Was this scheme being implemented last year?
4. Were the hall tickets being issued yesterday?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`ÇHê•O continuous Qê K͆ǰ|_È°KǶO_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_È°KǶO_Èx XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz negative sense …Õ ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Wasn't / Weren't+ being + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Wasn't paddy being grown here then?
2. Weren't English movies being shown here then?
3. Wasn't the problem being discussed yesterday?
353
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
354 Be a Roman when you are in Rome.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
Subject Singular ('I' q°#‚¬ð) J~ò#„¬C_È° 'has been' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'have been' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. D öHH± just W„¬C_Í `džǶï~á#k. 7. J`Ç x financial problem already
This cake has been made just now. „¬i‘•ø~¡=°~ò¼Ok.
2. Meeting just W„¬C_Í commence J~ò#k. His financial problem has already been
The meeting has been commenced solved.
just now. 8. =¶ä› ½ already appointment orders
3. D letters just W„¬C_Í type K͆°Ç |_•#q. JOk#q.
These letters have been typed just The apppointment orders have already
now. been received to us.
4. Work just W„¬C_Í „¬îië J~ò#k. 9. Cricket match tickets Jhß already
The work has been finished just now. J~ò‡é~ò#q.
5. D message W„¬C_Í JOk#k. All the tickets for the cricket match have
This message has been received just already been sold.
now. 10. D q+¬†Ç°=ò…Õ already XH› x~¡â†Ç°O
6. =¶ syllabus already „¬îiëJ~ò#k. f‹¬°Hù#°@ [iy#k.
Our syllabus has already been A decision has already been taken in
completed. this matter.
355
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Z
Better be alone than in bad company. 356
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOHê …èH›
WO`Ç=~¡ä›• K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J Lunch H÷ WOHê items `džǶ~¡° Hê…è^ΰ.
J =¶ „¬sH›Æ `Ík WOHê Y~Œ~¡° Hê…è^ΰ.
J =¶ Hê…èl…Õ _•ãw admissions WOHê =òy†Ç°…è^ΰ.
J =¶ä›½ WOHê telephone connection W=Þ|_È…è^ΰ.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I' 'We' 'You', 'They' - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Have' =KÇ°ó#°.
'He' - 'She', 'It' - Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 'Has' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =¶ college WOHê reopen Hê…è^ΰ. 7. Degree „¬sHÆê „¦¬e`Œ•° WOHê ㄬH›\÷OKÇ
Our college has not yet been |_È…è^ΰ.
reopened. The Degree examination results have
2. =¶ä›½ WOHê orders JO^Î…è^ΰ. not yet been announced.
The orders have not yet been 8. <Œä›½ WOHê loan sanction Hê…è^ΰ.
received to us. The loan has not yet been sanctioned
3. P W•°Á WOHê Mìm J=…è^ΰ. to me.
The house has not yet been vacated. 9. =¶ä›½ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O WOHê ‹²•|‹¹ „¬îië
4. P file WOHê clear J=…è^ΰ. Hê…è^ΰ.
That file has not yet been cleared. Our syllabus has not yet been
completed this year.
5. Hêjà~Ÿ ‹¬=°‹¬¼ WOHê „¬i‘•ø~¡O Hê…è^°Î .
The Kashmir problem has not yet been 10. Wedding cards WOHê distribute Hê…è^ΰ.
solved. The wedding coards have not yet been
distributed.
6. Programme WOHê "³ò^Ε°Hê…è^ΰ.
The programme has not yet been 11. =¶ work WOHê „¬îië Hê…è^ΰ.
commenced. Our work has not yet been finished.
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14. WOHê tickets book K͆ǰ|_È…è^ΰ. 3. =¶ colony …Õ WOHê roads "͆°Ç |_È…^
è °Î .
The tickets have not yet been booked.
19. T.V. set WOHê repair K͆ǰ|_È…è^ΰ. 11. Admission list WOHê ㄬH›\÷O„¬|_È…è^ΰ.
The T.V. set has not yet been repaired.
12. Letters WOHê deliver Hê…è^ΰ.
20. =¶ä›½ WOHê P message JO^Î…è^ΰ.
The message has not yet been
13. Project Report WOHê `džǶ~¡°Hê…è^ΰ.
received to us.
14. ãHù`Çë text books WOHê print Hê…è^ΰ.
15. P case f~¡°æ WOHê "³•°=_È…è^ΰ.
Z
Pebbles and diamonds are alike to a blind man. 358
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò VW`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° W„¬C_ÍQêx, WO`Ç䛽 =òO^ΰ
Z„¬C_ËQêx, WO`Ç=~¡ä½› Qêx K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J D letters just W„¬C_Í type K͆°Ç |_•#"Œ ?
J g° house plan already approval K͆°Ç |_•#^¥?
J W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ g°ä›½ 25 applications JOk#"Œ?
J J`ÇxH÷ already loan sanction K͆°Ç |_•#^¥ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° W„¬C_Í, WO`Çä½› =òO^Í, WO`Ç=~¡ä½› K͆°Ç |_•# „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê =°#O =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 W„¬C_Í K͆°Ç |_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Qêx, WO`Çä½›
=òO^Í K͆°Ç |_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Qêx, WO`Ç=~¡ä½› XH› „¬x Zxß „¬~Œ¼†Ç°=ò•° K͆°Ç |_•#k,
[~¡°„¬|_•#k „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have/Has+been+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular (I q°#‚¬ð) J~ò#„¬C_È° 'has been' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'have been' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. D letters just W„¬C_Í deliver KÍ † Ç ° 6. Admission list already „
ã H¬ \
› O÷ „¬|_•#^¥?
|_•#"Œ? Has the admission list already been
Have these letters been delivered announced ?
justnow? 7. D news g°ä›½ already `³e‹²#^¥ ?
2. Programme just W„¬ C _Í commence Has this news already been known
J~ò#^¥ ? to you ?
Has the programme just been 8. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ D <³•…Õ h䛽 ~¡¶. 2000
commenced ? Y~¡°ó J~ò#^¥ ?
3. D item just W„¬C_Í `džǶ~¡° J~ò#^¥ ? Has Rs. 2000 been spent to you this
Has this item just been prepared ? month sofar ?
4. g° house loan already clear J~ò#^¥? 9. W„¬ æ \÷ =~¡ ä › ½ D loan ä› ½ <Œ•°Q® °
Has your house loan already been instalments K³eO Á „¬|_•#"Œ ?
cleared ? Have four instalments been paid for this
5. =°# journey H÷ tikets already book loan sofar ?
K͆°Ç |_•#"Œ ? 10. W„¬ æ \ ÷ =~¡ ä › ½ D ~ËA 8 files clear
Have the tickets already been booked K͆°Ç |_•#"Œ ?
for our journey ? Have eight files been cleared today
sofar ?
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11. g°ä›½ W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ Mathematics …Õ Zxß D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
chapters teach K͆°Ç |_•#q?
Howmany chapters have been taught
to you in Mathematics sofar ?
1. g° bill just W„¬C_Í pass J~ò#^¥?
12. D match …Õ W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ Zxß overs 2. g° class work just W„¬C_Í „¬îië J~ò#^¥?
bowl K͆°Ç |_•#q ?
Howmany overs have been bowled 3. D news g°ä›½ just W„¬C_Í `³e‹²#^¥?
in this match sofar ? 4. D <³• g°ä›½ already salary K³eÁO„¬
13. h studies H÷ h䛽 WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ ZO`Ç Y~¡°ó |_•#"Œ?
J~ò#k?
Howmuch amount has been spent on 5. S.S.C. „¬ s H› Æ Hall tickets already
your studies sofar ? „¬O„¬|_•#"Œ?
14. W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ ZO`Ç =°Ok Jƒ•’¼~¡°œ•°
interview K͆°Ç |_•<Œ~¡° ?
6. g°ä› ½ already classes commence
Howmany candidates have been J~ò#"Œ?
interviewed sofar ? 7. W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ g°ä›½ ZO`Ç amount K³eÁO„¬
15. D <³•…Õ W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ Zxß films release |_•#k?
J~ò#q?
Howmany films have been released 8. W„¬ æ \ ÷ =~¡ ä › ½ Englsih …Õ g°ä› ½ Zxß
this month sofar ? lessons complete J~ò#q?
16. D bank …Õ D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O W„¬\ “ ÷ =~¡ä½› 9. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡° P school …Õ ZO`Ç =°Ok
ZO`Ç amount deposit K͆°Ç |_•#k ?
Howmuch amount has been „²•Á•° admit J~ò<Œ~¡° ?
deposited in this bank this year sofar? 10. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ "ŒiKÍ Zxß programmes
17. D serial W„¬æ¬\÷ =~¡ä›½ Zxß episodes x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_•#q ?
telecast J~ò#q ?
Howmany episodes have been 11. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä½› D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Zxß telephone
telecast in this serial sofar ? connections W=Þ|_•#q ?
18. D "Œ~¡O W„¬æ\÷=~¡ä›½ Zxß files clear 12. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä½› D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O Zxß teacher
K͆°Ç |_•#q?
Howmany files have been cleared this posts ƒ•’së K͆°Ç |_•#q ?
week sofar ? 13. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ P T.V. Channel …Õ Zxß
19. D shopping complex …Õ W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ serials telecast J~ò#q ?
Zxß shops sale J~ò<Œ~ò ?
Howmany shops have been sold in 14. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ g° father zH÷`•Ç H÷ ZO`Ç
that shopping complex sofar ? amount Y~¡°ó J~ò#k ?
20. ãHù`Çë voter list …Õ W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ Zxß À„~¡°Á 15. W„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ g° house construction H÷
#"³¶^ΰK͆°Ç |_•#q ? ZO`Ç Y~¡°ó J~ò#k ?
Howmany names have been enrolled
in the new voter list sofar ? Z
A barking dog never bites. 360
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Hasn't been' =KÇ°ó#°.
Plural J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Haven't been' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Bill WOHê pass Hê…è^¥? 6. Loan WOHê clear Hê…è^¥?
Hasn't the bill yet been passed? Hasn't the loan yet been cleared?
1.1. Problem WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬i‘•ø~¡O D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hasn't the problem yet been
solved? 1. WOHê P case f~¡°æ "³•°=_È…è^¥?
12. P†Ç°# WOHê hospital #°O_• ZO^ΰ䛽 2. Letters WOHê type Hê…è^¥?
discharge Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hasn't he yet been discharged 3. T.V. set WOHê repair Hê…è^¥?
from the hospital?
4. g° file WOHê verify Hê…è^¥?
13. WOHê U~Œæ@°Á ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡Q®…è^ΰ?
Why haven't the arrangements yet 5. Admissions WOHê close Hê…è^¥?
been made?
6. School WOHê re-open Hê…è^¥?
14. h=ô WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 promote Hê…è^ΰ?
Why haven't you yet been promoted? 7. Hall tickets WOHê issue K͆ǰ|_È…è^¥?
15. „¬sH›Æ•° WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡Q®…è^ΰ? 8. P movie WOHê censor Hê…è^¥?
Why haven't the exams yet been
conducted? 9. WOHê x~¡†
â °Ç O ZO^ΰ䛽 f‹¬°Hù#|_È…^
è °Î ?
16. P college …Õ seats WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 ƒ•’së 10. Cards WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 distribute Hê…è^ΰ?
Hê…è^ΰ?
Why haven't the seats yet been filled 11. D ~ËA milk WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 supply
up in that college? Hê…è^ΰ?
17. Course WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 =òy†Ç°…è^ΰ? 12. „¬sH›Æ WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 "³ò^Ε°Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hasn't the course yet been
completed? 13. =°#䛽 D ª•i material WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽
supply Hê…è^ΰ?
18. P book WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 publish Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hasn't that book yet been 14. J`ÇxH÷ WOHê licence ZO^ΰ䛽 issue
published? Hê…è^ΰ?
19. Construction WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 „¬îië Hê…è^°Î ? 15. g°ä›½ WOHê payment ZO^ΰ䛽 [~¡Q®…è^ΰ?
Why hasn't the construction yet been
completed?
20. Notification WOHê ZO^ΰ䛽 issue Hê…è^°Î ?
Why hasn't the notification yet been
issued?
Z
A friend's frown is better than a fool's smile. 362
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Have / Has + been + III form of
the Verb' J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ "Passive Voice -
Present Perfect Tense" JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form
3. Question Form 4. Negative Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts
XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
=°#O =¶\ìÁ_°È ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 W„¬C_Í ( Just now ) Hêx, WO`Çä½› =°òO^³„C¬ _Ë (already)
Qêx K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Have / Has + been +
III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. This cake has been made just now.
2. These letters have been typed just now.
3. The message has already been sent to them.
4. The files have already been cleared.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O =¶\ìÁ_È° ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOHê (Yet) K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Have not / Has not + been + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. The problem has not yet been solved.
2. The admissions have not yet been closed.
3. The decision has not yet been taken.
4. The arrangements have not Yet been made.
3. QUESTION FORM :
=°#O =¶\ìÁ_°È ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 W„¬C_Í ( Just now ) Hêx, WO`Çä½› =°òO^³„C¬ _Ë (already)
Qêx K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „ ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Have /
Has + been + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Has this item been prepared just now?
2. Have the books already been sold?
3. Has the matter been known to you just now?
4. Have the tickets already been looked?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =°#O =¶\ìÁ_È° ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 WOHê ( Yet) K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Haven't / Hasn't+ been + III form of the Verb
" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Hasn't the notification yet been issued?
2. Haven't the classes yet been commenced?
3. Hasn't the bill yet been paid?
4. Haven't the book yet been printed?
363
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
D 4 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
364 All things that great men do are welldone.
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EXAMPLES
1. "Í°=ò JH›ø_È䛽 "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ programme 6. "Í°=ò press 䛽 "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ =¶ cards print
"³ò^Ε~ò#k. J~ò=ô#ßq.
The programme had been The cards had been printed before we
commenced before we went there. went to the press yesterday.
2. x#ß guests =KÍ ó ‹ ¬ i H÷ U~Œæ @ °Á „¬ î ië 7. J`Ç_È° enquiry KÍÀ‹ ^¥xH÷ =òO^Í P
J~ò#q. college …Õ admissions close J~ò#q.
The arrangements had been made The admissions had been closed in
before the guests arrived yesterday. that college before he enquired.
3. "Í°=ò x#ß theatre H÷ KÍ~°¡ 䛽<Í ‹¬iH÷ ticket 8. "Í°=ò function hall H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷ dinner
counter close J~ò#k. serve K͆°Ç |_•#k.
The ticket counter had been closed Dinner had been served before we
before we went to the theatre. went to the function hall.
4. "Í°=ò x#ß Municipal Office H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ 9. "Œ~¡° x#ß WH›ø_È䛽 =KÍó‹¬iH÷, work „¬îië
=¶ file clear J~ò#k. J~ò#k.
Our file had been cleared before we The work had been completed before
went to the municipal office. they came here yesterday
5. x#ß "Œ~¡° WH›ø_È䛽 =KÍó‹¬iH÷ x~¡â†Ç°O 10. <Í # ° K³ „ ¬ æ H › = °òO^Í "ŒiH÷ D news
f‹¬°HË=@O [iy#k. `³e‹²#k.
The decision had been taken before The news had been known to them
they came here yesterday. before I told them.
365
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EXERCISE
11. "Í°=ò shop H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iöH =¶ TV set
iÀ„~¡° K͆°Ç |_•†Çò#ßk. D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•°
"ŒH›English …ÕxH÷ translate
¼=ò•° English K͆°Ç O_•.
…ÕxH÷ translate
Our TV set had been repaired before
K͆°Ç O_•.
we went to the shop. 1. <Í#° x#ß class H÷ =KÍó ‹¬iH÷, notes dic-
12. "Í°=ò hospital H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iöH J`ÇxH÷ tate K͆°Ç |_•#q.
P„¬ö~+¬<£ [iy#k. 2. "Í°=ò JH›ø_•H÷ KÍ~°¡ 䛽<Í ‹¬iH÷ H÷ dinner
The operation had been conducted items `džǶ~¡° J~ò=ô#ßk.
to him before we went to the hospital. 3. "Í°=ò WH›ø_È䛽 =KÍó ^¥xH÷ =òO^Í =¶
13. "Í°=ò Ti #°O_• uiy =KÇ‹ óÍ i¬ H÷, ra- bill pass J~ò#k.
tion cards „¬O„²}© K͆°Ç |_•<Œ~ò. 4. "Œ~¡° D town H÷ shift J†Í°¼^¥xH÷
The ration cards had been distrib- =òO^Í WH› ø _È house construct
uted before we returned from our vil-
K͆°Ç |_•#k.
lage. 5. "Í°=ò "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷ P"³° hospital #°Oz
discharge J~ò#k.
14. <Í#° apply KÍÀ‹^¥xH÷ =òO^Í P course
…Õ seats ƒ•’së J~ò#q. 6. "Í°=ò x#ß match KǶ‹ À O^ΰ䛽 stadium
H÷ "͈õ¤ ‹¬iH÷ 20 overs J~ò‡é~ò#k.
The seats had been filled up before I
applied.
7. "Í°=ò x#ß school H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷ *ÿO_¨
Pq+¬ø~¡} (hoist) J~ò#k.
15. "Í ° =ò JH› ø _•H÷ "³ ˆ õ ¤ ‹¬ i H÷ KÇ ~ ¡ ó • ° 8. <Í#° P course …Õ join J†Í°¼ ^¥xH÷
=òy‹²#q. =òO^Í two chapters „¬îië J~ò#q.
The discussions had been closed
9. "Í°=ò JH›ø_È䛽 "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷, x~¡â†Ç°O
before we went there. f‹¬°Hù#|_•#k.
16. "Í°=ò x#ß Chennai KÍ~¡°ä›½<Í ‹¬iöH =¶ 10. <Í#° ~Œãu JH›ø_È䛽 "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷ P shop
^ÎQ®¾~¡ =ô#ß money Y~¡ó~ò‡é~ò#k. colse J~ò=ô#ßk.
The money we had with us had been 11. "Í°=ò "³ˆ¤õ ‹¬iH÷ ‹¬=°‹¬¼ KÇióO„¬|_•#k.
spent before we reached Chennai 12. <Í#° x#ß exam centre H÷ KÍ~¡°Hù<Í ‹¬iH÷
yesterday. exam "³ò^Ε~ò#k.
17. <Í#° x#ß college H÷ KÍ~¡°ä›½<Í ‹¬iöH 13. "Í°=ò theatre H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷ tickets sale
seminor "³ò^Ε~ò#k. J~ò‡é~ò<Œ~ò.
The seminor had been commenced 14. "Í ° =ò =¶ native place #°Oz
before I reached college yesterday. =KÍó‹¬iH÷, =¶ results „ã H¬ \
÷ O÷ „¬|_•#q.
18. "Í°=ò x#ß bus-stand H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iöH seats 15. "Í°=ò JH›ø_•H÷ "³ˆ¤õ ‹¬iH÷ amount ready
reserve J~ò#q. Qê L#ßk.
The seats had been reserved before
we reached the bus-stand yesterday. Z
Face is the index of mind. 366
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#°
„
À ~ùø#°KǶ J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê K͆°Ç |_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J J„¬æ\÷H÷OHê =¶ results ㄬH›\÷O„¬|_È…è^ΰ.
J J„¬æ\÷H÷OHê =¶ colony …Õ Wxß houses xiàO„¬|_È…è^ΰ.
J J„¬æ\÷H÷OHê JÌ‹OcÁ ZxßH›•° x~¡Þ‚²ìO„¬|_È…è^ΰ.
J J„¬æ\÷H÷OHê programme ‡ã •~¡Oa•O„¬|_È …è^°Î .
J J„¬æ\÷H÷OHê notification "³•°=_È…^è °Î .
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä½› WOHê K͆°Ç |_Èx „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° K³„C¬ KǶ, P ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò =~¡ä½› WOHê K͆°Ç |_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had+not+been + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Had not been" =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê =¶ cousre commence 6. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê „¬O*샘 ‹¬=°‹¬¼ „¬i‘•ø~¡O
Hê…è^ΰ. Hê…è^ΰ.
Our course had not yet been The Punjab problem had not yet been
commenced by then. solved by then.
2. J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê D house construct 7. J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê =¶ results ã „ ¬ H › \ ÷ O „¬
K͆ǰ|_È…è^ΰ. |_È…è^ΰ.
This house had not yet been Our results had not yet been
constructed by then. announced by then.
3. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D cards print Hê…è^ΰ. 8. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê D notification "³•°=_È…^
è °Î .
These cards had not yet been printed This notification had not yet been
by then. issued by then.
4. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê öHOã^ÎO…Õ B.J.P. „ã ƒ¬ •’°`ÇÞO 9. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D book publish Hê…è^ΰ.
U~¡æ_È…è^ΰ. This book had not yet been published
The B.J.P. government had not yet by then.
been formed by then. 10. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê =¶ bill pass Hê…è^ΰ.
5. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê tickets sale Hê…è^ΰ. Our bill had not yet been passed by
The tickets had not yet been sold by then.
that time.
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14. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê =¶ä›½ orders JO^Î…è^ΰ. 4. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê D news =¶ä›½ `³e†Ç°…è^°Î .
The orders had not yet been received
to us by then. 5. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê J`ÇxÌ„á case file Hê…è^ΰ.
15. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D scheme ‡ã •~¡Oa•O„¬
|_È…è^ΰ. 6. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê =¶ brother B.Tech …Õ
admit K͆ǰ|_È…è^ΰ.
This scheme had not yet been
launched by then.
7. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê P case judgement
16. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê ordinance pass Hê…è^ΰ. "³•°=_È…è^ΰ.
This ordinance had not yet been
passed by then. 8. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D show room open
17. J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê interviews x~¡ Þ ‚² ì O„¬ Hê…è^ΰ.
|_È…è^ΰ. 9. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê U~Œæ@°Á „¬îië Hê…è^ΰ.
The interviews had not yet been
conducted by then. 10. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê exam. commence Hê…è^ΰ.
18. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê J`Ç_È° Hyderabad H÷
transfer Hê…è^ΰ.
11. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê dinner H÷ items
He had not yet been transfered to
`džǶ~¡°Hê…è^ΰ.
Hyderabad by then. 12. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê new text book publish
19. J„¬æ\÷H÷ P"³° WOHê hospital …Õ admit Hê…è^ΰ.
K͆ǰ|_È…è^ΰ.
She had not yet been admited to 13. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê "Œi =°^•Î¼ KÇ~•ó¡ ° [~¡°Q®…^
è °Î .
hospital by then.
14. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P†Ç°# arrest Hê…è^ΰ.
20. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P college …Õ seats ƒ•’së
Hê…è^ΰ. 15. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê ticket counter close Hê…è^°Î .
The Seats had not yet been filled up
in that college by then.
Z
A living ass is better than a dead lion. 368
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò VW`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° Q®`OÇ …Õ „¬îië J~ò# ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ
=òO^ΰQê K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „ ã t¬ ßOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° x#ß class H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷, lesson „¬îië J~ò#^¥ ?
J g°~¡° "³ˆ¤õ ‹¬iH÷ JH›ø_È U~Œæ@°Á x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ|_•#"Œ ?
J h=ô Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O Ti #°O_• uiy=KÍó ‹¬iH÷ g° results „ã H¬ \› O÷ „¬|_•#"Œ ?
J g°~¡° x#ß theatre H÷ "³ˆõ¤ ‹¬iH÷, \÷ïHø@°Á J~ò‡é~ò<Œ†Ç¶ ?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê K͆°Ç |_•# „¬#°•#° „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õ „¬îië J~ò# ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê K͆°Ç |_•#, [~¡°„¬|_•# XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had+been+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Had been' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô JH›ø_•H÷ KÍ~°¡ 䛽<Í ‹¬iH÷, JH›ø_È „¬x 6. "Œ~¡° WH›ø_È䛽 =KÍó^¥xH÷ =òO^Í, U~Œæ@°Á
„¬îië K͆°Ç |_•#^¥? K͆°Ç |_•#"Œ ?
Had the work been completed before Had the arrangements been made
you reached there ? before they came here ?
2. h=ô apply KÍÀ‹^¥xH÷ =òO^Í, P Hê…èl…Õ 7. h=ô college H÷ KÍ~¡°ä›½<Í ‹¬iH÷, exam
admissions =òy‹²#"Œ ? ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKÇ|_•#^¥ ?
Had the admissions been closed in Had the examination been commen-
that college before you applied ? ced before you reached the college ?
3. h=ô g° Ti#°O_• =KÍ^ ó ¥xH÷ =òO^Í, g° 8. g°~¡° x#ß office H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷ g° file verify
„¬sHÆê „¦e¬ `Œ•° „
ã H¬ \
› O÷ „¬|_•#"Œ ? K͆°Ç |_•#^¥ ?
Had the examination results been Had your file been verified before you
announced before you came from your went to office yesterday?
village ? 9. J`Ç_È° letter ã"ŒÀ‹^¥xH÷ =òO^Í, tickets
4. h=ô J`Çxx H›eÀ‹ ^¥xH÷ =òO^Í, bank book K͆°Ç |_•#"Œ?
#°O_• money withdraw K͆°Ç |_•#^¥ ? Had the tickets been booked before
Had the amount been withdrawn from he wrote the letter ?
the bank before you met him ? 10. N P.V. „¬ ^ Î q =^Î … è ^ ¥xH÷ =òO^Í ,
5. x#ß g°~¡° press H÷ "³ˆõ¤‹¬iH÷, cards JKÇ°ó ordinance *ìs K͆°Ç |_•#^¥ ?
"͆°Ç |_•#"Œ ? Had the ordinance been passed
Had the cards been printed before you before Sri P.V. left his post ?
went to the press yesterday ?
369
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Hadn't been' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê g°ä›½ D q+¬†°Ç O `Çe³ †Ç°^¥? 6. J„¬æ\÷H÷ work WOHê „¬îië Hê…è^¥?
Hadn't this matter yet been known to Hadn't the work yet been finished by
you by then? then?
2. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê programme "³ ò ^Î • ° 7. J„¬æ\÷H÷ admissions WOHê =òy†Ç°…è^¥?
H›ê…è^¥? Hadn't the admissions yet been closed
Hadn't the programme yet been by then?
commenced? 8. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê budget ㄬ"͉×Ì„@“|_È…è^¥?
3. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê g°ä›½ orders JO^Î…è^¥? Hadn't the budget yet been presented
Hadn't the orders yet been received to by then?
you by then? 9. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê results ㄬH›\÷O„¬|_È…è^¥?
4. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê D book publish Hê…è^¥? Hadn't the results yet been announced
Hadn't this book yet been published by then?
by then? 10. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê U~Œæ@°Á [~¡°Q®…è^¥?
5. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê g°ä›½ syllabus „¬îië Hê…è^¥? Hadn't the arrangements been made
Hadn't the syllabus yet been completed by then?
by then?
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11. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê report ZO^ΰ䛽 `džǶ~¡° D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the report yet been
prepared by then?
1. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê classes "³ò^Ε°Hê…è^¥?
12. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê permission ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 2. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê schedule „
ã H¬ \
› O÷ „¬|_È…^
è ¥?
~Œ…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the permission yet been 3. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê cards print Hê…è^¥?
granted by then?
13. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P house Mìm ZO^ΰ䛽 4. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê g°ä›½ message JO^Î…è^¥?
J=…è^ΰ? 5. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê h䛽 loan sanction Hê…è^¥?
Why hadn't house yet been vacated by
then? 6. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê course „¬îiëHê…è^¥?
14. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê x~¡ â † Ç ° O ZO^Î ° ä› ½
f‹¬°H›ù#|_È…è^ΰ? 7. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê report submit
Why hadn't the decision yet been taken K͆ǰ|_È…è^¥?
by then?
15. J„¬ æ \ ÷ H ÷ WOHê hä› ½ salary ZO^Î ° ä› ½ 8. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P movie q_È°^ΕHê…è^¥?
~Œ…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the salary yet been paid to
9. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê J`Ç _ È ° P post …Õ
you? x†Ç°q°O„¬|_È…è^¥?
16. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P qãQ®‚¬ì Pq+¬ø~¡} ZO^ΰ䛽 10. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê amount ZO^ΰ䛽 collect
[~¡°Q®…è^ΰ? Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the statue yet been
unveiled by then? 11. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê =‹¬°ë=ô•° ZO^ΰ䛽 deliver
17. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê tickets ZO^ΰ䛽 book Hê…è^ΰ?
K͆ǰ|_È…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the tickets yet been booked 12. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê P project x~Œà}O ZO^ΰ䛽
by then? „¬îiëHê…è^ΰ?
18. J„¬ æ \÷ H ÷ WOHê items ZO^Î ° ä› ½
`džǶ~¡°Hê…è^ΰ? 13. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê bill ZO^ΰ䛽 pass Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the items yet been
prepared by then?
14. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê party …Õ dinner ZO^ΰ䛽
serve Hê…è^ΰ?
19. J„¬æ\H÷ ÷ WOHê G.O ZO^ΰ䛽 pass Hê…è^°Î ?
Why hadn't the G.O. yet been passed 15. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê amount ZO^ΰ䛽 deposit
by then?
Hê…è^ΰ?
20. J„¬æ\÷H÷ WOHê notification ZO^ΰ䛽 issue
Hê…è^ΰ?
Why hadn't the notification yet been
issued by then? Z
The tradden path is the safest. 372
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Had + been + III form of the Verb'
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ "Passive Voice -Past Perfect Tense"
JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form 4. Negative
Question Form J#° 4 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 4 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê K͆ǰ|_•#, [~¡°„¬|_È•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Had + been + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. The programme had been commenced before we went there yesterday.
2. The letters had been typed before he came here.
3. The work had been finished before we went there.
4. The notes had been dictated before I entered the class.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° K³„¬CKǶ J„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ WOH›#¶ K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Had not + been + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ
=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. The decision had not yet been taken by then.
2. The tickets had not yet been sold by then.
3. The orders had not yet been received to us by then.
4. The problem had not yet been solved by then.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx ï~O_È° „¬#°•…Õ =òO^ΰQê K͆ǰ|_•#, [~¡°„¬|_È•# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Had + been + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Had the exam been commenced before you reached the college?
2. Had the cards been printed before you went there?
3. Had the shop been closed before you went there?
4. Had the arrangements been made before the guests came?
4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#° K³„¬CKǶ J„¬æ\÷ =~¡ä›½ WOH›#¶ K͆ǰ|_Èx, [~¡°„¬|_Èx XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Hadn't + been + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Hadn't the letters been posted by then?
2. Hadn't the results been announced by then?
3. Hadn't the items been prepared by then?
4. Hadn't the file been cleared by then?
373
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Z
374 Labour conquers everything.
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* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ''Will have +been+III form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Next month 15th …Õ„¬• =¶ syllabus 6. ö~„¬ô L^ΆǰO 10 Q®OII• …Õ„¬• g°ä›½
„¬î~¡ë=ô`Ç°Ok. =‹¬°ë=ô•° deliver J=ô`Œ~ò.
Our syllabus will have been The goods will have been delivered
completed by 15th next month. to you by 10 a.m. tomorrow.
2. Next Monday …Õ„¬ • D work 7. D ~ËA 4 p.m. …Õ„¬• D Hê~¡°Û•° print
„¬î~¡ë=ô`Ç°Ok. J=ô`Œ~ò.
This work will have been finished by These cards will have been printed
next Monday. by 4 p.m. today.
3. Next December …Õ„¬• House loan clear 8. Next Monday …Õ„¬ • admission list
J=ô`Ç°Ok. announce K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°Ok.
The house loan will have been The admission list will have been
cleared by next December. announced by next Monday.
4. Next March …Õ„¬• D book publish 9. Pending files Jhß next week …Õ„¬• clear
J=ô`Ç°Ok. J=ô`Œ~ò.
This book will have been published All the pending files will have been
by next March. cleared by next week.
5. Next Month 10 th …Õ„¬• H
ã ù`Çë „
ã ƒ¬ •’°`ÇÞO 10. Next June …Õ„¬ • bridge
U~¡æ_È°`Ç°Ok. xiàOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok.
The new government will have been The bridge will have been
formed by 10th of next month. constructed by next June.
375
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò VW`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò
…Õ„¬• K͆ǰ|_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• Jxß cards „¬O„²}© J=ô`Œ†Ç¶? J ~ö „¬\÷ …Õ„¬• D file verifiy J=ô`Ç°O^¥?
J =KÍó <³• …Õ„¬• =¶ syllabus „¬îië J=ô`Ç°O^¥? J =KÍó"Œ~¡O …Õ„¬• P necklace `džǶ~¡°
J=ô`Ç°O^¥?
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• K͆°Ç |_È° „¬#°•#° „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• ~ö „¬ô, =KÍ"ó Œ~¡O, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx =°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³#á #° K͆°Ç |_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Will have+been+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Will have + been + III form of the Verb' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =KÍó 5= `Ík …Õ„¬• orders JO^ΰ`Œ†Ç¶? 6. ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• P Hê~¡° repair K͆ǰ
Will the orders have been received |_È°`Ç°Ok ?
by 5th of next month. Will that car have been repaired by
2. ö ~ „¬ \ ÷ …Õ„¬ • D letters dispatch this evening ?
K͆ǰ|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ? 7. =KÍ ó PQ® + ¬ µ “ …Õ„¬ • g° ‹² • |‹¹ „¬ î ië
Will these letters have been J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
dispatched by tomorrow ? Will the syllabus have been
3. =KÍ ó <³ • …Õ„¬ • Hù`Ç ë x†Ç ¶ =°Hê•° completed by next August ?
[~¡°Q®°`Œ†Ç¶ ? 8. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• D tickets sale J=ô`Œ†Ç¶?
Will the new appointments have been Will these tickets have been sold by
made by next month ? tomorrow ?
4. =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …Õ„¬• JH›ø_È bridge 9. =KÍó <³• 1= `Ín …Õ„¬• amount collect
xiàO„¬|_È°`Ç°O^¥ ? J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
Will the bridge have been Will the amount have been colleted
constructed there by next year ? by 1st of next month ?
5. ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• D cards Jx߆Çò 10. =KÍó ªé=°"Œ~¡O …Õ„¬• =°# „¦¬e`Œ•°
distribute K͆ǰ|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ? ㄬH›\÷O„¬|_È`Œ†Ç¶ ?
Will these cards have been Will our results have been announced
distributed by tomorrow evening ? by next Monday ?
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11. Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• _•ãw admissions close D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
J=ô`Œ~ò ?
When will the degree admissions have 1. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• g°ä›½ orders JO^ΰ`Œ†Ç¶?
been closed ?
12. ª•†Ç°Oã`ÇO …Õ„¬• Zxß letters type 2. Next Monday …Õ„¬• g°ä›½ syllabus „¬îië
K͆ǰ|_È`Œ~ò ? J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
Howmany letters will have been 3. Next month …Õ„¬• classes commence
typed by this evening ? J=ô`Œ†Ç¶ ?
13. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• Zxß tikets sale J=ô`Œ~ò ?
Howmany tickets will have been sold
4. Next December …Õ„¬• P a ã _•û x~Œà}O
by tomorrow ? „¬îiëJ=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
14. Z„¬ æ \÷ …Õ„¬ • JH› ø _È work „¬ î ië 5. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• money collect J=ô`Ç°O^¥?
J=ô`Ç°Ok? 6. =KÍó"Œ~¡O …Õ„¬• P"³° hospital #°Oz
When will the work have been
discharge J=ô`Ç°O^¥?
completed there?
15. P W•°Á Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• xiàOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok? 7. Next year …Õ„¬ • g° course „¬ î ië
When will the house have been J=ô`Ç°O^¥ ?
constructed?
8. Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• S.I. posts ƒ•’së K͆°Ç |_È
16. ö ~ „¬ \ ÷ …Õ„¬ • ZO`Ç amount =‹¬ ¶ •° `Œ~ò ?
J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
Howmuch amount will have been 9. Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• degree admissions close
collected by tomorrow ? J=ô`Œ~ò ?
17. =KÍó <³• …Õ„¬• g°ä›½ Zxß lessons teach 10. ~ö „¬ô ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• Zxß bills pass
K͆ǰ|_È`Œ~ò ? K͆ǰ|_È`Œ~ò ?
Howmany lessons will have been
taught to you by next month ? 11. Next month …Õ„¬ • ZO`Ç Y~¡ ° ó
18. hä› ½ loan Z„¬ æ \÷ …Õ„¬ • sanction K͆ǰ|_È°`Ç°Ok ?
J=ô`Ç°Ok ? 12. Next Monday …Õ„¬• Zxß application
When will the loan have been forms JO^ΰ`Œ~ò ?
sanctioned to you ?
19. Z„¬æ\÷…Õ„¬• P plan approve J=ô`Ç°Ok? 13. ö ~ „¬ \ ÷ …Õ„¬ • Zxß pages compose
When will the plan have been K͆ǰ|_È`Œ~ò ?
approved ? 14. D ~ËA ª•†Ç°Oã`OÇ …Õ„¬• ZO`Ç=°Ok
20. ö~„¬\÷ …Õ„¬• Zxß ‡•@•° compose Jƒ•’¼~¡°•Ö ° interview K͆ǰ|_È`Œ~¡° ?
J=ô`Œ~ò?
Howmany songs will have been
15. Z„¬æ\÷ …Õ„¬• P W•°Á Mìm J=ô`Ç°Ok ?
composed by tomorrow ? Z
No sweet without sweat. 378
39 DAY
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Will have + been + III form of the
Verb' J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nxx grammar …Õ "Passive Voice -Future
Perfect Tense" JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Question Form J#° 2 parts
<Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 2 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò …Õ„¬• K͆°Ç |_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Will have + been + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. The course will have been completed by next month.
2. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› xsâ`Ç ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò…Õ„¬• K͆°Ç |_È°, [~¡°„¬|_È° XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Will have + been + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Will this work have been finished by tomorrow?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Question Form, ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡°
H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 2 parts KÇ^=Î O_•! g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß
"ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
380 A winner never quits and a quitter never wins.
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MIGHT HAVE
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹²
=ôO_È=KÇ°ó#x T‚²ìOz K³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô |‚¬•‰§ J`Çxx WO`Ç䛽=òO^Í H›e‹² LO_È=KÇ°ó.
J =¶ brother |‚¬•‰§ x#ß K³<³áß KÍ~¡°Hùx LO_È=KÇ°ó.
J P"³° |‚¬•‰§ `Ç# friends JO^Îih invite KÍ‹² LO_È=KÇ°ó.
J "Œ~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È work finish KÍ‹² LO_È=KÇ°ó.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx KÍ‹² =ôO_È=KÇ°ó#x
T‚²ìOzK³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹² †ÇòO_È=KÇ°ó #x T‚²ìOz
K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Might have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ Might have L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. g°~¡° |‚¬•‰§ D film already KǶ‹² 6. "Œ~¡° |‚¬•‰§ x#ß JH›ø_È |†Ç°•°^Íi
LO_È=KÇ°ó. =ôO_È=KÇ°ó.
You might have already seen this film. They might have started there
2. =¶ brother D ~ËA L^Î † Ç ° O K³ < ³ á ß yesterday.
KÍ~¡°Hùx LO_È=KÇ°ó. 7. |‚¬•‰§ h=ô D book KÇk"Í =ôO_È=KÇ°ó.
My brother might have reached You might have read this book.
Chennai this morning. 8. "Œ~¡ ° x#ß JH› ø _È =°# message
3. =¶ cousin |‚¬•‰§ bank test H÷ apply JO^ΰHùx LO_È=KÇ°ó.
KÍ‹² LO_È=KÇ°ó. They might have received our
My cousin might have applied for the message there yesterday.
bank test. 9. =¶ cousin x#ß =°#䛽 JH›ø_È tickets
4. x#ß <³•¶Á~°¡ …Õ =~¡ÂO „¬_•LO_È=KÇ°.ó book KÍ‹² LO_È=KÇ°ó.
It might have rained in Nellore Our cousin might have booked the
yesterday. tickets for us there yesterday.
5. h=ô |‚¬•‰§ D q+¬†Ç°O =°iz‡é~ò 10. |‚¬ • ‰§ D time H÷ G.T. Express
LO_È=KÇ°ó. "³o¤‡é~ò LO_È=KÇ°ó.
You might have forgotten this matter. The G.T. Express might have left by
now.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O_ÈH›
‡é=KÇ°ó#x ‹¬O^Í‚¬ì=òQê (doubtful) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô |‚¬•‰§ J`Çxx KǶ‹²=ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
J g°~¡° |‚¬•‰§ W@°=O\÷ experience face =ôO_ÈH› ‡é=KÇ°ó.
J J`Ç_È° WOHê office #°O_• =zó =ôO_ÈH› ‡é=KÇ°.ó
J P"³° |‚¬•‰§ Exam pass J~ò=ôO_ÈH› ‡é=KÇ°ó.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO_ÈH› ‡é=KÇ°ó#x
‹¬O^Í‚¬ì=òQê (doubtful) K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ x#ß, Q®`"Ç Œ~¡O, Q®`<Ç •³ , Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH› Q®`OÇ …Õx
=°i†Í° W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO_ÈH›‡é =KÇ°ó#x K³„¬C@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Might not have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ''Might not have" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô |‚¬ • ‰§ D news `³ • °‹¬ ° Hùx 7. g°~¡° W@°=O\÷ programme WO`Ç =~¡ä›½
=ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó. KǶ‹² =ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
You might not have known this news. You might not have watched such a
2. g°~¡° |‚¬•‰§ J`Çxx KǶ‹² =ôO_ÈH› programme.
‡é=KÇ°ó. 8. =¶ father WOHê salary draw KÍ ‹ ²
You might not have seen him. =ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
3. J`Ç_È° WOHê office H÷ "³o¤ =ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó. My father might not have drawn his
He might not have gone to office yet. salary yet.
4. P"³° WOHê JH›ø_È |†Ç°•° ^Íi=ôO_ÈH› 9. P"³° WOHê course complete KÍ‹² LO_ÈH›
‡é=KÇ°ó. ‡é=KÇ°ó.
She might not have started there yet. She might not have completed the
course yet.
5. "Œ~¡° WOHê bill pay KÍ‹² =ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
They might not have paid the bill yet. 10. "Œ~¡° P"³°#° x#ß party H÷ invite KÍ‹²
=ôO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó.
6. h=ô D news qx †ÇòO_ÈH› ‡é=KÇ°ó. They might not have invited her to the
You might not have heard this news. party yesterday.
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QUESTION FORM
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹² =ôO_È=KÇ°ó#x T‚²ìOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° x#ß bill pay KÍ‹² =ôO\ì_¨?
J P"³° last week party H÷ attend J~ò=ôO@°O^¥?
J "Œ~¡° x#ß JH›ø_È =°#HË‹¬O wait KÍ‹² =ôO\ì~Œ?
J g° father office#°Oz =zó=ôO\ì~Œ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹² =ôO_È=KÇ°ó#x
T‚²ìOzK³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx KÍ‹=² ôO\ì~Œ J#°
J~¡œ=ò`Ë doubtful Qê T‚²ìOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ° @䛽
"Might have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†¶ ³ yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Might have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. J`Ç_È° W„¬æ\÷öH office H÷ "³o¤=ôO\ì_¨? 7. Pinakini Express "³o¤ ‡é~ò =ôO@°O^¥?
Might he have gone to office by now ? Might the Pinakini Express have left?
2. P"³ ° Jxß subjects ƒìQê prepare 8. "Œ~¡° last week P house vacate KÍ‹²
J~ò=ôO_È=KÇ°ó<Œ? =ôO_È=KÇ°ó<Œ?
Might she have prepared all the sub- Might they have vacated that house
jects well? last week?
3. ~Œãu JH›ø_È =~¡Â=ò „¬_•=ôO@°O^¥ ? 9. J`Ç_È° x#ß exam ƒìQê ã"Œ‹² =ôO\ì_¨?
Might it have rained there last night? Might he have written the examina-
4. "Œ~¡° ~Œãu JH›ø_È |†Ç°•°^Íi=ôO\ì~Œ? tion well yesterday?
Might they have started there last 10. P"³° D news `³•°‹¬°Hùx=ôO@°O^¥?
night? Might she have known this news?
5. J`Ç_È° salary draw KÍ‹²=ôO\ì_¨? 11. "Œ~¡° x#ß message =°# JO^ΰHùx
Might he have drawn his salary? =ôO\ì~Œ?
6. P"³ ° „¬ î ië Q ê HË•°Hùx=ôO@°O^¥? Might they have received our mes-
Might she have recovered com- sage yesterday?
pletely?
385
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Might have + III form of the Verb' J#°
structure Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question
Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O_È=KÇ°ó#x T‚²ìOz (doubtful)
K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Might have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. You might have heard this news.
2. He might have gone on a camp
3. She might have passed the test.
4. They might have vacated the house.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO_ÈH›‡é=KÇ°ó#x T‚²ìOz
(doubtful) K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Might not have + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. You might not have read such a book sofar.
2. He might not have yet drawn his salary.
3. She might not have invited them to party.
4. They might not have paid the bill yesterday.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O_È=KÇ°ó#x T‚²ìOz (doubtful)
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Might have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Might he have received our message?
2. Might she have recovered?
3. Might the train have left?
4. Might they have known this news?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
388 An oak is not felled at one chop.
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WOULD HAVE
XHùøH›øª•i Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç x ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz q+¬†°Ç =ò
q=iOKÇ°KǶ Ð "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬x䛕_¨ [iy †ÇòO_Ík Ð J#° J~¡Ö=ò
=KÇ°ó#@°ÁQê K³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô ƒìQ®°Qê KÇkq =ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, exam pass J~òLO_Í"Œ_•q.
J "Í°=ò ƒìQê practice KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, x#ß match ïQez =ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò.
J P"³° invite KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, "Œ~¡° x#ß P function H÷ attend J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ~¡°.
J =¶ brother last time P job H÷ try KÍ‹² =ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, J`Ç_È° P job ‡ÚOk=ôO_Í"Œ_È°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ K͆°Ç x ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz q+¬†°Ç =ò
q=iOKÇ°KǶ Ð "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬x䛕_¨ [iy †ÇòO_Ík Ð J#° J~¡Ö=ò
=KÇ°ó#@°ÁQê K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆°Ç x ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz K³„C¬ KǶ Ð
"³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í ï~O_È= „¬x [iy†ÇòO_Ík J#° J~¡œ=ò ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Would have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Would have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô x#ß ##°ß J_•y#@Á~ò`Í, <Í#° h䛽 5. g°~¡ ° x#ß WH› ø _È ä › ½ =zó † Ç ò #ß > ÿ Á å ` Í ,
help KÍ‹² =ôO_Í"Œ_•x. =°#=ò P q+¬ † Ç ° =ò discuss
If you had asked me yesterday, I would KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò.
have helped you. If you had come here yesterday, we
2. g°~¡° HùOK³O early Qê |†Ç°•°^Íi would have discussed that matter.
=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, train JO^ΰHùx =ôO_Í"Œ~¡°.
If you had started little earlier, you
6. =°#=ò D work x#ß < Í start KÍ ‹ ²
would have caught the train.
†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, D time H÷ finish KÍ‹²†ÇòO_Í
"Œ~¡=ò.
3. P"³° regular Qê medicines f‹¬°Hùx If we had started this work yesterday,
=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, W„¬æ\÷H÷ HË•°Hùx=ôO_Ík. we would have finished it by this time.
If she had taken medicines regularly,
she would have recovered by now. 7. P"³° =°=òà•#° invite KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í,
4. J`Ç_È° last year hard work KÍ‹² L#ß>ÿÁå`Í, "Í°=ò x#ß function H÷ attend J~ò=ôO_Í
first class …Õ pass J~ò=ôO_Í " Œ_È ° .
"Œˆ×¤O.
If she had invited us, we would have
If he had worked hard last year, he
attended the function yesterday.
would have passed in first class.
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EXERCISE
8. g°~¡° x#ß =¶ä›½ inform KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í,
"Í°=ò 䛕_¨ g°`Ë picnic H÷ =zó=ôO_Í D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•°
"ŒH›English …ÕxH÷ translate
¼=ò•° English K͆°Ç O_•.
…ÕxH÷ translate
"Œ~¡=ò. K͆°Ç O_•.
If you had informed us, we would
1. h=ô HËi#>ÿ Á å ` Í , "Œ~¡ ° hä› ½ `Ç „ ¬ æ H›
have also come on picnic with you. ‹¬‚¬ìH›iOz=ôO_Í"Œ~¡°.
9. J`Ç_È° last time serious Qê try KÍ‹²
†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, P job ‡ÚOk†ÇòO_Í"Œ_È°. 2. g°~¡° 䛕_¨ =zó=ô#ß@~Á ò`Í, =°#=ò x#ß
party …Õ ƒìQê enjoy KÍ‹²=ôO_Í "Œ~¡=ò.
If he had tried for the job seriously last
time, he would have got it. 3. J`Ç _ È ° last year Degree pass
10. g°~¡° bill pay KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, "Œ~¡° g°ä›½ J~ò=ô#ß@Á~ò`Í, P.G. join J~ò=ôO_Í
W„¬æ\÷H÷ goods deliver KÍ‹² †ÇòO_Í"Œ~¡°. "Œ_È°.
If you had paid the bill, they would
4. P"³° exam. H÷ appear J~ò=ô#ß@Á~ò`Í,
have delivered the goods by now. `Ç„¬æH› pass J~ò=ôO_Ík.
11. <Œä›½ last week leave •a•Oz =ô#ß>`Øÿ ,Í
festival ä› ½ =¶ native place H÷ "³ o ¤
5. ~Œãu WH›ø_È =~¡Oâ „¬_•=ô#ß@~Á ò`Í, =°#=ò
=ôO_Í"Œ_•x. KŒ…ì trouble face KÍ‹² =ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò.
If I had found leave last week, I would 6. h=ô x#ß manager #° request
have gone to my native place for the KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, P†Ç°# h䛽 leave grant
festival. KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ_È°.
12. P"³° P WOHùH› <³• ~ËA•°
medicine 7. g°~¡° early morning |†Ç°•°^Íi=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í,
continue KÍ‹² =ô#ß>ÿØ`Í, „¬îiëQê HË•°Hùx D time H÷ Hyderabad KÍ ~ ¡ ° Hùx
=ôO_Ík. =ôO_Í"Œ~¡°.
If she had continued that medicine
one more month, She would have
8. <Í#° x#ß J`Çxx H›e‹² †Çò#ß>ÿåÁ`Í, D
q+¬†°Ç O J_•y =ôO_Í"Œ_•x.
recovered completely.
13. "Œ~¡° KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿØ`Í, "Í°=ò
work finish 9. g°~¡° P†Ç°##° J_•y#>ÿ`Áå Í g°ä›½ =°Oz
money pay KÍ‹²=ôO_Í "Œ~¡=ò. advice Wzó =ôO_Í"Œ_È°.
If they had finished the work, we 10. J`Ç_È° try KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, P college …Õ
would have paid them money. seat ‡ÚOk=ôO_Í"Œ_È°.
14. <Í#° last week salary draw KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í,
=¶ brother H÷ money „¬O„² LO_Í"Œ_•x.
If I had drawn salary last week, I would
have sent money to my brother.
Z
A warrior without courage blames his weapons. 390
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õ ~ï O_È° „¬#°•° KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O^ΰ=ò. P ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ Ð "³ò^Î\÷
„¬x [iy†ÇòO_ÈH› ‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬x 䛕_¨ [iy =ôO_Ík Hê^ΰ Ð J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë
"ŒH›¼=ò•° K³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J g°~¡° help K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#@Á~ò`Í, "Í°=ò D work finish KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
J h=ô =òO^ΰQê =¶ä›½ inform KÍ‹² L#ß@Á~ò`Í, "Í°=ò WH›ø_È䛽 =zóLO_Í"Œ~¡=ò Hê=ò.
J J`Ç_È° last year hard work KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, fail J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ_È° Hê^ΰ.
J P"³° invite K͆ǰH›‡é`Í "Í°=ò x#ß function H÷ attend J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õ ~ï O_È° „¬#°•° KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O^ΰ=ò. P ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ Ð "³ò^Î\÷
„¬x [iy†ÇòO_ÈH› ‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬x 䛕_¨ [iy =ôO_Ík Hê^ΰ Ð J#° J~¡Ö=ò#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õ KÍ‹#² ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ "³ò^Î\„÷ x¬ [iy†ÇòO_ÈH‡› é~ò#>ÿ`åÁ ,Í ~ï O_È= „¬x 䛕_¨
[iy =ôO_Ík Hê^ΰ J#° J~¡Ö=ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Would not have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ''Would not have'' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô last year studies neglect 5. "Œ~¡° =¶ä›½ ‹¬•‚¬ð W=ÞH›‡é~ò#@Á~ò`Í
KÍ‹L
² #ß>`ÁØÿ ,Í exam pass J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ_•q "Í°=ò D problem solve KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡=ò
Hê^ΰ. Hê^ΰ.
If you had neglected your studies last If they had not given us advice, we
year, you would not have passed the would not have solved the problem.
exam. 6. x#ß =~¡Â=ò „¬_• †Çò#ß>`ÁØÿ Í "Í°=ò journey
2. g°~¡° HùOK³O late Qê |†Ç°•°^Íi=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í continue KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
train JO^ΰ䛽<Í"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ. If it had rained yesterday, we would
If you had started little late, you would not have continued our journey.
not have caught the train. 7. =°#=ò J_È ° Q® H › ‡ é~ò#>ÿ Ø Á ` Í , J`Ç _ È °
3. =¶ brother serious Qê try =°#䛽 x#ß D news K³„²æ =ôO_Í"Œ_È°
K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í D job ‡ÚOk=ôO_Í Hê^ΰ.
"Œ_È° Hê^ΰ. If we had not asked him, he would
If my brother had not tried seriously, not have told us this news yesterday.
he would not have got the job. 8. Doctor #° consult J=H›‡é~ò#@Á~ò`Í
4. P"³° request K͆°Ç H›‡é~ò#@Á~ò`Í "Œ~¡° P"³° HË•°Hùx =ôO_Ík Hê^ΰ.
J`ÇxH÷ help KÍ‹² LO_Í"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ. If she had not consulted the doctor,
If she had not requested, they would She would not have recovered.
not have helped him.
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If I had heard about him earlier, I would 6. "Œ~¡° =¶ä›½ support K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í,
not have made friends with him. "Í ° =ò D q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ succeed
13. f‹¬°ä›½#ß@Á~ò`Í
Driver care accident J†Í°¼"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
[iy =ôO_ÍkHê^ΰ. 7. J`Ç_È° J_ÈQ®ä›½O_¨ L#ß@Á~ò`Í, "Œ~¡°
If the driver had taken care, the q=~Œ•° K³„²æ=ôO_Í"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ.
accident would not have happened.
8. <Í#° =òO^ΰQê D q+¬†Ç°=ò `³e‹²Hùx
14. =°#=ò K³„²æ=ôO_È#@Á~ò`Í, "Œ~¡° D =ô#ß>`ÁØÿ ,Í "Œi q+¬†°Ç O…Õ *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹°¬ Hùx
q+¬†Ç°=ò `³•°‹¬°Hùx =ôO_Í"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ. LO_Í"Œ_•x Hê^ΰ.
If we had not told them, they would
9. <Í#° D q+¬†Ç°O =òO^ΰQê `³e‹²Hùx
not have known this matter.
=ô#ß@~Á ò`Í, "ŒiH÷ KÍ‹= ² ôO_Í "Œ_•xHê#°.
15. h=ô f‹¬°ä›½#ß@Á~ò`Í
last year tuition
10. g°~¡° <Œä›½ =òO^ΰQê KÍ‹²=ô#ß@Á~ò`Í,
exam fail J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ_È=ô Hê^ΰ.
<Í#° WH›ø_Èä½› =zó=ôO_Í"Œ_•x Hê#°.
If you had taken tuition last year, you
would not have failed in the exam.
Z
Take care of coins, the rupees will take care of themselves. 392
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õ XH›~¡° KÍ‹² †ÇòO_Èx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Hê~¡}=ò#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß J_•y†Çò#ß>ÿ`ÁØ Í h=ô <Œä›½ ‹¬‚𬠆ǰO KÍ‹=² ôO_Í"Œ_•"Œ?
J Last time ceaching f‹¬°ä›½#ß@Á~ò`Í h=ô Rank ‡ÚOk=ôO_Í"Œ_•"Œ?
J x#ß J`Çxx request KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í J`Ç_È° =°# problem solve KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ_¨?
J h=ô D job ‡ÚO^Î䛽#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ZH›ø_È settle J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ_•q ?
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰx ï~O_È° „¬#°•#° K³„¬CKǶ "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x
[iy†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È=„¬x KÍ‹²†ÇòO_Í"Œ~Œ J#° J~¡œ=ò`Ë ã„¬tßOKÇ°@䛽
" Would have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Would have' =KÇ°ó#°.
ï~O_È= Clause …Õ 'had + III form of the verb' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô Inter pass J~ò=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, Degree …Õ 5. x#ß =~¡ÂO „¬_• =ô#ß >ÿ`ÁØ Í g°~¡° programme
KÍi=ôO_Í"Œ_•"Œ? cancel KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ~Œ?
Would you have joined degree if you Would you have cancelled the
had passed intermediate? programme if it had rained yesterday?
2. g°~¡° invite KÍ‹² †Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, P"³° x#ß 6. h=ô x#ß request KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í Manager
Functions H÷ attend J~ò=ôO_Í^¥? leave grant KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ~Œ?
Would she have attended the function Would the Manager have granted you
yesterday if you had invited her? leave if you had requested him?
3. h=ô try KÍ‹²#>ÿØÁ`Í last time P job ‡ÚOk 7. ~Œãu =~¡ÂO „¬_•†Çò#ß@Á~ò`Í, g°~¡°
=ôO_Í"Œ_•"Œ? programmeZH›ø_È x~¡Þ‚²ìOz=ôO_Í"Œ~¡°?
Would you have got that job if you had Where would you have organised the
tried last time? programme, if it had rained last night?
4. <Í#° x#ß x#°ß J_•y=ô#ß>`ÁØÿ Í h=ô <Œä›½ 8. J`Ç_È° D proposal u~¡‹¬øiOz#@Á~ò`Í,
help KÍ‹² =ôO_Í"Œ_•"Œ? g°~¡° Uq° KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ~¡°?
Would you have helped me if i had What would you have done, if he had
asked you yesterday? rejected this proposal?
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9. Last year exam fail J~ò=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, h=ô D "ŒH›¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Uq° KÍ‹=² ôO_Í"Œ_•q?
What would you have done if you had
failed in the exam last year? 1. P†Ç°# last time elections …Õ ‡é\© KÍ‹²
10. g°~¡° x#ß train miss J~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í Chennai =ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í ïQez =ôO_Í"Œ_¨?
H÷ Z…ì KÍ~¡°ä›½<Í "Œ~¡°? 2. P"³° medicines f‹¬°ä›½#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, HË•°Hùx
How would you have reached Chennai =ôO_Í^¥?
if you had missed the train yesterday?
11. Coaching f‹¬°Hùx†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í h=ô last 3. h=ô "ŒiH÷ =òO^ΰQê inform KÍ‹² =ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í,
time exam …Õ Zxß marks score "Œ~¡° =°#䛽 =‹¬uH›eæOz =ôO_Í"Œ~Œ?
KÍ‹=² ôO_Í"Œ_•q? 4. "Œ~¡° „²ez=ô#ß>`ÁØÿ Í h=ô 䛕_¨ "Œi`Ë tour
Howmany marks would you have 䛽 "³o=¤ ôO_Í"Œ_•"Œ?
scored in the exam if you had taken
coaching last time? 5. h=ô J_•y#>ÿØÁ`Í J`Ç_È° h䛽 help KÍ‹²
12. Principal h䛽 college …Õ seat reject KÍ‹² =ôO_Í"Œ_¨?
=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í h=ô ZH›ø_È join J~ò=ôO_Í 6. J`Ç_È° D news qx =ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í x#ß WH›ø_È䛽
"Œ_•q?
=zó=ôO_Í"Œ_¨?
Where would you have joined if the
Principal had rejected you the seat in 7. h=ô promotion ‡ÚOk=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ZO`Ç sal-
the college? ary draw KÍ‹= ² ôO_Í"Œ_•q?
13. <Í#° x#ß g°ä›½ help K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í 8. "Œ~¡° last time x#°ß "³¶‹¬yOz=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í,
g°~¡° D problem Z…ì solve KÍ‹²=ôO_Í
"Œ~¡°? h=ô Uq° KÍ‹= ² ôO_Í"Œ_•q?
How would you have solved this prob- 9. "Œ~¡° x#ß Ì‹•=ô ㄬH›\÷Oz=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í g°~¡°
lem if i had not helped you yesterday? ZH›ø_•H÷ "³o= ¤ ôO_Í"Œ~¡°?
14. <Í#° K³„¬æH› ‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í g°~¡° D news
Z…ì `³•°‹¬°Hùx=ôO_Í"Œ~¡°? 10. g° father x#°ß result Q®°iOz J_•y#>ÿ`ÁØ ,Í
How would you have known this news h=ô Uq° K³„æ²=ôO_Í"Œ_•q?
if i had not told you? 11. <Í#° time H÷ WH›ø_Èä½› ~Œä›½O_•#>ÿ`ÁØ ,Í h䛽
15. h=ô last time lottery …Õ I lakh prize Z=~¡° help KÍ‹²=ôO_Í"Œ~¡°?
ïQez=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, P amount Z…ì Y~¡°ó KÍ‹²
=ôO_Í"Œ_•q? 12. h=ô last time test …Õ 90% marks score
How would you have spent the KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, h=ô U course …Õ join J~ò
amount if you had won i lakh prize in =ôO_Í"Œ_•q?
the lottery last time?
Z
East or west, home is the best. 394
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Would have + III form of the Verb'
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3.
Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz H›ê~¡}=ò#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ 'KÍ‹² =ôO_Í "Œ~¡=òÑ J#ß@°ÁQê K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Would have +
III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. If you had taken medicines, you would have recovered soon.
2. If he had started earlier, he would have reached the house in time.
3. If she had told me, I would have informed them.
4. If they had come here, they would have met him.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ KÍ‹#
² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz H›ê~¡}=ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ
'KÍ‹² =ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò Hê^롄 J#° negative sense …Õ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Would not + have
+ III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. If I had known it earlier, I would not have sent him there.
2. If we had gone late, he would not have given us the tickets.
3. If she had neglected, she would not have passed.
4. If they had arrived late, they would not have heard his speech.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz H›ê~¡}=ò#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ 'KÍ‹² =ôO_Í"Œ~ŒÑ J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Would
have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Would you have helped hi m if he had asked you?
2. Would he have got the post if he had not paid money?
3. Would she have known this news if I had not told her?
4. Would they have completed the work if we had not helped them?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
396 A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband.
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COULD HAVE
XHùøH›øª•i Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆°Ç x ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
q+¬†Ç°=ò q=iOKÇ°KǶ Ð "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬x䛕_¨ K͆ǰQ®ey=ôO_Í
"Œ~¡=ò Ð J#° J~¡=
Ö ò =KÇ°ó#@°ÁQê ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò (ability) Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J "Í°=ò D work last week start KÍ‹² †Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, x#ß\÷H÷ finish K͆ǰQ®ey †ÇòO_Í "Œ~¡=ò.
J h=ô x#ß ##°ß J_•y†Çò#ß>ÿ`
åÁ ,Í <Í#° h䛽 help K͆°Ç Q®ey LO_Í"Œ_•x.
J =°#=ò train …Õ =zó†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, WH›ø_È䛽 time H÷ KÍ~¡°HËQ®ey †ÇòO_Í"Œ~¡=ò.
J Exam. H÷ ƒìQê prepare J~ò=ô#ß>ÿÁå`Í, h=ô =°Oz marks score K͆°Ç Q®ey†ÇòO_Í "Œ_•q.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆ǰx ï~O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
q+¬†Ç°=ò q=iOKÇ°KǶ Ð "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬x䛕_¨ K͆ǰQ®ey=ôO_Í
"Œ~¡=ò Ð J#° J~¡= Ö ò =KÇ°ó#@°ÁQê ª•=°~¡¼Ö =ò Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èH‡› é~ò# ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ Ð "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹² L#ß>ÿÁå`Í, ï~O_È= „¬xx K͆ǰQ®ey =ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Could have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'could have + III form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =°#=ò express train JO^Î ° Hùx 5. h=ô Jxß lessons thorough Qê prepare
†Ç ò #ß>ÿ Á å ` Í , D time H÷ JH›ø_•H÷ J~ò=ô#ß > ÿ Á å ` Í , x#ß exam …Õ Jxß
KÍ~¡°HËQ®ey†ÇòO_Í"Œ~¡=ò. questions answer K͆°Ç Q®ey=ôO_Í"Œ_•q.
If we had caught the Express train, we If you had prepared all the lessons
could have reached there in time. thoroughly, you could have answered
2. =¶ brother last time coaching f‹¬°Hùx all the questions in the exam yesterday.
†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, first class …Õ pass J=Q®ey 6. =¶ä›½ "Œi ~ŒH› Q®°iOz =òO^ΰQê<Í
†ÇòO_Í"Œ_È°. `³e‹²†Çò#ß>ÿÁå`Í, "ŒiH÷ accommodation
If my brother had taken coaching last H›eæOKÇQ®ey =ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò.
time, he could have passed in first
If we had known about their arrival
class.
earlier, we could have provided
3. g°~¡° =¶ä›½ last time help KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç #ß>`åÁÿ ,Í accommodation for them.
"Í°=ò succeed J~ò=ôO_Í"Œ~¡=ò. 7. g°~¡° P"³°#° "³O@<Í hospital 䛽 f‹¬°ïHo¤
If you had helped us last time, we
could have succeeded.
L#ß>ÿÁå`Í, doctors P"³°#° save K͆°Ç Q®ey
4. x#ß match …Õ Sachin ƒìQê P_•†Çò#ß>`å Á ÿ ,Í =ôO_Í"Œ~¡°.
If you had taken her to hospital
India match ïQ•°=Q®ey†ÇòO_Ík.
If Sachin had played well, India could immediately, the doctors could have
have won the match yesterday. saved her.
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îiëK‹ Í #
² ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x [~¡Q®#>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬xx K͆ǰ…èH› ‡é†Í°"Œ~¡=ò J#° J~¡œ=ò`Ë
‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô co-operate K͆°Ç H›‡é~ò#>ÿ`ÁØ ,Í <Í#° D ~Œ¼OH± ‡ÚO^ÎQe® Qö "Œ_•x Hê^ΰ.
J =°#=ò ƒìQê practice K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, x#ß match ïQ•°=Q®eöQ"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
J g°~¡° J`Çxx hospital 䛽 late Qê f‹¬°ä›½ =zó#>ÿØÁ`Í, doctors J`Çxx save K͆ǰQ®eöQ"Œ~¡°
Hê^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° last month special classes f‹¬°Hù#H›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, syllabus „¬îiëK͆ǰ Q®eöQ"Œ~¡°
Hê^ΰ.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹#² ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ, "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x [~¡Q®#>ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬xx K͆ǰ…èH›‡é†Í°"Œ~¡=ò J#° J~¡œ=ò#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò „¬îië K͆°Ç Q®ey# XH› „¬x†³òH›ø ability
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ Ð "³ò^Î\÷ „¬xx K͆°Ç #>ÿ`ÁØ ,Í ~ï O_È= „¬x K͆°Ç Q®ey =ôO_Í "Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ Ð J#° J~¡=Ö ò`Ë
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Could not have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Could not have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô help K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, "Í°=ò D 5. x#ß Sehwag century K͆°Ç H›‡é~ò#>ÿ`ÁØ ,Í
problem face K͆ǰ…èH›‡é†Í°"Œ~¡=ò. India match ïQ•°=…èH›‡é†Í°k.
If you had not helped us, we could If Sehwag had not made a century,
not have faced this problem. India could not have won the match
2. g°~¡° hardwork K͆ǰH› ‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, yesterday.
=°Oz result ‡ÚO^ÎQ®eöQ"Œ~¡° Hê^ΰ. 6. =¶ parents encourage K͆°Ç H›‡é`Í, <Í#°
If you had not worked hard, you could M.A. K͆ǰQ®eöQ"Œ}÷âHê^ΰ.
not have got good result. If my parents had not encouraged me,
I could not have done M.A.
3. T.D.P. support KÍ † Ç ° H› ‡ é~ò#@Á ~ ò`Í
B.J.P. ö H Oã ^ Î O …Õ ã „ ¬ ƒ •’ ° `ŒÞxß U~Œæ @ ° 7. =°#=ò ~Œã u express train miss
K͆ǰQ®eöQkHê^ΰ. J~ò#@Á ~ ò`Í , D ~ËA WH› ø _È ä › ½
If the T.D.P. had not supported, the KÍ~¡°HËQ®eöQ"Œ~¡=ò Hê^ΰ.
B.J.P. could not have formed the If we had missed the express train last
government at centre. night, we could not have reached here
today.
4. h=ô K³„¬æH›‡é~ò#>ÿØÁ`Í, <Í#° D news
8. h=ô Q®°~¡°ë K͆ǰH›‡é~ò#@Á~ò`Í, <Í#° P
`³•°‹¬°HË…èH‡› é†Í°"Œ_•x. q+¬†Ç°O Q®°~¡°ë Ì„@°“HË…èH›‡é†Í°"Œ_•x.
If you had not told me, I could not
If you had not reminded me, I could
have known this news.
not have remembered that matter.
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Z
Pen is mightier than sword. 400
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QUESTION FORM
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èH‡› é~ò# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Hê~¡}=ò#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KǶ ㄬtßOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° last year job Hù~¡ä›½ ㄬ†Ç°ußOz L#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, job ‡ÚO^ÎQ®ey†ÇòO_Í"Œ_¨?
J P"³° doctor #° consult J~òL#ß>ÿ`ÁØ ,Í P "Œ¼k• #°Oz HË•°HËQ®ey†ÇòO_Í^¥?
J h=ô studies continue KÍ‹²=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, W„¬æ\÷H÷ Degree „¬îië K͆°Ç Q®ey†ÇòO_Í "Œ_•"Œ?
J =°#=ò taxi …Õ "³o¤ =ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, train JO^ΰHËQ®ey LO_Í"Œ~¡=¶?
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç …èH› ‡é~ò# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Hê~¡}=ò#°
K³„¬CKǶ, "³ò^Î\÷ „¬x KÍ‹²†Çò#ß >ÿØÁ`Í, ï~O_È= „¬xx K͆ǰQ®ey †ÇòO_Í"Œ~Œ J#° J~¡œ=ò`Ë ability
(„¬xx K͆°Ç Q®ey †ÇòO_È° ª•=°~¡¼œ =ò) KǶ„¬ôKǶ „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
"Could have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Phral U^³á##° 'Could have' =KÇ°ó#°.
ï~O_È= Clause …Õ 'had + III form of the verb' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° last time try KÍ‹²†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í P job 5. P"³° Last year computer course join
‡ÚO^ÎQ®ey†ÇòO_Í"Œ_È<Œ? J~ò=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, W„¬æ\÷H÷ „¬îië K͆ǰQ®ey
Could I have got that job if i had tried =ôO_Í^¥?
for it last time? Could she have completed the com-
2. =°#=ò taxi …Õ =zó†Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í, train puter course by now if she had joined
JO^ΰHËQ®ey†ÇòO_Í"Œ~¡=¶? last year?
Could we have caught the train if we 6. =°#=ò =òO^ΰQê inform KÍ‹² =ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í
had come by a taxi? "Œ~¡° U~Œæ@°Á K͆ǰQ®ey†ÇòO_Í"Œ~Œ?
3. g°~¡° last night WH›ø_È |†Ç°•°^Íi =ôO>è, Could they have made the arrange-
W„¬æ\÷H÷ JH›ø_•H÷ KÍ~¡°HËQ®ey†ÇòO_Í ments if we had informed earlier?
"Œ~Œ? 7. <Í#° English medium join J~ò=ô#ß>ÿØÁ`Í,
Could you have reached there by now lessons follow J=Q®ey =ôO_Í"Œ_È<Œ?
Could I have followed the lessons if i
if you had started here last night?
had joined English medium?
4. Last time coaching f‹¬°Hùx †Çò#ß>ÿØÁ`Í
8. =°# team =òO^Î ° Qê batting KÍ ‹ ²
J`Ç_È° =°Oz rank ‡ÚO^ÎQ®ey†ÇòO_Í †Ç ò #ß > ÿ Ø Á ` Í , x#ß match ï Q •°=Q® e y
"Œ_¨? †ÇòO_Í"Œ~Œ?
Could he have got good rank if he had
Could they have won the mathc if they
taken coaching last time?
had chosen to bat first yesterday ?
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Could have + III form of the Verb'
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3.
Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç …èH‡› é~ò# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz H›ê~¡}=ò#° KǶ„¬ôKǶ
'K͆ǰQ®ey =ôO_Í"Œ~¡=òÑ J#ß@°ÁQê ability Q®°iOz K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Could
have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. If you had asked me, I could have helped you.
2. If we had come by an auto, we could have caught the train.
3. If she had worked hard, she could have scored well.
4. If they had practised regularly, they could have won the match.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰQ®ey# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz H›ê~¡}=ò#° KǶ„¬ôKǶ
'K͆ǰ…èH› ‡é†Í°"Œ~¡=òÑ J#ß@°ÁQê K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Could not + have + III
form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. If I had not taken coaching, I could not have passed the test.
2. If we had not gone by a taxi, we could not have reached their in time.
3. If he had not prepared all the lessons, he could not have answered all the
questions.
4. If they had delayed the work,, they could not have got the payment.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç …èH‡› é~ò# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz H›ê~¡}=ò#° KǶ„¬ôKǶ
'K͆ǰQ®ey =ôO_Í"Œ~ŒÑ J#° J~¡Ö=ò…Õ ability Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "
Could have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Could you have succeeded, if they had not co-operated with you?
2. Could you have got this job, if he had not recommended you?
3. Could he have become an officer, if he had not worked hard?
4. Could they have cleared the loan, if he had not helped them?
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
404 A prophet is not honoured in his own country.
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SHOULD HAVE
XHùøH›øª•i Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz "Œ~¡° P
„¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=•‹²#kQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô Q®=~¡ß"³°O@° Hê…èr…Õ join J~òLO_È =•‹²#k.
J g°~¡° Vijayawada …Õ<Í settle J~ò=ôO_È =•‹²#k.
J g°~¡° "³O@<Í P"³°#° ‚¬ð‹²æ@…˜H÷ f‹¬°ä›½"³o¤ †ÇòO_È=•‹²#k.
J g°~¡° D q+¬†Ç°O =òO^ΰQê<Í "ŒiH÷ inform KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=•‹²#k.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ =°#=ò K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz =°#=ò
KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=•‹²#kQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò Qêx, "Í~ùH›~°¡ Qêx K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
P„¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO>è ƒìQ®°O_Ík J#° J~¡Ö=ò =KÇ°ó#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Should have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Should have + III Form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô x#ß principal x consult J~ò 6. "Œ~¡ ° last year P house Hùx
LO_È=•‹²#k. †ÇòO_È=•‹²#k.
You should have consulted the They should have bought that house
Principal yesterday. last year.
2. g°~¡ ° x#ß J`Ç x H÷ bill pay KÍ ‹ ² 7. <Í#° last year MPC group join J~ò
†ÇòO_È=•‹²#k. =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
You should have paid him the bill I should have joined M.P.C Group last
yesterday. year.
3. h=ô last summer …Õ computer course 8. =°#=ò Hyderabad city …Õ settle J~ò
KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=•‹²#k. LO_È=•‹²#k.
You should have done the computer We should have settled down in
course last summer. Hyderabad city.
4. g° brother last week P job HË‹¬O try 9. g°~¡° last time entrance test H÷ coaching
KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=•‹²#k. f‹¬°HùxLO_È=•‹²#k.
Your brother should have tried for that You should have taken coaching for
job last time. the entrance test last time.
5. P"³° x#ß ‡•s“H÷ "Œix 䛕_¨ invite 10. "Œ~¡° last year hardwork KÍ‹² †ÇòO_È
KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=•‹²#k. =•‹²#k.
She should have invited them also to They should have worked hard last
the party yesterday. year.
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NEGATIVE FORM
Q®`ÇO…Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#kQê K³„¬C KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
XH› „¬xx Q®`OÇ …Õ ‡Ú~¡ƒì@°#Qêx, Jã‰^
× =
œÎ •ÁQêx KÍ‹² †ÇòO^ΰ=ò. P „¬xx KÍ‹=
² ôO_È=•‹²#k
Hê^ΰ J#° J~¡œ=ò`Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@.
J h=ô x#ß meeting H÷ attend J=䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
J g°~¡° x#ß "ŒiO\÷H÷ "³ˆ×¤ä›½O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
J g° brother P job =^ΰ•°HË䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
J P"³° "Œix function H÷ invite K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#kQê
(„¬xx KÍ‹²=ôO_È=•‹²#k Hê^ΰ) Jx K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò Qêx, "Í~ùH›~°¡ Qêx KÍ‹#² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
`Ç~°¡ "Œ`Ç Ja•ã‡•†Ç°=ò =¼H›„ë ~¬ °¡ ‹¬¶ë P„¬x K͆°Ç 䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k J#° J~¡=œ ò`Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Should not have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'should not have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° last year studies discontinue 6. P"³° P proposal X„¬CHË䛽O_¨ LO_È
K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k. =•‹²#k.
I should not have discontinued my She should not have accepted to that
studies last year. proposal.
2. =°#=ò x#ß JH› ø _È ä › ½ "³ ˆ × ¤ ä › ½ O_¨ 7. "Œ~¡ ° P house J=°àä› ½ O_¨
=ôO_È=•‹²#k. =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
We should not have gone there They should not have sold that house.
yesterday. 8. h=ô J`Ç x H÷ =òO^Î ° Qê money pay
3. h=ô J`Ç x H÷ help KÍ † Ç ° ä› ½ O_¨ K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
LO_È=•‹²#k. You should not have paid him money
You should not have helped him. earlier.
4. g°~¡° x#ß g°\÷OQ· postpone K͆°Ç 䛽O_¨ 9. =°#=ò "Œi q+¬ † Ç ° O…Õ *ÕH› ¼ O
=ôO_È=•‹²#k. KÍ‹¬°HË䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k.
You should not have postponed the We should not have interefered in
meeting yesterday. thier matter.
5. g° brother last year P job H÷ resign 10. J`Ç _ È ° arts group …Õ KÍ ~ ¡ ä › ½ O_¨
K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#k. =ôO_È=‹²#k.
Your brother should not have He should not have joined the arts
resigned to that post last year. group.
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QUESTION FORM
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz P „¬xx KÍ‹² †Çò#ß>`ÁØÿ Í
ƒìQ®°O_È°#<³_• L^Í‰í ¼× =ò`Ë „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß JH›ø_È䛽 <Í#° 䛕_¨ "³o¤ =ôO_È =•‹²#^¥?
J "Í°=ò P course KÍ‹² =ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
J J`Ç_È° last month P post 䛽 apply KÍ‹² =ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
J P"³° x#ß "Œix 䛕_¨ invite KÍ‹² =ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz P „¬xx KÍ‹²
†ÇòO_•#>ÿ`ÁØ Í ƒìQ®°O_Í^"Í ¶³ J#° L^͉œ ¼× =ò`Ë „ã t¬ ßOKÇ°@䛽
" Should have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'Should have' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í # ° MPC group join J==•‹² # ^¥? 6. J`Ç_È° P job resign KÍ‹²=ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
Should I have joined M.P.C group? Should he have resigned to his job?
2. "Í°=ò D q+¬†Ç°O "ŒiH÷ =òO^ΰQê in- 7. <Í # ° D report x#ß < Í submit KÍ ‹ ²
form KÍ‹²=ôO_È=•‹²#^¥? =ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
Should we have informed them this Should I have submitted this report
matter earlier? yesterday?
3. h=ô last year govt job H÷ try KÍ ‹ ² 8. "Í°=ò D q+¬†°Ç OÌ„á police •ä›½ complaint
=ôO_È=•‹²#^¥? KÍ‹²=ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
Should you have tried for a govt job last Should we have complained to the po-
year? lice on this matter?
4. P"³° heart specialist #° consult J~ò 9. g°~¡ ° x#ß XH› x~¡ â † Ç ° O f‹¬ ° Hùx
=ôO_È=•‹²#^¥? =ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
Should she have consulted the heart Should you have taken a decision yes-
specialist ? terday?
5. "Œ~¡° x#ß Work continue K͆°Ç =•‹² #^¥? 10. J`Ç_È° last year computer course KÍ‹²
Should they have continued the work
=ôO_È=•‹²#^¥?
yesterday ? Should he have done the computer
course last year?
409
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: 94406 16425 .
REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Should have + III form of the Verb'
J#° structure Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3.
Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ Xä›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz 'KÍ‹²=ôO_È =•‹²#kÑ
J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Should have + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. You should have done the computer course.
2. He should have continued his studies last year.
3. She should have consulted the doctor.
4. They should have paid the bill yesterday.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz 'K͆ǰ䛽O_¨ =ôO_È=•‹²#kÑ
J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Should not + have + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. You should not have gone there yesterday.
2. We should not have wasted our time there yesterday.
3. He should not have taken that decision.
4. They should not have delayed the work.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ Xä›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz 'KÍ‹=
² ô#ß>`åÁÿ Í ƒìQ®°O_È^
Í ¥?Ñ
J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Should have + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Should I have consulted him earlier?
2. Should we have attended the conference yesterday?
3. Should you have joined that course last year?
4. Should they have bought that house then?
411
, : 94406 16425
D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
412 He who has mastery over the mind is a monarch unto himself.
, : 94406 16425
MUST HAVE
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ Yzó`OÇ Qê KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O_•#
XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô J`Çxx WO`Ç䛽 =òO^ΰ Yzó`ÇOQê KǶ‹²=ôO\ì=ô.
J J`Ç_È° x#ß Yzó`ÇOQê Manager x H›e‹² =ôO\ì_È°.
J P"³° last week Yzó`ÇOQê doctor #° consult J~ò=ôO@°Ok.
J "Œ~¡° x#ß Yzó`ÇOQê D q+¬†Ç°O discuss KÍ‹²=ôO\ì~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ Yzó`OÇ Qê KÍ‹†
² ò
Ç O_•# XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
Dq^•ÎOQê Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò Qêx, "Í~ùH›~¡°Qêx Yzó`ÇOQê XH› „¬xx
KÍ‹²†ÇòO^ΰ~¡°Ñ Jx Z@°=O\÷ ‹¬O^Í‚¬ì=ò …è䛽O_¨ <ùH÷ø K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Must have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ ''Must have + III form'' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. g°~¡° Yzó`ÇOQê D news qx=ôO\ì~¡°. 6. h=ô x#ß Yzó`OÇ Qê J`Çxx H›e‹²=ôO\ì=ô.
You must have heard this news. You must have met him yesterday.
2. h=ô Yzó`ÇOQê P book KÇk"Í=ôO\ì=ô. 7. g°~¡ ° last month Yzó ` Ç O Qê orders
You must have read that book. receive KÍ‹¬°Hùx =ôO\ì~¡°.
3. =¶ brother Yzó`ÇOQê ~Œãu Delhi …Õ You must have received the orders
|†Ç°•°^Íi=ôO\ì_È°. last month.
My brother must have started in Delhi
8. J`Ç_È° x#ß Yzó`ÇOQê JH›ø_È =°# HË‹¬O
last night.
wait KÍ‹²=ôO\ì_È°.
4. P"³ ° Yzó ` Ç O Qê exam. pass J~ò He must have waited for us there
=ôO@°Ok. yesterday.
She must have passed the
examination.
9. P"³° Yzó`ÇOQê HË•°Hùx =ôO@°Ok.
She must have recovered.
5. "Œ~¡° Yzó`OÇ Qê x#ß bank #°O_• amount
draw KÍ‹²=ôO\ì~¡°. 10. "Œ~¡° Yzó`ÇOQê D news `³•°‹¬°Hùx
They must have drawn the amount =ôO\ì~¡°.
from the bank yesterday. They must have known this news.
413
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NEGATIVE FORM
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx Yzó`ÇOQê Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶
KÍ‹²=ôO_È~¡° Jx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô D book KÇkq=ôO_È=ô. J g°~¡° D course KÍ‹²=ôO_È~¡°.
J J`Ç_È° D news WOHê qx=ôO_È_È°. J P"³° exams ã"Œ‹²=ôO_È^ΰ.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH› „¬xx Yzó`ÇOQê Z\÷“ „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶
KÍ‹²=ôO_È~¡° Jx K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò XH›~°¡ …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx Yzó`OÇ Qê,
Z\÷“„¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ#¶ KÍ‹² =ôO_È~¡° J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Must not have+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##¶ 'must not have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô Yzó`ÇOQê W@°=O\÷ book Z„¬C_ȶ 6. h=ô W@°=O\÷ experience WO`Ç=~¡ä›½
KÇkq=ôO_È=ô. face KÍ‹²=ôO_È=ô.
You must not have read such a book You must not have faced such an
sofar. experience sofar.
2. g°~¡ ° Yzó ` Ç O Qê W@°=O\÷ =¼H÷ ë x 7. g°~¡° WO`Ç =°Oz speech WO`Ç=~¡ä›½
WO`Ç=~¡ä›½ KǶ‹²=ôO_È~¡°. qx=ôO_È~¡°.
You must not have seen such a You must not have listened to such a
person sofar. good speech sofar.
3. J`Ç_È° x#ß JH›ø_È "Œix H›e‹²=ôO_È_È°. 8. J`Ç_È° D `Ç„¬C KÍ‹²=ôO_È_È°.
He must not have met them there He must not have committed this
yesterday. mistake.
4. P"³° last time D test H÷ appear J~ò 9. P"³° Z\÷“„¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•…Õ "Œi`Ë D q+¬†Ç°O
=ôO_È^ΰ. K³„²æ=ôO_È^ΰ.
She must not have appeared for this She must not have told them this
test lasttime. matter.
5. "Œ~¡° x#ß g°\÷OQ·H÷ attend J~ò=ôO_È~¡°. 10. "Œ~¡° D fact `³e‹²Hùx=ôO_È~¡°.
They must not have attended the They must not have known this fact.
meeting yesterday.
415
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Z
When thought is joined to will, it becomes power. 416
, : 94406 16425
QUESTION FORM
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xx Yzó`ÇOQê KÍ‹²=ôO^ΰ~¡x x‰×ó†Ç°=ò
Qê (`Ç„¬æH› [iy=ôO_È°@#°) Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° x#ß Yzó`ÇOQê salary draw KÍ‹² =ôO\ì_¨?
J P"³° last week Yzó`ÇOQê Nellore "³o¤=ôO@°O^¥?
J "Œ~¡° x#ß Yzó`ÇOQê D news `³•°‹¬°Hùx =ôO\ì~Œ?
J g° brother Yzó`ÇOQê x#ß JH›ø_È "Œix consult J~ò =ôO\ì_¨?
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~°¡ XH› „¬xx Yzó`OÇ Qê KÍ‹=² ôO\ì~Œ J#°
J~¡œ=ò`Ë definite Qê KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È°@#° Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Must have + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Must have' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. P"³° x#ß Yzó`ÇOQê P party H÷ attend 6. J`Ç _ È ° x#ß Yzó ` Ç O Qê bill pay KÍ ‹ ²
J~ò=ôO@°O^¥? =ôO\ì_¨?
Must she have attended the party Must he have paid the bill yesterday?
yesterday? 7. J`Ç_È° last year Yzó`ÇOQê P course
2. "Œ~¡° last month YzóO`ÇOQê meeting KÍ‹²=ôO\ì_¨?
conduct KÍ‹²=ôO\ì~Œ? Must he have done that course last
Must thdy have conducted the meeting year?
last month? 8. P"³° Yzó`ÇOQê D q+¬†Ç°O `³•°‹¬°Hùx
3. J`Ç _ È ° x#ß Yzó ` Ç O Qê camp "³ o ¤ =ôO@°O^¥?
=ôO\ì_¨? Must she have known this news?
Must he have gone on camp
yesterday?
9. "Œ~¡° Yzó`ÇOQê x#ß JH›ø_È meeting H÷
4. P"³ ° Yzó ` Ç O Qê D q+¬ † Ç ° O "ŒiH÷ U~Œæ@°Á KÍ‹²=ôO\ì~Œ?
K³„²æ=ôO@°O^¥? Must they have made the
Must she have told them this news? arrangements for the meeting
5. "Œ~¡° Yzó`ÇOQê x#ß bank #°O_• amount yesterday?
draw KÍ‹²=ôO\ì~Œ? 10. J`Ç_°È Yzó`OÇ Qê `Ç# „
ã †
¬ °Ç `ÇßO…Õ success
Must they have drawn the amount from J~ò=ôO\ì_¨?
the bank yesterday? Must he have succeeded in his
attempt?
417
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D ~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Must have + III form of the Verb' J#°
structure Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question
Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ Xä›~¡° XH› „¬xx Yzó`ÇOQê 'KÍ‹² =ôO\ì~¡xÑ K³„¬C@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Must have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. You must have known this matter.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ Xä›~¡° XH› „¬xx Yzó`ÇOQê 'KÍ‹² =ôO_È~¡°Ñ Jx K³„¬C@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Must not + have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. You must not have faced such a problem sofar.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ Xä›~°¡ XH› „¬xx Yzó`OÇ Qê 'KÍ‹² =ôO\ì~Œ?Ñ J#° J~¡=
Ö ò`Ë
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " Must have + III form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. Must he have gone there last night?
419
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
420 Merit is wealthier than fame.
, : 94406 16425
REPORTED SPEECH
XH› q+¬†Ç°=ò#° Q®°iOz KǶ‹²Qêx, qxQêh, `³e‹²HùxQêx q=~¡} WKÇ°ó@#°
Report JO^ΰ~¡°. D q^•Î=òQê XH› q+¬†°Ç =ò Q®°iOz q=~¡} WKÇ°ó "Œix Reporters
JO\ì~¡°. WH› Grammar …Õ XH›~¡° K³„²æ# q+¬†Ç°=ò#° =°~¡• J~¡Ö=ò =¶~¡ä›½O_¨ XH›~¡°
"Í~ùH›iH÷ K³„¬C@#° 'Reported Speech Ñ JO\ì~¡°. J#Qê XH›~¡° Direct Qê K³„²æ# =¶@•#°
"Œ~¡° "Í~ùH›iH÷ `³e†Ç°„¬~¡KÇ_ÈO.
`ÇÞ~¡…Õ D.S.C. <Ë\÷„Hö²¦ +¬<£ q_È°^Ε Kͪ•ë=°x =òY¼=°Oãu q…èY~¡°•ä›½ K³„æ² <Œ~¡°.
=òY¼=°Oãu Direct Qê q…èY~¡°•ä›½ K³„²æ# =¶@•° =°~¡• =°#䛽 q…èY~¡°• ^¥Þ~ŒQêx, …èH›
"Í~ùH›i ^¥Þ~Œ Qêx `³e†Ç°„¬~¡KÇ@O Reported Speech.
IMPORTANT POINTS :
421
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, 16425 .
2. Conjunction
D notes …Õ Reported Speech Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form •ä›½
q=~¡OQê notes W=Þ|_•#k.
422
, : 94406 16425
POSITIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô „¬xx Q®°iOz
=òO^ΰQê K³„²æ#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P „¬xx ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ K͆Çò^ΰ=ò. Hêx
=òO^ΰQê "Í~ùH›iH÷ P „¬xx K͆Çò@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. nx<Í Reported
Speech JO^ΰ~¡°.
J Next Sunday Ongole =ª•ë#x =¶ brother <Œä›½ inform K͉§_È°.
J Next month P W•°Á Mìm Kͪ•ë=°x "Œ~¡° =¶ä›½ K³‡•æ~¡°.
J Next week computer course join J=ô`Œ#x P"³° <Œä›½ K³„²æ#k.
J `ÇÞ~¡…Õ <³•¶Á~¡°ä›½ family shift Kͪ•ë=°x "Œ~¡° =¶ä›½ K³‡•æ~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô „¬#°• Q®°iOz =òO^ΰQê XH›~°¡ "Í~ùH›iH÷ K³„C¬ @#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~°¡ WOHùH›iH÷
=òO^ΰQê<Í K³„¬ôæ@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Would/Could/might+ I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. ö~„¬ô class …Õ new lesson teach Kͪ•ë#x
The Chief-Minister announced in the
=¶ WOwÁ+¹ …ÿHó~› ~¡ Ÿ K³‡•æ~°¡ .
assembly yesterday that they could
Our English lecturer said that he
solve the water problem in the state
would teach the new lesson in the
soon.
class tomorrow.
2. D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ `Ç„¬æH› ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O K͆ǰ 5. `ÇÞ~¡…Õ XOQË•°…Õ =¶~¡¾^ÎiÅ z\˜„¦¬O_£
Q®•#x =¶ friend <Œä›½ =¶@ WKŒó_È°. branch open Kͪ•ë=°x P ‹¬O‹¬Ö G.M.
My friend promised me that he could K³‡•æ~°¡ .
help me in that matter. The G.M. said that they would open
the branch of Margadarsi Chit fund in
3. D ª•i †Çüx=i•\© „¬sH›•Æ ° "Œ~ò^¥ Ongole soon.
"͆ǰ=KÇ°ó#x =¶ Principal x#ß =¶ä›½
K³„²æ<Œ~¡°. 6. D ª•i match `Ç„¬æH› ïQ•°=Q®•=°x
Our Principal told us yesterday that the cricket team captain Dravid x#ß
university might postpone the q…èY~¡°•`Ë K³‡•æ~°¡ .
examinations this time. The Cricket team captian Dravid told
the newsmen yesterday that they
4. ~Œã+¬“O…Õ h\÷ ‹¬=°‹¬¼#° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ „¬i+¬ø could win the match this time.
iOKÇQ®•=°x =òY¼=°Oãu x#ß JÌ‹OcÁ…Õ
ㄬH›\÷Oz<Œ~¡°.
423
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Z
Manners are of more important than laws. 424
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ#x XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz =òO^ΰQê K³„²æ#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
P „¬xx ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç ~¡°. Hêx =òO^ΰQê "Í~ùH›iH÷ P „¬xx K͆°Ç H› ‡é=ô@#° Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ~¡°.
J ö~„¬ô function H÷ attend J=#x =¶ brother <Œä›½ K³‡•æ_È°.
J Next week native place H÷ "³ˆ¤× #x J`Ç_°È =¶ä›½ K³‡•æ_È°.
J WH› J`ÇxH÷ help K͆°Ç =°x "Œ~¡° =¶ä›½ K³‡•æ~¡°.
J P company …Õ work K͆ǰ#x =¶ cousin <Œä›½ K³‡•æ~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~°¡ WOHùH›iH÷ K³„C¬ @#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~¡° WOHùH›iH÷
=òO^ΰQê<Í K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Would/Could/Might + not + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : K͆ǰx P „¬x definite action J~ò#KË 'Would not =KÇ°ó#°. K͆ǰx P
„¬x ability J~ò#KË 'could not' =KÇ°ó#°. K͆ǰx P „¬x doubtful J~ò#KË
'Might not' =KÇ°ó#°. D "ŒH›¼O…Õ ~
ï O_È° ƒ•ìQ®=ò•° LO_È°#°. "³ò^Î\÷ ^¥x…Õ Verb
Past Tense LO_È°#°. ï~O_È= clause …Õ that J#° conjunction =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. ö~„¬ô college H÷ ~Œ#x =¶ friend <Œä›½ 5. `Ç=° =°^Îí`Ç° …è䛽O_¨ BJP „ã ƒ¬ •’°`ŒÞxß
K³„²æ<Œ_È°. U~Œæ@° KÍ † Ç ° …è ^ Î x [†Ç ° •e`Ç
My friend told me that he would not q…èY~¡°•`Ë K³„²æ<Œ~¡°.
come to college tomorrow. Ms. Jayalalitha told the newsmen that
2. JO`Ç amount XöHª•i K³eOÁ KÇ…#
è x J`Ç_°È the BJP could not form the
"ŒiH÷÷ K³„²æ<Œ_È°. government without her support.
He told them that he could not pay 6. `Œ#° D ª•i ZxßH›•…Õ ‡é\© K͆ǰH›
that much amount at a time. ‡é=KÇ ° ó # x N "³ O H› † Ç ° ¼<Œ†Ç ò _È °
3. D ~ËA manager office H÷ ~ŒH› ‡ é K³„²æ<Œ~¡°.
=KÇ°ó#x clerk K³„²æ<Œ_È°. Sri Venkaiah Naidu said that he might
The clerk said that the manager might not contest in the elections this time.
not come to office today 7. Next year college …Õ KÍ~¡#x P"³° <Œä›½
4. BJP H÷ =°^Îí`Ç° W=Þ=ò Jx HêOãïQ‹¹ K³„²æ#k.
<Œ†Ç°ä›½•° K³„²æ<Œ~¡°. She told me that she would not join
The Congress leaders said that they college next year.
would not support the BJP.
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx
Q®°iOz =òO^ΰQê ㄬtßOz#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
P „¬xx ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆ò
Ç ^ΰ~¡°. Hêx =òO^ΰQê "Í~ùH›ix P „¬xx K͆ò
Ç @#° Q®°iOz
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J Next Sunday Ongole =ª•ë"Œ Jx <Í#° =¶ brother x J_•Qê#°.
J Next month W•°Á Mìm Kͪ•ë~Œ Jx "Œ~¡° =°=òà•#° J_•Qê~¡°.
J Next week computer course join J=ô`Œ"Œ Jx P"³° ##°ß J_•y#k.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~°¡ WOHùH›ix „
ã t
¬ ßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~°¡ WOHùH›ix
=òO^ΰQê<Í ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Would / Could / Might + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. ö~„¬ô programme …Õ g°~¡° ‡•…ç¾O\ì~Œ 5. g°~¡° D ‹¬=°‹¬¼#° „¬i+¬øiOKÇQ®•~Œ Jx
Jx J`Ç_°È =°=òà•#° J_•y<Œ_È°. "Œ~¡° =°=òà•#° J_•y<Œ~¡°.
He asked us if we would participate They asked us if we could solve this
in the programme tomorrow. problem.
2. D q+¬†°Ç O…Õ ‹¬‚𬠆ǰ„¬_QÈ •® "Œ Jx <Í#° 6. g°~¡° next month scooter HùO\ì~Œ Jx
=¶ ‹
À ß‚ì² `Ç°x J_•y<Œ#°. J`Ç_°È ##°ß J_•y<Œ_È°.
I asked my friend if he could help me He asked me if I would buy a scooter
in this matter. next month.
3. ö~„¬ô <Í#° ‰Ü•=ô f‹¬°Hù#=KŒó Jx <Í#° 7. <Í#° P course …Õ KÍ~¡=KÇ°ó<Œ Jx <Í#°
=¶ manager #° J_•y<Œ#°. P†Ç°##° J_•y<Œ#°.
I asked the manager if I might take I asked him If I might join that course.
leave tomorrow. 8. g°~¡° next year Nellore …Õ branch open
4 D ª•i rank ‡ÚO^Î Q ® • "Œ Jx <Í # ° Kͪ•ë~Œ Jx "Í°=ò "Œix J_•y<Œ=ò.
P"³°#° J_•y<Œ#°. We asked them if they would open
I asked her if she could get the rank the branch in Nellore next year.
this time.
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Reported Speech' J#° topic
…Õ Future Action Q®°iOz <Í~°¡ óä½› <Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative
Form 3. Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆ǰƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Q®`ÇO…Õ<Í
K³„沆ò
Ç O_•#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " would /could /might + I form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. She told me that she would study in the university next year.
2. He told us that he could achieve his target.
3. They said that they might win the game.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Q®`OÇ …Õ<Í
K³„²æ†ÇòO_È°`Ç#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 'that' - clause …Õ 'would not / could not
/ might not + I form of the Verb " L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. He told me that he would not join the course.
2. She told us that she could not pass the test.
3. They said that they might not receive the orders.
3. QUESTION FORM :
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°…ë Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz =òO^ΰQ®ê<Í „
ã t
¬ ßOz
†ÇòO_È°@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 " would/could + I form of the verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. He asked me if I would continue my studies.
2. She asked us if we could secure good marks.
3. They asked if they might stay there.
429
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
430 A prophet is not honoured in his own country.
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POSITIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹# ² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
"Í~ùH›iH÷ K³„²æ#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P „¬xx Q®`ÇO…Õ „¬îië KÍ‹² †ÇòO^ΰ=ò. P
„¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È°@#° Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ K³„²æ†ÇòO^ΰ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° x#ß <Œ HË‹¬O wait K͉§#x K³‡•æ_È°.
J P"³° last week bank test H÷ appear J~ò<Œ#x <Œä›½ K³„²æOk.
J =¶ cousin last year M.B.A. seat H÷ apply K͉§#x <Œä›½ K³‡•æ_È°.
J "Œ~¡° tickets book KÍ‹°¬ Hù<Œß=°x =¶`Ë K³‡•æ~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~¡° WOHùH›iH÷ K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ `Œ=ò „¬îië KÍ‹#² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~°¡ WOHùH›iH÷
K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
431
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Z
He who knows of his own child is a wise father. 432
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iz
"Í~ùH›iH÷ K³„²æ#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. P„¬xx Q®`ÇO…Õ KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È=ò. P„¬xx
KÍ‹²†ÇòO_ÈH›‡é=ô@#° Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ K³„²æ†ÇòO^ΰ=ò.
J J`Ç_È° x#ß <Œ HË‹¬O wait K͆ǰ…è^Îx K³„²æ<Œ_È°.
J P"³° last week bank test H÷ appear Hê…è^Îx <Œä›½ K³„²æ#k.
J =¶ cusion last year M.B.A. seat H÷ donation pay K͆°Ç …è^xÎ <Œä›½ K³‡•æ_È°.
J "Œ~¡° x#ß tickets book K͆°Ç …è^xÎ =¶`Ë K³‡•æ~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ K͆ǰx „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz XH›~¡° WOHùH›iH÷ K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ `Œ=ò K͆°Ç x XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~°¡ WOHùH›iH÷
K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had not + III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Note :
D "ŒH›¼O…Õ ~ï O_È° ƒ•ìQ®=°•° LO_È°#°.
"³ò^Î\÷^¥x…Õ Verb Past Tense …Õ LO_È°#°. ï~O_È= clause …Õ that J#° Conjunction
EXAMPLES
1. J`Ç_È° x#ß English class 䛽 ‚¬ð[~¡° 5. Q®`Ç <³• WO\÷ J^³í K³eÁOKÇ…è^Îx "Œ~¡°
Hê…è^Îx <Œä›½ K³„²æ<Œ_È°. K³„²æ<Œ~¡°.
He told me that he had not attended They said that they had not paid
the English class yesterday. house rent last month.
2. Q®`Ç ‹¬O`Ç•~¡O „¬sH›•Æ 䛽 ‚¬ð[~¡° Hê…è^x
Î 6. J`Ç_È° U `Ç„¬C K͆ǰ…è^Îx ㄬ=¶}=ò
P"³° K³„²æ#k. KÍ‹²<Œ_È°.
She told me that she had not He swore that he had not committed
appeared for the examinations last any mistake.
year. 7. x#ß g°\÷OQ·…Õ r`ÇO q+¬†Ç°O KÇióOKÇ
3. x#ß function H÷ P"³° "Œix P‚¬ðÞxOKÇ …è^Îx †Çüx†Ç°<£ <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° K³„²æ<Œ~¡°.
…è^Îx "Œ~¡° K³„²æ<Œ~¡°. The union leaders said that they had
They said that she had not invited not discussed the salary matter in the
them to the function yesterday. meeting yesterday.
4. Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O lecturers syllabus „¬îië 8. N KÇOã^΃ì|° ï~á`Ç°•ä›½ Ug° K͆ǰ…è^Îx
K͆ǰ…è^Îx q^¥¼~¡°œ•° Principal H÷ report HêOãïQ‹¹ <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° q=°iÅOz<Œ~¡°.
KÍ‹²<Œ~¡°. The Congress leaders criticised that
The students reported the Principal
that the lecturers had not completed Sri Chandrababu had not done any
the syllabus last year. thing for the welfare of the farmers.
433
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QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹#
² XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz
"Í~ùH›ix ㄬtßOz#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
D „¬x Q®`ÇO…Õ „¬îië KÍ‹²†ÇòO^ΰ=ò. D „¬xx KÍ‹²†ÇòO_È°@#° Q®°iOz W`Ç~¡°•#°
ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J x#ß <ŒHË‹¬O wait K͉§~Œ Jx J`Ç_°È =°=òà•#° J_•Qê_È°.
J last week bank test H÷ appear J~ò<Œ"Œ Jx <Í#° P"³°#° J_•Qê#°.
J Last year M.B.A. seat H÷ donation pay K͉§"Œ Jx <Í#° =¶ cousin x J_•Qê#°.
J "Œ~¡° x#ß x#°ß H›eª•~Œ Jx <Í#° J`Çxx J_•Qê#°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`ÇO…Õ KÍ‹²# „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz XH›~¡° WOHùH›ix ㄬtßOKÇ°@#°
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ „¬îië KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH›~¡° WOHùH›ix
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had+ III form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. h=ô last time B.S.R.B. test 䛽 apply 5. _¨H›“~Ÿ#° consult J~ò<Œ"Œ Jx <Í#°
KÍ‹<
² Œ"Œ Jx <Í#° J`Çxx J_•y<Œ#°. J`Çxx J_•y<Œ#°.
I asked him if he had applied for the I asked him if he had consulted the
B.S.R.B. test last time. doctor.
2. WO`Ç䛽 =òO^ΰ U^³á<Œ company …Õ 6. „¬sH›Æ•ä›½ ƒìQê prepare J~ò<Œ"Œ Jx
„¬xKÍ‹<² Œ"Œ Jx "Œ~¡° ##°ß J_•y<Œ~¡°. x#ß =¶ English lecturer ##°ß J_•y<Œ~¡°.
They asked me if I had worked in any My English Lecturer asked me
company previously. yesterday if I had prepared well for the
3. x#ß „¬sH›Æ „¦ÔA K³eÁOz<Œ"Œ J#x J`Ç_È° examinations.
##°ß J_•y<Œ_È°. 7. H›O„¬î¼@~Ÿ HË~¡°• „¬îië KÍ‹<
² Œ"Œ Jx =¶
He asked me if I had paid the uncle ##°ß J_•y<Œ~¡°.
examination fee yesterday. My uncle asked me if I had completed
4. Last summer …Õ g° Ì ‹ •=ô•° g°~¡° the computer course.
Madras …Õ Q® _ •„² < Œ~Œ Jx "Œ~¡ ° 8. x#ß Zø_•H÷ "³ o ¤ < Œ~¡ x <Í # ° "Œix
=°=òà•#° J_•y<Œ~¡°. J_•y<Œ#°.
They asked us if we had spent our I asked them where they had gone
holidays in Madras last summer. yesterday.
435
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REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Reported Speech' J#° topic
…Õ Past Action Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. nx…Õ =°#=ò 1. Positive Form 2. Negative
Form 3. Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise
KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° „¬îië KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Q®`ÇO…Õ<Í K³„²æ
†ÇòO_•#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 that - clause …Õ " had + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. He told me that he had done well in the interview.
2. He told me that he had written the test well.
3. They said that they had paid the bill.
2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Q®`ÇO…Õ<Í K³„²æ
†ÇòO_•#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 that - clause …Õ " had not + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. I told him that I had not attended the party.
2. We told them that we had not finished the work.
3. They said that they had not received the message.
3. QUESTION FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~¡° „¬îië KÍ‹²# XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz Q®`ÇO…Õ<Í
ã „ ¬ t ß O z †Ç ò O_È ° @#° ‹¬ ¶ zOKÇ ° @ä› ½ " had + III form of the Verb "
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex :
1. I asked him if he had completed the course.
2. We asked them if they had paid the bill.
3. They asked us if we had known the news.
437
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D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form,
ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …èä½› O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i D 3 parts KÇ^=Î O_•!
g°~¡° own Qê Hùxß "ŒH꼕° practise K͆°Ç O_•.
Z
438 When all else is lost, the future still remains.
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Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~¡° XH›ix request, order, advise K͆Çò „¬#°•#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =°x XH›~°¡ "Í~ùH›ix request KÍ‹¬°Hù#ß@°ÁQê, order KÍ‹²#@°ÁQê …èH›
‹¬•‚¬ð Wzó#@°ÁQê, ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"To-infinitive" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Note :
"ŒH›¼=ò J~¡=œ ò#° |\÷“ main verb 'requested' Qêx, 'ordered' Qêx, 'advised' Qêx =KÇ°ó#°.
To `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Verb I form =zó# Jk To-infinitive JQ®°#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Œä›½ D q+¬†°Ç O…Õ ‹¬‚𬠆ǰO K͆°Ç =°x 5. „¬sH›Æ•ä›½ ƒìQê hard work K͆ǰ=°x =¶
<Í#° =¶ friend x request KÍ‹°¬ Hùx<Œ#°. lecturers =¶ä›½ ‹¬•‚¬ð WKŒó~¡°.
I requested my friend to help me in Our lecturers advised us to work hard
this matter. for the examinations.
2. English literature KÇ^ΰ==°x <Í#° =¶ 6. "³O@<Í P W•°Á Mìm K͆ǰ=°x P house
brother H÷ ‹¬•‚¬ð Wzó<Œ#°. owner "Œix P*ìý„²OKŒ_È°.
I advised my brother to study English The house owner ordered them to
literature. vacate the house immediately.
3. Urgent files Jhß "Œ~¡O ~ËA•…Õ clear
KÍ † Ç ° =°x =¶ manager staff #° 7. English Grammar thorough Qê
P*ìý„²Oz<Œ~¡°. <Í~¡°óHË=°x =¶ English lecturer =¶H›
The manager ordered the staff to ‹¬•‚¬ð WKŒó~¡°.
clear all the urgent files within a week. Our English lecturer advised us to
4. <Œä›½ XH› "Œ~¡O ~ËA•° leave grant learn English Grammar thoroughly.
K͆ǰ=°x <Í#° Manager x request 8. <Œ`Ë Chennai =~¡ä½› `Ë_È°Qê ~¡=°àx <Í#°
KÍ‹¬°ä›½<Œß#°. =¶ friend x request KÍ‹²<Œ#°.
I requested the Manager to grant me I requested my friend to accompany
leave for one week. me to Chennai.
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13. D case #° „¬îiëQê enquire K͆ǰ=°x 6. Rooms Jxß clean K͆ǰ=°x P"³° „¬x
=°x+²x P*ìý„²Oz#k.
magistrate police •#° P*ìý„²Oz<Œ~¡°.
The magistrate ordered the police to 7. Group-2 „¬sH›Æ䛽 prepare J==°x <Í#°
make an enquiry in that case. =¶ brother H÷ advise KÍ‹²<Œ#°.
14. Loan sanctionK͆ǰ=°x J`Ç_È° Bank 8. XH› "Œ~¡O ~ËA•° leave grant K͆ǰ=°x
Manager #° request KÍ‹¬°ä›½<Œß~¡°.
<Í#° Manager x request KÍ‹²<Œ#°.
He requested the Bank Manager to 9. "³O@<Í J`Çx„
Ì á KÇ~¼¡ f‹¬°HË=°x collector
sanction him the loan. ‡éb‹¬°"Œix P*ìý„²Oz<Œ~¡°.
15. MCA join J==°x =¶ uncle <Œä› ½ 10. U^³á<Œ city …Õ settle J==°x "Œ~¡° <Œä›½
advise KÍ‹²<Œ~¡°. ‹¬•‚¬ð Wzó<Œ~¡°.
My uncle advised me to join MCA.
Z
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NEGATIVE FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò XH›ix XH› „¬x K͆ǰ=^Îíx request KÍ‹¬°Hù#°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò,
P*ìý„²OKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò …èH› ‹¬•‚¬ð WKÇ°ó KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J D q+¬†Ç°O Z=iH© K³„¬æ=^Îíx "Œ~¡° ##°ß request K͉§~¡°.
J Manager work neglect K͆ǰ=^Îíx staff x P*ìý„²OKŒ~¡°.
J J„¬C K͆ǰ=^Îíx =¶ father <Œä›½ ‹¬•‚¬ð WKŒó~¡°.
J =°=òà•#° disturb K͆ǰ=^Îíx "Í°=ò J`Çxx request KÍ‹¬°Hùx<Œ=ò.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ=^Îíx XH›~¡° WOHùH›iH÷ K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç =^Îxí XH›~°¡ "Í~ùH›ix request KÍ‹¬°Hù#ß@°ÁQê, order KÍ‹²#@°ÁQê
…èH› ‹¬•‚¬ð Wzó#@°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Not + to-infinitive" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
Note :
"ŒH›¼=ò J~¡œ=ò#° |\÷“ Main Verb 'requested' Qêx 'advised' Qêx 'ordered' Qêx
=KÇ°ó#°. To `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Verb I form =zó# Jk 'to-infinitive' JQ®°#°.
EXAMPLES
1. HêÁ‹¬°•° miss Hê=^Îíx =¶ lecturers 5. ~Œ[H©†Ç°=ò•…ÕxH÷ ㄬ"ÍtO„¬=^Îíx <Œ
=°=òà•#° HËi<Œ~¡°. À‹ß‚²ì`Ç°•° <Œä›½ ‹¬•‚¬ð Wzó<Œ~¡°.
Our lecturers asked us not to miss the My friends advised me not to enter
classes. into politics.
2. Time waste K͆ǰ=^Îíx =¶ father <Œä›½ 6. =¶ q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°Hù#=^Îíx
advise KÍ‹²<Œ~¡°. <Í#° J`Çxx Ì‚ìKÇóiOz<Œ#°.
My father advised me not to waste I warned him not to interefere in our
time. matter.
3. Office 䛽 P•‹¬¼OQê ~Œ=^Îíx manager 7. =¶Oª•‚¬ð~¡ „¬^¥~¡=
œ ò•° u#=^Îx
í _¨H›~“ Ÿ
staff #° P*ìý„²Oz<Œ~¡°. <Œä›½ ‹¬¶zOKŒ~¡°.
The manager ordered the staff The doctor advised me not to take
members not to come late to the office. non-vegetarian items.
4. „¬ x delay KÍ † Ç ° =^Î í x <Í # ° J`Ç x x 8. „¬sH›Æ ‚¬ð•°…Õ Hê„Ô K͆ǰ=^Îíx Prinicipal
request KÍ‹¬°Hùx<Œ#°. q^¥¼~¡°œ•#° Ì‚ìKÇóiOz<Œ~¡°.
I requested him not to delay the work. The Principal warned the students not
to copy in the examination hall.
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ABOUT TO - PRESENT
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° XH›~°¡ „
ã ‹
¬ °¬ `ë OÇ XH› „¬xx K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ô
‹¬O‹²^Îœ`Ç#° (readiness) ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. =°#=ò XH› „¬x K͆Çò@䛽 ‹²^Îœ=òQê
L<Œß=ò. P „¬xx HùkíÀ‹„¬\÷…Õ<Ë, Hùkí ~ËA•…Õ<Ë K͆ǰƒÕ=ôKÇ°<Œß=ò Jx J~¡Ö=ò.
J <Í#° W„¬C_È° lunch f‹¬°H˃Õ=ôKÇ°<Œß#°.
J "Í°=ò W„¬C_È° railway station H÷ |†Ç°•° ^Í~¡ƒÕ`Ç°<Œß=ò.
J J`Ç_È° Hùkí ~ËA…ÕÁ foreign "³ˆ×¤ƒÕ=ô KÇ°<Œß_È°.
J "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ =°# town …Õ branch open K͆ǰƒÕ=ôKÇ°<Œß~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO XH›~¡° K͆ǰƒÕ=ôKÇ°#ß „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq
D q^•ÎOQê „ã ‹¬ °¬ `ë OÇ =°#O =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 Hùkí xq°‘••…Õ, Q®O@•…Õ …èH› ~ËA•…Õ
=°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° K͆ǰƒÕ=ô XH› „¬xx ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Am/Is/Are + about to + I form of the verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject, I, J~ò#„¬C_È° 'am about to' =KÇ°ó#°.
He, She, It, J~ò#„¬C_È° 'is about to' =KÇ°ó#°.
We, You, They, J~ò#„¬C_È° 'are about to' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° W„¬C_È° college H÷ "³ˆ×¤ƒÕ=ôKÇ°<Œß#°. 6. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ J"³°iHê "³ˆ×¤ƒÕ`Ç°<Œß~¡°.
I am about to go to college now. They are about to leave for America
2. "Í°=ò WH›ø_È `ÇÞ~¡…Õ business start soon.
K͆ǰƒÕ`Ç°<Œß=ò. 7. Hùkí xq°‘••…Õ chief guest WH›ø_•H÷
We are about to start business here ~ŒƒÕ`Ç°<Œß~¡°.
soon. The chief guest is about to come here
in a few minutes.
3. Krishna Express =°iHùkí À ‹ „¬ \ ÷ … Õ
8. "Í°=ò XH› <³• ~ËA•…Õ new house
platform g°kH÷ ~ŒƒÕ=ôKÇ°#ßk. …ÕxH÷ shift J=ƒÕ`Ç°<Œß=ò.
The Krishna Express is about to arrive We are about to shift to the new house
at the platform in a while. in a month.
4. =¶ father ï ~ O_È ° <³ • •…Õ transfer 9. WOHùH› S^Î ° xq°‘••…Õ "Œ~¡ °
J=ƒÕ`Ç°<Œß~¡°. programme ‡
ã •~¡Oa•OKǃÕ`Ç°<Œß~°¡ .
My father is about to get a transfer in They are about to commence the
a two months. programme in a five minutes.
5. P"³° =°iHùkí ~ËA•…Õ computer course 10. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ WH›ø_È new showroom open
„¬îië K͆ǰƒÕ=ôKÇ°#ßk. K͆ǰƒÕ`Ç°<Œß~¡°.
They are about to open a new
She is about to complete the
showroom here soon.
computer course in a few days.
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ABOUT TO -PAST
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë =¶\ìÁ_°È KÇ°#ß„C¬ _È° XH›~°¡ Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ
XH› „¬xx K͆ǰƒÕ=ô ‹¬O‹²^Îœ`Ç#° (readiness) ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò. =°#=ò Q®`ÇO…Õ XH›
„¬x K͆òÇ @䛽 ‹²^OœÎ Qê LO_•<Œ=ò.
J <Í#° x#ß P time …Õ office H÷ "³ˆ¤× ƒÕ`Ç°O_•<Œ#°.
J "Í°=ò J„¬C_È° game start K͆°Ç ƒÕ`Ç°O_•<Œ=ò.
J J„¬C_È° =~¡ÂO „¬_ƒÈ Õ`Ç°O_•#k.
J "Œ~¡„¬C_Í programme ‡ã •~¡Oa•OKǃÕ`Ç°O_• <Œ~¡°.
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•° Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ XH›~°¡ K͆°Ç ƒÕ=ôKÇ°O_•# „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê Q®`OÇ …Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~°¡ K͆òÇ @䛽 ‹²^OœÎ Qê †ÇòO_•# XH›
„¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
" Was/were+about to + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject, I,He, She, It J~ò#„¬C_È° 'Was about to' =KÇ°ó#°.
'We, You, They' J~ò#„¬C_È° 'were about to' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° x#ß P time …Õ college H÷ 6. "Œ~¡ ° J„¬ C _È ° game start KÍ † Ç ° ƒÕ
|†Ç°•°^Í~ƒ¡ Õ`Ç°O_•<Œ#°. `Ç°O_•<Œ~¡°.
I was about to start for college at They were about to start the game
that time yesterday. then.
2. "Í°=ò J„¬C_È° hall …ÕxH÷ enter 7. <Í#° J„¬C_È° speech deliver K͆ǰƒÕ
J=ƒÕ`Ç°O_•<Œ=ò. `Ç°O_•<Œ~¡°.
We were about to enter the hall I was about to deliver the speech
then. then.
3. J`Ç_È° P ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# left side turn
8. Show J„¬C_Í begin J=ƒÕ`Ç°O_•#k.
The show was about to begin then.
J=ƒÕ`Ç°O_•<Œ_È°. 9. "Í°=ò J„¬C_Í lunch f‹¬°H˃Õ`Ç°O_•<Œ=ò.
He was about to turn left side at that
We were about to take lunch then.
time.
10. P"³° J„¬C_Í WO\ÕÁ #°O_• |†Ç°@䛽
4. P"³° J„¬ôC_È° Ju^•Î°•ä›½ dinner serve ~ŒƒÕ`Ç°O_•#k.
K͆°Ç ƒÕ`Ç°O_•#k. She was about to come out of the
She was about to serve dinner to the house then.
guests then. 11. <Í # ° P ‹¬ = °†Ç ° O…Õ xã ^ Î ‡ éƒÕ=ô
5. Train J„¬C_Í H›^ΕƒÕ`Ç°#ßk. KÇ°O_•<Œ#°.
The train was about to start then. I was about to go to sleep at that time.
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HAD BETTER
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz XH› x~¡† â °Ç =ò#䛽 =zó J…ì K͆ò
Ç @ =°Ozk
Jx W`Ç~¡°•ä›½ ‹¬¶KÇ# K͆ÇòKÇ°O^ΰ=ò. =°#䛽 =°#=ò 䛕_¨ K³„¬CHù#°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J h=ô text book refer K͆ǰ_ÈO =°Ozk.
J g°~¡° test H÷ coaching f‹¬°HË=_ÈO =°Ozk.
J J`Ç_È° "³O@<Í doctor #° consult J=@O =°Ozk.
J "Œ~¡° D ~ËA WH›ø_È stay K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò XH› „¬xx Q®°iOzK³„¬CKǶ J…ì K͆ǰ_ÈO "Í°•°, =°Ozk Jx
KÍ„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•ÎOQê =°#䛽 =°#=òQêx …èH› "Í~ùH›iH÷ Qêx XH› „¬xx K͆Çò@ Q®°iOz XH› ‹¬¶KÇ#Qê,
‹¬•‚¬ðQê K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Had better + I form of the Verb" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, plural U^³á##° 'Had better + I form' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. =°#=ò Madras H÷ train …Õ "³ˆ×¤_ÈO 6. "Œ~¡° D town …Õ settle J=@O =°Ozk.
=°Ozk. They had better settle down in this
We had better go to Madras by train. town
2. h=ô computer course join J=@O 7. =°#O `ÇÞ~¡…Õ D Hã ù`Çë WO\ÕÁH÷ shift J=@O
=°Ozk. =°Ozk.
You had better join the computer We had better shift to this new house
course. soon.
3. g°~¡° "³O@<Í P W•°Á Mìm K͆ǰ_ÈO 8. g°~¡° "ŒiH÷ D q+¬†Ç°O =òO^ΰQê
=°Ozk. inform K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk.
You had better vacate that house You had better inform them this matter
immediately. earlier.
4. J`Ç _ È ° "³ O @<Í P L^˼QêxH÷ resign 9. J`Ç_È° U^³á<Œ government job H÷ try
K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk. K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk.
He had better resign to that job He had better try for a governemtn job.
immediately. 10. "Œ~¡° =òO^ΰQê tickets book KÍ‹°¬ HË=@O
5. P"³° "³O@<Í specialist x consult J=@O =°Ozk.
=°Ozk. They had better book the tickets
She had better consult a specialist earlier.
immediately.
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EXERCISE
11. h=ô D ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O studies continue
K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk. D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•°
"ŒH›English …ÕxH÷ translate
¼=ò•° English K͆°Ç O_•.
…ÕxH÷ translate
You had better continue your studies K͆°Ç O_•.
this year.
1. h=ô bike Hù#°HËø=@O =°Ozk.
12. g°~¡° P loan `ÇÞ~¡Qê clear KÍ‹¬°HË=@O
=°Ozk. 2. g°~¡ ° D ‹¬ O =`Ç • ~¡ O crop holiday
You had better clear that loan soon. ㄬH›\÷OKÇ@O =°Ozk.
13. =°#=ò D q+¬†Ç°O "Œi`Ë KÇióOKÇ@O 3. P†Ç°# WH› ~Œ[H©†Ç¶•#° =^Îe"͆ǰ@O
=°~zk. =°Ozk.
We had better discuss this matter with 4. P"³° Super Speciality Hospital …Õ zH÷`•Ç
them. ‡ÚO^Î@O =°Ozk.
14. P†Ç°# WH› „¬îië q㉧Ou f‹¬°HË=@O 5. "Œ~¡° WH› P "Œ¼‡•~¡O close K͆ǰ@O
=°Ozk. =°Ozk.
He had better take complete rest.
6. h=ô English Grammar <Í ~ ¡ ° ó H Ë=@O
15. P"³° WOHùH› "Œ~¡O hospital …Õ LO_È@O =°Ozk.
=°Ozk. 7. g°~¡ ° ‹¬ Þ O`Ç O Qê notes `Ç † Ç ¶ ~¡ °
She had better stay in the hospital one
KÍ‹¬°HË=@O =°Ozk.
more week.
8. J`Ç_È° WOHùH› job KǶ‹¬°HË=@O =°Ozk.
16. "Œ~¡° family U^³á<Œ XH› city H÷ shift
K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk. 9. P"³° hostel …Õ stay K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk.
They had better shift their family to a 10. "Œ~¡° WH› P old house Jq°à "͆ǰ@O
city. =°Ozk.
17. h=ô I-CET H÷ appear J=@O =°Ozk. 11. h=ô J`Çx`Ë friends K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk.
You had better appear for the I-CET.
12. g°~¡ ° bills Z„¬ æ \ ÷ H › „ ¬ C _È ° K³ e Á O KÇ @ O
18. g°~¡° D ~Ë*è "Í°<Í[~¡°#° ‹¬OㄬkOKÇ@O =°Ozk.
=°Ozk. 13. P†Ç°# <Œq°<Í+¬<£ withdraw K͆ǰ@O
You had better consult the manager
=°Ozk.
today itself.
14. P"³° U^³á<Œ computer course K͆ǰ@O
19. J`Ç_È° B.Ed K͆ǰ@O =°Ozk. =°Ozk.
He had better do B.Ed.
15. "Œ~¡° `ÇÞ~¡…Õ XH› x~¡â†Ç°O f‹¬°HË=@O
20. P"³° D proposal X„¬CHË=@O =°Ozk. =°Ozk.
She had better accept to this proposal.
Z
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WOULD RATHER
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ~ï O_È° „¬#°•#° Q®°iOz K³„C¬ KǶ P ~ï O\÷…Õ "³ò^Î\„
÷ x
¬ H÷ Z䛽ø=
‡ã •^•¥#¼`Ç WKÇ°#
ó @°ÁQê ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J <Í#° x~¡°^˼yQê <³á<Œ LO\ì#° Qêx •OKÇO Wzó L^˼Q®O ‡ÚO^Î#°.
J J`Ç_È° ‹¬=°‹¬¼…ÿá<Œ Z^ΰ~ùøO\ì_È° Hê#, Z=i ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~¡_È°.
J P"³° P "Œ¼k•`Ë ƒì^•³<á Œ „¬_°È `Ç°Ok Qêx, medicines =¶ã`ÇO f‹¬°HË^ΰ.
J "Œ~¡° "Œ¼‡•~¡O J~ò<Œ =¶#°ä›½O\ì~¡° Qêx, H›bë ‹¬~°¡ 䛽 J=°à~°¡ .
„
Ì á "ŒH›¼=ò•…Õ =°#=ò ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ ‡ã •^•¥#¼`Ç xKÇ°ó „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°
KÇ°<Œß=ò.
D q^•ÎOQê XH›~°¡ ~ï O_È° „¬#°• Q®°iOz K³„C¬ KǶ P ~ï O_È° „¬#°•…Õ XH› ^¥xH÷ Z䛽ø= ‡ã •^•¥#¼`Ç
WKÇ°ó@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Would rather + I form of the Verb + than" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Subject Singular, Plural U^³á##° 'Would rather' =KÇ°ó#°.
EXAMPLES
1. <Í#° fail J~ò<Œ J=ô`ŒQêx, copy =¶ã`OÇ They would rather starve than steal.
K͆ǰ#°. 6. <Í#° KÇx‡é`Œ#° Qêx, J|^ÎœO =¶ã`ÇO
I would rather fail in the exam than K³„¬æ#°.
copy. I would rather die than lie.
2. "Í°=ò ‹¬=°‹¬¼<³<
á Œ Z^ΰ~ùøO\ìOQêx, J„¬C 7. "Í°=ò journey J~ò<Œ cancel LO\ì~¡°
=¶ã`ÇO K͆ǰ=ò. Qêx P bus …Õ =¶ã`ÇO K͆ǰ~¡°.
We would rather face the problem We would rather cancel the journey
than borrow money. than travel by that bus.
3. P"³° [Þ~¡O`Ë ƒì^•Î J~ò<Œ „¬_°È `Ç°Ok 8. J`Ç_°È |
ã ‚¬ìàKŒiQê J~ò<Œ LO\ì_È° Qêx,
Qêx, P tonic f‹¬°HË^ΰ. P"³°x =¶ã`ÇO Ì„o¤ KÍ‹¬°HË_È°.
She would rather suffer from fever He would rather remain a bachelor
than take that tonic. than marry her.
4. J`Ç_È° job =^ΰ•°HùO\ì_È° Qêx, JOKÇO 9. P"³° studies J~ò<Œ =¶#°ä›½O@°Ok
=¶ã`ÇO f‹¬°HË_È°. Qêx, P college =¶ã`ÇO KÍ~¡^ΰ.
He would rather leave this job than 10. "Œ~¡° W|ÄOk#~ò<Œ Z^ΰ~ùøO\ì~¡° Qêx,
take bribe. W`Ç~¡°• ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O =¶ã`ÇO HË~¡~¡°.
5. "Œ~¡ ° „¬ ‹ ¬ ° ë J~ò# LO\ì~¡ ° Qêx, They would rather face the trouble
^ùOQ®`Ç#O =¶ã`ÇO K͆ǰ~¡°. than seek other's help.
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EXERCISE
11. <Í#° problem J~ò<Œ face Kͪ•ë Qêh,
J`Çx ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O =¶ã`ÇO HË~¡#°. D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•° …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
I would rather face the problem than "ŒH›English
¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate
seek his help. K͆°Ç O_•.
12. "Í°=ò J=Hê‰×"³°Ø<Œ =^ΰ•°ä›½O\ìO Hêh, 1. "Í°=ò P book HË‹¬O Zxß ~ËA…ÿá<Œ wait
hKÇ"³°Ø# „¬#°•° =¶ã`ÇO K͆ǰ=ò. Kͪ•ëO Qêh, "Íö~ book =¶ã`ÇO follow
We would rather lose the opportunity J==ò.
than do mean things. 2. <Í#° XO@iQê<³< á Œ =ôO\ì#° Qêh, J…ìO\÷
13. Manmohan Singh „¬ ^ Î " ³ á < Œ =^Î ° •° "Œi`Ë À‹ß‚¬ìO =¶ã`ÇO K͆ǰ#°.
䛽O\ì~¡° Hêh, ‹²^¥œO`Œ•° KÇO„¬ôHË~¡°. 3. h=ô q=°~¡Å…ÿá<Œ Z^ΰ~¡°øO\ì=ô Qêh,
Sri Manmohan Singh would rather lose
his post than kill his principles.
x~¡â†Ç°O =¶~¡°óHË=ô H›^¥!
14. P"³° J==¶#"³°< Ø Œ ƒ•’i‹¬°Oë k Hêh, "ŒiÌ„á 4. J`Ç_°È x~¡°^˼yQê<³< á Œ =ôO\ì_È°Qêh, XH›i
P^•¥~¡„_¬ ^È °Î . ãH÷O^Î =¶ã`ÇO „¬xK͆ǰ_È°.
She would rather bear insult than 5. P"³° W|ÄO^ΰ…ÿ< á Œ Z^ΰ~ùøO@°Ok Qêh "Œi
depend on them.
=¶@ =¶ã`ÇO q#^ΰ.
15. "Œ~¡° F@q°<³< á Œ JOwH›iª•ë~°¡ Hêh, "ŒiÌ„á
P^•¥~¡„_¬ ~È °¡ . 6. "Í°=ò ZO`Ç ‹¬=°‹¬¼<³< á Œ Z^ΰ~ùøO\ìO Hêh
They would rather accept defeat than J`ÇxH÷ =¶ã`ÇO H›Æ=¶„¬} K³„¬æ=ò.
violate the rules. 7. "Í°=ò ZO`Ç Y~¡°ó J~ò<Œ ƒ•’iª•ë=ò Qêh,
16. <Í#° #_•K³< á Œ "³ˆìë#° Qêh J`Çx scooter J`Çxx =¶ã`ÇO =^Ε=ò.
Ì„á "³ˆ×¤#°.
I would rather go on foot than go on 8. <Í#° Zxߪ•~¡~Á ò<Œ fail J=ô`Œ Qêh <Œ self
his scooter. confidence =¶ã`ÇO HË…Õæ#°.
17. "Í ° =ò #+¬ “ " ³ ° Ø < Œ Z^Î ° ~ùøO\ìO Qêh, 9. J`Ç_È° „²zó "Œ_È<Œß J=ô`Œ_È° Qêh P"³°
customers #° cheat K͆ǰ=ò. g°^Î ãÀ„=° =¶ã`ÇO KÇO„¬ôHË_È°.
We would rather face loss than cheat
the customers.
10. P"³° ‹¬=°‹¬¼…ÿ<á Œ Z^ΰ~ùøO@°k Qêh, Z=i
18. "Œ~¡° tH›Æ J~ò<Œ J#°ƒ•’qª•ë~¡° Qêh, ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~¡^ΰ.
=ü_•È#=°àHê•° =^Ε~¡°. 11. <Í#° money J~ò<Œ =^ΰ•°ä›½O\ì#°
They would rather undergo punishment Qêh, „¬i‹²Ö`Ç°•ä›½ ~Œr „¬_È#°.
than leave the superstitions. 12. "Í°=ò ~ï \÷O“ „¬ô _È|Ä~ò<Œ K³eªÁ •ë=ò Hêh,
19. "Í°=ò D T~ËÁ K³@Á Hã O÷ ^³<
á Œ x=tª•ë=ò D J=Hê‰×=ò =^Ε°HË=ò.
Hêh, D T~¡ ° =¶ã ` Ç O =^Î e "³ ˆ × ¤ = ò.
We would rather live under trees than 13. J`Ç _ È ° ZxßH› • …Õ F@q° J~ò<Œ
leave this village. K³O^ΰ`Œ_È° Hêh F@°Á =¶ã`ÇO Hù#_È°.
20. <Í#° D course WOHùH› ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡"°³ <Ø Œ 14. "Œ~¡° P‹²Ö J~ò<Œ =^ΰ•°ä›½O\ì~¡° Hêh,
KÇ^ΰ=ô`Œ#° Qêh, „¬sH›Æ…Õ copy =¶ã`ÇO J`Çxx =¶ã`ÇO ^Î`Çë`Ç f‹¬°Hù#~¡°.
K͆ǰ#°.
I would rather study this course one
more year than copy in the examination Z
A wiseman doesnot care for what he doesnot have. 450
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EXAMPLES
1. q°ye# ㄬu XH› ~ŒA H›O>è Sancho 6. ª•Þ`ÇOã`Ç ‡é~Œ@O…Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH›
Panza `³e"³á#"Œ_È°. L^μ=°O H›O>è =O^Í=¶`Ç~O¡ =òY¼"³°#
Ø k.
Sancho Panza was wiser than any Vandemataram was more important
other king. than any other movement during the
2. q°ye# ㄬu XH› [O`Ç°=ô H›O>è elephant freedom struggle.
Ì„^Îík. 7. `³•°Q®°…Õ q°ye# „
ã u
¬ XH› producer H›O>è
The elephant is bigger than any other N~Œ=¶<Œ†Çò_È° J#°ƒ•’=Aý_°È .
animal. Sri Ramanaidu is more experienced
3. E-TV …Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH› programme than any other producer in Telugu.
H›O>è '„ã u
¬ ^•ÎÞxÑ interesting Qê LO@°Ok. 8 q°ye# ㄬu XH› batsman H›O>è Sehwag
Prathidhwani is more interesting than |Oux |•OQê Hù_È`Œ_È°.
any other programme on E-TV. Sehwag hits the ball harder than any
4. English …Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH› ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç other batsman.
H›O>è Shakespeare Qù„¬æ"Œ_È°. 9. q°ye# ㄬu XH› course H›O>è MCA
Shakespeare is greater than any =°Ozk.
other writer in English. M.C.A. is better than any other course.
5. A.P …Õ q°ye# ã „ ¬ u XH› city H› O >è 10. q°ye# ã „ ¬ u XH› l…ìÁ H› O >è west
Hyderabad Ì„^Îík. Godavari ƒìQê develop J~ò#k.
Hyderabad is bigger than any other West Godavari is more developed
city in A.P. than any other district.
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11. q°ye# „ ã u
¬ XH› Jk•Hêi H›O>è P†Ç°# EXERCISE
sincere Qê =ôO\ì_È°.
He is more sincere than any other D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•°
"ŒH›English …ÕxH÷ translate
¼=ò•° English K͆°Ç O_•.
…ÕxH÷ translate
officer.
K͆°Ç O_•.
12 q°ye# ã „ ¬ u XH› college H› O >è =¶ 1. q°ye# ㄬu XH› T.V. set H›O>è Sony TV
college ãH›=° tH›Æ} H›ey#k.
set Ys^³á#k.
Our college is more disciplined than
any other college. 2. =¶ school q°ye# „ ã u
¬ XH› teacher H›O>è
13. Team …Õx q°ye# ㄬu XH› fielder H›O>è N ~¡=°} ƒìQê teach Kͪ•ë~°¡ .
Yuva Raj KÇ°~¡°ïHá#"Œ_È°. 3. =¶ l…ìÁ…Õx q°ye# ㄬu XH› college
Yuvaraj is more active than any other H› O >è =¶ college =°Oz „¦ ¬ e `Œ•°
fielder in the team. ª•k•‹¬°Oë k.
14. q°ye# ㄬu XH› „¬O_È°Q® H›O>è =¶ä›½ 4. q°ye# ã „ ¬ u XH› ~¡ K Ç ~ ò`Ç H› O >è N
LQêk =òY¼"³°Ø#k. †Ç°O_È=üi P‹¬HHë÷ ~› O¡ Qê " ã Œª•ë~°¡ .
Ugadi is more important than any
other festival to us. 5. q°ye# ㄬu XH› batsman H›O>è Dhoni
quick Qê runs score Kͪ•ë_°È .
15. q°ye# ㄬu XH› subject H›O>è physics
H›+¬“"³°Ø#k. 6. q°ye# ㄬu XH› <Œ†Ç°ä›½x H›O>è N
Physics is more difficult than any KÇO^ ã ƒ Î ì|° KÇ°~¡°ä›½Qê „¬xKͪ•ë~°¡ .
other subject. 7. x#ß dinner …Õ q°ye# „ ã u
¬ XH› item H›O>è
16. q°ye# ㄬu XH› ~ŒRO H›O>è Punjab Gulab Jamn ~¡°zH›~¡OQê =ô#ßk.
ƒìQê Ja•=$kœ K³Ok#k. 8. P movie …Õ q°ye# „ ã u¬ XH› ‡•@ H›O>è
The Punjab is more developed than
any other state. title song melodious Qê L#ßk.
17. P ~ËA•…Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH› #\÷ H›O>è 9. Julius Ceaser drama …Õ q°ye# „ ã u ¬ XH›
ª•qãu =°Oz talent H›ey#@°=O\÷"Œ~¡°. character H›O>è Cassius K³_ÈÛ"Œ~¡°.
Savitri was more talented than any 10. „ ã ‹ ¬ °¬ `ë OÇ cricket …Õ q°ye# „ ã u
¬ XH› team
other actress in those days. H›O>è Indian team strong Qê L#ßk.
18. P ~ËA•…Õ Telugu Heroes …Õ q°ye# 11. `³•°Q®°…Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH›øi H›O>è N
ㄬu XH›øiH›O>è NTR popular #@°_È°. ã|‚¬ðà#O^ÎO crazy comedian.
N.T.R. was more popular than any
other hero in Telugu in those days. 12. q°ye# ã „ ¬ u XH› fruit H› O >è apple
19. P ~ËA•…Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH› bowler H›O>è P~ËQ®¼H›~¡"³°Ø#k.
H›„²…˜^Í"£ KŒ…ì ƒìQê bowl KÍÀ‹"Œ~¡°. 13. q°ye# ㄬu XH› project H›O>è ‡é•=~¡O
Kapil Dev used to bowl better than any Ì„^Îík.
other bowler in those days. 14. =°# ~ŒRO…Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH› bus-
20. =¶ town …Õ q°ye# ㄬu XH› theatre station H›O>è ''Wg°Á|<£Ñ |‹¹À‹“+¬<£ Ì„^Îík.
H›O>è [†Ç°~ŒO ‡•`Çk.
Jayaram is older than any other
theatre in our town. Z
Simple and honest life gives happiness to a happy man. 456
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EXAMPLES
1. q°ye# KŒ…ì f~¡Ö ‹¬Ö…ì• H›O>è u~¡°=°• 5. ^͉×O…Õx q°ye# KŒ…ì ~Œ¢‘•“• H›O>è
„¬qã`Ç"³°Ø#k. POã^•Î„ã ^
¬ ‰Í ˜ „Ì ^Îk
í .
Tirumala is holier than many other Andhra Pradesh is larger than many
pilgrim centres. other states in our country.
2. q°ye# KŒ…ì =°Ok ~¡K~Ç ò`Ç• H›O>è _¨II 6. q°ye# KŒ…ì P@• H› O >è ã H ÷ ï H \˜
‹².<Œ~Œ†Ç°} ~ï _•Û „
À ~¡°Q®•"Œ~¡°. interesting Qê LO@°Ok.
Dr. C. Narayana Reddy is more Cricket is more interesting than many
popular than many other writers. other games.
3. q°ye# KŒ…ì =°Ok teachers H›O>è 7. q°ye# KŒ…ì „¬O_ÈÁ H›O>è =¶q°_•
P†Ç°# "Í°•°. f~òxk.
He is better than many other Mango is sweeter than many other
teachers. fruits.
4. ~ŒRO…Õ q°ye# KŒ…ì l…ìÁ• H›O>è 8. English …Õ q°ye# KŒ…ì =°Ok poets
„
ã H¬ ê‰×O Ja•=$kœ K³Ok#k. H›O>è John Keats Qù„¬æ"Œ_È°.
Prakasam is more developed than John Keats is greater than many other
many other districts in our state. poets in English.
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THAN
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W^Îí~¡° =¼ä›½ë•#°, ï~O_È° =‹¬°ë=ô•#° XH› ^¥x`Ë WOHùH› ^¥xx
‡éeóK³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J W@b H›O>è WO_•†Ç¶ Qù„¬æ^͉=× ò.
J Foot ball H›O>è cricket P‹¬H÷ëH›~¡OQê LO@°Ok.
J <Œ H›O>è J`Ç_È° Ex†Ç°~Ÿ.
J Bangalore H›O>è Mysore JO^Î"³°Ø# #Q®~¡=ò.
* Note :
1. Adjective 䛽 'er' Qêh, =òO^ΰ 'more' Qêh L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
EXAMPLES
1. Mumbai H›O>è Kolkatta Ì„^Îí #Q®~¡=ò. 6. Foot ball H›O>è Cricket P‹¬H÷ëH›~¡"³°Ø#k.
Kolkatta is larger than Mumbai. Cricket is more interesting than foot
2. Mathematics H›O>è Physics H›+¬“=ò. ball.
Physics is more difficult than 7. Zaheer Khan H›O>è Agarkar fast Qê bowl
Mathematics. Kͪ•ë_°È .
Agarkar bowls faster than
3. J‰Õ䛽_È° H›O>è JH›Ä~Ÿ Qù„¬æ"Œ_È°. Zaheerkhan.
Akbar was grater than Ashoka.
8. <ŒQê…ìO_£ ‹¬=°‹¬¼ H›O>è Hêjà~¡° ‹¬=°‹¬¼
4. =ò‹²OÁ •ä›½ |ãH^
© £ H›O>è ~¡O*ì<£ =òY¼"³°#
Ø H÷Á+¬“"³°Ø#k.
„¬O_È°Q®. The Kashmir problem is more critical
Ramzan is more important than than the Nagaland problem.
Bakrid for the Muslims. 9. Mount Blanc H›O>è Everest Z`³ ë å # k.
5. B.J.P.…Õ N J^¥Þh H›O>è N "Œ*˜À„~ò Mount Everest is higher than Mount
J#°ƒ•’=Aý•°. Blanc.
Sri Vajpayee is more experienced 10. "³O_• H›O>è |OQê~¡=ò q•°"³#
á k.
than Sri Advani in the B.J.P. Gold is more precious than silver
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Z
Material possessions cannot make man happy. 460
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NO OTHER
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò XH› =¼H÷x
ë , =‹¬°=
ë ô#° XH› •H›}
Æ =ò…Õ WH› 'JO`Ç\"
÷ Œï~=~¡¶…è~°¡ Ñ Jx
K³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J Asia YO_È=ò…Õ WO_•†Ç¶ JO`Ç\÷ Qù„¬æ ^͉= × ò WOHùH›\÷ …è^°Î .
J =¶ friends …Õ Ashok JO`Ç `³e"³á#"Œ_È° WOHùH›~¡° …è_È°.
J =¶ä›½ Physics JO`Ç\÷ H›+¬“"³°Ø# subject WOHùH›\÷ …è^ΰ.
J `³•°Q®°…Õ NTR JO`Ç\÷ Qù„¬æ #@°_È° WOHùH›~¡° …è~¡°.
D q^•Î=òQê XH› =¼H÷xë , ‹¬•Ö =ò#°, =‹¬°=ë ô †³òH›ø XH› •H›}Æ =ò Q®°iOz K³„C¬ KǶ ÑWH› J@°=O\÷"Œ~¡°,
JO`Ç\÷"Œ~¡° "Í~ùH›~¡° …è~¡°Ñ J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Noother + Singular Noun + Verb + so - as + Subject" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
1. 'No other" `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Noun Singular Number …Õ LO_È=…ÿ#°.
2. 'So-as' =°^μ…Õ adjective 䛽 Ug° add Hê^ΰ.
EXAMPLES
1. Shakespeare JO`Ç\÷ Qù„¬æ <Œ@H› ~¡K~
Ç ò`Ç 5. SanskritJO`Ç \ ÷ ã ‡ •p#"³ ° Ø # ƒ•ì+¬
WOHùH›~¡° …è~¡°. WO_•†Ç ¶ …Õ WOHùH› \ ÷ …è ^ Î ° .
No other dramatist is so great as No other language in India is so ancient
Shakespeare. as Sanskrit.
2. Sachin JO`Ç\÷ =°Oz batsman WOHùH›~°¡ 6. =¶ =îi…Õ J`Çx JO`Ç K³_ÛÈ =¼H÷ë WOHùH›~°¡
…è~¡°. …è~¡°.
No other batsman is so good as No other man in our village is so bad
Sachin. as he (is).
3. Everest JO`Ç\÷ Z`³áë# tM~¡O ㄬ„¬OKÇO…Õ 7. z~¡Orq JO`Ç\÷ popular #@°_È° `³•°Q®°…Õ
WOHùH›\÷ …è^ΰ. WOHùH›~¡° …è~¡°.
No other peak in the world is so high No other actor in Telugu is so popular
as Everest. as Chiranjivi.
4. U.S.A. JO`Ç\÷ |•"³°#
Ø ^͉O× WOHùH›\÷ …è^°Î . 8. ‹²Hø÷ O JO`Ç\÷ z#ß ~ŒRO WO_•†Ç¶…Õ
No other nation is so strong as the WOHùH›\÷ …è^ΰ.
U.S.A. No other state in India is so small as
Sikkim.
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VERYFEW
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò XH› =¼H÷x ë , XH› =‹¬°=
ë ô#° XH› •H›}
Æ =ò…Õ W`Ç~°¡ •`Ë ‡é•°óK¶
Ç 'J…ìO\÷
"Œ~¡° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê LO\ì~¡°Ñ Jx K³„¬CKÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J N KÇOã^΃ì|°…ìO\÷ KÇ°~¡°ïHá# <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ôO\ì~¡°.
J Sehwag …ìQê |Oux hit KÍÀ‹ batsmen KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok L<Œß~¡°.
J h …ìQê H›+¬“„¬_Í"Œ~¡° D ~ËA•…Õ KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= Qê =ôO\ì~¡°.
J ƒ•’Q=® n¾`Ç …ìO\÷ Qù„¬æ Qã O® ^Š¥•° KŒ…ì `Çä½› ø=Qê LO\ì~ò.
D q^•Î=òQê XH› =¼H÷,ë =‹¬°=ë ô †³òH›ø XH› •H›}Æ =ò#° ‡éeóK„³ C¬ KǶ 'W@°=O\÷"Œ~¡° KŒ…ì `Çä½› ø=Qê
LO\ì~¡°Ñ J#° J~¡Ö=ò`Ë K³„¬C@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Veryfew + Plural Noun + Plural Verb + as - as + Subject" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :
1. 'Veryfew" `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç Noun Plural Number …Õ LO_È=…ÿ#°.
2. 'As-as' =°^μ…Õ adjective 䛽 Ug° add Hê^ΰ.
EXAMPLES
1. NTR JO`Ç\÷ Qù„¬æ #@°•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= 6. P†Ç°# …ìO\÷ H›+„
“¬ _
¬ • „¬xKÍ‹
À "Œ~¡° D
=°Ok LO\ì~¡°. ~ËA•…Õ KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê L<Œß~¡°.
Veryfew actors are as great as NTR. Veryfew men now-a-days are as hard
2. KÇOã^΃ì|° …ìO\÷ KÇ°~¡°ïHá# <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° working as he (is).
KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok L<Œß~¡°.
Veryfew leaders are as active as
7. A.P. JO`Ç develop J~ò# states KŒ…ì
Chandra Babu.
`Ç䛽ø= L<Œß~ò.
Veryfew states are as developed as
3. q‰×Þ<Œ^•£ …ìO\÷ classical directors KŒ…ì
A.P.
`Ç䛽ø= =°Ok LO\ì~¡°.
Veryfew directors are as classical as 8. „ã H¬ $› u…Õ WOã^•Î^•Î#°‹¬°• …ìO\÷ JO^Î"°³ #
Ø
Viswanath. ^Î $ ‰§¼•° KŒ…ì `Ç ä › ½ ø=Qê =ôO\ì~ò.
4. P†Ç ° # …ìO\÷ x*ì~òf„¬ ~ ¡ ° •° KŒ…ì Veryfew sights in nature are as
`Ç䛽ø= =°Ok =ôO\ì~¡°. beautiful as a rainbow.
Veryfew men are as honest as he (is). 9. ‹¬ O ‹¬ ø $`Ç O …ìO\÷ ã ‡ •p# ƒ•ì+¬ • °
5. ‹²<Œï~ JO`Ç Qù„¬æ H›=ô•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= ㄬ„¬OKÇO…Õ KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò.
=°Ok L<Œß~¡°. Veryfew languages in the world are as
Veryfew poets are as great as ancient as Sanskrit.
Sri C. Narayana Reddy.
463
, ,
: 94406 16425 .
EXERCISE
10. [†Ç ° •e`Ç …ìO\÷ popularity =ô#ß
<Œ†Ç°ä›½•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok =ô<Œß~¡°. D "ŒH›D
¼=ò•° …ÕxH÷ translate K͆°Ç O_•.
Veryfew leaders are as popular as
"ŒH›English
¼=ò•° English …ÕxH÷ translate
Jayalalitha. K͆°Ç O_•.
1. =¶ class …Õ suresh JO`Ç `³eqQ®•
11. WO_•†Ç¶…ìO\÷ Qù„¬æ ^͉§•° „
ã „
¬ O¬ KÇO…Õ q^¥¼~¡°Ö•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~¡°.
KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò.
Veryfew countries in the world are as 2. Hindi JO`Ç ‹¬°•ƒ•’"°³ #
Ø ƒ•ì+¬•° KŒ…ì
great as India.
`Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò.
12. `³•°Q®°…ìO\÷ f†Ç°x ƒ•ì+¬•° KŒ…ì
`Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò. 3. D ~ËA•…Õ P†Ç°#O`Ç\÷ =°Oz =¼ä›½ë•°
Veryfew languages are as sweet as
KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø==°Ok LO\ì~¡°.
Telugu.
13. Socrates …ìO\÷ "Í°^•¥=ô•° KŒ…ì `Çä½› ø= 4. ã „ ¬ „ ¬ O KÇ O …Õ Buddhism JO`Ç \ ÷ Qù„¬ æ
=°Ok =ôO\ì~¡°. =°`Œ•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê L<Œß~ò.
Veryfew scholars are as wise as
Socrates. 5. M.S. ‹¬°|Ä•H÷; JO`Ç\÷ talented singsters
14. 'N~Œ=°^¥‹¬°Ñ …ìO\÷ L`Çë=° zã`Œ•° KŒ…ì KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok LO\ì~¡°.
`Ç䛽ø=Qê LO\ì~ò.
Veryfew movies are as good as Sri 6. P ~ËA•…Õ QêOn•Qêi JO`Ç\÷ Qù„¬æ =¼ä›½•ë °
Ramadasu. KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø==°Ok =ôO_Í"Œ~¡°.
15. J`Çx …ìO\÷ =°Oz =¼ä›½ë•° D ~ËA…ÕÁ
KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok =ôO\ì~¡°. 7. C.A. JO`Ç H› + ¬ “ " ³ ° Ø # HË~¡ ° ••° KŒ…ì
Veryfew persons now-a-days are as `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò.
good as he is.
16. a.*ÿ„.² …Õ „
ã "¬ ¶
³ ^£ =°‚¬ð[<£ …ìO\÷ KÇ°~¡°Hï #
á 8. D ~ËA•…Õ P†Ç°# JO`Ç ^ΆǰQ®•"Œ~¡°
Hê~¡¼H›~¡ë•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok =ô<Œß~¡°. KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø==°Ok =ôO\ì~¡°.
Veryfew workers in the BJP are as
active as Pramodh Mahajan. 9. h JO`Ç `³eq`Ç䛽ø= "Œ~¡° D ~ËA•…Õ
17. ƒ•ì~¡`Ç^͉×O…ìO\÷ ㇕p# ‹¬O‹¬ø$`Ç°•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø= =°Ok =ôO\ì~¡°.
ㄬ„¬OKÇO…Õ KŒ`Œ `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò.
Veryfew cultures in the world are as 10. ¢ ï H á ‹ ¬ ë = ô•ä› ½ Easter JO`Ç =òY¼"³ ° Ø #
ancient as India. „¬O_È°Q®•° KŒ…ì `Ç䛽ø=Qê =ô<Œß~ò.
18. ƒÿáa…˜ JO`Ç\÷ „¬qã`Ç"³°Ø# ãQ®O^Š¥•° KŒ…ì
`Ç䛽ø=Qê =ôO\ì~ò.
Veryfew books are as holy as the
Bible.
Z
Make everyday 'a day of success'. 464
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XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz, XH› ‹²Öux Q®°iOz, H›ey†Çò#ß ^¥xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° „¬
^Î=ò#° 'Verb' JO^ΰ~¡°.
English …Õx ㄬu verb 䛽 =òY¼=òQê =ü_È° ~¡¶„¬=ò/°O_È°#°.
Jq
1. The Simple Present
2. The Simple Past
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XH› verb †³òH›ø Present Form …Õx Vowels JKÇ°ó/° (A,E,I,O,U) Past Form
…ÕQêx, Past Participle Form …ÕQêx =¶i# Z_È/, P Verb #° Storong Verb
JO^ΰ~¡°.
Do did done
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