United Arab Emirates University

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

CIVL375:WAE! A"D WA#EWAE! EC$"%L%&'
#%LVED (!%)LE*#
(repared by: *+n,ed *ara-a
#( ./: !evie0
1. What is the chemical formula for carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, calcium hydroxide,
and potassium phosphate?
Solution:
Carbonate: CO3
2-
icarbonate: !CO3
-
"ulfate: "O#
2-
Calcium hydroxide: Ca$O!%2
&otassium phosphate: '3$&O#%3
2. What are the radicals that cause al(alinity? $&roblem 1.) pa*e 1+ of ,eynolds and
,ichards%
Solution:
,adicals that cause al(alinity are carbonate $CO3
2-
%, bicarbonate $!CO3
-
%, and hydroxide
$O!
-
%.
3. -f a .ater has a p!/ 0.1, .hat .ill be the concentration of !
2
in m*3l.
Solution:
p!/ -lo*4!
2
5, .here 4!
2
5 is the concentration of !
2
in mole3l.
6hus, 4!
2
5/ 11
-0
mole3l
"ince the atomic .ei*ht of !
2
/1.1 *3mol, then the concentration of !
2
/ 11
-0
*3l / 11
-7

m*3l.
#. What is the molarity of a solution that contains #11 m*3l calcium?
Solution:
l mol
mol mg
l mg
solution the of molarity the Thus
weight molecular
l mass
l
weight molecular mass
l
moles
Molarity
3 11
3 11 #1
3 #11
,
% 3 $ % 3 $ 8
2
3

9ote that the atomic .ei*ht of Ca is #1 *3mol.
7. : .ater has a hardness of 107 m*3l as CaCO3. What is the hardness expressed in
me;3l? $&roblem 1.+ pa*e 1+ of ,eynolds and ,ichards%
Solution:
l meq
CaCO mg
meq
l
CaCO mg
l meq Hardness 3 + . 3
71
107
% 3 $
3
3

). Co<ert a flux of 17 *allon3min3ft
2
to m
3
3hr3m
2
.
"olution:
)7 . 3) %
+) . 11
%$
min )1
%$
2 . 2)#
$ %
1
min
17
$ % 3 3 $
2
2 3
2
2 3

m
ft
hr gallon
m
ft
gallon
m hr m Flux
+. $&roblem #.7 pa*e =2 of ,eynolds and ,ichards%. 9ote you need to sol<e problem #.#
first to find the total solids concentration.
Solution
>rom problem #.#, the total solids concentration is determined as
l mg
l
ml
g
mg
ml
g g
l mg TS 3 )#1
1111 1111
%
11
)#21 . ## )#0# . ##
$ % 3 $

a. >rom the information *i<en in problem #.7, the total suspended solids concentration is
l mg
l
ml
g
mg
ml
g g
l mg TSS 3 22
1111 1111
%
111
7#02 . 1+ 771# . 1+
$ % 3 $

b. 6otal dissol<ed solids is no. calculated as:

6?" / 6"- 6"" / )#1-22 / )10 m*3l
0. 6he mass flo. rate of a contaminant enterin* a treatment plant is calculated as:
factor conversion ion Concentrat rate flow Volumetric rate flow Mass
-f the unit of the <olumetric flo. rate is million *allon per day, the unit of concentration
is m*3l, and the unit of mass flo. rate is lb3day, .hat is the <alue of the con<ersion
factor?
Solution:
1
]
1

mg
lb
gallon million
l
l
mg
day
gallon million
d
lb
# . #737=2
3+07111

[ ] 3## . 0
l
mg
day
gallon million
d
lb
6hus, the <alue of the con<ersion factor is 0.3##
=. Obtain a snap shot from @o**le Aarth for a .ater and a .aste.ater treatment plant in
the B:A.
Solution:
6he top aerial photo belo. is for :l >uCairah ?esalination &lant .hich is a .ater
treatment plant% .hile the photo at the bottom is for :l :.eer Waste.ater 6reatment
&lant in ?ubai.
#(.1: Water 2+ality
1. : solution has #) m*3l of phosphate. What is the concentration of phosphate in m*3l as
&?
Solution:
17
% 1) # 31 $
31
#)
% 3 $ % 3 $
# #
#
#

+


!O of mole "er !O of mass
!O of mole "er ! of mass
!O as l mg ion concentrat ! as l mg ion Concentart
2. $Dodified &roblem #.3 pa*e =2 of ,eynolds and ,ichards%
: city has a present population of 73,)+0, and the a<era*e .ater consumption is 1)2
*al3cap3day. : ne. .ater treatment plant is to be built to ser<e the city for the
comin* 11 years. 6he expected population 11 years from no. is )7,311
$a% What is the per capita .ater consumption 11 years from no.?
$b% What is the desi*n capacity of the .ater treatment plant?
Solution:
$a% &ercent increase in population/ 4$)7311-73)+0%373)+05E111F /21.)F
&er capita .ater consumption/ 1)2 $111F2 11FE21.)F% / 1)7.7 *al3cap3day
$b% Capacity/ $1)7.7 *al3cap3day%E )7,311 / 1101+171 *al3day / 11.01 million *al3day
3. 6he B" &rimary ?rin(in* Water "tandard re;uires that nitrate in drin(in* .ater should
not exceed 11 m*3l as 9. : *round.ater has a nitrate $9O3
-
% concentration of 17.7 m*3l.
-f this .ater is to be used for drin(in* purposes, is there a need to reduce the nitrate
concentration to meet the B" &rimary ?rin(in* Water "tandard? Axplain.
Solution:
Con<ert the concentration of nitrate in *round.ater from m*3l to m*3l as 9
11 7 . 3
% 1) 3 1# $
1#
7 . 17
% 3 $ % 3 $
3 3
3
3
<
+


#O of mole "er #O of mass
#O of mole "er # of mass
#O as l mg ion concentrat # as l mg ion concentart
6hus, there is no need to reduce the nitrate concentration as it is belo. the maximum
contaminant le<el.
#. Water samples from the effluent of a .ater treatment plant of a small to.n $10,111
people% .ere analyGed at re*ular inter<als o<er a month period. 6he numbers of coliform
per 111 ml sample .ere as sho.n in the table belo.:
"ample Coliform
per 111ml
"ample Coliform per
111ml
"ample Coliform per
111ml
1 1 = 1 1+ 1
2 1 11 1 10 1
3 1 11 1 1= 1
# 1 12 1 21 1
7 1 13 2 21 1
) 2 1# 7 22 1
+ 1 17 2 23 1
0 1 1) 1 2# 2
:ccordin* to the A&: re*ulations, are the number of samples and effluent bacterial
;uality acceptable? Axplain.
Solution
6he population is 10,111, so the minimum number of samples should be 21. "ince .e
ha<e 2# samples then the number of samples ta(en is O'.
"ince the a<era*e number of coliforms is 1.0+7 .hich is not more than 1, then this
condition is O'.
"ince the number of samples is 2#H21, then 7F of the samples are allo.ed to ha<e more
than # coliform3111 ml.
9umber of samples allo.ed to ha<e more than # coliform3111 ml/ $73111% $2#%/ 1.2.
Which means only 1 sample is allo.ed to ha<e more than # coliform3111 ml. -nspection
of the table abo<e sho.s that there is one sample $sample 8 1#% that has more than #
coliform3111ml, .hich is O(.
7. 6reated .aste.ater samples from the effluent of a .aste.ater treatment plant .ere
analyGed at re*ular inter<als. 6he influent of the plant recei<es .aste that has a O? of
311 m*3l and suspended solids of 221 m*3l. 6he characteristics of the effluent are sho.n
in the table belo. for 31 successi<e days. >rom the data in the table, determine if the
.aste.ater treatment plant <iolates the 9&?A" dischar*e re;uirements.
"ample p! Oil and
*rease
$m*3l%
O?
$m*3l%
""
$m*3l%
"ample p! Oil and
*rease
$m*3l%
O?
$m*3l%
""
$m*3l%
1 +.0 12 33 1= 1) +.= 1+ 23 2#
2 +.# 1# 3) 2# 1+ +.) 7 2) 1+
3 +.) 11 2# 21 10 +.+ ) 27 17
# +.# 10 #0 2# 1= +.+ + 21 17
7 +.+ 21 71 10 21 0.1 + 2# 22
) +.0 7 27 2+ 21 0.2 0 20 23
+ +.= + 2# 23 22 +.= 11 3+ 2)
0 +.0 + 10 2) 23 +.+ 13 33 21
= +.+ 0 3+ 21 2# +.+ 12 2) 2#
11 +.0 11 23 2# 27 +.0 1# 31 10
11 +.# 13 2) 20 2) +.= 11 2# 3+
12 +.7 12 21 2+ 2+ +.0 12 10 23
13 +.# 1# 2# 33 20 +.+ 21 3+ 2)
1# +.+ 11 10 2) 2= +.0 7 23 21
17 +.0 1# 2+ 31 31 +.3 17 3) 2#
Solution
: spreadsheet is prepared to calculate a<era*e of + and 31-consucti<e days for O?, "",
and oil and *rease $OI@%. :lso, the percent remo<al of O? and "" is sho.n in the
spreadsheet belo..
"ample p! O?
$m*3l
%
""
$m*3l%
OI@
$m*3l
%
O?$+% O?$
31%
""$+% ""$31% OI@$+% OI@$31
%
O?
remo<al
$F%
""
remo<al
$F%
1 +.0 33 1= 12 0=.1 =1.#
2 +.# 3) 2# 1# 00.1 0=.1
3 +.) 2# 21 11 =2.1 =1.=
# +.# #0 2# 10 0#.1 0=.1
7 +.+ 71 10 21 03.1 =1.0
) +.0 27 2+ 7 =1.+ 0+.+
+ +.= 2# 23 + 3#.# 22.1 12.) =2.1 0=.7
0 +.0 10 2) + 32.3 23.1 11.= =#.1 00.2
= +.+ 3+ 21 0 32.# 22.+ 11.1 0+.+ =1.7
11 +.0 23 2# 11 32.3 23.3 11.1 =2.3 0=.1
11 +.# 2) 20 13 2=.1 23.= 11.3 =1.3 0+.3
12 +.7 21 2+ 12 2#.= 27.1 =.1 =3.1 0+.+
13 +.# 2# 33 1# 2#.+ 2).1 11.3 =2.1 07.1
1# +.+ 10 2) 11 23.= 2).# 11.= =#.1 00.2
17 +.0 2+ 31 1# 27.1 2+.1 11.= =1.1 07.=
1) +.= 23 2# 1+ 23.1 2+.) 13.1 =2.3 0=.1
1+ +.) 2) 1+ 7 23.) 2).) 12.3 =1.3 =2.3
10 +.+ 27 17 ) 23.# 2#.+ 11.3 =1.+ =3.2
1= +.+ 21 17 + 23.# 23.1 11.) =3.1 =3.2
21 0.1 2# 22 + 23.# 21.# =.) =2.1 =1.1
21 0.2 20 23 0 2#.= 21.1 =.1 =1.+ 0=.7
22 +.= 3+ 2) 11 2).3 21.3 0.+ 0+.+ 00.2
23 +.+ 33 21 13 2+.+ 1=.= 0.1 0=.1 =1.7
2# +.+ 2) 2# 12 2+.+ 21.= =.1 =1.3 0=.1
27 +.0 31 10 1# 20.) 21.3 11.3 0=.+ =1.0
2) +.= 2# 3+ 11 2=.1 2#.# 11.= =2.1 03.2
2+ +.0 10 23 12 20.1 2#.) 11.) =#.1 0=.7
20 +.+ 3+ 2) 21 2=.# 27.1 13.# 0+.+ 00.2
2= +.0 23 21 7 2+.# 2#.3 12.) =2.3 =1.7
31 +.3 3) 2# 17 2+.= 20.2 2#.+ 23.) 12.= 11.# 00.1 0=.1
Regulation 6-9 45 30 45 30 20 10 >85% >85%
Status OK OK OK OK OK OK Not OK
2 times
violatio
n
1 time
violatio
n
6he table belo. summariGes the re*ulations and the existin* <iolations

+-consucti<e days 31-consucti<e days
Oil and *rease 21 3%45 11 3E67eeded5
O? #7 3%45 31 3%45
"uspended solids #7 3%45 31 3%45
p! )-= 3%4 all val+es 0it8in t8is range5
O? remo<al H07F 3violated on7e5
"uspended solids remo<al H07F 3violated t0i7e5
#( . 3: !ea7tors
1. : completely mixed reactor has a <olume of #1 m
3
and recei<es a pollutant at a
concentration of #1 m*3l .ith a flo. rate of 11 m
3
3d. 6he pollutant lea<es the reactor at a
concentration of 7 m*3l. :ns.er the follo.in* ;uestions:
$i% What is the influent concentration?
$ii% What is the effluent concentration?
$iii% What is the concentration inside the reactor?
$i<% -s the pollutant conser<ati<e?
$<% What is the incomin* mass flo. rate of the pollutant
Solution:
$i% #1 m*3l
$ii% 7 m*3l
$iii% 7 m*3l because the reactor is completely mixed
$i<% 9o, because the concentration dropped .hich means the pollutant decayed.
$<% 6he incomin* mass flo. rate / $#1 m*3l% $11 m
3
3d% $1111 l3m
3
%
/ #11,111 m*3d
/ 1.# (*3day
2. -n the schematic sho.n belo. t.o streams $1 and 2% are Coined to form a sin*le
stream $3% .ith a suspended solids concentration $""3% of 2711 m*3l. What is the
<alue of J2 in million *allons per day $m*d%? :ssume complete mixin* at the Coint
point.
Solution:
:pply mass balance at the Coint point, assumin* no decay:
Dass input rate / Dass output rate
J1E""1 2 J2E""2 / $J1 2 J2%E""3
$2%$211% 2 J2$12111% / $2 2 J2%E2711
J2/ 1.#0# m*d
3. : treatment unit is to be desi*ned to remo<e =1F of a contaminant by a reaction
.ith a rate constant of 3.1 per day. Calculate the detention times re;uired in
completely-mixed and in a plu*-flo. reactor.
Solution:
>or a completely mixed reactor:
J1/2 m*d
""1/ 211 m*3l ""3/ 2711 m*3l
J2/? m*d
""2/ 12111 m*3l
% J 3 K $ ( 1
C
C
o
+

"ince $Co-C%3Co/ 1.=, then C3Co/1.1.

9o. sol<e for the detention time $K3J% usin* ( /3
K3J/ 3 days
>or a plu*-flo. reactor
% 3 $ $ V %
o
e
C
C

Bsin* C3Co/1.11 and ( / 3 per day, K3J .ill be 1.++ day.

#. 6he data presented in the follo.in* table sho. the effluent concentration $C% of a
dispersed plu* flo. reactor resultin* from inCectin* a pulse of an ideal tracer into the
influent and measured effluent concentrations <ersus time after inCection. ?etermine the
actual retention time $min% and the dispersion number of the reactor.
t, min C, u*3L
1 1
17 1
31 1
#7 3.7
)1 1).7
+7 #).7
=1 +2
117 0=
121 =7
137 00
171 +0.2
101 77.2
211 33.7
2#1 21
2+1 12.1
311 +.7
331 #.)
3)1 2.)
Solution
t, min C, u*3L tC t
2
C
1 1 1 1
17 1 1 1
31 1 1 1
#7 3.7 17+.7 +10+.7
)1 1).7 ==1 7=#11
+7 #).7 3#0+.7 2)17)2.7
=1 +2 )#01 703211
117 0= =3#7 =01227
121 =7 11#11 13)0111
137 00 11001 1)13011
171 +0.2 11+31 1+7=711
101 77.2 ==3) 1+00#01
211 33.7 +137 1#++371
2#1 21 #011 1172111
2+1 12.1 32)+ 0021=1
311 +.7 2271 )+7111
331 #.) 1710 711=#1
3)1 2.) =3) 33)=)1
"um )2#.2 07212 13#3)7=7
6he actual retention time:
min 7 . 13)
2 . )2#
07212

i
i i
c
c t
t
6he dispersion number $?3<xL% can be found as follo.s:
Bsin*
"ol<e for ?3<xL usin* the *raph of
2

<ersus ?3<xL. 6hus, ?3<xL is about 1.10#+.

7. What is the effluent concentration of a contaminant .ith a retention time of ) hrs
inCected into a dispersed plu*-flo. reactor at a concentration of +7 m*3l. 6he axial
<elocity and len*th of the reactor are 2 cm3hr and 01 cm, respecti<ely. 6he dispersion
coefficient is 1#1 cm
2
3hr. :ssume a first-order reaction .ith a rate constant of 1.37 hr
-1
.
Solution:
and
6he &eclet number / &e/ <xL3?/ 1.1#2
17710 . 1
2
2
2

t

17 . 20=1
2
2
2

t
C
C t
i
i i

% 2 3 $ 2 % 2 3 $ 2
% 2 3 $
% 1 $ % 1 $
#
a!e a!e
!e
o
e a e a
ae
C
C

7 . 1
#
1
,
_

+
!e
t %
a
&
% 1 $ % $ 2 2
3 2 2 ' ( v
x x
x
e
( v
'
( v
'

m*3l 1=.+ C
2) . 1
0= . 2 %
1#2 . 1
) 37 . 1 #
1 $
7 . 1

+
o
C
C
a
#( .9: E-+ali:ation and ;iltration
1. 6he flo. $e<ery t.o hours% at an industrial .aste.ater treatment plant is as *i<en in
the follo.in* table. 6he .aste.ater treatment plant does not ha<e an e;ualiGation
tan(. Mou are as(ed to desi*n an e;ualiGation tan( for the plant. What is the desi*n
capacity of the tan(? "ol<e the problem by the spreadsheet and *raphical methods
and compare the ans.er obtained by the t.o methods.
Time Q (m
3
/s)
0-2 0.5
2-4 2
4-6 4.5
6-8 3.5
8-10 2.5
10-12 2
12-14 1.5
14-16 1
16-18 0.75
18-20 0.5
20-22 1.5
22-0 4
Solution:
:. 6he spreadsheet method:
6he table belo. sho.s that the capacity of the tan( is #)211 m
3
. 6he desi*n capacity is
21F more .hich is 77##1 m
3
.
Time ! m
3
"s #olume! m
3
#olume-$ve%age! m
3
&ositive! m
3
Negative! m
3
0-2 0.5 3600 -10950 -10950
2-4 2 14400 -150 -150
4-6 4.5 32400 17850 17850
6-8 3.5 25200 10650 10650
8-10 2.5 18000 3450 3450
10-12 2 14400 -150 -150
12-14 1.5 10800 -3750 -3750
14-16 1 7200 -7350 -7350
16-18 0.75 5400 -9150 -9150
18-20 0.5 3600 -10950 -10950
20-22 1.5 10800 -3750 -3750
22-0 4 28800 14250 14250
$ve%age' 14550 Sum' 46200 -46200
. 6he *raphical method
6he table belo. sho.s the cumulati<e <olume <ersus time. 6he data are plotted as sho.n
in the fi*ure belo.. 6an*ents are dra.n parallel to the a<era*e cumulati<e pumpin* rate
line. 6he capacity of the tan( is a 2 b2 c / 12,1112 21,111 2 1#,111 / #),111 m
3
. "o the
desi*n capacity is #),111N1.2/ 77,211 m
3

Time (umulative volume! m
3
0 0
2 3600
4 18000
6 50400
8 75600
10 93600
12 108000
14 118800
16 126000
18 131400
20 135000
22 145800
24 174600
2. 6he surface area of a *ranular media filter is to be desi*ned such that the filtration flux
is 7 *pm3ft
2
. -f the recei<ed flo. rate is 2 million *allon per day, .hat .ould be the
surface area of the filter?
a
b
7
Solution:
>lux / flo. rate3 surface area
2
2
)
2+0
min )1 2#
min
7
11 2
ft
hr
day
ft
gal
day
gal
Flux
rate Flow
area Surface

#( .5: #ettling
1. : *rit chamber to collect sand particles $H1.27mm% is to be desi*ned. 6he flo. rate
throu*h the chamber is 1.0m
3
3s, its depth is 2.7m and its .idth is 3.1m. What is the desi*n
len*th of the chamber?
Solution:
s 3 m 17) . 1
111 . 1 10
% 11 27 . 1 %$ 1111 2)71 $ 01 . =
10
d % $ *
<
2 3 2
s
s

2
23 . 1#
17)2 . 1
0 . 1
m
v
$
)
)
$
v v
s
s
s
o s

m + . #
3
23 . 1#
L W L :
s

2. 6he sho.n cur<e .as obtained from a settlin* test in a 1.#-m cylinder. 6he initial
solids concentration $Co% .as 2#11 m*3l. ?etermine the surface area re;uired for an
underflo. concentration $Cu% of 12,111 m*3l .ith an inflo. rate of 1211 m
3
3day.
Solution:
:c:
?etermine the absolute <alue of the slope of the early part of the cur<e to find <o.
<o/ $1.#-1.3)%3$11-1%/1.11# m3min.
6hus the area needed for clarification / :c/ J3<o/ 7=.7 m
2
.
:t:
6o determine the area for thic(enin*:
?ra. tan*ents to the early and late parts of the settlin* cur<e and follo. the procedure in
the handouts to construct the bold line sho.n on the cur<e.
?etermine !u: !oCo/!uCu, thus !u/ 1.10 m
?etermine tu usin* the <alue of !u and the bold line, thus tu is about 37 minutes $see
fi*ure%.
:t/Jtu3!o, thus :t/ +2.= m
2
.
6he desi*n surface area is therefore +2.= m
2
.
3. 6his is &roblem =.3 pa*e 2++ of ,ichards and ,eynolds after modification.
: batch settlin* test has been performed on an industrial .aste.ater ha<in* an initial
suspended solids of 7=+ m*3l to de<elop criteria for the desi*n of a primary clarifier. 6he
test column .as 7 in. in diameter and 0 ft hi*h, and samplin* ports .ere located 2, #, ),
and 0 ft from the .ater surface in the column. 6he suspended solids remainin* after
<arious samplin* times are *i<en in the table belo.. 6he .aste.ater flo. is 2.7 m*d.
?etermine the surface area of the settlin* tan( for a )1F remo<al efficiency.
ime 3min5
Dept8 3ft5 /< 1< 3< 95 =<
2 3=# 372 2#3 102 1#0
# #)1 #1) 33+ 2=7 21)
) 712 #2= 3+) 310 31)
0 1110 11#2 1210 1317 1#17

Solution:
>ind the percent remo<al of suspended solids as sho.n in the table belo.:

ime 3min5
Dept8 3ft5 /< 1< 3< 95 =<
2 3#.1 #1.1 7=.3 )=.7 +7.2
# 22.= 32.1 #3.) 71.) )3.0
) 1#.2 20.1 3+.1 #).+ #0.+
0 a a a a a
a/ data sho.ed an increase in solids concentration
&lot lines of e;ual percent remo<al as sho.n in the cur<e belo.
>ind the percent remo<al at four different times, say 27, 3+, 71, and )1 minutes
F = . #7 %
0
0 . 1
%$ )1 111 $ %
0
0 . 1
%$ 71 )1 $ %
0
# . 2
%$ #1 71 $ %
0
3 . 7
%$ 31 #1 $ 31
27
+ + + + &
F 1 . 77 %
0
1 . 1
%$ )1 111 $ %
0
7 . 2
%$ 71 )1 $ %
0
) . 7
%$ #1 71 $ #1
3+
+ + + &
F + . )7 %
0
= . 1
%$ )1 111 $ %
0
0 . 3
%$ 71 )1 $ %
0
2 . )
%$ ## 71 $ ##
71
+ + + &

ime

+1 )1 71 #1 31 21 11
)
0
#
2
1
#1
1#.2
22.=
3#
71.)
3+
#3.)
7=
20.1
32
+7.2
#).+
)=.7
#0.+
)3.0
3<
>
9<
>
5<
>
/<<>
Dept8
=<
>

ime

+1 )1 71 #1 31 21 11
)
0
#
2
1
3<
>
9<
>
5<
>
/<<>
Dept8
=<
>
F 2 . )= %
0
+ . 1
%$ )1 111 $ %
0
0 . #
%$ 71 )1 $ %
0
1 . +
%$ #) 71 $ #)
)1
+ + + &
&lot the remo<al efficiency <ersus time and from the cur<e determine the time to achie<e
)1F remo<al. 6he time .ill be #3 min. >or desi*n multiply the time by 1.+7. 6hus, the
desi*n detention time .ill be +7 min. 9o., find the surface area usin*:
2
)
2101
0
% +7 %$ )1 2# 3$ 13# . 1 11 7 . 2 $
ft
'e"th
t $
)s

9ote: 1.13# is a con<ersion factor from *allon to ft

3
.
#( . =: Desalination
1. : re<erse osmosis unit is to demineraliGe 1+71 m
3
3d of tertiary treated effluent.
&ertinent data are as follo.s: mass transfer coefficient / 1.22 liter3O$d-m
2
% $(&a%P,
pressure difference bet.een the feed and the product .ater / 2111 (&a, osmotic pressure
difference bet.een the feed and the product .ater / 311 (&a, and membrane area per unit
<olume of e;uipment / 2111 m
2
3m
3
. ?etermine
a. 6he membrane area re;uired.
b. 6he space re;uired for the e;uipment, m
3
.
#ol+tion:
a?
b?
3
3 2
2
2 . 2
3 2111
##1=
m
m m
m
needed S"ace
2. :n electrodialysis stac( is to be used to partially demineraliGe 711 m
3
3d of brac(ish
.ater so that it can be used by an industry. 6he ra. .ater has a 6?" of #111 m*3l and the
product .ater must not ha<e more than 1111 m*3l. @i<en the follo.in*s:
6he normality of the ra. .ater is 1.1+7 e;3l.
6he membrane dimensions are +7+7 cm.
"tac( resistance/ #.7 ohms.
Current efficiency / 0#F
,atio of current density to normality/ #11 $.ith current density as milli ampere3cm
2
%
&o.er cost/ 2.7 cents3 (.h.
rine 6?" concentration/ +1 *3l.
?etermine
a. 6he salt remo<al efficiency.
b. &roduct .ater flo..
c. 9umber of membranes.
d. &o.er cost per m
3
.
#ol+tion:
a? "alt remo<al efficiency /
F +7 F 111
#111
1111 #111

b?
d m $
$ $
3 2) . #+0
% +1111 %$ 711 $ % 1111 $ #111 711
3

+
2
2 3 3
3
2
2
##1=
. 3 11 3=)
3 1+71
. 3 3=) % 311 2111 $
.
22 . 1
% $
m
m d m
d m
Fw
$
)
m d l %!a
%!a m d
l
" * F
w

7?

am"ere milli current
density current
#
density current
1)0+71 % +7 +7 $ % 31 $
31 1+7 . 1 #11 #11



d?

221 1
222
11
sec )1 )1 2# 0# . 1
+7 . 1 3 1+7 . 1 3 711 sec3 . 711 , =)
+7 . 1)0
3
3 3

n membranes of number
n
m
l d
n
l eq d m eq am"
am"
n+
F$#+
,
c
r
3
3
2 2
3 # . 17
2#
711
% 1 . 120 $
7 . 2
1 . 120 1201#7 % +7 . 1)0 %$ 7 . # $
m cents
day
h
m
day
%w
%wh
cents
Cost
%w watts &, !ower


#( .7: (re7ipitation
Lime-soda ash is to be used to soften a .ater .ith the follo.in* composition: CO2/
0 m*3l, Ca/ 111 m*3l, D*/ 2#.# m*3l, 9a/ 11.7 m*3l, '/ 1=.) m*3l, !CO3/ 211
m*3l as CaCO3, "O#/ 0).# m*3l, and Cl/ #7.7 m*3l.
a. ?ra. a me;3l bar *raph for the ra. .ater.
b. ?etermine the amount of lime and soda ash needed for excess lime softenin*.
:ssume the practical limits of hardness remo<al for Ca is 31 m*3l and for D* is 11
m*3l as CaCO3.
c. ?etermine the p! of the .ater after softenin* but before recarbonation.
d. ?etermine the concentration of sodium in the softened .ater.
#ol+tion:
a.
Constituent Conc. D.Wt. A;. 8 A;. Wt. me;3L
CO2 0 m*3l ## 2 22 1.3)
Ca 111 m*3l #1 2 21 7.7
D* 2#.# m*3l 2#.# 2 12.2 2.1
9a 11.7 m*3l 23 1 23 1.7
' 1=.) m*3l 3= 1 3= 1.7
!CO3 211 m*3l as CaCO3 111 2 71 #.1
"O# 0).# m*3l =) 2 #0 1.0
Cl #7.7 m*3l 37.7 1 37.7 1.20
1.3) 1 7.7 +.7 0.1 0.7
CO2 Ca D* 9a
'
!CO3
"O#
Cl Q Q Q
1 #.1 7.0 +.10
9ote that there are some ne*ati<e ions that do not appear in the bar *raph due to
incomplete .ater analysis.
b.
1 me;3l of me;3l needed from :ctual
conc.
present
:ctual me;3l needed
from
lime "oda ash lime "oda ash
1 CO2 1 1 1.3) 1.3) 1
1 Ca$!CO3%2 1 1 #.1 #.1 1
1 D*$!CO3%2 2 1 1 1 1
1 Ca-noncarbonate 1 1 1.7
E
1 1.7
1 D*-noncarbonate 1 1 2
EE
2 2
Axcess 1.27 1.27
6otal +.)1 3.7
E
1.7/7.7-#.1 $6his is the concentration of Ca that does not ha<e al(alinity%
EE
2/+.7-7.7 $6his is the concentration of D* that does not ha<e al(alinity%.
:mount of lime needed in m*3l / $+.)1 me;3l% $3+m*3me;% / 201.)
:mount of soda ash needed in m*3l / $3.7 me;3l% $73 m*3me;% / 107.7
c. 6he concentration of O! after treatment includes that from excess lime $1.27 e;3l% and
that from the e;uilibrium dissolution of D*$O!%2 .hich is 1.2 me;3l. "o the total O! is
1.#7 me;3l .hich e;uals to 1.#7 mmol3 / 1.#7E11
-3
mol3l.
12
3
1#
11 = . )
11 #7 . 1
11
5 4

H
p!/ -lo*4!25/ 11.1)
d. 6he concentration of 9a/ ori*inal concentration in .ater plus the contribution from
the addition of soda ash
9a/ 1.7 2 3.7/ # me;3l / #me;3l 23m*3me;/ =2 m*3l
#( .@: #orption
1. : .aste.ater that has an or*anic compound at 11 m*3l is to be treated by *ranular
acti<ated carbon. : batch isotherm test has been performed in the laboratory and the
follo.in* results .ere obtained:
ottle Carbon mass
$*%
"olution <olume
$ml%
C e;uilibrium
$m*3l%
1 1.12 111 7.7
2 1.22 111 2.+
3 1.33 111 1.27
# 1.30 111 1.=0
7 1.#3 111 1.7)
) 1.7# 111 1.3
+ 1.)7 111 1.17
0 1.02 111 1.11
?etermine
$a% 6he most appropriate sorption isotherm model that describe these data.
$b% Bse the model selected in part $a% to find the carbon mass re;uired to treat a batch of
211 m
3
of this .aste.ater in the field such that the treated .ater has a phenol
concentration of no more than 1 m*3l.
#ol+tion:
$a% Calculate " for each bottle usin* CoK/CK2m" and then plot *raphs of " <ersus C
$linear model%, lo*" <ersus lo*C $>reundlich model%, and 13" <ersus 13C $Lan*muir
model%.
>ind the best fit line for each case alon* .ith the coefficient of determination $,
2
%. 9ote
that for the case of the linear model, the data .ere fit to a line .ith Gero-intercept since
the linear model ta(es the form "/'C.
>rom the abo<e, the >reundlich model $lo*" <rs lo*C% has the hi*hest ,
2
<alue. ut since
the model contains t.o parameters and the linear model contains one parameter, then to
Cud*e .hich model is more suitable .e need to use the corrected :(ai(e -nformation
Criteria $:-Cc%. 6he :-Cc is *i<en by:
>ind first the "", <alues associated .ith the linear and >reundlich models
! #
! !
!
#
SS&
# ),C
c

+ +
+ + +
,
_

% 2 %$ 1 $ 2
% 1 $ 2 ln
Linear >reundlich
ottle C " " ,es
2
" ,es
2
1 7.7
3.+7 7.1+ 1.+7 3.=# 1.13)
2 2.+
3.32 2.#= 1.)= 3.23 1.110
3 1.27
2.)7 1.17 2.27 2.)1 1.112
# 1.=0
2.3+ 1.=1 2.1) 2.## 1.11#
7 1.7)
2.21 1.72 2.02 2.10 1.112
) 1.3
1.01 1.20 2.31 1.+7 1.112
+ 1.17
1.72 1.1# 1.=1 1.## 1.117
0 1.11
1.21 1.11 1.22 1.32 1.11#
##! /5?<A ##! <?<@3
9o. calculate the :-Cc <alue for the t.o models
:-Cc "", &21 & 9 Dodel
11.47 17.1= 2 1 0 Linear
-24.55 1.103 3 2 0 >reundlich
"ince the >reundlich model has a lo.er :-Cc <alue than the linear model, it is more
suitable to use. 6herefore, lo*"/ 1.2+0+lo*C 2 1.30=2
b. >ind " for a concentration of 1 m*3l usin* the abo<e >reundlich e;uation:
lo*"/ 1.2+0+lo*1 2 1.30=2/ 1.30=2. 6hus, "/2.#7 m*3*.
:pply CoK/CK2D"
$11m*3L% $211m
3
E1111 L3m
3
%/ $1 m*3L% $211m
3
E1111 L3m
3
% 2 D$2.#7 m*3*%
6hus, D/+3#,)3).7 * / +3#.) (*
2. : .aste.ater ha<in* an or*anic contaminant .ith a concentration of 271 m*3l is to be
treated by a fixed bed acti<ated carbon at a flo. rate of 121 m
3
3d. 6he allo.able effluent
concentration is not to exceed 31 m*3l. rea(throu*h data sho.n in the table belo. ha<e
been obtained from a laboratory column.
K $liters% C $m*3l%
1311 1.117
2311 11
2)11 30
2=11 =1
3211 171
3)11 221
#111 2#+
6he laboratory column has the follo.in* characteristics: diameter/ 11 cm, len*th/ 1.21
m, .ei*ht of acti<ated carbon / 3.1 and an applied flo. rate / 17 liter3hr.
a. What is the <olume and mass of carbon that can be used in a field column?
b. Bse the scale-up approach to determine the <olume of .aste.ater that can be treated in
the field .ith the mass of acti<ated carbon determined in part a.
#ol+tion:
a. "ince the hydraulic detention time in the lab and filed, the <olume of the column in the
field is calculated from:
field
column
lab
column
$
V
$
V
% $ % $
6he <olume of the column in the laboratory is =#21 cm
3
/ =.#2 liters. 6hus,
field
column
lab
hr d d m
V
hr l
l
%
% 2# 3 %$ 3 121 $
$ %
3 17
#2 . =
$
3

"o, Kcolumn in the field/ 3.1# m

3
.
"ince the bul( density in the laboratory and the field are the same, the mass of acti<ated
carbon in the field is calculated from:
/ field
column
carbon
lab
column
carbon
V
M
V
M
% $ % $
field
carbon
lab
m
M
m
%g
%
1# . 3
$ %
11 #2 . =
3
$
3 3 3

D in the field is 1111 (*.
b. &lot effluent concentration $C% <ersus <olume of .ater out of the laboratory column as
sho.n in the fi*ure belo.. >rom the fi*ure, the <olume of .ater treated in the laboratory
until the point of an allo.able concentration of 31 m*3l is about 2711 Liters.
Bsin*
field
treated
lab
treated
M
V
M
V
% $ % $
@i<en that D lab/3 (*, Ktreated in the lab / 2711 Liters $from *raph%, and D filed/1111
(*, then Ktreated in the field .ill be 033,333 liters or 033 m
3
.
#( .A: Disinfe7tion
1. ,esults of a chlorine demand test on a ra. .ater are as follo.s:
Chlorine dosa*e $m*3l% 9!3, m*3l ,esidual chlorine after
11-min contact $m*3l%
1 1.0 1
1.2 1.+2 1.1)
1.# 1.#0 1.32
1.) 1.17 1.#2
1.0 1.+7 1.72
1 1.#1 1.3)
1.2 1.17 1.17
1.# - 1.37
1.) - 1.77
a. "(etch a chlorine demand cur<e sho.in* also the chan*es in 9!3 le<el.
b. What is the brea(point chlorine dosa*e?
c. What is the chlorine demand at a dosa*e of 1.7 m*3l?
d. What chlorine dose is necessary to pro<ide free a<ailable residual chlorine of 1.) m*3l?
#ol+tion:
a. 6he chlorine demand cur<e is sho.n belo..

b. rea(point chlorine dosa*e / 1.2 m*3l $see fi*ure abo<e%.
c. Chlorine demand at an applied dose of 1.7 is / 1.7-1.#7/1.17 m*3l $see fi*ure abo<e%.
d. Chlorine dose to pro<ide a free residual of 1.) m*3l is 1.+ m*3l $see fi*ure abo<e%.
2. -nacti<ation of coliforms usin* chlorination is affected by chlorine dose and contact
time as sho.n in the follo.in* e;uation
b
c
d
9!3 depletion cur<e
3
o
% t C 23 . 1 1 $
9
9

+
.here 9 and 9o are the concentration of coliforms after and before chlorination,
respecti<ely. 6he chlorine residual concentration maintained in the reactor is 1.2 m*3l and
the initial concentration of coliforms is 11111 per 111 ml. "(etch a cur<e sho.in* the
effluent number of coliform3111 ml $9% <ersus contact time. :ssume the contact time
ran*es from 7 to 31 minutes.
#ol+tion:
"ol<e the abo<e e;uations $usin* 9o/ 11111 and C/ 1.2 m*3l% for different <alues of t to
find 9 as tabulated belo..
t $min% 9
7 +#2
11 100
17 +#
21 3)
27 21
31 13
9o. plot 9 <ersus t as sho.n in the cur<e belo.. 9ote ho. the number of coliform
bacteria drops dramatically as the contact time increases.
#( ./<: )iologi7al reatment
1. : .aste.ater treatment plant consists of extended aeration tan(s .ithout primary
treatment. 6he extended aeration tan(s ha<e a <olume of #.1 million *allon. 6he
incomin* flo. rate is #.7 m*d .ith a O? of 221 m*3l. 6he DL"" in the aeration tan(s
is maintained at 2#11 m*3l by circulatin* settled slud*e in the secondary clarifiers at a
rate of 1 m*d. Calculate the aeration period, O? loadin* per 1111 ft
3
, slud*e a*e and
the >3D ratio.
#ol+tion:
1. :eration period / K3J/ #3$#.721%/ 1.)) day/ 1+.# hrs
2. Kolume of the tan(s / #,111,111 *al3$+.#0 *al3ft
3
%/ 73#,+7= ft
3
6hus the O? loadin* is:
3
1111 3 3 # . 17
+) . 73#
3# . 0 7 . # 221
ft d lb loading -O'

3. "lud*e a*e is *i<en by:

day t
sludge
21
3# . 0 12271 13 . 1 3# . 0 21 7 . #
3# . 0 # 2#11

#. 6he food-to-microor*anisms ratio is *i<en by:

M(SS lb day "er -O' lb M F 3 113 . 1
3# . 0 # 2#11
3# . 0 7 . # 221
3

2. : tric(lin* filter plant consists of four 101-ft diameter by +-ft-deep filters. 6he desi*n
flo. rate is 13.7 m*d .ith a O? of 1=7 m*3l. 6he primary clarifier remo<es 27F of the
O?. Calculate the effluent O? at a temperature of 17.7
o
C.
DL""/ 2#11 m*3l
K/ # million *allon
""6
J/#.7m*d
O?/221m*3l
""/211 m*3l
""/12271m*3l
J./ 31111*pd
O?/21 m*3l
""/21 m*3l
J,/1 m*d
6> 6> 6>
6>
J,/7m*d
#ol+tion:
3
2
1+0
1111
+ % 101 $
#
ft thousand volume TF +ach

O? concentration after &"6/ 1.+71=7/ 1#).2 m*3l

day lb mgd l mg !ST after remaining -O' 3 #)) , 1) % 3# . 0 %$ 7 . 13 %$ 3 2 . 1#) $
3
3
1111 3 1 . 23
1+0 #
3 #)) , 1)
ft lb
ft thousand
day lb
TF each on loading -O'

F 3+ 3+ . 1
7 . 13
% 7 . 13 7 . 10 $
or
$
$
&
&

>rom the *raph of percent remo<al and O? loadin* find the percent remo<al .ith
,/1.3+ $bet.een ,/1 and ,/1.7% and O? loadin* /23.1 lb31111 ft
3
. 6he remo<al
efficiency $A 21
o
C% is about 01F.
9o. find the remo<al at 17.7
o
C usin*
A17.7/ A21 $1.137%
$17.7-21%
/)0.7F
Affluent O? after 6>/ $1-1.)07%1#).2/ #) m*3l
&"6
J/13.7 m*d
O?/1=7 m*3l
J/10.7m*d J/13.7 m*d