Psychoanalysis

Aranzaso, Catiil, Fernandez, Jao

LIFE BACKGROUND
Sigmund Freud
(1856 - 1959)
Freud
Born: May 06, 1856 at
Czech Republic
Died: September 23, 1939
in London, England
PARENTS
Mother: Amalia Freud
Father: Jacob Freud
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud1
Freud
Spouse: Martha Bernays
Children: Anna Freud,
Ernst L. Freud, Oliver
Freud, Mathilde Freud,
Jean Martin Freud, Sophie
Freud
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud2
Freud
Background:
- Was home-schooled
before entering him in
Spurling Gymnasium
Graduated Summa
Cum Laude
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud3
Freud
Background:
- Austrian neurologist
- Received his medical
degree in 1881 at the
University of Vienna
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud4
Freud
Background:
- Youngest daughter (Anna)
also became a
psychoanalyst and helped
him formulate the defense
mechanisms
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud5
Freud
Background:
- Freud: Scientist rather
than a doctor
- Freud (together with
Breuer) published Studies
in Hysteria in 1895
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud6
Freud
List of Books published:
The Interpretation of Dreams
(1990)
The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life (1901)
Three essays on the theories of
Sexuality (1905)
Five lectures on Psycho-
analysis (1916)
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/SFreud7
Erik Erikson
(1902 - 1994)
Erikson
Born: June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt,
Germany
Died: May 12, 1994
PARENTS
Mother: Karla Abrahamsen
Father: Unknown
Stepfather: Dr. Theodore
Hoomburger
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson1
Erikson
Background:
- Studied psychoanalysis
and earned a certificate
from the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson2
Erikson
Background:
- At age 18, he completed
school and that was the
last academic graduation of
his life.
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson3
Erikson
Background:
- Married Joan Serson
(Candian) in 1930 and had
three children
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson4
Erikson
List of Books published:
Childhood and Society
The Life Cycle
Completed
Gandhis Truth
Pulitzer Award
National Book Award
Photo link: http://tinyurl.com/EErikson5
James Marcia
Marcia
Background:
- A clinical and developmental
psychologist
Held professorships in US
and Canada
Currently the Emeritus
Professor of Psychology at
Simon Fraser University in
British Columbia, Canada
Marcia
Background:
- Also active in:
Clinical Private Practice
Clinical Psychology
Supervision
Community Consultation
International Clinical-
Development Research
Teaching
CONTRIBUTIONS
FREUD
Freud was inspired by Josef Breuer.
He and Dr. Josef Breuer was introduced to the
case study of a patient known as Anna O.
His work supported the belief that not all
mental illnesses have physiological causes and he
also offered evidence that cultural differences
have an impact on psychology and behavior.
FREUD
The Conscious
- Includes everything
that is inside of our
awareness
Conscious vs. Unconscious Mind
The Unconscious
- A reservoir of feelings,
thoughts, urges and
memories that outside of
our conscious awareness.
FREUD
The Id - The personality component made up of
unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic
urges, needs and desires.
The Ego - The ego is the part of personality that
mediates the demands of the id, the superego and
reality.
The Superego - The superego works to suppress the
urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave
morally rather than realistically.
FREUD AND
Life Instincts (Eros)
Deals with basic survival, pleasure, and
reproduction. These instincts are
important for sustaining the life of the
individual as well as the continuation of
the species. While they are often called
sexual instincts, these drives also include
such things as thirst, hunger, and pain
avoidance. The energy created by the life
instincts is known as libido.
Death Instincts (Thanatos)
Initially described in his book Beyond the
Pleasure Principle, Freud proposed that
the goal of all life is death (1920). He
noted that after people experience a
traumatic event (such as war), they often
reenact the experience. He concluded
that people hold an unconscious desire to
die, but that this wish is largely tempered
by the life instincts.
FREUD
Psychosexual Development
The process during which personality and
sexual behavior mature through a series
of stages: first oral stage and then anal
stage and then phallic stage and then
latency stage and finally genital stage
Defense Mechanisms
A tactic developed by the ego to protect
against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are
thought to safeguard the mind against
feelings and thoughts that are too
difficult for the conscious mind to cope
with. In some instances, defense
mechanisms are thought to keep
inappropriate or unwanted thoughts and
impulses from entering the conscious
mind.
The Interpretation of Dreams
Part of psychoanalysis at the end of the
19th century; the perceived, manifest
content of a dream is analyzed to reveal
its latent meaning to the psyche of the
dreamer.
FREUD
The Future is an Illusion - A book written in the year 1927. Freud
defines religion as an illusion, consisting of "certain dogmas,
assertions about facts and conditions of external and internal reality
which tell one something that one has not oneself discovered, and
which claim that one should give them credence." Religious concepts
are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief.
Psychoanalysis - a method of studying the mind and treating mental
and emotional disorders based on revealing and investigating the role
of the unconscious mind.
ERIKSON
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
-Eriksons theory is one of the most popular theories in the field of
Psychology
Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops
in a series of stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages,
Erikson's theory describes the impact of social experience across the
whole lifespan.
ERIKSON
ERIKSON
Ego identity
The conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction.
According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new
experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with
others.
Crisis
A turning point in development. In Erikson's view, these conflicts are
centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to
develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal
growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.
MARCIA
Marcia expanded on Erikson's work and divided the identity crisis into four
states. These are not stages, but rather processes that adolescents go
through. All adolescents will occupy one or more of these states, at least
temporarily. But, because these are not stages, people do not progress
from one step to the next in a fixed sequence, nor must everyone go
through each and every state.
Each state is determined by two factors:
1. Is the adolescent committed to an identity, and
2. Is the individual searching for their true identity?
MARCIA
Identity Moratorium
Adolescent has acquired vague
ideological and occupational
commitments; he/she is still
undergoing the identity search (crisis).
They are beginning to commit to an
identity but are still developing it.
Identity Foreclosure
Means that the adolescent blindly
accepts the identity and values that
were given in childhood by families
and significant others.
The adolescent's identity is foreclosed
until they determine for themselves
their true identity. The adolescent in
this state is committed to an identity
but not as a result of their own
searching or crisis.
MARCIA
Identity Achievement
The state of having developed well-
defined personal values and self-
concepts. Their identities may be
expanded and further defined in
adulthood, but the basics are there.
They are committed to an ideology
and have a strong sense of ego
identity.
Diffusion
The state of having no clear idea of
one's identity and making no attempt to
find that identity. These adolescents
may have struggled to find their
identity, but they never resolved it,
and they seem to have stopped trying.
There is no commitment and no
searching.
SIGNIFICANT LEARNINGS TO
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
FREUD
- Freud formulated the psychosexual development wherein it describes how
personality develops during childhood.
- He believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages in
which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain
erogenous areas.
- He said that the libido or the psychosexual energy is the driving force behind a
behavior.
- He also suggested that the personality is mostly established by the age of five;
early experiences play a large role in personality development.
- He also suggested that when a child does not successfully complete a stage in his
theory, s/he will develop a fixation that would influence his/her personality and
behavior when s/he reaches adulthood.
ERIKSON
- Proposed a stage theory of development, but it
encompasses human growth throughout the entire
lifespan.
- He believed that each stage of development is focused
on overcoming a conflict.
- With his theory, he believed that failure to develop or
overcome a stage may result to confusion and thus, a
fault in developing ones personality.
MARCIA
Marcia believed that certain situations and events (often called "crises") serves
as causes that suggest movement along this continuum and through the various
identity statuses.
These crises create internal conflict and emotional turmoil, thereby causing
adolescents to examine and question their values, beliefs, and goals. As they explore
new possibilities, they may form new beliefs, adopt different values, and make
different choices.
These developmental crises greatly cause adolescents to develop a greater
commitment to an individual due to the process of identity exploration.
REFERENCES
http://www.biography.com/people/sigmund-freud-9302400
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_erikson.htm
http://www.biography.com/people/sigmund-freud-9302400#early-career
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/freudprofile.htm
http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/childdevtheory.htm
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial_2.htm
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/psychosexual+development
http://psychology.about.com/library/bl_psychosocial_summary.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_interpretation
http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychodynamic.htm
http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm
http://psychology.about.com/od/sigmundfreud/a/instincts.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_an_Illusion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo
http://www.answers.com/topic/psychopathology-of-everyday-life-the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/psychoanalysis
http://fileserver.net-texts.com/asset.aspx?dl=no&id=9085
http://socialscientist.us/nphs/psychIB/psychpdfs/Marcia.pdf
http://sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=41164&cn=1310