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E Ex xp pt t. . N No o. . 6 6
D DE ET TE ER RM MI IN NA AT TI IO ON N O OF F SEQUENT DEPTHS IN A HYDRAULIC JUMP

Aim
i) To determine the Sequent depths (alternate depths) in a hydraulic jump and to compare it with the theoretical depth.
ii) To determine the height of the jump
iii) To determine the energy loss due to the formation of hydraulic jump

Apparatus
Open channel of 5.0 m long, scale, stop-watch.


Theory
The hydraulic jump is defined as the sudden and turbulent passage of water from a supercritical state to subcritical state. It has been
classified as rapidly varied flow since the change in depth of flow from rapid to tranquil state is in an abrupt manner over a relatively
short distance. The flow in a hydraulic jump is accompanied by the formation of extremely turbulent rollers and there is considerable
dissipation of energy.

When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise (a step or standing wave) occurs in the liquid
surface. The rapidly flowing liquid expands (in an open channel appears as an increase in elevation), converting some of the initial
kinetic energy of flow into a lower kinetic energy. In order to study the conditions of flow before and after the hydraulic jump the
application of the energy equation does not provide an adequate means of analysis, because hydraulic jump is associated with an
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appreciable loss of energy which is initially unknown. As such in the analysis of hydraulic jump the momentum equation is used by
considering the portion of the hydraulic jump as the control volume.
Fr=
gy
V


( )
0.5
2 2
1
1
0.5 1 8F 1
y
y
(
= +
(


Energy loss
( )
3
2 1
1 2
y y
4y y
E

A =
where, subscript 1 indicates upstream of jump and subscript 2 indicates downstream of jump, Fr=Froude number, g=acceleration due
to gravity, E A is the energy loss (m), Q=Discharge (m
3
/s), V=Velocity (m/s), y=Water depth (m)

Types of Jump
Hydraulic jumps in channels with horizontal floor are of several distinct types. These types can be conveniently classified according to
the Froude number of the incoming flow as follows:

1. For 1 < F
1
1.7, the water surface shows undulations and the jump is called undulating jump .The fraction of energy
dissipated in this case is less than 5%.
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2. For 1.7 < F
1
2.5, a series of rollers develop on the surface of the jump but the downstream water surface remains smooth.
The velocity through out is fairly uniform and the energy loss is low. This jump may be called Weak jump. The fraction of
energy dissipated in this case is 5%to 15%.
3. For 2.5 < F
1
4.5, there is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface and back again with no periodicity. Each
oscillation produces a large wave of irregular period which, very commonly in canals, can travel for miles doing unlimited
damage to earth banks and ripraps. This jump may be called an oscillating jump. The fraction of energy dissipated in this case
is 15%to 45%.
4. For 4.5 < F
1
9, the downstream extremity of the surface roller and the point at which the high velocity jet tends to leave the
flow occur at the practically the same vertical section. This may be called as steady jump. . The fraction of energy dissipated
in this case is 45%to 70%.
5. For F
1
>= 9, the high velocity jet grabs the intermittent slugs of water rolling down the front face of the jump, generating
waves downstream, and a rough surface can prevail. This is called as strong jump. The fraction of energy dissipated in this
case is 70%to 85%.

Procedure
1. Bed slope is fixed.
2. The instrument is set up for a certain discharge value.
3. A hydraulic structure is placed across the flow of water to create a supercritical flow condition at the downstream side.
4. After a certain distance subcritical flow is observed along the channel.
5. The depths corresponding to supercritical and subcritical flows are measured.
6. Subcritical depth is calculated theoretically.
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7. The height of the jump is determined by finding the difference between the depths measured before and after the formation of
the jump.
8. Theoretical and observed depths are compared to determine the error and also energy loss is calculated.

Observations:
observation Table
Sl
No
Discharge
(m
3
/s)
Observed
depths before
and after the
jump
Froude
Number
F
1

Calculated
depth after
the jump
y
2
(mm)
Type of
Jump
Height of Jump H
(mm)
Observed
Energy
Losses
E (mm)
Error (%)
2 2
2
100
cal obs
obs
y y
y
| |

|
\ .

y
1
(mm)
y
2
(mm)
Measured Calculated
1
1.1062
13 63 3.177 165.204 oscillating 50 152.204 38.1563 162.2286
2
1.1682 12 63 3.7832 181.5936 oscillating 51 169.5936 43.8661 188.2438
3
1.1886 14 62 3.0545 171.052 oscillating 48 157.052 31.8525 175.8903
4
1.0909 15 61 2.5279 151.674 oscillating 46 136.674 26.5945 148.6459
5
0.9622 15 59 2.2295 133.77 oscillating 44 118.77 24.0633 126.7288
6
1.0352 13 61 2.9731 154.6012 oscillating 48 141.6012 34.8651 153.4446
7
0.8338 8 65 4.9605 158.736 steady 57 150.736 89.0351 144.2092
8
0.6446 12 62 2.0875 100.2 oscillating 50 88.2 42.0027 61.6129

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APPLICATIONS:
1. Usually hydraulic jump reverses the flow of water. This phenomenon can be used to mix chemicals for water purification.
2. Hydraulic jump usually maintains the high water level on the downstream side. This high water level can be used for irrigation
purposes.
3. Hydraulic jump can be used to remove the air from water supply and sewage lines to prevent the air locking.
4. It prevents the scouring action on the downstream side of the dam structure.