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SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
ECON 1203/ECON 2292 (ARTS)
BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
FINAL EXAMINATION
SESSION 1, 2011
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
What is the probability that a randomly drawn household from the city would
have annual income between $37,000 and $42,000? [1 mark]
Assume we take a random sample of 100 households from the city. What is the
probability that the sample average of their incomes is between $37,000 and
$42,000? [2 marks]
The poverty line specifies a minimum level of household income in order for the
household to avoid living in poverty. Suppose this poverty line household income
is set at $33,000. What proportion of households in the city do we expect to be
living below this poverty line? [1 mark]
Suppose the government institutes a policy that has a goal of reducing the number
living below the poverty line. Assume the policy only changes the distribution of
household incomes by increasing the population mean income. Thus you can
assume the standard deviation remains unchanged and the normality assumption
is still appropriate. The government now wants to test whether the policy has been
effective in increasing mean income. What would be the null and alternative
hypotheses? Suppose a new sample of 225 households is taken and the average
income for these households is $41,000. Test the hypothesis that the policy has
been effective using a significance level of = 0.05. [4 marks]
In general, what is the motivation for choosing small significance () levels in
hypothesis testing? [1 mark]
An independent auditor of your statistical analysis of the impact of the policy
change makes two critical points: (a) she argues that your assumption that
household incomes are normally distributed is unlikely to be valid; and (b)
because you cant assume normality the test you have performed in (iv) is also
invalid. Give at least one reason why her criticism (a) might be accurate but that
even if it is a valid criticism explain why this does not necessarily imply that
criticism (b) holds. [3 marks]
Tutor A
Tutor B
Total
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Fail
Pass
Credit
Distinction
13
12
25
59
71
130
26
39
65
6
19
25
Higher
distinction
1
4
5
Total
105
145
250
What is the probability that a student chosen at random from the Accounting class
has Tutor B? [1 mark]
What is the probability that a student chosen at random from the Accounting class
has Tutor B and received at least a passing grade? [1 mark]
Suppose a student chosen at random from the class received a credit mark. What
is the probability that they have Tutor B? [1 mark]
Are the events having tutor B and received a distinction grade independent
events? Provide a justification for your answer. [1 mark]
Suppose a formal test of the independence of tutor and grade is performed and the
null hypothesis of independence is rejected at the 5% level of significance. (You
do not have to do this test.) Give 2 possible reasons why the test might have
indicated a lack of independence for these data? [2 marks]
The Head of the Accounting Department insists that all classes be graded
according to a common grade distribution given by:
3% Higher distinction, 12% Distinction, 25% Credit, 50% Pass and 10% Fail
Test whether the actual overall class distribution complies with this common
grade distribution. Use a significance level of 1%. Be sure to state clearly your
hypothesis, decision rule and conclusion. [4 marks]
The Federal government periodically tests packaged products to check that the
manufacturer is not short-weighting the product (i.e. underfilling). To allow for
variation in the filling process, the Federal government takes a sample of 16
bottles of beer with nominal capacity of 343 ml, and if the mean volume in the
bottles is less than 340 ml, the manufacturer is fined. Assume the amount
dispensed by the machine is approximately normal with a standard deviation of 4
ml.
a) What is the implied significance level of this test? [2 marks]
b) Suppose an unscrupulous brewer sets the machine to fill, on average, 342
ml. Find the probability that a Type II error will be made in this testing
process. [2 marks]
c) What would be the impact on Type II errors of using a fixed decision rule
(i.e. fine if the mean volume is less than 340 ml) even when samples
greater than 16 are used? Does your answer depend on what value is
chosen from the alternative hypothesis? [2 marks]
Intercept
gender
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Coefficients
61.98
-3.21
Standard
Error
0.49
0.68
t Stat
126.49
-4.72
P-value
0.0000
0.0000
0.448
4.886
75
Intercept
price
advertising
Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat
P-value
118.914
6.352
18.722
0.000
-7.908
1.096
-7.215
0.000
1.863
0.683
2.726
0.008
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
How would you interpret the estimates for the regression parameters 1 and2?
Are the signs of these two estimated parameters as you expected? [3 marks]
Test the null hypothesis that advertising has no impact on sales against the
alternative that the impact is positive. Use a 5% significance level and be explicit
in terms of the assumptions you make. [2 marks]
Construct the 90% confidence interval for 1 and interpret the result. [2 marks]
What are the Standard Error and R Square statistics reported amongst the
Regression Statistics in the EXCEL output? Interpret the R Square result for
this regression model. [3 marks]
Consider a store with an advertising level of 1.8. (This is approximately the mean
value in the sample.) Calculate the predicted monthly sales (with the given
advertising value) when price takes on values of 4, 6 and 8. Use these predicted
values to sketch the predicted sales and price relationship and interpret the result.
[4 marks]
USEFUL FORMULAE
Sample Mean:
1 n
X Xi
n i 1
Population Variance: 2
1 N
( X i )2
N i 1
Sample Variance:
s2
Population Mean:
1 n
( X i X )2
n 1 i 1
1 N
Xi
N i 1
P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B ) P ( A B )
Standardising transformations:
(X )
(X )
/ n
(X )
s/ n
n 1s 2
X t
s
,n 1
2
X z
X t
s
,n 1
2
p z
n
p q
X z
p p z
2 / 2,n 1
, known
unknown
(n 1)s 2
p q
, where q 1 p
n
(n 1)s 2
12 / 2,n 1
(o i e i ) 2
,
ei
i 1
K
Independence Test:
i 1 j 1
(o ij eij ) 2
eij
df = K-1
df = (K-1)(H-1)
s XY
s X sY
( X
( X
X )(Yi Y )
X )2
(Y
Y )2
s XY X i X Yi Y
; 0 Y 1 X
2
s X2
Xi X
:
R
Forecast Intervals:
( X p X )2
1
n Xi X 2
Y p t , s e
Y p t , s e 1
2
se
( X p X )2
1
n Xi X 2
for Yp
where n 2 and
for E(YpXp)
ei
i 1
( n 2)
regression.
Distribution of 0 and 1 :
0 N 0 ,
n ( X i X ) 2
e2
2
i
and
e2
.
1 N 1,
( X X )2
i
Table 1:
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
0
1
2
0.9025
0.8100
0.7225
0.6400
0.5625
0.4900
0.4225
0.3600
0.3025
0.2500
0.2025
0.1600
0.1225
0.0900
0.0625
0.0400
0.0225
0.0100
0.0025
0.0950
0.1800
0.2550
0.3200
0.3750
0.4200
0.4550
0.4800
0.4950
0.5000
0.4950
0.4800
0.4550
0.4200
0.3750
0.3200
0.2550
0.1800
0.0950
0.0025
0.0100
0.0225
0.0400
0.0625
0.0900
0.1225
0.1600
0.2025
0.2500
0.3025
0.3600
0.4225
0.4900
0.5625
0.6400
0.7225
0.8100
0.9025
0.8574
0.7290
0.6141
0.5120
0.4219
0.3430
0.2746
0.2160
0.1664
0.1250
0.0911
0.0640
0.0429
0.0270
0.0156
0.0080
0.0034
0.0010
0.0001
0.1354
0.2430
0.3251
0.3840
0.4219
0.4410
0.4436
0.4320
0.4084
0.3750
0.3341
0.2880
0.2389
0.1890
0.1406
0.0960
0.0574
0.0270
0.0071
0.0071
0.0270
0.0574
0.0960
0.1406
0.1890
0.2389
0.2880
0.3341
0.3750
0.4084
0.4320
0.4436
0.4410
0.4219
0.3840
0.3251
0.2430
0.1354
0.0001
0.0010
0.0034
0.0080
0.0156
0.0270
0.0429
0.0640
0.0911
0.1250
0.1664
0.2160
0.2746
0.3430
0.4219
0.5120
0.6141
0.7290
0.8574
0.8145
0.6561
0.5220
0.4096
0.3164
0.2401
0.1785
0.1296
0.0915
0.0625
0.0410
0.0256
0.0150
0.0081
0.0039
0.0016
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
0.1715
0.2916
0.3685
0.4096
0.4219
0.4116
0.3845
0.3456
0.2995
0.2500
0.2005
0.1536
0.1115
0.0756
0.0469
0.0256
0.0115
0.0036
0.0005
0.0135
0.0486
0.0975
0.1536
0.2109
0.2646
0.3105
0.3456
0.3675
0.3750
0.3675
0.3456
0.3105
0.2646
0.2109
0.1536
0.0975
0.0486
0.0135
0.0005
0.0036
0.0115
0.0256
0.0469
0.0756
0.1115
0.1536
0.2005
0.2500
0.2995
0.3456
0.3845
0.4116
0.4219
0.4096
0.3685
0.2916
0.1715
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0016
0.0039
0.0081
0.0150
0.0256
0.0410
0.0625
0.0915
0.1296
0.1785
0.2401
0.3164
0.4096
0.5220
0.6561
0.8145
0.7738
0.5905
0.4437
0.3277
0.2373
0.1681
0.1160
0.0778
0.0503
0.0313
0.0185
0.0102
0.0053
0.0024
0.0010
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.2036
0.3281
0.3915
0.4096
0.3955
0.3602
0.3124
0.2592
0.2059
0.1563
0.1128
0.0768
0.0488
0.0284
0.0146
0.0064
0.0022
0.0004
0.0000
0.0214
0.0729
0.1382
0.2048
0.2637
0.3087
0.3364
0.3456
0.3369
0.3125
0.2757
0.2304
0.1811
0.1323
0.0879
0.0512
0.0244
0.0081
0.0011
0.0011
0.0081
0.0244
0.0512
0.0879
0.1323
0.1811
0.2304
0.2757
0.3125
0.3369
0.3456
0.3364
0.3087
0.2637
0.2048
0.1382
0.0729
0.0214
0.0000
0.0005
0.0022
0.0064
0.0146
0.0284
0.0488
0.0768
0.1128
0.1563
0.2059
0.2592
0.3124
0.3602
0.3955
0.4096
0.3915
0.3281
0.2036
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0010
0.0024
0.0053
0.0102
0.0185
0.0313
0.0503
0.0778
0.1160
0.1681
0.2373
0.3277
0.4437
0.5905
0.7738
0.7351
0.5314
0.3771
0.2621
0.1780
0.1176
0.0754
0.0467
0.0277
0.0156
0.0083
0.0041
0.0018
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2321
0.3543
0.3993
0.3932
0.3560
0.3025
0.2437
0.1866
0.1359
0.0938
0.0609
0.0369
0.0205
0.0102
0.0044
0.0015
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0305
0.0984
0.1762
0.2458
0.2966
0.3241
0.3280
0.3110
0.2780
0.2344
0.1861
0.1382
0.0951
0.0595
0.0330
0.0154
0.0055
0.0012
0.0001
0.0021
0.0146
0.0415
0.0819
0.1318
0.1852
0.2355
0.2765
0.3032
0.3125
0.3032
0.2765
0.2355
0.1852
0.1318
0.0819
0.0415
0.0146
0.0021
0.0001
0.0012
0.0055
0.0154
0.0330
0.0595
0.0951
0.1382
0.1861
0.2344
0.2780
0.3110
0.3280
0.3241
0.2966
0.2458
0.1762
0.0984
0.0305
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0015
0.0044
0.0102
0.0205
0.0369
0.0609
0.0937
0.1359
0.1866
0.2437
0.3025
0.3560
0.3932
0.3993
0.3543
0.2321
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0007
0.0018
0.0041
0.0083
0.0156
0.0277
0.0467
0.0754
0.1176
0.1780
0.2621
0.3771
0.5314
0.7351
0.6983
0.4783
0.3206
0.2097
0.1335
0.0824
0.0490
0.0280
0.0152
0.0078
0.0037
0.0016
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2573
0.3720
0.3960
0.3670
0.3115
0.2471
0.1848
0.1306
0.0872
0.0547
0.0320
0.0172
0.0084
0.0036
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0406
0.1240
0.2097
0.2753
0.3115
0.3177
0.2985
0.2613
0.2140
0.1641
0.1172
0.0774
0.0466
0.0250
0.0115
0.0043
0.0012
0.0002
0.0000
0.0036
0.0230
0.0617
0.1147
0.1730
0.2269
0.2679
0.2903
0.2918
0.2734
0.2388
0.1935
0.1442
0.0972
0.0577
0.0287
0.0109
0.0026
0.0002
0.0002
0.0026
0.0109
0.0287
0.0577
0.0972
0.1442
0.1935
0.2388
0.2734
0.2918
0.2903
0.2679
0.2269
0.1730
0.1147
0.0617
0.0230
0.0036
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0043
0.0115
0.0250
0.0466
0.0774
0.1172
0.1641
0.2140
0.2613
0.2985
0.3177
0.3115
0.2753
0.2097
0.1240
0.0406
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0013
0.0036
0.0084
0.0172
0.0320
0.0547
0.0872
0.1306
0.1848
0.2471
0.3115
0.3670
0.3960
0.3720
0.2573
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0006
0.0016
0.0037
0.0078
0.0152
0.0280
0.0490
0.0824
0.1335
0.2097
0.3206
0.4783
0.6983
0.6634
0.4305
0.2725
0.1678
0.1001
0.0576
0.0319
0.0168
0.0084
0.0039
0.0017
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2793
0.3826
0.3847
0.3355
0.2670
0.1977
0.1373
0.0896
0.0548
0.0313
0.0164
0.0079
0.0033
0.0012
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0515
0.1488
0.2376
0.2936
0.3115
0.2965
0.2587
0.2090
0.1569
0.1094
0.0703
0.0413
0.0217
0.0100
0.0038
0.0011
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0054
0.0331
0.0839
0.1468
0.2076
0.2541
0.2786
0.2787
0.2568
0.2188
0.1719
0.1239
0.0808
0.0467
0.0231
0.0092
0.0026
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0046
0.0185
0.0459
0.0865
0.1361
0.1875
0.2322
0.2627
0.2734
0.2627
0.2322
0.1875
0.1361
0.0865
0.0459
0.0185
0.0046
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0026
0.0092
0.0231
0.0467
0.0808
0.1239
0.1719
0.2188
0.2568
0.2787
0.2786
0.2541
0.2076
0.1468
0.0839
0.0331
0.0054
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0011
0.0038
0.0100
0.0217
0.0413
0.0703
0.1094
0.1569
0.2090
0.2587
0.2965
0.3115
0.2936
0.2376
0.1488
0.0515
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0012
0.0033
0.0079
0.0164
0.0313
0.0548
0.0896
0.1373
0.1977
0.2670
0.3355
0.3847
0.3826
0.2793
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0007
0.0017
0.0039
0.0084
0.0168
0.0319
0.0576
0.1001
0.1678
0.2725
0.4305
0.6634
0.6302
0.3874
0.2316
0.1342
0.0751
0.0404
0.0207
0.0101
0.0046
0.0020
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2985
0.3874
0.3679
0.3020
0.2253
0.1556
0.1004
0.0605
0.0339
0.0176
0.0083
0.0035
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0629
0.1722
0.2597
0.3020
0.3003
0.2668
0.2162
0.1612
0.1110
0.0703
0.0407
0.0212
0.0098
0.0039
0.0012
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0077
0.0446
0.1069
0.1762
0.2336
0.2668
0.2716
0.2508
0.2119
0.1641
0.1160
0.0743
0.0424
0.0210
0.0087
0.0028
0.0006
0.0001
0.0000
0.0006
0.0074
0.0283
0.0661
0.1168
0.1715
0.2194
0.2508
0.2600
0.2461
0.2128
0.1672
0.1181
0.0735
0.0389
0.0165
0.0050
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0050
0.0165
0.0389
0.0735
0.1181
0.1672
0.2128
0.2461
0.2600
0.2508
0.2194
0.1715
0.1168
0.0661
0.0283
0.0074
0.0006
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0028
0.0087
0.0210
0.0424
0.0743
0.1160
0.1641
0.2119
0.2508
0.2716
0.2668
0.2336
0.1762
0.1069
0.0446
0.0077
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0012
0.0039
0.0098
0.0212
0.0407
0.0703
0.1110
0.1612
0.2162
0.2668
0.3003
0.3020
0.2597
0.1722
0.0629
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0013
0.0035
0.0083
0.0176
0.0339
0.0605
0.1004
0.1556
0.2253
0.3020
0.3679
0.3874
0.2985
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0008
0.0020
0.0046
0.0101
0.0207
0.0404
0.0751
0.1342
0.2316
0.3874
0.6302
0.5987
0.3487
0.1969
0.1074
0.0563
0.0282
0.0135
0.0060
0.0025
0.0010
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3151
0.3874
0.3474
0.2684
0.1877
0.1211
0.0725
0.0403
0.0207
0.0098
0.0042
0.0016
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0746
0.1937
0.2759
0.3020
0.2816
0.2335
0.1757
0.1209
0.0763
0.0439
0.0229
0.0106
0.0043
0.0014
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0105
0.0574
0.1298
0.2013
0.2503
0.2668
0.2522
0.2150
0.1665
0.1172
0.0746
0.0425
0.0212
0.0090
0.0031
0.0008
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0112
0.0401
0.0881
0.1460
0.2001
0.2377
0.2508
0.2384
0.2051
0.1596
0.1115
0.0689
0.0368
0.0162
0.0055
0.0012
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0015
0.0085
0.0264
0.0584
0.1029
0.1536
0.2007
0.2340
0.2461
0.2340
0.2007
0.1536
0.1029
0.0584
0.0264
0.0085
0.0015
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0055
0.0162
0.0368
0.0689
0.1115
0.1596
0.2051
0.2384
0.2508
0.2377
0.2001
0.1460
0.0881
0.0401
0.0112
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0031
0.0090
0.0212
0.0425
0.0746
0.1172
0.1665
0.2150
0.2522
0.2668
0.2503
0.2013
0.1298
0.0574
0.0105
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0014
0.0043
0.0106
0.0229
0.0439
0.0763
0.1209
0.1757
0.2335
0.2816
0.3020
0.2759
0.1937
0.0746
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0016
0.0042
0.0098
0.0207
0.0403
0.0725
0.1211
0.1877
0.2684
0.3474
0.3874
0.3151
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0010
0.0025
0.0060
0.0135
0.0282
0.0563
0.1074
0.1969
0.3487
0.5987
10
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Table 2:
k 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
0
1
10
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.9025
0.8100
0.7225
0.6400
0.5625
0.4900
0.4225
0.3600
0.3025
0.2500
0.2025
0.1600
0.1225
0.0900
0.0625
0.0400
0.0225
0.0100
0.0025
0.9975
0.9900
0.9775
0.9600
0.9375
0.9100
0.8775
0.8400
0.7975
0.7500
0.6975
0.6400
0.5775
0.5100
0.4375
0.3600
0.2775
0.1900
0.0975
0.8574
0.7290
0.6141
0.5120
0.4219
0.3430
0.2746
0.2160
0.1664
0.1250
0.0911
0.0640
0.0429
0.0270
0.0156
0.0080
0.0034
0.0010
0.0001
0.9928
0.9720
0.9393
0.8960
0.8438
0.7840
0.7183
0.6480
0.5748
0.5000
0.4253
0.3520
0.2818
0.2160
0.1563
0.1040
0.0607
0.0280
0.0072
0.9999
0.9990
0.9966
0.9920
0.9844
0.9730
0.9571
0.9360
0.9089
0.8750
0.8336
0.7840
0.7254
0.6570
0.5781
0.4880
0.3859
0.2710
0.1426
0.8145
0.6561
0.5220
0.4096
0.3164
0.2401
0.1785
0.1296
0.0915
0.0625
0.0410
0.0256
0.0150
0.0081
0.0039
0.0016
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
0.9860
0.9477
0.8905
0.8192
0.7383
0.6517
0.5630
0.4752
0.3910
0.3125
0.2415
0.1792
0.1265
0.0837
0.0508
0.0272
0.0120
0.0037
0.0005
0.9995
0.9963
0.9880
0.9728
0.9492
0.9163
0.8735
0.8208
0.7585
0.6875
0.6090
0.5248
0.4370
0.3483
0.2617
0.1808
0.1095
0.0523
0.0140
1.0000
0.9999
0.9995
0.9984
0.9961
0.9919
0.9850
0.9744
0.9590
0.9375
0.9085
0.8704
0.8215
0.7599
0.6836
0.5904
0.4780
0.3439
0.1855
0.7738
0.5905
0.4437
0.3277
0.2373
0.1681
0.1160
0.0778
0.0503
0.0313
0.0185
0.0102
0.0053
0.0024
0.0010
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.9774
0.9185
0.8352
0.7373
0.6328
0.5282
0.4284
0.3370
0.2562
0.1875
0.1312
0.0870
0.0540
0.0308
0.0156
0.0067
0.0022
0.0005
0.0000
0.9988
0.9914
0.9734
0.9421
0.8965
0.8369
0.7648
0.6826
0.5931
0.5000
0.4069
0.3174
0.2352
0.1631
0.1035
0.0579
0.0266
0.0086
0.0012
1.0000
0.9995
0.9978
0.9933
0.9844
0.9692
0.9460
0.9130
0.8688
0.8125
0.7438
0.6630
0.5716
0.4718
0.3672
0.2627
0.1648
0.0815
0.0226
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9997
0.9990
0.9976
0.9947
0.9898
0.9815
0.9688
0.9497
0.9222
0.8840
0.8319
0.7627
0.6723
0.5563
0.4095
0.2262
0.7351
0.5314
0.3771
0.2621
0.1780
0.1176
0.0754
0.0467
0.0277
0.0156
0.0083
0.0041
0.0018
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9672
0.8857
0.7765
0.6554
0.5339
0.4202
0.3191
0.2333
0.1636
0.1094
0.0692
0.0410
0.0223
0.0109
0.0046
0.0016
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.9978
0.9842
0.9527
0.9011
0.8306
0.7443
0.6471
0.5443
0.4415
0.3438
0.2553
0.1792
0.1174
0.0705
0.0376
0.0170
0.0059
0.0013
0.0001
0.9999
0.9987
0.9941
0.9830
0.9624
0.9295
0.8826
0.8208
0.7447
0.6563
0.5585
0.4557
0.3529
0.2557
0.1694
0.0989
0.0473
0.0158
0.0022
1.0000
0.9999
0.9996
0.9984
0.9954
0.9891
0.9777
0.9590
0.9308
0.8906
0.8364
0.7667
0.6809
0.5798
0.4661
0.3446
0.2235
0.1143
0.0328
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9998
0.9993
0.9982
0.9959
0.9917
0.9844
0.9723
0.9533
0.9246
0.8824
0.8220
0.7379
0.6229
0.4686
0.2649
0.6983
0.4783
0.3206
0.2097
0.1335
0.0824
0.0490
0.0280
0.0152
0.0078
0.0037
0.0016
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9556
0.8503
0.7166
0.5767
0.4449
0.3294
0.2338
0.1586
0.1024
0.0625
0.0357
0.0188
0.0090
0.0038
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.9962
0.9743
0.9262
0.8520
0.7564
0.6471
0.5323
0.4199
0.3164
0.2266
0.1529
0.0963
0.0556
0.0288
0.0129
0.0047
0.0012
0.0002
0.0000
0.9998
0.9973
0.9879
0.9667
0.9294
0.8740
0.8002
0.7102
0.6083
0.5000
0.3917
0.2898
0.1998
0.1260
0.0706
0.0333
0.0121
0.0027
0.0002
1.0000
0.9998
0.9988
0.9953
0.9871
0.9712
0.9444
0.9037
0.8471
0.7734
0.6836
0.5801
0.4677
0.3529
0.2436
0.1480
0.0738
0.0257
0.0038
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9996
0.9987
0.9962
0.9910
0.9812
0.9643
0.9375
0.8976
0.8414
0.7662
0.6706
0.5551
0.4233
0.2834
0.1497
0.0444
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9998
0.9994
0.9984
0.9963
0.9922
0.9848
0.9720
0.9510
0.9176
0.8665
0.7903
0.6794
0.5217
0.3017
0.6634
0.4305
0.2725
0.1678
0.1001
0.0576
0.0319
0.0168
0.0084
0.0039
0.0017
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9428
0.8131
0.6572
0.5033
0.3671
0.2553
0.1691
0.1064
0.0632
0.0352
0.0181
0.0085
0.0036
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9942
0.9619
0.8948
0.7969
0.6785
0.5518
0.4278
0.3154
0.2201
0.1445
0.0885
0.0498
0.0253
0.0113
0.0042
0.0012
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.9996
0.9950
0.9786
0.9437
0.8862
0.8059
0.7064
0.5941
0.4770
0.3633
0.2604
0.1737
0.1061
0.0580
0.0273
0.0104
0.0029
0.0004
0.0000
1.0000
0.9996
0.9971
0.9896
0.9727
0.9420
0.8939
0.8263
0.7396
0.6367
0.5230
0.4059
0.2936
0.1941
0.1138
0.0563
0.0214
0.0050
0.0004
1.0000
1.0000
0.9998
0.9988
0.9958
0.9887
0.9747
0.9502
0.9115
0.8555
0.7799
0.6846
0.5722
0.4482
0.3215
0.2031
0.1052
0.0381
0.0058
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9996
0.9987
0.9964
0.9915
0.9819
0.9648
0.9368
0.8936
0.8309
0.7447
0.6329
0.4967
0.3428
0.1869
0.0572
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9998
0.9993
0.9983
0.9961
0.9916
0.9832
0.9681
0.9424
0.8999
0.8322
0.7275
0.5695
0.3366
0.6302
0.3874
0.2316
0.1342
0.0751
0.0404
0.0207
0.0101
0.0046
0.0020
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9288
0.7748
0.5995
0.4362
0.3003
0.1960
0.1211
0.0705
0.0385
0.0195
0.0091
0.0038
0.0014
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9916
0.9470
0.8591
0.7382
0.6007
0.4628
0.3373
0.2318
0.1495
0.0898
0.0498
0.0250
0.0112
0.0043
0.0013
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9994
0.9917
0.9661
0.9144
0.8343
0.7297
0.6089
0.4826
0.3614
0.2539
0.1658
0.0994
0.0536
0.0253
0.0100
0.0031
0.0006
0.0001
0.0000
1.0000
0.9991
0.9944
0.9804
0.9511
0.9012
0.8283
0.7334
0.6214
0.5000
0.3786
0.2666
0.1717
0.0988
0.0489
0.0196
0.0056
0.0009
0.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9994
0.9969
0.9900
0.9747
0.9464
0.9006
0.8342
0.7461
0.6386
0.5174
0.3911
0.2703
0.1657
0.0856
0.0339
0.0083
0.0006
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9997
0.9987
0.9957
0.9888
0.9750
0.9502
0.9102
0.8505
0.7682
0.6627
0.5372
0.3993
0.2618
0.1409
0.0530
0.0084
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9996
0.9986
0.9962
0.9909
0.9805
0.9615
0.9295
0.8789
0.8040
0.6997
0.5638
0.4005
0.2252
0.0712
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9997
0.9992
0.9980
0.9954
0.9899
0.9793
0.9596
0.9249
0.8658
0.7684
0.6126
0.3698
0.5987
0.3487
0.1969
0.1074
0.0563
0.0282
0.0135
0.0060
0.0025
0.0010
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9139
0.7361
0.5443
0.3758
0.2440
0.1493
0.0860
0.0464
0.0233
0.0107
0.0045
0.0017
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9885
0.9298
0.8202
0.6778
0.5256
0.3828
0.2616
0.1673
0.0996
0.0547
0.0274
0.0123
0.0048
0.0016
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.9990
0.9872
0.9500
0.8791
0.7759
0.6496
0.5138
0.3823
0.2660
0.1719
0.1020
0.0548
0.0260
0.0106
0.0035
0.0009
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.9999
0.9984
0.9901
0.9672
0.9219
0.8497
0.7515
0.6331
0.5044
0.3770
0.2616
0.1662
0.0949
0.0473
0.0197
0.0064
0.0014
0.0001
0.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9986
0.9936
0.9803
0.9527
0.9051
0.8338
0.7384
0.6230
0.4956
0.3669
0.2485
0.1503
0.0781
0.0328
0.0099
0.0016
0.0001
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9991
0.9965
0.9894
0.9740
0.9452
0.8980
0.8281
0.7340
0.6177
0.4862
0.3504
0.2241
0.1209
0.0500
0.0128
0.0010
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9996
0.9984
0.9952
0.9877
0.9726
0.9453
0.9004
0.8327
0.7384
0.6172
0.4744
0.3222
0.1798
0.0702
0.0115
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9995
0.9983
0.9955
0.9893
0.9767
0.9536
0.9140
0.8507
0.7560
0.6242
0.4557
0.2639
0.0861
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9997
0.9990
0.9975
0.9940
0.9865
0.9718
0.9437
0.8926
0.8031
0.6513
0.4013
10
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
0.0000
0.0040
0.0080
0.0120
0.0160
0.0199
0.0239
0.0279
0.0319
0.0359
0.0398
0.0438
0.0478
0.0517
0.0557
0.0596
0.0636
0.0675
0.0714
0.0753
0.0793
0.0832
0.0871
0.0910
0.0948
0.0987
0.1026
0.1064
0.1103
0.1141
0.1179
0.1217
0.1255
0.1293
0.1331
0.1368
0.1406
0.1443
0.1480
0.1517
0.1554
0.1591
0.1628
0.1664
0.1700
0.1736
0.1772
0.1808
0.1844
0.1879
0.1915
0.1950
0.1985
0.2019
0.2054
0.2088
0.2123
0.2157
0.2190
0.2224
0.2257
0.2291
0.2324
0.2357
0.2389
0.2422
0.2454
0.2486
0.2517
0.2549
0.2580
0.2611
0.2642
0.2673
0.2704
0.2734
0.2764
0.2794
0.2823
0.2852
0.2881
0.2910
0.2939
0.2967
0.2995
0.3023
0.3051
0.3078
0.3106
0.3133
0.3159
0.3186
0.3212
0.3238
0.3264
0.3289
0.3315
0.3340
0.3365
0.3389
0.3413
0.3438
0.3461
0.3485
0.3508
0.3531
0.3554
0.3577
0.3599
0.3621
0.3643
0.3665
0.3686
0.3708
0.3729
0.3749
0.3770
0.3790
0.3810
0.3830
0.3849
0.3869
0.3888
0.3907
0.3925
0.3944
0.3962
0.3980
0.3997
0.4015
0.4032
0.4049
0.4066
0.4082
0.4099
0.4115
0.4131
0.4147
0.4162
0.4177
0.4192
0.4207
0.4222
0.4236
0.4251
0.4265
0.4279
0.4292
0.4306
0.4319
0.4332
0.4345
0.4357
0.4370
0.4382
0.4394
0.4406
0.4418
0.4429
0.4441
0.4452
0.4463
0.4474
0.4484
0.4495
0.4505
0.4515
0.4525
0.4535
0.4545
0.4554
0.4564
0.4573
0.4582
0.4591
0.4599
0.4608
0.4616
0.4625
0.4633
0.4641
0.4649
0.4656
0.4664
0.4671
0.4678
0.4686
0.4693
0.4699
0.4706
0.4713
0.4719
0.4726
0.4732
0.4738
0.4744
0.4750
0.4756
0.4761
0.4767
0.4772
0.4778
0.4783
0.4788
0.4793
0.4798
0.4803
0.4808
0.4812
0.4817
0.4821
0.4826
0.4830
0.4834
0.4838
0.4842
0.4846
0.4850
0.4854
0.4857
0.4861
0.4864
0.4868
0.4871
0.4875
0.4878
0.4881
0.4884
0.4887
0.4890
0.4893
0.4896
0.4898
0.4901
0.4904
0.4906
0.4909
0.4911
0.4913
0.4916
0.4918
0.4920
0.4922
0.4925
0.4927
0.4929
0.4931
0.4932
0.4934
0.4936
0.4938
0.4940
0.4941
0.4943
0.4945
0.4946
0.4948
0.4949
0.4951
0.4952
0.4953
0.4955
0.4956
0.4957
0.4959
0.4960
0.4961
0.4962
0.4963
0.4964
0.4965
0.4966
0.4967
0.4968
0.4969
0.4970
0.4971
0.4972
0.4973
0.4974
0.4974
0.4975
0.4976
0.4977
0.4977
0.4978
0.4979
0.4979
0.4980
0.4981
0.4981
0.4982
0.4982
0.4983
0.4984
0.4984
0.4985
0.4985
0.4986
0.4986
0.4987
0.4987
0.4987
0.4988
0.4988
0.4989
0.4989
0.4989
0.4990
0.4990
0.4990
0.4991
0.4991
0.4991
0.4992
0.4992
0.4992
0.4992
0.4993
0.4993
0.4993
0.4993
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
3.078
6.314
12.706
31.821
63.657
1.886
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
1.638
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
1.533
2.132
2.776
3.747
4.604
1.476
2.015
2.571
3.365
4.032
1.440
1.943
2.447
3.143
3.707
1.415
1.895
2.365
2.998
3.499
1.397
1.860
2.306
2.896
3.355
1.383
1.833
2.262
2.821
3.250
1.372
1.812
2.228
2.764
3.169
1.363
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
1.356
1.782
2.179
2.681
3.055
1.350
1.771
2.160
2.650
3.012
1.345
1.761
2.145
2.624
2.977
1.341
1.753
2.131
2.602
2.947
1.337
1.746
2.120
2.583
2.921
1.333
1.740
2.110
2.567
2.898
1.330
1.734
2.101
2.552
2.878
1.328
1.729
2.093
2.539
2.861
1.325
1.725
2.086
2.528
2.845
1.323
1.721
2.080
2.518
2.831
1.321
1.717
2.074
2.508
2.819
1.319
1.714
2.069
2.500
2.807
1.318
1.711
2.064
2.492
2.797
1.316
1.708
2.060
2.485
2.787
1.315
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
1.314
1.703
2.052
2.473
2.771
1.313
1.701
2.048
2.467
2.763
1.311
1.699
2.045
2.462
2.756
1.310
1.697
2.042
2.457
2.750
1.303
1.684
2.021
2.423
2.704
1.296
1.671
2.000
2.390
2.660
1.289
1.658
1.980
2.358
2.617
1.282
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
12
Chi2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.995
0.99
0.975
0.95
0.9
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
3.93E-05
0.0002
0.0010
0.0039
0.0158
2.7055
3.8415
5.0239
6.6349
7.8794
0.0100
0.0201
0.0506
0.1026
0.2107
4.6052
5.9915
7.3778
9.2103
10.5966
0.0717
0.1148
0.2158
0.3518
0.5844
6.2514
7.8147
9.3484
11.3449
12.8382
0.2070
0.2971
0.4844
0.7107
1.0636
7.7794
9.4877
11.1433
13.2767
14.8603
0.4117
0.5543
0.8312
1.1455
1.6103
9.2364
11.0705
12.8325
15.0863
16.7496
0.6757
0.8721
1.2373
1.6354
2.2041
10.6446
12.5916
14.4494
16.8119
18.5476
0.9893
1.2390
1.6899
2.1673
2.8331
12.0170
14.0671
16.0128
18.4753
20.2777
1.3444
1.6465
2.1797
2.7326
3.4895
13.3616
15.5073
17.5345
20.0902
21.9550
1.7349
2.0879
2.7004
3.3251
4.1682
14.6837
16.9190
19.0228
21.6660
23.5894
2.1559
2.5582
3.2470
3.9403
4.8652
15.9872
18.3070
20.4832
23.2093
25.1882
2.6032
3.0535
3.8157
4.5748
5.5778
17.2750
19.6751
21.9200
24.7250
26.7568
3.0738
3.5706
4.4038
5.2260
6.3038
18.5493
21.0261
23.3367
26.2170
28.2995
3.5650
4.1069
5.0088
5.8919
7.0415
19.8119
22.3620
24.7356
27.6882
29.8195
4.0747
4.6604
5.6287
6.5706
7.7895
21.0641
23.6848
26.1189
29.1412
31.3193
4.6009
5.2293
6.2621
7.2609
8.5468
22.3071
24.9958
27.4884
30.5779
32.8013
5.1422
5.8122
6.9077
7.9616
9.3122
23.5418
26.2962
28.8454
31.9999
34.2672
5.6972
6.4078
7.5642
8.6718
10.0852
24.7690
27.5871
30.1910
33.4087
35.7185
6.2648
7.0149
8.2307
9.3905
10.8649
25.9894
28.8693
31.5264
34.8053
37.1565
6.8440
7.6327
8.9065
10.1170
11.6509
27.2036
30.1435
32.8523
36.1909
38.5823
7.4338
8.2604
9.5908
10.8508
12.4426
28.4120
31.4104
34.1696
37.5662
39.9968
8.0337
8.8972
10.2829
11.5913
13.2396
29.6151
32.6706
35.4789
38.9322
41.4011
8.6427
9.5425
10.9823
12.3380
14.0415
30.8133
33.9244
36.7807
40.2894
42.7957
9.2604
10.1957
11.6886
13.0905
14.8480
32.0069
35.1725
38.0756
41.6384
44.1813
9.8862
10.8564
12.4012
13.8484
15.6587
33.1962
36.4150
39.3641
42.9798
45.5585
10.5197
11.5240
13.1197
14.6114
16.4734
34.3816
37.6525
40.6465
44.3141
46.9279
11.1602
12.1981
13.8439
15.3792
17.2919
35.5632
38.8851
41.9232
45.6417
48.2899
11.8076
12.8785
14.5734
16.1514
18.1139
36.7412
40.1133
43.1945
46.9629
49.6449
12.4613
13.5647
15.3079
16.9279
18.9392
37.9159
41.3371
44.4608
48.2782
50.9934
13.1211
14.2565
16.0471
17.7084
19.7677
39.0875
42.5570
45.7223
49.5879
52.3356
13.7867
14.9535
16.7908
18.4927
20.5992
40.2560
43.7730
46.9792
50.8922
53.6720
20.7065
22.1643
24.4330
26.5093
29.0505
51.8051
55.7585
59.3417
63.6907
66.7660
27.9907
29.7067
32.3574
34.7643
37.6886
63.1671
67.5048
71.4202
76.1539
79.4900
35.5345
37.4849
40.4817
43.1880
46.4589
74.3970
79.0819
83.2977
88.3794
91.9517
43.2752
45.4417
48.7576
51.7393
55.3289
85.5270
90.5312
95.0232
100.4252
104.2149
51.1719
53.5401
57.1532
60.3915
64.2778
96.5782
101.8795
106.6286
112.3288
116.3211
59.1963
61.7541
65.6466
69.1260
73.2911
107.5650
113.1453
118.1359
124.1163
128.2989
67.3276
70.0649
74.2219
77.9295
82.3581
118.4980
124.3421
129.5612
135.8067
140.1695
13