Labrel

LABOR RELATIONS
I. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING (Arts. 227-

277)
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LEGITIMATE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
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1. WHAT ARE THE 2 WAYS OF BECOMING A
LEGITIMATE LABOR ORG. (LLO)?
a. Registration with the BLR (INDEPENDENT
UNION)
b. Chartering or issuance of a federation or
national union of a charter certifcate (LO!L
"!PTER)
2. A) HOW CAN A NON-REGISTERE !NION
A""LY FOR AN AFFILIATION TO BECOME A
L.L.O.? OR AC#!IRE LEGITIMACY?
B# a$$lication of the union with the federation for
the issuance of a charter certifcate to %e
su%&itted to the Bureau acco&$anied %# the
following'
a) o$ies of its constitution and %#(laws)
%) *tate&ent of the set of o+cers and
%oo,s of accounts- all of which &ust %e certifed
%# the *ecretar#.Treasurer and attested to %# the
President/ In such case- the union %eco&es a
local cha$ter of the federation/
NOTE$ The issuance of charter certifcate confer
legal $ersonalit# onl# for $ur$oses of fling a
$etition for certifcation election/
%. CERTIFICATION ELECTION & the $rocess of
deter&ining %# secret %allot the sole and
e0clusi1e %argaining agent of the e&$lo#ees in
an a$$ro$riate %argaining unit- for $ur$oses of
collecti1e %argaining (e&$lo#ees in the 2 $a#roll
$eriod $rior to the certifcation election &a# 1ote)
3!rt/4567

'. FORMALITIES RE#!IRE IN CREATING LOCAL
CHA"TER BEFORE S!BMISSION OF
OC!MENTS?
! dul# registered federation or national union
&a# directl# create a local cha$ter %# I**UIN8 !
"!RTER ERTI9I!TE indicating the
esta%lish&ent of the local cha$ter/ This
su$$orting re:uire&ent shall %e certifed under
oath %# the *ecretar# or the Treasurer of the
local.cha$ter and attested %# its President (as
!&ended %# DO ;<(B(<2)/
The cha$ter shall ac:uire legal $ersonalit# ONL=
for $ur$oses of fling a PE fro& the date it was
issued a charter certifcate/ The cha$ter shall %e
entitled to all other rights and $ri1ileges of a LLO
ONL= UPON T"E *UB>I**ION O9 DOU>ENT* in
addition to its charter certifcate/
(. A) LEGAL EFFECTS OF AFFILIATION OF AN
!NREGISTERE !NION.
!+liation of a local cha$ter is generall#
understood to %e that of agenc#- where the local
union is the $rinci$al and the federation is the
agent/
B) LEGAL EFFECTS OF AFFILIATION OF AN
INE"ENENTLY REGISTERE !NION.
!+liation would allow an inde$endent union to
secure su$$ort or assistance during the for&ati1e
stage of unioni?ation fro& the national union or
federation/ It would also allow to utili?e the
e0$ertise in $re$aring and $ursuing %argaining
$ro$osals- and &arshal the &ind and &an$ower
of national unions or federations in the course of
grou$ actions such as stri,es/
NOTE$ 9or %oth a+liating unions- the legal e@ect
is that it %eco&es su%Aect to the laws of the
federation- with res$ect to the enforce&ent of
constitution- %#(laws and rules/ It creates and
%etween the $arent %od# (federation) and the
su%ordinate union (a+liation.local union) and
%etween the &e&%ers of the su%ordinate union
inter se/
). THE EFFECT OF ISAFFILIATION TO (A) AN
(B)?
The e@ect of disa+liation to the union %# an
unregistered union is that it would cease to %e a
legiti&ate la%or organi?ation and would no longer
ha1e legal $ersonalit# and the rights and
$ri1ileges granted %# law to legiti&ate
organi?ation- unless the local cha$ter is co1ered
%# a dul# registered B!/ In the latter case- the
local or cha$ter will not lose its legal $ersonalit#
until the e0$iration of the B!/ !fter the B!
e0$ires it will lose its legal $ersonalit# unless it
registers as an inde$endent union/
The e@ect of disa+liation %# an inde$endentl#
registered union is that it BOULD NOT !99ET IT*
BEIN8 ! LE8ITI>!TE L!BOR OR8!NIC!TION and
therefore it would continue to ha1e legal
$ersonalit# and to $ossess all the rights and
$ri1ileges of a LLO/

7. MANNER ON ISAFFILIATING BY A LOCAL
!NION FROM A FEERATION? "ERIO?
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page G
Bhen a+liated- a local union &a# disa+liate fro&
the federation/ The general rule is that a la%or
union &a# disa+liate fro& the &other union to
for& an inde$endent union onl# during the 6<(
da# freedo& $eriod i&&ediatel# $receding the
e0$iration of the B!/ [LIMITATION: Disafliation
should be in accordance with the rules and
procedures stated in the Constitution and By
Laws o! the "ederation#$
The e0ce$tion is when there is disa+liation %#
&aAorit#/ E1en %efore the onset of the freedo&
$eriod- disa+liation &a# still %e carried out- %ut
such disa+liation &ust %e e@ected %# a &aAorit#
of the union &e&%ers in the %argaining unit
(through secret %allot)/ This ha$$ens when there
is a su%stantial shift in allegiance on the $art of
the &aAorit# of the &e&%ers of the union/ In
such a case- howe1er- the B! continues to %ind
the &e&%ers of the new or disa+liated and
inde$endent union u$ to the B!Hs e0$iration
date/ ! consent election to deter&ine the union
which shall ad&inister the B! &a# %e
conducted/
*. A) RIGHTS OF LLO? (!SERFOE)
a. !nderta,e acti1ities for %eneft of &e&%ers)
b. Sue and %e sued)
c. E0clusi1e re$resentati1e of all e&$lo#ees)
d. Re$resent union &e&%ers)
e. Furnished %# e&$lo#ers of audited fnancial
state&ents)
f. Own $ro$erties) and
g. E0e&$ted fro& ta0es/
B) CONITIONS RE#!IRE BEFORE A RIGHT
TO A!ITE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BE
GRANTE.
To %etter e:ui$ the union in $re$aring for or in
negotiating with the e&$lo#er- the law gi1es it
the right to %e furnished with the e&$lo#erHs
audited fnancial state&ents/ There are ; $oints
in ti&e when the union &a# as, in writing for
these state&ents'
a/ after the union has %een recogni?ed %# the
e&$lo#er as sole %argaining re$resentati1e of the
e&$lo#ees in the %argaining unit)
%/ after the union is certifed %# DOLE as such
sole %argaining re$resentati1e)
c/ within the last 6< da#s of the life of a B!)
d/ during the collecti1e %argaining negotiation/
The audited state&ents- including the %alance
sheet and the $roft and loss state&ent- should
%e $ro1ided %# the e&$lo#er within 2< calendar
da#s after recei$t of the unionHs re:uest/
+. GRO!NS FOR CANCELLATION OF !NION
REGISTRATION.
a. >isre$resentation- false state&ent or fraud in
connection with the ado$tion or ratifcation of
the constitution and %# laws)
b. !&end&ents thereto- the &inutes of
ratifcation- and the list of &e&%ers who too,
$art in the ratifcation)
c. >isre$resentation- false state&ents or fraud in
connection with the election of o+cers-
&inutes of the election of o+cers- and the list
of 1oters) and
d. Ioluntar# dissolution %# the &e&%ers/
%Art$&'( LC As A)ended by *A (+,-.
NOTE: 9ailure to su%&it re$ortorial
re:uire&ents is no longer a ground for
cancellation %ut shall su%Aect the erring
o+cers or &e&%ers to sus$ension- e0$ulsion
fro& &e&%ershi$- or an# a$$ro$riate $enalt#/
%Art$&+&A Inserted by *A (+,-.
1,.WHO CAN FILE "ETITION FOR
CANCELLATION OF !NION REGISTRATION?
If it is for a legiti&ate indi1idual la%or union-
chartered local- or a wor,erHs association- the
$etition &a# %e fled %# -./ 0-rt/-1.-1.t2r2st-
if the ground is' a) 9ailure to co&$l# with an# of
the re:uire&ents under !rt/42;- 42J and 42K L)
and %) Iiolation of an# $ro1ision under !rt/42L
L/
If it is for federations- national or industr# unions-
or trade union centers- the $etition &a# %e fled
3.4/ 5/ t62 72752rs 38 t62 4-53r
3r9-.1:-t13. concerned if grounds are actions
in1ol1ing 1iolations of !rt/4;G- su%Aect to the 2<M
rule/
11.ARE "ETITIONS FOR CANCELLATION
A""EALABLE?
=E*/ ancellation orders issued %# the Regional
Director (for legiti&ate inde$endent la%or
union.chartered local and wor,erHs association)-
are a$$eala%le to the Bureau of La%or Relations
(BLR)/ The BLRHs decision is fnal and e0ecutor-
hence- not a$$eala%le to the DOLE *ecretar#- %ut
it &a# %e ele1ated to the ! %# certiorari/
ancellation cases that originated at the BLR
itself &a# %e a$$ealed to the DOLE *ecretar#-
and again- %# certiorari to the !/
12.WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF CANCELLATION
"ROCEEINGS?
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4
Bhere a la%or union is a $art# in a $roceeding
and later it loses its registration $er&it in the
course or during the $endenc# of the case- s;<6
;.13. 7-/ <3.t1.;2 -s - 0-rt/ =1t63;t .22>
38 s;5st1t;t13. 38 0-rt12s- su%Aect howe1er to
the understanding that whate1er decision &a# %e
rendered therein will %e %inding onl# u$on those
&e&%ers of the union who ha1e not signifed
their desire to withdraw fro& the case %efore its
trial and decision on the &erits/
NOTE$ Onl# a fnal order of cancellation can stri$
a LLO of its rights/
(/rinciple o! A0ency a$$lied F the e&$lo#ees are
the $rinci$als and the la%or organi?ation is
&erel# an agent of the for&er- conse:uentl#- the
cancellation of the unionHs registration would not
de$ri1e the consenting &e&%er(e&$lo#ees of
their right to continue the case as the# are
considered as the $rinci$als/)
1%.CAN THE L.O. CANCEL ITS REGISTRATION?
"ROCE!RE?
=E*/ The registration of a LLO &a# %e cancelled
%# the organi?ation itself PROIIDED' a) !t least
4.2 of its general &e&%ershi$ 1otes- in a &eeting
dul# called for that $ur$ose to dissol1e the
organi?ation) and %) !n a$$lication to cancel
registration is su%&itted %# the %oard of the
organi?ation- attested to %# the $resident thereof/
%Art$&'(A LC$ New /ro1ision inserted by *A
(+,-.$
1'.RIGHTS AN CONITIONS OF MEMBERSHI"
(IM")
!/ Deliberative and Decision-Making Right (
The right to $artici$ate in deli%erations on the
&aAor $olic# :uestions and decide %# secret
%allot)
B/ Right to Information the right to %e
infor&ed a%out' a) the organi?ationHs constitution
and %# laws) and %) the B! and La%or laws)
/ Right Over Mone Matters the rights of
the &e&%ers' a) !gainst i&$osition of e0cessi1e
fees) %) Right against unauthori?ed collection of
contri%utions or unauthori?ed dis%urse&ents) c)
To re:uire ade:uate records of inco&e and
e0$enses) d) To access fnancial records) e) To
1ote on o+cersH co&$ensation) f) To 1ote on
s$ecial assess&ent) g) To %e deducted a s$ecial
assess&ent onl# with the &e&%erHs written
authori?ation)
D/ !olitical Right the right to 1ote and %e
1oted for- su%Aect to lawful $ro1isions on
:ualifcations and dis:ualifcations/
NOTE: !n# 1iolation of the a%o1e rights and
conditions of &e&%ershi$ shall %e a ground for
cancellation of union registration or e0$ulsion of
an o+cer fro& o+ce- whiche1er is a$$ro$riate/
!t least 2<M of all the &e&%ers of the union or
an# &e&%er or &e&%ers s$ecifcall# concerned
&a# re$ort such 1iolation to the Bureau/
1(.#!ALIFICATIONS OF !NION OFFICERS (%)
One should %e e&$lo#ed in the co&$an# to
:ualif# as o+cer of a union in that co&$an#/ The
union o+cer &ust not $ossess an#
dis:ualifcation such as N&oral tur$itudeO defned
as an act of %aseness- 1ileness- or de$ra1it# in
the $ri1ate and social duties which a &an owes
his fellow &en- or to societ# in general- contrar#
to the acce$ted and custo&ar# rule of right and
dut# %etween &an and &an or conduct contrar#
to Austice- honest#- &odest# or good &orals/
1).#!ALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS
O.4/ 72752rs 38 t62 ;.13. ha1e the eligi%ilit#
to ta,e $art in the election of union o+cers/
Eligi%ilit# to 1ote &a# %e deter&ined through the
use of the a$$lica%le $a#roll $eriod and the status
of the e&$lo#ees during the a$$lica%le $eriod/
This $ertains to the $a#roll of the &onth ne0t
$receding the la%or dis$ute- in case of regular
e&$lo#ees- and the $a#roll $eriod at or near the
$ea, of o$eration- in case of e&$lo#ees in
seasonal industries/
"IMIT#TION$ %RI-$&-RE':
a. The la%or organi?ation cannot co&$el
e&$lo#ees to %eco&e &e&%ers of their la%or
organi?ation if the# are alread# &e&%ers of a
RII!L UNION)
b. The $ersons &entioned in !rt/ 4;G (e) L F
S!BIER*IIE* F are $rohi%ited fro& %eco&ing
a &e&%er of a la%or organi?ation)
c. The &e&%ers of RELI8IOU* OR8 whose
religion for%ids &e&%ershi$ in la%or
organi?ation could not %e co&$elled into union
&e&%ershi$/
17.ARE !NION OFFICERS ENTITLE TO
COM"ENSATION?
Union o+cers shall not %e $aid an# co&$ensation
other than the salaries and e0$enses due to their
$ositions as s$ecifcall# $ro1ided for in its
constitution and %#(laws- or in a written resolution
dul# authori?ed %# a &aAorit# of all the &e&%ers
at a general &e&%ershi$ &eeting dul# called for
the $ur$ose/ (!rt/ 4;G 3,7)
1*.GRO!NS FOR E?"!LSION @ IM"EACHMENT
OF !NION OFFICERS (')
Union o+cers &a# %e e0$elled fro& the union or
re&o1ed fro& o+ce on the following grounds'
a/ 1iolation of the rights and conditions of
&e&%ershi$ in la%or organi?ation under !rt/ 4;G
%/ co&&ission of irregularities in the
a$$ro1al of the resolution regarding
co&$ensation of union o+cers
c/ &e&%ershi$ in another la%or
organi?ation
d/ cul$a%le 1iolation of the constitution
and %#(laws
NOTE$ The $ower to e0$el or re&o1e union
o+cers fro& o+ce is within the Aurisdiction of
BLR/
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CHECA-OFF B S"ECIAL ASSESSMENT @ !L"
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1. RE#!ISITES OF VALI LEVY OF S"ECIAL
ASSESSMENT (RAMM)
a/ There &ust %e a written Resolution)
%/ The resolution &ust ha1e %een A$$ro1ed %# a
&aAorit# of all the &e&%ers) and
c/ The a$$ro1al &ust %e at a general
Me&%ershi$ &eeting dul# called for that
$ur$ose)
d/ The *ecretar# of the organi?ation shall record
the &inutes of the &eeting- which shall %e
attested to %# the President/ The Minutes
include' dG) The list of all &e&%ers $resent)
d4) The 1otes cast) and d2) The $ur$ose of the
assess&ent or fees/
NOTE: *u%stantial co&$liance with the
afore&entioned $rocedure is not enough F the
re:uire&ents &ust %e strictl# co&$lied with/
2. WHAT IS A CHECA-OFF?
! chec,(o@ is a &ethod of deducting fro& an
e&$lo#eeHs $a# at $rescri%ed $eriod- the
a&ounts due to the union for fees- fnes or
assess&ents/
%. WHAT ARE THE RE#!ISITES OF A VALI
CHECA-OFF?
No s$ecial assess&ent- attorne#Hs fees-
registration fees or an# other e0traordinar# fees
&a# %e chec,ed o@ fro& an# a&ount due an
e&$lo#ee without an indi1idual written
authori?ation dul# signed %# the e&$lo#ee/ The
authori?ation should s$ecifcall# state the (!PB)'
a) A&ount) %) "ur$ose) and c) Benefciar# of the
deduction/
'. ARE THE RE#!ISITES FOR CHECA-OFF
RE#!IRE FOR ALL ACTIVITIES?
MANATORY ACTIVITIES?
NO/ The re:uisites for chec,(o@ are not re:uired
for all acti1ities/ The e0ce$tion to the rule
re:uiring the re:uisites for chec, o@ are'
a/ 9or >!ND!TOR= !TIIITIE* $ro1ided under
the L
%/ Bhen NON(>E>BER* O9 T"E UNION !I!IL
O9 T"E BENE9IT* O9 T"E B!' %G) *aid non(
&e&%ers &a# %e assessed union dues
e:ui1alent to that $aid %# &e&%ers) and %4)
Onl# %# a %oard resolution a$$ro1ed %#
&aAorit# of the &e&%ers in a general
&eeting called for the $ur$ose/
NOTE: No indi1idual written authori?ation
re:uired for non(union &e&%ers assessed of
agenc# fees- who has %enefted fro& the
B!/
(. CAN AN EM"LOYEE WITHRAW HIS CHECA
OFF A!THORIZATION? HOW?
=E*/ ! withdrawal of indi1idual authori?ations is
e:ui1alent to no authori?ation at all/ Docu&ents
containing the withdrawals ha1e the signature of
union &e&%ers/ These retractions are 1alid/
There is nothing in the law which re:uires that
the withdrawals &ust %e in indi1idual for&/
). WHO CAN FILE FOR THE VIOLATION OF
ART.2'1?
!t least 2<M of all the &e&%ers of the union or
an# &e&%er or &e&%ers s$ecifcall# concerned
&a# re$ort such 1iolation to the Bureau/
7. IS THE %,C R!LE RE#!IRE FOR FILING A
VIOLATION OF ART.2'1 MANATORY?
G2.. R;42$ =E*/
ED<20t13.$ >a# %e less than 2<M $ro1ided there
is su%stantial co&$liance/
( The 2<M &a# %e dis$ensed when such 1iolation
directl# a@ects onl# one or two &e&%ers- then
onl# one or tow &e&%ers would %e enough to
re$ort such 1iolation/
*. A) WHAT IS AN !NFAIR LABOR "RACTICE
(!L")?
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page ;
!G/ !n# unfair la%or $ractice as e0$ressl# defned
%# the ode)
!4/ !n# act intended or directed to wea,en or
defeat the wor,erHs right to self(organi?e or to
engage in lawful concerted acti1ities/
B) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS?
BG/ E&$lo#er(E&$lo#ee relationshi$ %etween the
o@ender and the o@ended) and
B4/ !ct done is e0$ressl# defned in the code as
an act of unfair la%or $ractice (!rt/4;K- 4;L)
NOTE$:
( The Essential Ele&ent is the 1iolation of
the right of e&$lo#ees to self(organi?ation/
( E0ce$t for !rt/4;K (f) F Dis&issing
E&$lo#ee for 8i1ing Testi&on# F all
$rohi%ited acts are related to the wor,erHs
self(organi?ational right and the
o%ser1ance of the B!/
+. CAN !L" BE COMMITTE AGAINST
MANAGERIAL EM"LOYEES?
8enerall# NO/ >anagerial e&$lo#ees are the alter
ego of the e&$lo#ers and thus the# are su$$osed
to %e on the side of the e&$lo#er to act as its
re$resentati1es- and to see to it that its interests
are well $rotected/
1,.HOW O WE ETERMINE IF AN EM"LOYER
COMMITTE A !L"?
Totalit of (ond)ct Doctrine F The cul$a%ilit#
of e&$lo#erHs re&ar,s is to %e e1aluated not onl#
on the %asis of their i&$lications- %ut against the
%ac,ground of and in conAunction with collateral
circu&stances/
hec, also the >OTIIE/
11.THE S"ECIFIC ACTS OF !L" OF EM"LOYERS?
(ICC-F-"VV)
-. To 1nterfere with- restrain or coerce e&$lo#ees
in the e0ercise of their right to self(
organi?ation)
5. To re:uire as a <ondition for e&$lo#&ent that
a $erson or an e&$lo#ee shall not Aoin a la%or
organi?ation or shall withdraw fro& one to
which he %elongs)
<. To <ontract out ser1ices or functions %eing
$erfor&ed %# union &e&%ers when such will
interfere with- restrain or coerce e&$lo#ees in
the e0ercise of their right to self(organi?ation)
>. To initiate- do&inate- assist or otherwise
interfere with the 8or&ation or ad&inistration
of an# la%or organi?ation- including the gi1ing
of fnancial or other su$$ort to it or its
organi?ers or o+cers/
2. To >iscri&inate in regard to wages- hours of
wor,- and other ter&s and conditions of
e&$lo#&ent in order to encourage or
discourage &e&%ershi$ in an# la%or
organi?ation)
8. To >is&iss- discharge or otherwise $reAudice or
discri&inate against an e&$lo#ee for ha1ing
gi1en or %eing a%out to gi1e testi&on# under
this ode)
9. To Eiolate the dut# to %argain collecti1el# as
$rescri%ed %# this ode)
6. To 0a# negotiation or attorne#Hs fees to the
union or its o+cers or agents as $art of the
settle&ent of an# issue in collecti1e %argaining
or an# other dis$utes)
1. To grossl# Eiolate the B!/ The 1iolation &ust
%e NgrossO or a Pagrant and.or &alicious
refusal to co&$l# with the econo&ic $ro1isions
of the B!/
12.A) WHAT IS THE TEST OF INTERFERENCE?
B) E?AM"LE.
!) Bhether the e&$lo#er has engaged in conduct
which- it &a# reasona%l# %e said- tends to
interfere with the free e0ercise of the e&$lo#eesH
right and it is not necessar# that there %e direct
e1idence that an# e&$lo#ee was in fact
inti&idated or coerced %# the state&ents of
threats or the e&$lo#er if there is a reasona%le
interference that the anti(union conduct of the
e&$lo#er does ha1e an ad1erse e@ect of self(
organi?ation and collecti1e %argaining/ (The
Insular Life N!TU 1s/ The Insular Life)
B) EQ!>PLE*'
BG/ Outright and unconcealed inti&idation
B4/ In order that interrogation would not %e
dee&ed coerci1e'
a) The e&$lo#er &ust co&&unicate to the
e&$lo#ee the $ur$ose of :uestioning)
%) !ssure hi& that no re$risal would ta,e
$lace) and
c) O%tain e&$lo#ee $artici$ation 1oluntaril#/
B2/ >ust %e free fro& e&$lo#er hostilit# to union
organi?ation
B;/ >ust not %e coerci1e in nature
B5/ Inti&idating e0$ressions of o$inion %#
e&$lo#er
!n e&$lo#er who interfered with the right to self(
organi?ation %efore a union is registered can %e
held guilt# of ULP (*a&ahan ng >anggagawa sa
Bandolino 1s/ NLR)
1%.WHAT IS THE TOTALITY OCTRINE?
Totalit of (ond)ct Doctrine F The cul$a%ilit#
of e&$lo#erHs re&ar,s is to %e e1aluated not onl#
on the %asis of their i&$lications- %ut against the
%ac,ground of and in conAunction with collateral
circu&stances/
1'.WHAT IS A YELLOW OG CONTRACT?
! #ellow dog contract is a $ro&ise e0acted fro&
wor,ers as a condition of e&$lo#&ent that the#
are not to %elong to- or atte&$ts to foster- a
union during their $eriod of e&$lo#&ent/ It is
null and 1oid %ecause it is contrar# to $u%lic
$olic# co? tanta&ount to in1oluntar# ser1itude- it
is entered without consideration for e&$lo#ees in
wai1ing their right to self(organi?ation- and the
e&$lo#ees are coerced to sign contracts
disad1antageous to their fa&il#/
1(.WHEN OES CONTRACTING O!T SERVICES
BECOME !L"?
ontracting out ser1ices is not ULP $er se/ It is
ULP onl# when the following conditions e0ist'
a) The ser1ice contracted out are %eing
$erfor&ed %# union &e&%ers) and
%) *uch contracting out interferes with-
restrains- or coerce e&$lo#ees in the
e0ercise of their right to self(organi?ation/
-----------------------------------
!NFAIR LABOR "RACTICE
-----------------------------------
1. A) CAN AN !L" BE COMMITTE AGAINST
S!"ERVISORY EM"LOYEES?
It de$ends/
GENERAL R!LE$ *u$er1isor# e&$lo#ees can
for& la%or organi?ation/ "ence- LO R ULP/
E?CE"TION$ If the su$er1isor# e&$lo#ee
e0ercise functions that of the sa&e as &anagerial
e&$lo#ee (test of su$er1isor# status)- the# are
dis:ualifed fro& for&ing or Aoining la%or
organi?ations/ "ence- no LO R no ULP/
NOTE' Test of su$er1isor# status F su$er1isor#
status should %e deter&ined on whether the
reco&&endator# $ower of the e&$lo#ee is
e@ecti1e and not &erel# routinar# or clerical in
nature- %ut re:uires the use of inde$endent
Audg&ent/
B) CONFIENTIAL EM"LOYEES?
It de$ends/
If the confdential e&$lo#ees ha1e access to la%or
relations infor&ation the# are >1sF;-41G2> fro&
for&ing or Aoining la%or organi?ations- therefore
no LO R no ULP/ (Doctrine of necessar#
i&$lication)
2. HOW OES INTERFERENCE MANIFESTE?
%2ee No$ -&A3 pa0e 4.
%. YELLOW OG ONTRACT?
%2ee No$-+3 pa0e 4.
'. HOW OES CONTRACTING O!T SERVICES
MANIFESTE?
%2ee No$-43 pa0e 4.
(. REMEY IF THE !NION IS OMINATE BY
EM"LOYER?
DI*E*T!BLI*">ENT
). A) HOW OES ISCRIMINATION
MANIFESTE?
To discri&inate in regard to wages- hours of wor,-
and other ter&s and conditions of e&$lo#&ent in
order to encourage or discourage &e&%ershi$ in
an# la%or organi?ation/
B) WHEN CAN WE SAY THERE IS
ISCRIMINATION?
Bhene1er %enefts or $ri1ileges gi1en to one is
not gi1en to the other under si&ilar or identical
conditions when directed to encourage or
discourage union &e&%ershi$/
* (OM!ONENT$ O+ DI$(RIMIN#TION:
BG/ It $rohi%its discri&ination in ter&s and
conditions of e&$lo#&ent in order to encourage
or discourage &e&%ershi$ in the union)
B4/ It gi1es 1alidit# to union securit# agree&ents)
and
B2/ It allows an agenc# sho$ arrange&ent
where%# agenc# fees &a# %e collected fro& non(
union &e&%ers/
7. !NION SEC!RITY AGREEMENTS?
The# are sti$ulations in the B! re:uiring
&e&%ershi$ in the contracting union as a
condition for e&$lo#&ent or retention of
e&$lo#&ent in the co&$an#/
*. TY"ES OF !NION SEC!RITY AGREEMENTS
(C!MM-"A-BE)
a/ CLOSE-SHO" AGREEMENT F The e&$lo#er
underta,es not to e&$lo# an# indi1idual who is
not a &e&%er of the contracting union and the
said indi1idual once e&$lo#ed &ust- for the
duration of the agree&ent- re&ain a &e&%er of
the union in good standing as a condition for
continued e&$lo#&ent)
%/ !NION SHO" AGREEMENT F *ti$ulation
where%# an# $erson can %e e&$lo#ed %# the
e&$lo#er %ut once e&$lo#ed such e&$lo#ee
&ust- within a s$ecifc $eriod- %eco&e a &e&%er
of the contracting union and re&ain as such in
good standing for continued e&$lo#&ent for the
duration of the B!)
c/ MAINTENANCE OF MEMBERSHI" SHO"
AGREEMENT F The agree&ent does not re:uire
non &e&%ers to Aoin the contracting union %ut
$ro1ides that those who are &e&%ers thereof at
the ti&e of the e0ecution of the B! and those
who &a# thereafter %eco&e &e&%ers &ust
&aintain their &e&%ershi$ for the duration of the
agree&ent)
d/ MOIFIE !NION SHO" F E&$lo#ees who
are not union &e&%ers at the ti&e of signing the
contract need not Aoin the union- %ut all the
wor,ers hired thereafter &ust Aoin)
e/ "REFERENTIAL SHO" AGREEMENT F !n
agree&ent where%# the e&$lo#er &erel# agrees
to gi1e $reference to the &e&%ers of the
%argaining union in hiring- $ro&otion or flling
1acancies and retention in case of la#(o@)
f/ AGENCY SHO" AGREEMENT F !n agree&ent
where%# e&$lo#ees &ust either Aoin the union or
$a# to the union as the e0clusi1e %argaining
agent a su& e:ual to that $aid %# the &e&%ers)
g/ BARGAINING FOR MEMBERS ONLY F The
union is recogni?ed as the %argaining agent onl#
for its own &e&%ers)
h/ E?CL!SIVE BARGAINING SHO" F The union
is recogni?ed as the e0clusi1e %argaining agent
for all e&$lo#ees in the %argaining unit- whether
union &e&%ers or not/
+. WHEN OES GIVING A TESTIMONY BECOME
A !L"?
It is the e&$lo#erHs retaliator# act regardless of
the su%Aect of e&$lo#eeHs co&$laint or testi&on#/
In e@ect- if a retaliator# act is done under !rt/GGK-
the conse:uence is ULP under !rt/ 4;K(f)/
1,.HOW OES THE !TY TO BARGAIN
COLLECTIVELY MANIFESTE? (Art.2(2 B
2(%)
5here NO CBA 67ists %Art$&4&.
The dut# to %argain collecti1el# &eans the
$erfor&ance of &utual o%ligation'
a/ TO >EET !ND ONIENE $ro&$tl# and
e0$editiousl# in good faith for the $ur$ose
of negotiating an agree&ent with res$ect
to wages- hours of wor, and all other
ter&s and conditions of e&$lo#&ent
including $ro$osals for adAusting an#
grie1ances or :uestions arising under such
agree&ent) and
%/ TO EQEUTE ! ONTR!T incor$orating
such agree&ents if re:uested %# either
$art#/
LIMITATION2:
a/ The dut# to %argain collecti1el# does not
co&$el an# $art# to' G) agree to a
$ro$osal) 4) &a,e a concession) or 2)
&a,e roo& for Sta,e it or lea1e itH $osture/
%/ The $arties cannot sti$ulate ter&s and
conditions of e&$lo#&ent which are %elow
the &ini&u& re:uire&ents $rescri%ed %#
law/
5here CBA 67ists %Art$&4'.
Bhen there is an e0isting B!- the dut# to
%argain collecti1el# shall also &ean that neither
$art# shall ter&inate nor &odif# such agree&ent
during its lifeti&e/ It is the dut# of %oth $arties
to'
a/ Tee$ the status :uo) and
%/ To continue in the full force and e@ect the
ter&s and conditions of the e0isting B!/
68C6/TION:
During the 6<(da# $eriod $rior to its
e0$iration- u$on ser1ice of a written notice of a
$art#Hs intention to ter&inate or &odif# the sa&e-
a $art# &a# choose to ter&inate or &odif# the
non(re$resentational as$ect of the B! onl# after
the e0$iration of B! of f0ed duration/
11.HOW THE VIOLATION OF CBA BE
CONSIERE AN !L"?
Iiolations of a B! shall no longer %e treated as
ULP and shall %e resol1ed as grie1ances under
the B!- e0ce$t if the 1iolations of the B! are
gross in character/ 9or $ur$oses of this article-
gross 1iolations of the B! shall &ean Pagrant
and.or &alicious refusal to co&$l# with the
econo&ic $ro1isions of such agree&ent/ (!rt/46G)
12.CAN A LABOR ORG COMMIT !L"?
=E*/ (!rt/4;L) 3R(d(I . $(!(I7
a/ To restrain or coerce e&$lo#ees in the
e0ercise of their right to self(organi?ation/
"owe1er- a la%or organi?ation shall ha1e
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page J
the right to $rescri%e its own rules with
res$ect to the ac:uisition or retention of
&e&%ershi$)
%/ To <ause or atte&$t to cause an e&$lo#er
to >iscri&inate against an e&$lo#ee-
including discri&ination against an
e&$lo#ee with res$ect to who&
&e&%ershi$ in such organi?ation has %een
denied or to ter&inate an e&$lo#ee on
an# ground other than the usual ter&s and
conditions under which &e&%ershi$ or
continuation of &e&%ershi$ is &ade
a1aila%le to other &e&%ers)
c/ To Eiolate the dut# or refuse to %argain
collecti1el# with the e&$lo#er $ro1ided
that it is the re$resentati1e of the
e&$lo#ees)
d/ To <ause or atte&$t to cause an e&$lo#er
to $a# or deli1er or agree to $a# or deli1er
an# &one# or other things of 1alue- in the
nature of an e0action- for ser1ices which
are not $erfor&ed or not to %e $erfor&ed-
including the de&and for a fee for union
negotiations)
e/ To -s, for or acce$t negotiation or
!ttorne#Hs fees fro& e&$lo#ers as $art of
the settle&ent of an# issue in collecti1e
%argaining or an# other dis$ute)
f/ To grossl# Eiolate a collecti1e %argaining
agree&ent/
1%.WHAT IS FEATHERBEING?
9eather%edding (&a,e(wor, acti1ities) refers to
the $ractice of the union or its agents in causing
or atte&$ting to cause an e&$lo#er to $a# or
deli1er or agree to $a# or deli1er &one# or other
things of 1alue- in the nature of e0action- for
ser1ices which are not $erfor&ed or not to %e
$erfor&ed- as when a union de&ands that the
e&$lo#er &aintain $ersonnel in e0cess of the
latterHs re:uire&ents/
NOTE: It is not feather%edding if the wor, is
$erfor&ed no &atter how unnecessar# or useless
it &a# %e/
1'.HOW OES A !NION VIOLATE THE !TY TO
BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY BE CONSIERE AN
!L"?
"O9* %+. "O*M2 O" 9L/ IN BA*:AININ:
a/ 9ailure or refusal to &eet and con1ene)
%/ E1ading the &andator# su%Aects of
%argaining/ (Mandatory 2ub;ects includes
wages- hours or wor,- grie1ance
&achiner#- 1oluntar# ar%itration- fa&il#
$lanning- rates of $a#- and &utual
o%ser1ance clause))
c/ Bad faith in %argaining (boulwaris)- which
occurs when the e&$lo#er directl#
%argains with the e&$lo#ee disregarding
the union/ The e&$lo#er su%&its its
$ro$osals and ado$ts a Sta,e it or lea1e itH
stand/ This is not negotiation %ecause
such stand i&$lies threat)/ Bad faith
%argaining also includes failure or refusal
to e0ecute the B! if re:uested) and
d/ 8ross 1iolation of the B!/ 3NOTE:
<iolations o! the CBA3 e7cept those which
are :*O22 in character3 shall no lon0er be
treated as an 9L/ but as a 0rie1ance
under the CBA %Art$&=-.$7
1(.WHO ARE CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR !L"?
9L/ O" 6M/LO>6*2 %Art$&+,. Onl# the o+cers
and agents of cor$orations- associations or
$artnershi$s who ha1e actuall# $artici$ated in-
authori?ed or ratifed ULP shall %e held cri&inall#
lia%le/
9L/ O" LABO* O*:ANI?ATION2 %Art$&+(. The
o+cers- &e&%ers of go1erning %oards-
re$resentati1es or agents or &e&%ers of la%or
associations or organi?ations who ha1e actuall#
$artici$ated in- authori?ed or ratifed ULP shall %e
held cri&inall# lia%le/ (!rt/4;L)
------------------------------------------------
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING "ROCESS
------------------------------------------------
1. H!RISICTIONAL "RECONITIONS OF CBA
(E"")
a/ E&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee relationshi$)
%/ "ossession of the status of &aAorit#
re$resentation %# the e&$lo#eesH
re$resentati1e in accordance with an# of
the &eans of selection or designation
$ro1ided for %# the La%or ode)
c/ "roof of &aAorit# re$resentation
(ertifcation of the BLR that the
re$resentati1e of the e&$lo#ees is the
sole and e0clusi1e %argaining agent
ha1ing won in a certifcation election)) and
d/ e&and to %argain under !rt/ 45<(a) of
the La%or ode/
2. F!NAMENTAL FACTORS IN FI?ING AN
A""RO"RIATE BARGAINING !NIT (')
-$ Glo%e Doctrine F the e0$ress will or desire
of the e&$lo#ees)
&$ Co&&unit# of Interest Doctrine or the
*u%stantial >utual Interest Rule F the
su%stantial and &utualit# interests factor/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page K
3NOTE: Thin0s To Consider in Deter)inin0
Co))unity o! Interest: %a. 2i)ilarity in
scale@)anner o! deter)inin0 earnin0sA b.
2i)ilarity in e)ploy)ent beneBts3 hours
o! worC and other ter)s D conditions o!
e)ploy)entA %c. 2i)ilarity in Cinds o!
worC per!or)edA %d. 2i)ilarity in
EualiBcations3 sCills and trainin0 o! the
e)ployeesA %e. 2i)ilarity in super1ision
and deter)ination o! labor relations
policyA %!. "reEuency o! contract or
interchan0e a)on0 the e)ployeesA %0.
Fistory o! pre1ious collecti1e bar0ainin0A
%h. Desires o! the aGected e)ployeesA and
%i. 67tent o! union or0aniHation$
'$ Histor# or the $rior B! histor#)
+$ E&$lo#&ent status such as' (a)
Te&$orar#- (%) *easonal- (c) Pro%ationar#
E&$lo#ee
%. A) ONE COM"ANY & ONE !NION "OLICY
The $roliferation of unions in an e&$lo#er unit is
discouraged as a &atter of $olic# unless there are
co&$elling reasons which would den# a certain
class of e&$lo#ees the right to self(organi?ation
for $ur$oses of collecti1e %argaining/
B) E?CE"TIONS (%)
a) *u$er1isor# e&$lo#ees who are allowed to
for& their own unions a$art fro& the ran,(
and(fle e&$lo#ees)
%) Two co&$anies cannot %e treated into a
single %argaining unit e1en if their
%usinesses are related)
c) *u%sidiaries or cor$orations for&ed out of
for&er di1isions of a &other co&$an#
following a reorgani?ation &a# constitute
a se$arate %argaining unit/
'. A) VOL!NTARY RECOGNITION
Ioluntar# Recognition is the $rocess where%# the
e&$lo#er recogni?es a la%or organi?ation as the
e0clusi1e %argaining re$resentati1e of the
e&$lo#ees in the a$$ro$riate %argaining unit
after a showing that the la%or organi?ation is
su$$orted %# at least a &aAorit# of the e&$lo#ees
in the %argaining unit/
B) RE#!IREMENTS (!1M)
BG/ Ioluntar# recognition is $ossi%le onl# in an
!NOR8!NICED esta%lish&ent)
B4/ Onl# ONE (1) UNION is as,ing for recognition)
B2/ The union 1oluntaril# recogni?ed should %e
the M!UORIT= union as indicated %# the fact that
&e&%ers of the %argaining unit did not o%Aect to
the $roAected recognition/
C) LEGAL EFFECTS OF VOL!NTARY
RECOGNITION
Through 1oluntar# recognition %# the e&$lo#er-
the la%or organi?ation is recogni?ed %# the
e&$lo#er as the e0clusi1e %argaining agent which
&a# collecti1el# %argain with such e&$lo#er/
(. CERTIFICATION ELECTION
ertifcation Election is the $rocess of
deter&ining %# secret %allot the sole and
e0clusi1e %argaining agent of the e&$lo#ees in
an a$$ro$riate %argaining unit- for $ur$oses of
collecti1e %argaining (e&$lo#ees in the 2 $a#roll
$eriod $rior to the certifcation election &a#
1ote)/ The election is conducted under the
su$er1ision and control of DOLE o+cials/ It ends
u$ with a for&al and o+cial state&ent of results-
certif#ing which union won- if an#/ "ence- the
election is a$$ro$riatel# called Ncertifcation
election/O
ertifcation election can %e fled an#ti&e if there
is no B! or is not registered/ It can %e fled
during the freedo& $eriod if there is an
incu&%ent B!/
). CONTRACT BAR R!LE
Bhile a 1alid and registered B! is su%sisting for
a 9IQED PERIOD O9 5 =R*- the Bureau is not
allowed to hold an election contesting the
&aAorit# status of the incu&%ent union EQEPT
during the si0t# (6<) da#($eriod i&&ediatel# $rior
to its e0$iration- which $eriod is called the
9REEDO> PERIOD/ (!rt/42G)
7. WHO CAN FILE A "ETITION FOR
CERTIFICATION ELECTION ("CE)?
a/ Legiti&ate La%or Organi?ation (LLO)
including a national union or federation
which has alread# issued a charter
certifcate to its local cha$ter $artici$ating
in the certifcation election
%/ Local cha$ter which has %een issued a
charter certifcate %# the national union or
federation
c/ The e&$lo#er ( when re:uested %# the
e&$lo#ees F &a# fle a PE in an
unorgani?ed esta%lish&ent/
NOTE$ DURIN8 T"E PENDEN= 9OR
RE8I*TR!TION- T"E L/O/ !N !LRE!D= 9ILE !
PE/ !L*O UPON T"E I**U!NE O9 "!RTER
ERTI9I!TE TO ! LO!L "!PTER/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page L
*. RE#!ISITES IN AN ORGANIZE
ESTABLISHMENT (Art.2())
In organi?ed esta%lish&ents- when a 1erifed
$etition :uestioning the &aAorit# status of the
incu&%ent %argaining agent is fled %# an# LLO
including a national union or federation which has
alread# issued a charter certifcate to its local
cha$ter $artici$ating in the E or a local cha$ter
which has %een issued a charter certifcate %# the
national union or federation %efore the DOLE
within the 6<(da# $eriod %efore the e0$iration of
the B!- the >ed(!r%iter shall auto&aticall#
order an election %# secret %allot when the
1erifed $etition is su$$orted %# the written
consent of at least 45M of all the e&$lo#ees in
the %argaining unit to ascertain the will of the
e&$lo#ees in the a$$ro$riate %argaining unit/ To
ha1e a 1alid election- at least a &aAorit# of all
eligi%le 1oters in the unit &ust ha1e cast their
1otes/ The la%or union recei1ing the &aAorit# of
the 1alid 1otes cast shall %e certifed as the
e0clusi1e %argaining agent of all the wor,ers in
the unit/
+. R!LES IN THE 2(C CONSENT RE#!IREMENT
INCL!ING WITHRAWAL OF CONSENT
In deciding whether the 45M re:uire&ent is
a$$lica%le or not- the law considers the BU
in1ol1ed- not the whole enter$rise/ This- again-
&a,es it eas# for wor,ers to unioni?e- a %asic
o%Aecti1e of la%or relations law/
In an organi?ed esta%lish&ent- the PE &ust %e
su$$orted %# the written consent of at least 45M
of all the e&$lo#ees in the a$$ro$riate %argaining
unit (!rt/456)/ The 45M initial su$$ort indicates
that the $etitioner has a fair chance of winning
and that the $etition is not Aust a nuisance/
But in an unorgani?ed esta%lish&ent- the 45M
consent signature re:uire&ent is not a$$lica%le/
! grou$ of su$er1isors (unioni?ed) who fles a PE
does not need to $resent 45M &ini&u& su$$ort
%ecause such is considered unorgani?ed/ The
$etition for E in1ol1es onl# the su$er1isors- not
the ran,(and(fle/ Insofar as the su$er1isors are
concerned- the Nesta%lish&entO is considered
unioni?ed/ "ence the re:uire&ent for 45M
su$$ort to the $etition does not a$$l#/
6Gect o! 5ithdrawal o! 2i0natories
! critical fact to consider is whether the
withdrawal ha$$ened %efore or after the fling of
the $etition/ If it ha$$ened 5283r2 the fling- the
withdrawal is 0r2s;72> E34;.t-r/ and it does
not a@ect the $ro$riet# of the $etition) if -8t2r-
the withdrawal is >2272> 1.E34;.t-r/ ($erha$s
$ressured %# the e&$lo#er) and it does not
necessaril# cause the dis&issal of the $etition
The $resu&$tion would arise that the withdrawal
was $rocured through duress- coercion or for
1alua%le consideration/ In other words- the
distinction &ust %e that withdrawals &ade %efore
the fling of the $etition are $resu&ed 1oluntar#
unless there is con1incing $roof to the contrar#-
whereas withdrawals &ade after the fling of the
$etition are dee&ed in1oluntar#/
The reason for such distinction is that if the
withdrawal or retraction is &ade %efore the fling
of the $etition- the na&es of e&$lo#ees
su$$orting the $etition are su$$osed to %e held
secret to the o$$osite $art#/ Logicall#- an# such
withdrawal or retraction shows 1oluntariness in
the a%sence of $roof to the contrar#/
1,.WHEN TO FILE MOTION FOR INTERVENTION?
*ection 6- Rule I- Boo, I of the i&$le&enting
Rules $ro1ides that a $etition for certifcation
election or a &otion for inter1ention can onl# %e
entertained within si0t# da#s $rior to the e0$ir#
date of an e0isting collecti1e %argaining
agree&ent/
NOTE$ Incu&%ent B! is an auto&atic inter1enor
on the PE- &eaning it need not fle a >otion for
Inter1ention/
11.H!RISICTION OF ME ARBITER ON THE
ACTION FOR "CE
! >ed !r%iter &a# deter&ine if there is e&$lo#er(
e&$lo#ee relationshi$ and if the 1oters are
eligi%le/
"e will decide whether to grant or den# the PE/
!ll issues $ertaining to the e0istence of e&$lo#er(
e&$lo#ee relationshi$ or to eligi%ilit# to union
&e&%ershi$ shall %e resol1ed in the order or
decision granting or den#ing the $etition for
certifcation election/ In other words- those issues
do not stall the PE and the# are not grounds for
dis&issing a PE/
It is a%surd to suggest that the >ed(!r%iter and
*ecretar# of La%or cannot &a,e their own
inde$endent fnding as to the sentence of such
relationshi$ and &ust ha1e to rel# and wait for
such a deter&ination %# the La%or !r%iter or
NLR in a se$arate $roceeding/ 9or then- gi1en a
situation where there is no se$arate co&$laint
fled with the La%or !r%iter- the >ed(!r%iter
and.or the *ecretar# of La%or can ne1er decide a
E case or an# la%or(&anage&ent dis$ute
$ro$erl# %rought %efore the& as the# ha1e no
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page G<
authorit# to deter&ine the e0istence of an
e&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee relationshi$/ *uch a
$ro$osition is- to sa# the least- ano&alous/
Once there is a deter&ination as to the e0istence
of such a relationshi$- the &ed(ar%iter can then
decide the E case/ !s the authorit# to deter&ine
the e&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee relationshi$ is necessar#
and indis$ensa%le in the e0ercise of Aurisdiction
%# the >ed(!r%iter- his fnding thereon &a# onl#
%e re1iewed and re1ersed %# the *ecretar# of
La%or who e0ercises a$$ellate Aurisdiction under
!rticle 45L of the L- as a&ended/
12.CONSENT ELECTION
Li,e a E- its $ur$ose is the sa&e- na&el#- to fnd
out which union should ser1e as the %argaining
agent/ The di@erence is that a certifcation is
ordered %# the De$art&ent while a consent
election is 1oluntaril# agreed u$on %# the $arties-
with or without the inter1ention of the
De$art&ent/
Two or &ore unions are in1ol1ed in a consent
election/ !nd li,e certifcation election- consent
election &a# ta,e $lace in an unorgani?ed or
organi?ed esta%lish&ent/
1%.GRO!NS FOR ISMISSAL ON THE "ETITION
FOR CERTIFICATION ELECTION (() (.O.',-
,%)
a/ Petitioner is not listed in the de$art&entHs
registr# of legiti&ate la%or unions or that
its legal $ersonalit# has %een re1o,ed or
cancelled with fnalit#)
%/ Petition was fled %efore or after the
freedo& $eriod of a dul# registered B!-
$ro1ided that the 6< da# $eriod %ased on
the original B! shall not %e a@ected %#
an# a&end&ent- e0tension- or renewal of
the B!)
c/ Petition was fled within G #ear fro& entr#
of 1oluntar# recognition or a 1alid
certifcation- consent- or run(o@ election
and no a$$eal on the results thereof is
$ending)
d/ ! dul# certifed union has co&&enced an
sustained negotiations with the e&$lo#er
or there e0ists a %argaining deadloc,
which had %een su%&itted to conciliation
or ar%itration or had %eco&e the su%Aect
of a 1alid notice of stri,e or loc,out to
which an incu&%ent or certifed %argaining
agent is a $art#)
e/ In case of an organi?ed esta%lish&ent-
failure to su%&it the 45M su$$ort
re:uire&ent for the fling of the PE/
1'.WHO ARE #!ALIFIE TO VOTE IN
CERTIFICATION ELECTION?
!ll e&$lo#ees who are &e&%ers of the
a$$ro$riate %argaining unit sought to %e
re$resented %# the $etitioner at the ti&e of the
issuance of the order granting the conduct of a
certifcation election shall %e eligi%le to 1ote/
The list of 1oters should %e %ased on the
e&$lo#er(certifed list of e&$lo#ees in the BU or
$a#rolls/ If the e&$lo#er does not su%&it the list
or $a#rolls- the union &a# su%&it its own list/
E1en the list of e&$lo#ees su%&itted to the ***
&a# %e used as %asis to co&$rise the list of
1oters for the E/ NIt should ideall# %e the $a#roll
which should ha1e %een used for the $ur$ose of
the election/ "owe1er- the unAustifed refusal of a
co&$an# to su%&it the $a#roll in its custod#-
des$ite e@orts to &a,e it $roduce it- co&$elled
resort to the *** list as the ne0t %est source of
infor&ation/ !fter all- the *** list is a $u%lic
record whose regularit# is $resu&ed/O
Onl# the e&$lo#ees who are directl# e&$lo#ed %#
the e&$lo#er and wor,ing along the acti1ities to
which the e&$lo#er is engaged and lin,ed %#
e&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee relationshi$ are :ualifed to
$artici$ate in the certifcation election-
Nirres$ecti1e of the $eriod of their e&$lo#&ent/O
E&$lo#ees of an inde$endent contractor who
underta,es to do a $iece of wor, for his account
and res$onsi%ilit#- with &ini&u& interference on
the $art of the other contracting $art# (indirect
e&$lo#er)- not %eing la%orers or e&$lo#ees of
the latter- are not :ualifed to $artici$ate therein/
In case of disagree&ent o1er the 1otersV list or
o1er the eligi%ilit# of 1oters- all contested 1oters
shall %e allowed to 1ote/ But their 1otes shall %e
segregated and sealed in indi1idual en1elo$es in
accordance with *ections G< and GG of this Rule/
1(.NOTICE OF ELECTION RE#!IREMENTS
The Election O+cer shall cause the $osting of
notice of election at least ten (G<) da#s %efore the
actual date of the election in two (4) &ost
cons$icuous $laces in the co&$an# $re&ises/ The
notice shall contain'
(a) the date and ti&e of the election)
(%) na&es of all contending unions)
(c) the descri$tion of the %argaining unit and the
list of eligi%le and challenged 1oters/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page GG
The $osting of the notice of election- the
infor&ation re:uired to %e included therein and
the duration of $osting cannot %e wai1ed %# the
contending unions or the e&$lo#er/ It is
&andator#/
1).A) GRO!NS FOR CHALLENGING VOTES?
!n authori?ed re$resentati1e of an# of the
contending unions and e&$lo#er &a# challenge a
1ote %efore it is de$osited in the %allot %o0 onl#
on an# of the following grounds'
(a) that there is no e&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee
relationshi$ %etween the 1oter and the co&$an#)
(%) that the 1oter is not a &e&%er of the
a$$ro$riate %argaining unit which $etitioner
see,s to re$resent/
B) R!LES IN CHALLENGING OF VOTES
Bhen a 1ote is $ro$erl# challenged- the Election
O+cer shall $lace the %allot in an en1elo$e which
shall %e sealed in the $resence of the 1oter and
the re$resentati1es of the contending unions and
e&$lo#er/ The Election O+cer shall indicate on
the en1elo$e the 1oterVs na&e- the union or
e&$lo#er challenging the 1oter- and the ground
for the challenge/ The sealed en1elo$e shall then
%e signed %# the Election O+cer and the
re$resentati1es of the contending unions and
e&$lo#er/ The Election O+cer shall note all
challenges in the &inutes of the election and
shall %e res$onsi%le for consolidating all
en1elo$es containing the challenged 1otes/ The
en1elo$es shall %e o$ened and the :uestion of
eligi%ilit# shall %e $assed u$on onl# if the nu&%er
of segregated 1oters will &ateriall# alter the
results of the election/
17.R!LES ON ELECTION "ROTEST
!n# $art#(in(interest &a# fle a $rotest %ased on
the conduct or &echanics of the election/ *uch
$rotests shall %e recorded in the &inutes of the
election $roceedings/ Protests not so raised are
dee&ed wai1ed/
The $rotesting $art# &ust for&ali?e its $rotest
with the >ed(!r%iter- with s$ecifc grounds-
argu&ents and e1idence- within f1e (5) da#s
after the close of the election $roceedings/ If not
recorded in the &inutes and for&ali?ed within the
$rescri%ed $eriod- the $rotest shall %e dee&ed
dro$$ed/
NOTE$ IA!ter the close o! election proceedin0sJ
&eans the $eriod fro& closing of the $olls to the
counting and ta%ulation of the 1otes/
1*.R!N-OFF ELECTION
Bhen an election which $ro1ides for three (2) or
&ore choices results in none of the contending
unions recei1ing a &aAorit# of the 1alid 1otes
cast- and there are no o%Aections or challenges
which if sustained can &ateriall# alter the results-
the Election O+cer shall )otu propio conduct a
run(o@ election within ten (G<) da#s fro& the
close of the election $roceedings %etween the
la%or unions recei1ing the two highest nu&%er of
1otes) $ro1ided- that the total nu&%er of 1otes
for all contending unions is at least fft# (5<M)
$ercent of the nu&%er of 1otes cast/
WNo UnionW shall not %e a choice in the run(o@
election/ Notice of run(o@ elections shall %e
$osted %# the Election O+cer at least f1e (5)
da#s %efore the actual date of run(o@ election/
-----------------------------------------------
"CE @ BAR TO "CE @ A""EAL
----------------------------------------------
1. FO!R CONITIONS BEFORE R!N-OFF
ELECTION MAY BE CON!CTE
! run(o@ election is $ro$er if these concurrent
conditions e0ist- na&el#'
a/ a 1alid election too, $lace %ecause &aAorit# of
the BU &e&%ers 1oted/
%/ the election $resented a least three choices-
e$0$- Union One- Union Two- and No Union-
&eaning there are at least two union
Ncandidates/O 9urther- not one of the unions
o%tained the &aAorit# of the 1alid 1otes/
c/ the total nu&%er of 1otes for all the unions is at
least 5<M of the 1alid 1otes cast/
d/ there is no unresol1ed challenge of 1oter or
election $rotest/
2. WHO ARE #!ALIFIE TO VOTE FOR
CERTIFICATION ELECTION
%2ee No$-43 pa0e -K.
%. A) CAN "ROBATIONARY OR NON-REG!LAR
EM"LOYEES VOTE FOR CERTIFICATION
ELECTION?
=E*/ In a certifcation election all ran,(and(fle
e&$lo#ees in the a$$ro$riate %argaining unit are
entitled to 1ote/ This $rinci$le is clearl# stated in
!rt/ 455 of the La%or ode which states that the
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page G4
Wla%or organi?ation designated or selected %# the
&aAorit# of the e&$lo#ees in an a$$ro$riate
%argaining unit shall %e the e0clusi1e
re$resentati1e of the e&$lo#ees in such unit for
the $ur$ose of collecti1e %argaining/W
ollecti1e %argaining co1ers all as$ects of the
e&$lo#&ent relation and the resultant B!
negotiated %# the certifed union %inds all
e&$lo#ees in the %argaining unit/ "ence- all ran,(
and(fle e&$lo#ees- $ro%ationar# or $er&anent-
ha1e a su%stantial interest in the selection of the
%argaining re$resentati1e/ The ode &a,es no
distinction as to their e&$lo#&ent status as %asis
for eligi%ilit# in su$$orting the $etition for
certifcation election/ The law refers to WallW the
e&$lo#ees in the %argaining unit/ !ll the# need to
%e eligi%le to su$$ort the $etition is to %elong to
the W%argaining unitW/
B) ISMISSE EM"LOYEES WHO FILE
"ETITION FOR ILLEGAL ISMISSAL?
IT DEPEND*/
!n e&$lo#ee who has %een dis&issed fro& wor,
%ut has contested the legalit# of the dis&issal in
a foru& of a$$ro$riate Aurisdiction at the ti&e of
the issuance of the order for the conduct of a
certifcation election shall %e considered a
:ualifed 1oter- ;.42ss his.her dis&issal was
declared fnal Audg&ent at the ti&e of the
conduct of the certifcation election/
In Phili$$ine Auris$rudence it is now settled that
e&$lo#ees who ha1e %een i&$ro$erl# laid o@ %ut
who ha1e a $resent- una%andoned right to or
e0$ectation of re(e&$lo#&ent- are eligi%le to 1ote
in certifcation elections/ Thus- and to re$eat- if
the dis&issal is under :uestion- as in the case
now at %ar where%# a case of illegal dis&issal
and.or unfair la%or $ractice was fled- the
e&$lo#ees concerned could still :ualif# to 1ote in
the elections/
C) MEMBERS OF RELIGIO!S SECT?
=E*/
In the E all &e&%ers of the unit- whether union
&e&%ers or not- ha1e the right to 1ote/ Union
&e&%ershi$ is not a $rere:uisite/ If &aAorit# of
the unit &e&%ers do not want a union- as
e0$ressed in the E- such &aAorit# decision &ust
%e res$ected/ Logicall#- the right NOT to Aoin-
a+liate with- or assist an# union- and to
disa+liate or resign fro& a la%or organi?ation- is
su%su&ed in the right to Aoin- a+liate with- or
assist an# union- and to &aintain &e&%ershi$
therein/ The right to for& or Aoin a la%or
organi?ation necessaril# includes the right to
refuse or refrain fro& e0ercising said right/ It is
self(e1ident that Aust as no one should %e denied
the e0ercise of a right granted %# law- so also- no
one should %e co&$elled to e0ercise such a
conferred right/
The res$ondentsV argu&ent that the $etitioners
are dis:ualifed to 1ote %ecause the# Ware not
constituted into a dul# organi?ed la%or unionW X
W%ut &e&%ers of the Iglesia Ni risto (IN) which
$rohi%its its followers- on religious grounds- fro&
Aoining or for&ing an# la%or organi?ationW X and
Whence- not one of the unions which 1ied for
certifcation as sole and e0clusi1e %argaining
re$resentati1e-W is s$ecious/ Neither law-
ad&inistrati1e rule nor Auris$rudence re:uires
that onl# e&$lo#ees a+liated with an# la%or
organi?ation &a# ta,e $art in a certifcation
election/ On the contrar#- the $lainl# discerni%le
intend&ent of the law is to grant the right to 1ote
to all %ona fde e&$lo#ees in the %argaining unit-
whether the# are &e&%ers of a la%or
organi?ation or not/
) STRIAING EM"LOYEES?
*tri,ers are eligi%le to 1ote in a certifcation
election %ecause the# continue to enAo#
e&$lo#ee status during the stri,e- unless- in the
&eanti&e- the# are declared to ha1e lost their
e&$lo#ee status/ (R/ Trans$ort or$/ 1s/
Lagues&a)
'. A) IN CASE A VOTE IS CHALLENGEI WHAT
SHO!L BE ONE? @ R!LES ON
CHALLENGING OF VOTES?
%2ee No$-=B3 /a0e -K.
(. "OSTING OF NOTICE OF ELECTION IS A
MANATORY RE#!IREMENT
%2ee No$-43 pa0e -K.
). GRO!NS FOR CHALLENGING OF VOTES
%2ee No$-=A3 /a0e -K.
7. CAN A CERTIFICATION ELECTION BE
CON!CTE !RING A STRIAE?
>62$ %ChecC Asian Desi0n 1s$ "errerCalle;a.
*. A) CAN A LABOR ORGANIZATION FILE A
MOTION FOR INTERVENTION IN
!NORGANIZE ESTABLISHMENT?
In unorgani?ed esta%lish&ents- a legiti&ate la%or
organi?ation with su%stantial interest in the
certifcation election &a# fle a &otion for
inter1entionY (*ec/ K- Rule IIII- Boo, I- Rules
I&$le&enting the La%or ode)
B) AT WHAT "ERIO OF TIME?
Y at an# ti&e $rior to the decision of the >ed(
!r%iter/
+. CAN AN EM"LOYER FILE A "CE?
=es- in an UNOR8!NICED esta%lish&ent/ (!rt/45K)
1,.E?CE"TIONS TO THE BY-STANER "RINCI"LE
B#(stander $rinci$le &a# not %e a$$lied if the
e&$lo#er in1o,es the following grounds to $rotect his
interest'
a/ Non(e0istence of Er(Ee relationshi$
%etween the co&$an# and the e&$lo#ees sought to
%e re$resented %# the $etitioning union/
%/ Petitioning union has no legiti&ac# or
legal $ersonalit#/
c/ Petition is not su$$orted %# the written
consent of 45M of the e&$lo#ees within the
%argaining unit/
d/ Bargaining unit %eing re$resented %#
the $etitioning union is not an a$$ro$riate %argaining
unit/
e/ ontract(%ar rule
f/ Ioluntar# recognition(#ear %ar rule
g/ Election(#ear %ar rule
h/ Negotiation(#ear %ar rule
i/ Deadloc, %ar rule
11.CONTRACT BAR R!LE
%2ee No$=3 pa0e ,.
12.VOL!NTARY RECOGNITION R!LE
No PE &a# %e fled within one #ear fro& the
date of a 1alid 1oluntar# recognition/
1%.ELECTION YEAR BAR R!LE
No PE &a# %e fled within one #ear fro& the
date of a 1alid certifcation- consent- or run(o@
election or fro& the date of 1oluntar# recognition/
1'.NEGOTIATION YEAR BAR R!LE
! PE cannot %e entertained if- %efore the fling of
the PE- the dul# recogni?ed or certifed union
has co&&enced negotiation with the e&$lo#er in
accordance with !rt/45</
1(.EALOCA BAR R!LE
! PE cannot %e entertained if %efore the fling of
the PE- a %argaining deadloc, to which an
incu&%ent or certifed %argaining agent is a
$art#- had %een su%&itted to conciliation or
ar%itration or had %eco&e the su%Aect of a 1alid
notice of stri,e or loc,out/ The one(#ear %ar is not
necessar#/
1).A) A""EAL IN !NORGANIZE
ESTABLISHMENT
If $etition is granted- the case is not su%Aect to
a$$eal/ If $etition is dis&issed- the case is
a$$eala%le/
B) A""EAL IN ORGANIZE ESTABLISHMENT
Bhether $etition is granted or dis&issed- the
case is su%Aect to a$$eal/
17.TWO MOES OF ETERMINATION OF
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGENT
a/ ertifcation Election F includes consent-
run(o@ election
%/ Ioluntar# Recognition
1*.EFINITION OF !TY TO BARGAIN
COLLECTIVELY (Art.2(2)
The dut# to %argain collecti1el# &eans the
$erfor&ance of a &utual o%ligation to &eet and
con1ene $ro&$tl# and e0$editiousl# in good faith
for the $ur$ose of negotiating an agree&ent with
res$ect to wages- hours of wor, and all other
ter&s and conditions of e&$lo#&ent including
$ro$osals for adAusting an# grie1ances or
:uestions arising under such agree&ent and
e0ecuting a contract incor$orating such
agree&ents if re:uested %# either $art# %ut such
dut# does not co&$el an# $art# to agree to a
$ro$osal or to &a,e an# concession/
1+.ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN !TY TO BARGAIN
COLLECTIVELY
%2ee$ No$-, Art$ &4& D No$&KA Art &4'.
2,.A) WHEN IS THERE A !TY TO BARGAIN
COLLECTIVELY WHEN A CBA E?ISTS?
(ART.2(%)
Bhen there is a collecti1e %argaining agree&ent-
the dut# to %argain collecti1el# shall also &ean
that neither $art# shall ter&inate nor &odif# such
agree&ent during its lifeti&e/ "owe1er- either
$art# can ser1e a written notice to ter&inate or
&odif# the agree&ent at least si0t# (6<) da#s
$rior to its e0$iration date/ It shall %e the dut# of
%oth $arties to ,ee$ the status :uo and to
continue in full force and e@ect the ter&s and
conditions of the e0isting agree&ent during the
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page G;
6<(da# $eriod and.or until a new agree&ent is
reached %# the $arties/
B) WHEN THERE IS NO E?ISTING CBA?
(ART.2(2)

%2ee No$-,.
------------------------------------------------------
THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING "ROCESS
------------------------------------------------------
1. ORGANIZATION (ART.2'%-2'*)
Art.2'% & o1erage and E&$lo#eeHs Right to *O
Art.2'' & Right of E&$lo#ees in the Pu%lic
*er1ice
Art.2'( & Ineligi%ilit# of &anagerial e&$lo#ees
to Aoin an# la%or organi?ation) Right of
*u$er1isor#
Art.2') & Non(a%ridge&ent of Right to *O
Art.2'7 & once$t of ULP and Procedure for
Prosecution thereof
Art.2'* & ULP of E&$lo#ers
2. REGISTRATION @ AFFILIATION (ART.2%'-2'')
Art.2%' & Re:uire&ents of registration
Art.2%( & !ction on !$$lication
Art.2%) & Denial of Registration) !$$eal
Art.2%7 & !dditional re:uire&ents for
9ederations or National Unions
Art.2%* & ancellation of Registration) !$$eal
Art.2%+ & 8rounds of ancellation of Union
Registration
Art.2', & E:uit# of the Incu&%ent
Art.2'1 & Rights and onditions of >e&%ershi$
in La%or Org
Art.2'2 & Rights of LLO
Art.2'% & o1erage and E&$lo#eeHs Right to *O
Art.2'' & Right of E&$lo#ees in the Pu%lic
*er1ice

%. EMAN TO BARGAIN (ART.2(, & "r3<2>;r2
1. CB)
The @ $rocedures shall %e o%ser1ed in collecti1e
%argaining'
a/ Bhen a $art# desires to negotiate an
agree&ent- it shall ser1e a written notice
u$on the other $art# with a state&ent of
its $ro$osals/ The other $art# shall &a,e
a re$l# thereto not later than ten (G<)
calendar da#s fro& recei$t of such notice)
%/ *hould di@erences arise on the %asis of
such notice and re$l#- either $art# &a#
re:uest for a conference which shall %egin
not later than ten (G<) calendar da#s fro&
the date of re:uest)
c/ If the dis$ute is not settled- the Board
shall inter1ene u$on re:uest of either or
%oth $arties or at its own initiati1e and
i&&ediatel# call the $arties to conciliation
&eetings/ The Board shall ha1e the $ower
to issue su%$oenas re:uiring the
attendance of the $arties to such
&eetings/ It shall %e the dut# of the
$arties to $artici$ate full# and $ro&$tl# in
the conciliation &eetings the Board &a#
call)
d/ During the conciliation $roceedings in the
Board- the $arties are $rohi%ited fro&
doing an# act which &a# disru$t or
i&$ede the earl# settle&ent of the
dis$utes) and
e/ The Board shall e0ert all e@orts to settle
dis$utes a&ica%l# and encourage the
$arties to su%&it their case to a 1oluntar#
ar%itrator/
V34;.t-r/ R2<39.1t13.
(In Unorgani?ed Esta%lish&ent
a/ Uoint state&ent of fact of 1oluntar# recognition-
fact of $osting- and fact of onl# G union
%/ Notice of Ioluntar# Recognition with DOLE
c/ Recording
(Petition for ertifcation Election
a/ LLO
%/ 9ederation
c/ E&$lo#er
'. NEGOTIATIONS
EALOCA
( onciliation
( !r%itration
( *tri,es . Loc,outs
CBA
( *igned
( !n# agree&ent on such other $ro1isions of
the B! entered into within 6 &os/ fro&
the date of e0$ir# of the ter& of such
other $ro1isions- shall retroact to the da#
i&&ediatel# following such date/
( If an# such agree&ent is entered into
%e#ond 6 &os/- the $arties shall agree on
the duration of retroacti1it# thereof/ In
case of a deadloc, in the renegotiation of
the B!- the $arties &a# e0ercise their
rights under this ode/
( If thereHs deadloc, F the e@ecti1it# date
shall %e when the ar%itrator renders its
fnal decision/
(. "OSTING (ART.2%1)
). RATIFICATION
7. REGISTRATION (ART.2%1)
"!R"OSE$ ontract Bar Rule
-------------------------------------------------
CERTIFICATION ELECTION ""ROCESS
-------------------------------------------------
1. O;t41.2 38 t62 C2rt1G<-t13. E42<t13. "r3<2ss.
G/G 9ILIN8 O9 PETITION
G/4 "E!RIN8
-$&$-$ Motion to Dis)iss
-$&$&$ Motion to 2uspend /roceedin0s
NOTE: :*O9ND2 "O* 292/6NDIN:
/*OC66DIN:2
a$ Bhen the union is a co&$an#(do&inated
union- $reAudicial :uestion
b/ Bhen the legal $ersonalit# of the union
is seriousl# challenged
-$&$'$ Motion !or Inter1ention
-$&$+$ /arties )ay a0ree to Consent 6lection
NOTE: 5hen the parties a0reed to ha1e
consent election3 the '
rd
step is sCipped oG$
The +
th
step L /reelection Con!erence
!ollows$
G/2 I**U!NE O9 ORDER . DEI*ION
G/;/ PRE(ELETION ON9ERENE
G/5/ PO*TIN8 O9 NOTIE O9 ELETION
( Mandatory *eEuire)ent$ -K Days be!ore the
election
G/6/ ELETION
G/J/ !NI!**IN8
G/K/ PROL!>!TION
----------------------------------------------------------------
---------
GRIEVANCE MACHINERY B VOL!NTARY
ARBITRATION
----------------------------------------------------------------
---------
1. WHAT IS A GRIEVANCE?
! grie1ance is defned as Nan# :uestion %# either
the e&$lo#er or the union regarding the
inter$retation or a$$lication of the collecti1e
%argaining agree&ent or co&$an# $ersonnel
$olicies or an# clai& %# either $art# that the
other $art# is 1iolating an# $ro1ision of the B!
or co&$an# $ersonnel $olicies/O
If the ter& grie1ance is to %e a$$lied in the loose
or generic sense- an# dis$ute or contro1ers#
res$ecting ter&s and conditions of e&$lo#&ent
which an e&$lo#ee or grou$ of e&$lo#ees &a#
$resent to the e&$lo#er can %e a grie1ance- e1en
without a union or B!/
The e0$ansion of the original and e0clusi1e
Aurisdiction of 1oluntar# ar%itrators to include
:uestions arising fro& the interpretation and
en!orce)ent o! co)pany personnel policies has
the e@ect of widening the &eaning and
inter$retation of a grie1ance to include a situation
where there is no collecti1e %argaining agent and
no B!/
2. IF THERE IS GRIEVANCEI TO WHAT BOY IT
SHO!L BE "RESENTE?
!ll grie1ances arising fro& the i&$le&entation or
inter$retation of the collecti1e %argaining
agree&ent and.or inter$retation and enforce&ent
of co&$an# $ersonnel $olicies are co&$ulsoril#
su%Aect to the grie1ance &achiner#/
U$holding the re:uire&ent- the ourt has ruled
that the grie1ance $rocedure $ro1ided in the B!
should %e adhered to %# the $arties/ Refusal or
failure to do so is an unfair la%or $ractice-
%ecause the grie1ance $rocedure is $art of the
continuous $rocess of collecti1e %argaining/ It is
intended to $ro&ote friendl# dialogue %etween
la%or and &anage&ent as a &eans of
&aintaining industrial $eace/
Before an aggrie1ed e&$lo#ee &a# resort to the
courts to enforce his indi1idual rights under a
%argaining contract- the e&$lo#ee &ust e0haust
all the re&edies a1aila%le to hi& under such
contract/ !nd a court should not entertain an#
co&$laint %# an aggrie1ed e&$lo#ee until $ro$er
use has %een &ade of the <3.tr-<t 9r12E-.<2
0r3<2>;r2 -9r22> ;03. %# e&$lo#er and the
%argaining re$resentati1e/ The grie1ance
&achiner# under the agree&ent is the 1er# heart
of industrial self(go1ern&ent/
%. IS A VIOLATION OF CBA A GRIEVANCE?
(Art.2)1)
=E*/ Iiolations of a B! shall no longer %e treated
as ULP and shall %e resol1ed as grie1ances under
the B!- e0ce$t those which are gross in
character/
'. WHEN THE VIOLATION OF CBA IS GROSSI
WHO HAS H!RISICTION?
The La%or !r%iter/ (!rt/GJ)
(. WHAT IS VOL!NTARY ARBITRATION
Ioluntar# !r%itration Ioluntar# ar%itration has
%een defned as a contractual $roceeding
where%# the $arties to an# dis$ute or
contro1ers#- in order to o%tain a s$eed# and
ine0$ensi1e fnal dis$osition of the &atter
in1ol1ed- select a Audge of their own choice and
%# consent su%&it their contro1ers# to hi& for
deter&ination/ Under 1oluntar# ar%itration- on the
other hand- referral of a dis$ute %# the $arties is
&ade- $ursuant to a 1oluntar# ar%itration clause
in their collecti1e agree&ent- to an i&$artial third
$erson for a fnal and %inding resolution/
). A) WHO IS A VOL!NTARY ARBITRATOR?
! 1oluntar# ar%itrator is chosen %# the $arties
the&sel1es (pre!erably accredited %# the N>B)/
The choice is usuall# inPuenced %# the trust in
the $ersonHs fairness and ,nowledge of the
d#na&ics- including law- of la%or(&anage&ent
relation/
B) CAN THE "ARTIES AGREE TO A""OINT
LABOR ARBITER AS A VOL!NTARY
ARBITRATOR?
=E*/ The $arties are a@orded the latitude to
decide for the&sel1es the co&$osition of the
grie1ance &achiner# as the# fnd a$$ro$riate to a
$articular situation/
! 1oluntar# ar%itrator is chosen %# the $arties
the&sel1es (pre!erably accredited %# the N>B)/
The choice is usuall# inPuenced %# the trust in
the $ersonHs fairness and ,nowledge of the
d#na&ics- including law- of la%or(&anage&ent
relation/ The $referred &ethod of selection is %#
&utual agree&ent of the $arties/ !lternati1e
&ethods include the selection or a$$oint&ent %#
an ad&inistrati1e agenc# li,e the N>B/
7. WHAT IS THE H!RISICTION OF VOL!NTARY
ARBITRATOR? (Art.2)1)
The Ioluntar# !r%itrator or $anel of Ioluntar#
!r%itrators shall ha1e original and e0clusi1e
Aurisdiction to hear and decide all unresol1ed
grie1ances arising fro& the inter$retation or
i&$le&entation of the ollecti1e Bargaining
!gree&ent and those arising fro& the
inter$retation or enforce&ent of co&$an#
$ersonnel $olicies/ B# Nunresol1ed grie1anceO it
&eans that the grie1ance &ust ha1e $assed the
grie1ance &achiner#/
*. A) CAN THE VOL!NTARY ARBITRATOR HAVE
H!RISICTION OVER LABOR IS"!TES?
=E*/ In la%or(&anage&ent relations 1oluntar#
ar%itration is a &aster $rocedure/ !n# and all
,inds of la%or dis$utes &a# %e su%&itted to-
settled or resol1ed through 1oluntar# ar%itration-
if the $arties so desire/ >one# clai&s- %argaining
deadloc,s- stri,e or loc,out- e&$lo#&ent
ter&ination- and e1en :uestions a%out e0istence
or a%sence of e&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee relationshi$-
&a# %e resol1ed %# the $artiesXwith fnalit#X%#
a1ailing the&sel1es of 1oluntar# ar%itration/
!s a &aster $rocedure 1oluntar# ar%itration ta,es
$recedence o1er other dis$ute settle&ent
de1ices (i$e$- cases %efore the la%or ar%iter or
*ecretar# of La%or or the NLR)
B) IS THERE ANY IFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE TERMINATION IS"!TES !NER
ART.217 WHEREIN THE LABOR ARBITER HAS
H!RISICTION?
=E*/ o&$ulsor# ar%itration is a s#ste& where%#
the $arties to a dis$ute are co&$elled %# the
go1ern&ent to forego their right to stri,e and are
co&$elled to acce$t the resolution of their
dis$ute through ar%itration %# a third $art#/ The
essence of ar%itration re&ains since a resolution
of a dis$ute is arri1ed at %# resort to a
disinterested third $art# whose decision is fnal
and %inding on the $arties- %ut in co&$ulsor#
ar%itration- such a third $art# is nor&all#
a$$ointed %# the go1ern&ent/
In Phili$$ine conte0t- the NAudgeO in 1oluntar#
ar%itration is called ar%itrator- while that in
co&$ulsor# is la%or ar%iter/ The Aurisdiction of a
I! is stated in !rticles 46G and 464 while that of
an L! is in !rticle 4GJ/
---------------------------------------------------
STRIAES AN LOCAO!TS
---------------------------------------------------
1. V-41>1t/ 38 str1J2s
a/ !LP!P 1s/ IR F &ass resignation
%/ Phil/ Bloo&ing >ills ase F stri,e
without la%or dis$ute
2. A1.>s 38 str1J2
a/ as to dis$ute
( unfair la%or $ractice stri,e
( econo&ic stri,e
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page GJ
%/ as to the &anner of e0ecution
( wal,(out
( sit(down ( %eco&es illegal onl#
when ingress or egress of co&$ound is %loc,ed
( slow(down
( &ass lea1e
( wildcat F illegal
c/ as to the e&$lo#er to who& it is
directed
( $ri&ar#
( secondar# ( connection %#
e&$lo#&ent) illegal F no la%or dis$ute
( s#&$ath# ( no connection at all)
considered illegal
( general
( $articular
%. L29-4 9r3;.>s 83r >2<4-r1.9 - str1J2
a/ collecti1e %argaining deadloc,
%/ unfair la%or $ractice act of the e&$lo#er
'. W63 <-. >2<4-r2 - str1J2?
Rule' Dul# recogni?ed collecti1e
%argaining re$resentati1e legiti&ate la%or
organi?ation onl# if it is an ULP stri,e/
(. R2F;1s1t2s 83r E-41>1t/ 38 str1J2s
a/ notice of stri,e
%/ stri,e 1ote
c/ stri,e 1ote re$ort
d/ Z $lus lawful $ur$ose and &eans
). N3t1<2 38 str1J2
( 2< da#s ( collecti1e %argaining
dis$ute
( G5 da#s ( ULP F e0ce$tion' union
%usting
7. Str1J2 E3t2
>aAorit# of TOT!L UNION >E>BER*"IP
*. Str1J2 E3t2 r203rt
The union should re$ort to the regional
%ranch of the National onciliation and >ediation
Board the results of the 1oting at least se1en (J)
da#s %efore the intended stri,e/
+. R203rt t3 =3rJ 3r>2r
( i&&ediatel# e0ecutor#) non(a$$eala%le
1,. N3 =3rJI .3 0-/ 0r1.<1042K 2D<20t13.s
a/ when the su$$osed stri,ers did not
stri,e %ut were $racticall# loc,ed out
%/ where the stri,ers 1oluntaril# and
unconditionall# o@ered to return to wor,- %ut the
e&$lo#er refused to acce$t the o@er without
Austifa%le reason/
11. I4429-41t/ 38 str1J2s
a/ 1iolation of s$ecifc $rohi%ition %# law
( correct wage distortion
( do not %argain collecti1el#
( org/ without %argaining rights
( inter(union.intra(union dis$utes
%/ s$ecifc re:uire&ent of law
c/ unlawful $ur$ose
( induce to co&&it ULP to non(
union
( co&&itted %# &inorit# to stri,e
d/ unlawful &eans e&$lo#ed
e/ 1iolation of e0isting inAunction F stri,e
after return to wor, order.assu&$tion order
f/ 1iolation of e0isting agree&ent
( conclusi1e %argaining agree&ents
( in 1iolation of non(stri,e $olic# F
onl# in econo&ic stri,e %ut not in ULP stri,e
12. L1-542 83r >-7-92s 1. str1J2
In order to hold the union and the stri,ers
lia%le for da&ages- the %est e1idence o%taina%le
&ust %e $resented/ !ctual or co&$ensator#
da&ages cannot %e $resu&ed- %ut &ust %e dul#
$ro1ed with reasona%le degree of certaint#/ The
&ust %e co&$etent $roof that da&ages ha1e
%een su@ered and the actual a&ount thereof/ In
the a%sence of co&$etent $roof of actual da&age
the e&$lo#er is entitled to no&inal da&ages F
which as the law sa#s- is adAudicated in order that
the defendant &a# %e 1indicated and recogni?ed-
and not for the $ur$ose of inde&nif#ing the
$lainti@ for an# loss su@ered/
Local union and not the &other federation
is lia%le for da&ages resulting fro& an illegal
stri,e/ The reason is %ecause the local union is
the $rinci$al and the &other federation is a &ere
agent of the local union/
1%. C-. - str1J2 52 2.L31.2>?
8en/ Rule' No) right granted %# the
constitution
E0ce$tions'
a/ If declared against an industr#
indis$ensa%le to national interest- in which case-
the *ecretar# of La%or and E&$lo#&ent &a#
assu&e Aurisdiction or certif# the dis$ute for
co&$ulsor# ar%itration/ *uch assu&$tion or
certifcation has the e@ect of auto&aticall#
enAoining the stri,e/
%/ If staged %# e&$lo#ees who are not
accorded the right to stri,e- li,e &anagerial
e&$lo#ees or e&$lo#ees go1ern&ent(owned or
controlled cor$oration with original charters/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page GK
c/ If staged %ecause of an intra(union or
inter(union dis$ute/
Note' e1en if the illegal stri,e is not
enAoined- the illegal acts can %e considered
enAoined
1'. Str1J2 5r2-J2r
! stri,e %rea,er is a $erson who o%structs-
i&$edes- or interferes with %# force- 1iolence-
coercion- threats or inti&idation an# $eaceful
$ic,eting %# e&$lo#ees during an# la%or
contro1ers# a@ecting wages- hours or conditions
of wor, or in the e0ercise of the right to self(
organi?ation or collecti1e %argaining/
1(. "r36151t13. -9-1.st 2s<3rt1.9
r204-<272.t
Bhat is $rohi%ited is the escorting of
indi1iduals in entering or lea1ing the stri,e area
to re$lace the stri,ing e&$lo#ees/ Bhat the law
$rohi%its is the escorting of re$lace&ents BIT"IN
the stri,e area/ *TRITE !RE! refers to the
esta%lish&ent- warehouses- de$ots- $lants or
o+ces- sites or $re&ises used as runawa# sho$s
and the i&&ediate 1icinit# actuall# used %# the
$ic,eting stri,ers in &o1ing to and fro %efore all
$oints of entrance to and e0it fro& said
esta%lish&ent/
1). "1<J2t1.9
8en/ Rule' !llowed/ 9reedo& of s$eech
E0ce$tions (2)' Persons or e&$lo#ees
engaged in $ic,eting are for%idden fro&'
a/ co&&itting an# act of 1iolence-
coercion- or inti&idation)
%/ o%structing the free ingress to and
egress fro& the e&$lo#erHs $re&ises) and
c/ o%structing $u%lic thoroughfares
17. L171t-t13.s t3 - 43<J3;t
! loc,out cannot %e declared'
a/ without frst ha1ing %argained
collecti1el#)
%/ without frst ha1ing fled the notice of
loc,out)
c/ without the necessar# loc,out 1ote frst
ha1ing %een o%tained and re$orted to the
de$art&ent of la%or and e&$lo#&ent)
d/ after the secretar# of la%or and
e&$lo#&ent assu&es Aurisdiction or certifes the
dis$ute to co&$ulsor# or 1oluntar# ar%itration) or
e/ during the $endenc# of cases in1ol1ing
the sa&e grounds for the loc,out
1*. N-t13.-4 1.t2r2st >1s0;t2s
Note' It is not necessar# that there &ust
%e an !TU!L *TRITE) intended stri,e can %e-
%efore the *ecretar# &a# assu&e or certif#/
a/ legal e@ect F auto&aticall# enAoins
%/ 1iolation of return to wor, order F !LL
*TRITER*
Illegal stri,e.co&&itted 1iolation in
illegal stri,e F UNION O99IER* or >E>BER*/
---------------------------------------------------
<3.t. STRIAES AN LOCAO!TS
---------------------------------------------------
1. W6-t 1s - str1J2?
*tri,e is an# te&$orar# sto$$age of wor,
%# the concerted action of e&$lo#ees as a result
of an industrial or la%or dis$ute/
2. L171t-t13.s t3 str1J2.
! stri,e cannot %e declared'
a/ without frst ha1ing %argained
collecti1el#)
%/ without frst ha1ing fled the notice of
stri,e)
c/ without the necessar# stri,e 1ote frst
ha1ing %een o%tained and re$orted to the
de$art&ent of la%or and e&$lo#&ent)
d/ after the secretar# of la%or and
e&$lo#&ent assu&es Aurisdiction or certifes the
dis$ute to co&$ulsor# or 1oluntar# ar%itration) or
e/ during the $endenc# of cases in1ol1ing
the sa&e grounds for the stri,e
%. W63 -r2 F;-41G2> t3 E3t2 1. - str1J2?
The decision to declare a stri,e &ust %e
a$$ro1ed %# the &aAorit# of the TOT!L UNION
>E>BER*"IP in the %argaining unit concerned-
through secret %allot in a &eeting or referendu&
called for the $ur$ose/
'. Is 7-ss-42-E2 <3.s1>2r2> - str1J2? M-ss
r2s19.-t13.?
>ass(lea1e is considered as a stri,e if the#
constitute te&$orar# sto$$ages arising fro&
la%or dis$utes/ >ass resignation is not a stri,e
%ecause it is not te&$orar# in nature/
(. 1st1.9;1s6 s2<3.>-r/ str1J2 -.>
s/70-t6/ str1J2.
*econdar# stri,e F this is directed against
the e&$lo#er connected %# $roduct or
e&$lo#&ent with alleged unfair la%or conditions
or $ractices/
*#&$ath# stri,e F This is a stri,e stages to
&a,e co&&on cause with other stri,ers in other
esta%lish&ents of co&$anies without the
e0istence of an# dis$ute %etween the stri,ing
e&$lo#ees and their e&$lo#er/ In a s#&$ath#
stri,e- there need not %e a connection of $roduct
or e&$lo#&ent/ The connection of $roducts or
e&$lo#&ent with the $ri&ar# la%or dis$ute is the
distinguishing factor %etween a secondar# stri,e
and a s#&$ath# stri,e/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page GL
). L29-4 9r3;.>s 83r str1J2.
a/ collecti1e %argaining deadloc,
%/ unfair la%or $ractice act of the e&$lo#er
7. W63 <-. <3.>;<t - str1J2? H3= >32s 3.2
52<372 - >;4/ r2<39.1:2> <3442<t1E2
5-r9-1.1.9 r20r2s2.t-t1E2?
Under the rules- onl# a certifed or dul#
recogni?ed collecti1e %argaining re$resentati1e
can declare a stri,e- %e it an econo&ic stri,e or
an unfair la%or stri,e/ In the a%sence of a certifed
or dul# recogni?ed collecti1e %argaining
re$resentati1e- a stri,e can %e declared %# a
legiti&ate la%or organi?ation in the
esta%lish&ent- %ut onl# on the ground of unfair
la%or $ractices/ Therefore- e&$lo#ees of
esta%lish&ents where there is no union cannot
stri,e/
Ioluntar# Recognition OR ertifcation
Election/
*. C-. - str1J2 52 <3.>;<t2> 1. -.
;.3r9-.1:2> 2st-541s672.t?
No
+. W6-t -r2 t62 429-4 r2F;1r272.ts 38 -
str1J2?
a/ notice of stri,e
%/ stri,e 1ote
1,. ;r-t13. 38 G41.9 38 N3t1<2 38 Str1J2?
The notice of stri,e should %e fled with
the Regional Branch of the National onciliation
and >ediation Board- and *ERIED to the
co&$an#- at least)
a/ thirt# (2<) da#s %efore the intended
date of stri,e F if the ground for stri,e is %ased on
collecti1e %argaining deadloc,) or
%/ ffteen (G5) da#s %efore the intended
date of stri,e F if the ground for stri,e is %ased on
unfair la%or $ractice
The $ur$ose of the notice of stri,e is to
$ro1ide an o$$ortunit# for &ediation and
conciliation/
11. W6-t 1s <3341.9-3M 02r13>? ;r-t13.?
The cooling(o@ $eriod is the s$an of ti&e
allotted %# law for the $arties to settle their
dis$utes in a $eaceful &anner %efore declaring a
stri,e/ The duration of the cooling(o@ $eriod are
as follows'
a/ thirt# (2<) da#s fro& the fling of the
notice of stri,e F if the ground for stri,e is %ased
on collecti1e %argaining deadloc,) or
%/ ffteen (G5) da#s fro& the fling of the
notice of stri,e F if the ground for stri,e is %ased
on unfair la%or $ractice/
O%ser1ance of the cooling(o@ $eriod is
&andator#/
12. C-. 3.2 >2<4-r2 - str1J2 >;r1.9 <3341.9-
3M 02r13>?
( During UNION BU*TIN8
1%. R2F;1r272.ts 38 str1J2 E3t2
The decision to declare a stri,e &ust %e
a$$ro1ed %# the &aAorit# of the TOT!L UNION
>E>BER*"IP in the %argaining unit concerned-
through secret %allot in a &eeting or referendu&
called for the $ur$ose/
1'. C-. 1.L;.<t13. 52 1ss;2> -9-1.st -
str1J2? ED<20t13.s?
8en/ Rule' No) right granted %# the constitution
E0ce$tions'
a/ If declared against an industr#
indis$ensa%le to national interest- in which case-
the *ecretar# of La%or and E&$lo#&ent &a#
assu&e Aurisdiction or certif# the dis$ute for
co&$ulsor# ar%itration/ *uch assu&$tion or
certifcation has the e@ect of auto&aticall#
enAoining the stri,e/
%/ If staged %# e&$lo#ees who are not
accorded the right to stri,e- li,e &anagerial
e&$lo#ees or e&$lo#ees go1ern&ent(owned or
controlled cor$oration with original charters/
c/ If staged %ecause of an intra(union or
inter(union dis$ute/
Note' e1en if the illegal stri,e is not
enAoined- the illegal acts can %e considered
enAoined
1(. At =6-t 031.t 38 t172 <-. ;.13. >2<4-r2
- str1J2?
!fter all the re:uisites ha1e %een co&$lied
with/
1). S;003s2 t62 str1J2 <2-s2>I <-. t62
27043/22s 52 r21.st-t2>?
=es- there was no ter&ination of
e&$lo#&ent which is $er&anent/
1).1 H3= -53;t 18 1t 1s -. 14429-4 str1J2?
The $resent rule is that an illegal stri,e
does not auto&aticall# warrant the wholesale
dis&issal of stri,ers/ Onl# the following stri,ers
can %e $enali?ed with loss of e&$lo#&ent status'
a/ Union o+cers who ,nowingl# $artici$ate
in an illegal stri,e) and
%/ Union o+cers or &e&%ers who
,nowingl# $artici$ate in the co&&ission of illegal
acts during a stri,e
17. C-. t62 str1J2rs 52 2.t1t42> t3
5-<J=-92s?
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4<
8en/ Rule' The stri,ers are not entitled to
%ac,wages on the $rinci$le that Na fair da#Hs
wageO accrues onl# for a Nfair da#Hs la%orO
E0ce$tion' The following are entitled to
%ac,wages
a/ in1oluntar# stri,ers illegall# loc,ed(out
%/ 1oluntar# stri,ers in ULP stri,e who
o@ered to return to wor, unconditionall#
1*. R2F;1s1t2s 38 E-41> str1J2.
a/ notice of stri,e
%/ stri,e 1ote
1+ W63 7-/ 1ss;2 1.L;.<t13.?
a/ industr# indis$ensa%le to national
interest ( secretar# of la%or
%/ those who are not accorded to stri,e F
NLR
c/ inter(union.inter(union dis$utes F NLR
2,. EM2<ts 38 t62 1ss;-.<2 38 r2t;r.-t3-=3rJ
3r>2r@-ss;70t13. 3r>2r?
a/ auto&aticall# enAoins the intended or
i&$ending stri,e or loc,out as s$ecifed in the
assu&$tion or certifcation order)
%/ if one has alread# ta,en $lace at the
ti&e of assu&$tion or certifcation- all stri,ing or
loc,ed(out e&$lo#ees shall i&&ediatel# return to
wor,) and
c/ the e&$lo#er shall i&&ediatel# resu&e
o$erations and re(ad&it all wor,ers under the
sa&e ter&s and conditions $re1ailing %efore the
stri,e or loc,out/
21. C-. ;.13. 72752rs 1. t62 str1J2 52
-rr2st2>? ED<20t13.s?
8en/ Rule' ! $olice o+cer cannot arrest or
detain a union &e&%er for union acti1ities
without $re1ious consultations with the secretar#
of la%or/
E0ce$t on grounds of'
G/ national securit#
4/ $u%lic $eace
2/ co&&ission of a cri&e
!n arrest can %e lawfull# &ade in the following
cases)
a/ an# $erson who o%structs the free and
lawful ingress and egress fro& the e&$lo#erHs
$re&ises or who o%structs $u%lic thoroughfares/
%/ an# $erson who shall ha1e in his
$ossession deadl# wea$ons in 1iolation of BP Blg
6 and frear&s and e0$losi1es/
22. "r3<2>;r2 38 G41.9 <r171.-4 <-s2s
Before fling a cri&inal case relating to or
arising out of a la%or dis$ute- clearance &ust frst
%e o%tained fro& the De$art&ent of La%or and
E&$lo#&ent or the O+ce of the President/ !n
inAunction order issued in a la%or case is
considered as co&$liance with the clearance
re:uire&ent.
2%. "r3<2>;r2 38 r273E1.9 543<J->2s
O%structions in $u%lic $ro$erties- such as
streets- sidewal,s- alle#s- &a# %e su&&aril#
re&o1ed %# the local go1ern&ents- through their
res$ecti1e law enforce&ent authorities without
consulting with the DOLE- %ecause these
o%structions are considered as nuisance $er se/
O%structions in $oints of egress and ingress of
$ri1ate $ro$erties during a la%or dis$ute &a# %e
re&o1ed onl# in accordance with $ro$er orders
issued %# the o+ce of the secretar# of la%or and
E&$lo#&ent or %# the NLR or its ar%itration
%ranches/ The# cannot %e su&&aril# de&olished
%# law enforce&ent authorities/
2'. L3<J3;t? L3<J3;t Es. S6;t>3=.
Loc,out is the te&$orar# refusal of an
e&$lo#er to furnish wor, as a result of an
industrial or la%or dis$ute/
Loc,out is di@erent fro& shutdown in the
sense that in a loc,out the $lant continues to
o$erate- whereas in a shutdown- the $lant ceases
to o$erate/ ! shutdown is the willful act of the
e&$lo#er hi&self following a co&$lete loc,out as
contrasted to the co&$ulsor# sto$$age of
o$erations as a result of a stri,e and wal,out/ It
can %e trul# said that all shutdowns are loc,outs
%ut not all loc,outs constitute shutdowns/
2(. R2F;1s1t2s 38 E-41> 43<J3;t
To constitute a loc,out- the refusal to
furnish wor, &ust %e'
a/ te&$orar#
%/ the result of a la%or dis$ute
2). W62. <-. -. 27043/2r >2<4-r2 -
43<J3;t?
There are onl# two (4) grounds for
declaring a loc,out- na&el#'
a/ collecti1e %argaining deadloc,) and
%/ unfair la%or $ractice
27. C3341.9-3M 02r13> 83r 43<J3;t?
The cooling(o@ $eriod is the s$an of ti&e
allotted %# law for the $arties to settle their
dis$utes in a $eaceful &anner %efore declaring a
loc,out/ The duration of the cooling(o@ $eriod are
as follows'
a/ thirt# (2<) da#s fro& the fling of the
notice of loc,out F if the ground for loc,out is
%ased on collecti1e %argaining deadloc,) or
%/ ffteen (G5) da#s fro& the fling of the
notice of loc,out F if the ground for loc,out is
%ased on unfair la%or $ractice/
2*. S-.<t13. 83r 14429-4 43<J3;t?
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4G
!n e&$lo#er found guilt# of illegal loc,out
&a# %e held lia%le for %ac,wages/
a/ su$$ose the e&$lo#ees were
ter&inated u$on the duration of illegal loc,out-
what are his re&edies[
!n# wor,er whose e&$lo#&ent has %een
ter&inated as a conse:uence of an unlawful
loc,out shall %e entitled to reinstate&ent with full
%ac,wages/
9or 1iolation of !rticle 46; (a) of the L-
the re&ed# is to fle with the !r%itration Branch
of the NLR a $etition to declare the stri,e or
loc,out illegal/
9or 1iolation of !rticles 46; (%)- (c)- (d)
and (e) of the L- the re&ed# if to fle a $etition
for inAunction with the NLR/
In addition- cri&inal action &a# %e fled for
an# 1iolation of !rticle 46; of the L- the
$enalties of which are set forth in !rticle 4J4 of
the sa&e code/
II. TERMINATION OF EM"LOYMENT (Arts.
27*-2*7)
1. S2<;r1t/ 38 t2.;r2. 2G.1t13.
!rt/ 4K4 F Aust causes
!rt- 4K2 F authori?ed causes
*ecurit# of Tenure F the constitutional right
granted the e&$lo#ee- that the e&$lo#er shall
not ter&inate the ser1ices of an e&$lo#ee e0ce$t
for Aust cause or when authori?ed %# law/ It
e0tends to regular ($er&anent) as well as non(
regular (te&$orar#) e&$lo#&ent/
2. W63 -r2 2.t1t42> t3 s2<;r1t/ 38 t2.;r2?
Note' securit# of tenure if not a guarantee
of $er$etual e&$lo#&ent
a/ regular e&$lo#ees
%/ non(regular e&$lo#ees F :ualifed in
that it cannot %e ter&inated without Aust cause
$rior to the co&$letion of the $roAect- season or
ter& of e&$lo#&ent/
%. W6-t 1s t62 r272>/ 83r E134-t13. 38
s2<;r1t/ 38 t2.;r2?
!rt/ 4JJ(B
'. W6-t -r2 t62 r24128s 83r ;.L;st >1s71ss-4
38 719r-.t =3rJ2rs? 38 43<-44/ 27043/2>
=3rJ2rs?
a/ reinstate&ent !rt/ 4JL
%/ %ac,wages
c/ da&ages F %ad faith- ar%itrar#
d/ attorne#Hs fees
e/ se$aration $a#
(. W6-t 1s r21.st-t272.t? C3.<20t 38
r21.st-t272.t
Reinstate&ent in its generall# acce$ted
sense refers to a restoration to a state fro& which
one has %een re&o1ed or se$arated/ It is the
return to the $osition fro& which he was
re&o1ed/
Under the conce$t of reinstate&ent- an
e&$lo#er cannot %e ordered to reinstate an
e&$lo#ee to a $osition which he ne1er occu$ied/
9or e0a&$le- if an e&$lo#ee at the ti&e of his
dis&issal was occu$#ing a lower $osition- he
cannot %e ordered reinstated to a higher $osition/
*i&ilarl#- if the dis&issed e&$lo#ee at the ti&e
of his dis&issal was occu$#ing a te&$orar#
$osition- he cannot %e ordered reinstated to a
$er&anent $osition/
). W6-t 1s r21.st-t272.t WITHO!T LOSS OF
SENIORITY RIGHTS?
The $hrase Nwithout loss of seniorit#
rightsO &eans that u$on reinstate&ent- the
e&$lo#ee is to %e treated in &atters in1ol1ing
ran,- $osition and continuit# of e&$lo#&ent as
though he has not %een a%sent fro& wor,/
7. W63 1s 2.t1t42> t3 r21.st-t272.t?
Note' In reinstate&ent- there &ust %e
illegal dis&issal
*. ED<20t13.-4 <-s2s =62r2 >1s71ss-4 1s
14429-4 5;t r21.st-t272.t 1s 1703ss1542
a/ transfer of ownershi$
%/ e&$lo#er su@ers fro& %usiness re1erses
c/ $osition occu$ied was a%olished
d/ closure of %usiness
e/ $h#sical or &ental inca$acit#
f/ retire&ent age of the e&$lo#ee
g/ con1iction of cri&inal case
( *a&$aguita 8ar&ents 1s/ NLR
h/ $rescri$tion
( ; #ears fro& date of dis&issal
i/ strained relations
A/ laches
,/ co&$laint &erel# $ra#s for se$aration
$a#
+. W6-t 1s 5-<J=-92s? !.0-1> =-92s?
1st1.<t13.
Bac,wages refer to the co&$ensation
which an e&$lo#ee would ha1e earned had he
not %een unAustl# dis&issed/
Un$aid wages refers to co&$ensation for
ser1ices alread# rendered %ut withheld %# the
e&$lo#er/
1,. ED<20t13.-4 <-s2s t6-t =-rr-.t 4171t2>
3r .3 5-<J=-92s -t -44
Note' full %ac,wages F illegal dis&issal
under the law) those $ro1ided %# the la%or code
\!rt/ 4K6 renu&%ered to !rt/ 4L<
EO G<G5G
(Li&ited %ac,wages F the $enalt#
of dis&issal is not co&&ensurate to the o@ense
co&&itted/
(No %ac,wages when (
(e&$lo#er acted in good
faith
(cessation of e&$lo#&ent
%rought a%out neither %# dis&issal or
a%andon&ent
(cessation of e&$lo#&ent
due to e&$lo#eeHs refusal
11. C1r<;7st-.<2s t6-t 83r2st-44 r;..1.9 38
5-<J=-92s
a/ death
%/ &entall# inca$acitated. $h#sical
inca$acit#
c/ attain&ent of retire&ent age
d/ closure of %usiness
(te&$orar#
($er&anent
e/ i&$risoned (confne&ent in $rison)
f/ re(e&$lo#&ent of the dis&issed
e&$lo#ee
12. W6-t 1s s20-r-t13. 0-/? C3.<20t -.>
0;r03s2?
*e$aration $a# is sort of an aid gi1en to an
e&$lo#ee u$on his se$aration fro& ser1ice so
that he &a# ha1e so&ething on which to fall %ac,
when he loses his &eans of li1elihood/ It is an
a&ount designated to $ro1ide hi& with the
wherewithal during the $eriod that he is loo,ing
for e&$lo#&ent/
The $ur$ose of se$aration $a# is to
alle1iate the di+culties that confront a dis&issed
e&$lo#ee thrown into the streets to face the
harsh necessities of life/ This gi1es the e&$lo#ee
a leewa# to tide hi& and his fa&il# o1er in the
&eanti&e that he goes Ao%(hunting/ To one who is
accusto&ed to a certain t#$e of Ao% in one
co&$an#- adAust&ent to other Ao% o$$ortunities
%eco&e a $ro%le&/ !d1anced age too- &a#
reduce hi& to a low $riorit# in the la%or &ar,et/
Thus- the necessit# to cushion the ad1erse e@ects
of sudden se$aration fro& ser1ice/
1%. W62. 1s s20-r-t13. 0-/ 0r302r?
Nor&all#- se$aration $a# is a relief
granted onl# to e&$lo#ees who are ter&inated %#
reason of'
a/ redundanc#)
%/ installation of la%or(sa1ing de1ices)
c/ retrench&ent)
d/ closure of esta%lish&ent not due to
serious %usiness losses)
e/ disease) or
f/ la#(o@.sus$ension of o$erations for &ore
than si0 (6) &onths/
1'. Is t62 27043/22 2.t1t42> t3 s20-r-t13.
0-/ 2E2. 18 >1s71ss2> 83r - L;st -.> E-41>
<-;s2?
PLDT 1s/ NLR $/5<6
The general rule is that the se$aration
fro& wor, of an e&$lo#ee for a Aust cause does
not entitle hi& to se$aration $a#/ Ne1ertheless-
e0ce$tionall# and as an e:uita%le concession- the
*u$re&e ourt has held that se$aration $a# &a#
%e awarded as a &easure of social Austice e1en if
the dis&issal is found to %e 1alid and Austifed-
%ut onl# in those instances where the e&$lo#ee
was 1alidl# dis&issed for a cause other than
serious &isconduct or o@enses rePecting on his
&oral character/
1(. -7-92s -s r24128 83r 14429-4 >1s71ss-4?
Note' *$ecifcall# &oral or e0e&$lar#- NOT
!LL illegal dis&issal cases warrant award of
da&ages/ It &ust %e dul# $leaded and $ro1en
\Based on i1il ode for da&ages
1). C-. <3r03r-t2 3N<2rs 52 41-542
02rs3.-44/ 3r s341>-r14/ =1t6 t62
<3r03r-t13.? ED<20t13.s?
17. M-.-92r1-4 0r2r39-t1E2sK W6-t -r2 t62
7-.-92r1-4 0r2r39-t1E2s?
a/ hiring
%/ $ro&ote
c/ transfer
d/ reduce $ersonnel for econo&ic reasons
e/ change wor,ing hours- reduce- a%olish a
de$art&ent or section
f/ reorgani?e and a%olish $ositions
g/ s$in(o@
h/ close down its %usiness
i/ disci$line e&$lo#ees
NOTE' >anagerial $rerogati1es cannot %e
interfered %# NLR or la%or ar%iter- e0ce$t on
certain cases
CONTIN!ATION
1. W6-t -r2 t62 <4-ss1G<-t13. 38 27043/22s
-<<3r>1.9 t3 r-.J?
a/ &anagerial
%/ su$er1isor#
c/ ran, and fle
2. W6-t 1s r29;4-r 27043/72.t? ED<20t13.s
!n e&$lo#&ent is dee&ed regular where
the e&$lo#ee has %een engaged to $erfor&
acti1ities that are usuall# necessar# of desira%le
in the usual %usiness or trade of the e&$lo#er/
De$ends on nature of wor,/
a/ $roAect
%/ seasonal
c/ f0ed ter&
%. W6-t 1s .3.-r29;4-r 27043/72.t?
E&$lo#&ent other than a regular one/
Onl# for a li&ited $eriod or duration such as
$roAect- seasonal- or contractual/
'. W6-t 1s 0r3L2<t 27043/72.t?
Note' Duration of underta,ing
a/ acti1it# done on a dail# %asis %ut onl#
for a s$ecifc duration of ti&e until co&$letion
%/ not co&&onl# or ha%ituall# $erfor&ed
(. W6-t 1s s2-s3.-4 27043/72.t?
! Ao% that is li&ited to the duration of a
$articular season/
). W6-t 1s GD2>-t2r7 27043/72.t?
Note' !gree&ent of $arties
One which %# free choice of the $arties
ha1e assigned a s$ecifc date of ter&ination/
7. W6-t 1s <-s;-4 27043/72.t?
Note' Rendered at least G #ear- %eco&es
casual regular e&$lo#ee
asual e&$lo#&ent is a Ao% wherein the
acti1ities $erfor&ed %# the e&$lo#ee are not
usuall# necessar# or desira%le in the usual
%usiness or trade of the e&$lo#er/
*. W6-t 1s 0r35-t13.-r/ 27043/72.t?
Pro%ationar# e&$lo#&ent is a situation
where the e&$lo#ee u$on his engage&ent is
&ade to undergo a trial $eriod during which the
e&$lo#er deter&ines his ftness to :ualif# for
regular e&$lo#&ent %ased on reasona%le
standards &ade ,nown to hi& at the ti&e of
engage&ent/
a/ duration of $ro%ationar# e&$lo#&ent
a/G/ ordinar# e&$lo#ees
8enerall#- the $ro%ationar# $eriod of
e&$lo#&ent of ordinar# e&$lo#ees is li&ited to
si0 &onths/ The e0ce$tions are
G/ when the $arties to an
e&$lo#&ent contract or collecti1e %argaining
agree&ent agree on a longer $eriod)
4/ when a longer $ro%ationar#
$eriod is esta%lished %# co&$an# $olic#)
2/ when a longer $eriod is re:uired
%# the nature of wor,/
a/4/ acade&ic
G/ ele&entar# or secondar# F 2
consecuti1e school #ears of satisfactor# ser1ice)
4/ tertiar# and grad school F 6
consecuti1e se&esters of satisfactor# ser1ice)
2/ tertiar# on tri&ester F L
consecuti1e tri&esters of satisfactor# ser1ice/
+. R2F;1s1t2s 3. 2Dt2.s13. 38 0r35-t13.-r/
27043/72.t
Note' Notice of e0tension &ust %e on or
%efore the e0$iration of $ro%ationar# $eriod/
1,. Gr3;.>s 83r t2r71.-t13. 38 0r35-t13.-r/
27043/72.t
a/ Aust and authori?ed causes
%/ failure to :ualif# as regular e&$lo#ee
&ade ,nown %# e&$lo#er
11. H;st <-;s2s (Art. 2*2)
a/ serious &isconduct or willful
diso%edience of the lawful orders- in connection
with his wor,
a/G/ re:uisites of serious
&isconduct.willful diso%edience
%/ gross !ND ha%itual neglect of dut#
%/G/ distinguish neglect ($urel#
o%Aecti1e fact) fro& negligence Lsu%Aecti1e state
of &ind)
%/4/ da&age is not essential in
neglect
c/ fraud
(co&&itted against e&$lo#er
(co&&itted with e&$lo#eeHs wor,
d/ willful %reach of trust
(willful
(related to $erfor&ance of
e&$lo#ee functions
d/G $erson holing a $osition of
TRU*T and ON9IDENE
(&anagerial
( holding $ro$erties of the
co&$an#
e/ co&&ission of a cri&e($erson onl#
(e&$lo#er
(i&&ediate &e&%ers of fa&il#
(authori?ed re$resentati1e
f/ analogous causes
Note' o@enses &ust ha1e an
ele&ent si&ilar to those found in Aust causes/ It
&ust %e IOLUNT!R= and BILL9UL !T
Note' enu&erated in the %oo,-
other analogous causes
\defnition of union securit# clause
12. Br2-<6 38 ;.13. s2<;r1t/ -9r2272.tK
4171t-t13.s
! union securit# agree&ent is %inding
e1en if the e&$lo#ees are not aware of such
agree&ent/ Neither their ignorance nor
dissatisfaction with the ter&s and conditions
would Austif# their %reach thereof or the for&ation
%# the& of a union of their own/
1%. "-rt1<10-t13. 1. -. ILLEGAL STRIAE
(union o+cers
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4;
(co&&ission of ILLE8!L !T* during a
stri,e F union o+cers or &e&%ers
(defance of a return to wor, order F!LL
*TRITER*- regardless of $artici$ation.co&&ission
1'. S2D;-4 H-r-ss72.t
Note' It &ust %e on the $ower %eing
e0ercised %# a su$erior o+cer o1er his
su%ordinates/
1(. "r3<2>;r-4 r2F;1r272.ts 38 >1s<1041.-r/
0r3<22>1.9s
G5/G/ conce$t of due $rocess
*tandard of due $rocess'
a/ twin notice rule
($re(notice
($ost(notice
%/ hearing or conference
G5/4/ $re1enti1e sus$ension
( 2< da#s non(e0tendi%le
G5/2/ %urden of $roof
( rests u$on the e&$lo#er
G5/;/ degree of $roof
( su%stantial e1idence
1). C3.tr-->1st1.9;1s6 RELIEF -.> REMEY
1. -. ILLEGAL@!NH!STLY >1s71ss2>
27043/22
(Re&ed# F onl# to fle a co&$laint
( Relief F reinstate&ent) %ac,wages)
da&ages) se$aration $a#
\deter&ine >I8R!NT wor,ers fro&
LO!LL= e&$lo#ed wor,ers
17. W6-t 1s E34;.t-r/ r2s19.-t13.?
E4272.ts?
It is the act of an e&$lo#ee who fnds
hi&self in a situation in which he %elie1es that
$ersonal reasons cannot %e sacrifced in fa1or of
the e0igenc# of the ser1ice- thus he has no other
choice %ut to disassociate hi&self fro& his
e&$lo#&ent/
Ele&ents'
a/ &ust %e unconditional)
%/ with the intent to o$erate as such) and
c/ there &ust %e an intention to relin:uish
a $ortion of the ter& of o+ce acco&$anied %# an
act of relin:uish&ent/
Note' The e&$lo#ee &ust ser1e a written
notice on the e&$lo#er at least one &onth in
ad1ance/ Once acce$ted- cannot %e withdrawn
without the consent of the e&$lo#er/
1*. W6-t 1s <3.str;<t1E2 >1s71ss-4?
Note' In1oluntar# resignation is sa&e with
constructi1e dis&issal/
Defned as :uitting %ecause continued
e&$lo#&ent is rendered i&$ossi%le-
unreasona%le or unli,el#- as an o@er in1ol1ing
de&otion in ran, and a di&inution in $a#/
1+. Is -. 27043/22 2.t1t42> t3 s20-r-t13.
0-/ 1. E34;.t-r/ r2s19.-t13.? ED<20t13.s.
!n e&$lo#ee who 1oluntar# resigns fro&
his e&$lo#&ent is not entitled to se$aration $a#-
e0ce$t when it is sti$ulated in the e&$lo#&ent
contract- collecti1e %argaining agree&ent- or if
sanctioned %# esta%lished e&$lo#er $ractice or
$olic#/ There is no $ro1ision in the L which
grants se$aration $a# to 1oluntaril# resigning
e&$lo#ees/
2,. W6-t 1s -5-.>3.72.t 38 27043/72.t?
Is C3.str;<t1E2 r2s19.-t13. t62 s-72 -s
-5-.>3.72.t 38 27043/72.t?
(Initiati1e co&es fro& the E>PLO=EE
!%andon&ent of e&$lo#&ent is the
deli%erate- unAustifed refusal of an e&$lo#ee to
resu&e his wor,/ It is a 1oluntar# act of the
e&$lo#ee !TIN TO IOLUNT!R= RE*I8N!TION- the
onl# di@erence is that in a%andon&ent of
e&$lo#&ent the e&$lo#ee :uits his e&$lo#&ent
without notice/ Bhen an e&$lo#ee a%andons his
e&$lo#&ent- there is constructi1e resignation/
21. 1M2r2.<2 52t=22. <3.str;<t1E2
r2s19.-t13. -.> -5s2.<2 =1t63;t 3N<1-4
42-E2.
Note' >ost i&$ortant factor if the intent to
return.or not return
!%andon&ent of e&$lo#&ent should %e
distinguished fro& a%sence without lea1e/ In
a%andon&ent of e&$lo#&ent there is no
intention to return to wor,) whereas in a%sence
without lea1e- there is intention to return to wor,/
22. W6-t 1s Art. 2*)? W6-t -r2 t62 t=3
s1t;-t13.s <3.t2704-t2> 1. Art. 2*)?
!RT/ 4K6 F 5hen 6)ploy)ent Not
Dee)ed Ter)inated F The %ona fde sus$ension
of the o$eration of a %usiness or underta,ing for
a $eriod not e0ceeding 6 &onths- or the
fulfll&ent %# the e&$lo#ee of a &ilitar# or ci1ic
dut# shall not ter&inate e&$lo#&ent/
In all such cases- the e&$lo#er shall
reinstate the e&$lo#ee to his for&er $osition
without loss of seniorit# rights if he indicates his
desire to resu&e his wor, not later than one (G)
&onth fro& the resu&$tion of o$erations of his
e&$lo#er or fro& his relief fro& the &ilitar# or
ci1ic dut#/
a/ Poating status
%/ &ilitar# of ci1ic dut#
2%. St-t2 t62 4-= 3. r2t1r272.t. 1st1.9;1s6
r2t1r272.t 8r37 r2s19.-t13. -.> >1s71ss-4.
!rt/ 4KJ a$$lies to all e&$lo#ees in the
$ri1ate sector- regardless of their $osition
designation- status- and irres$ecti1e of the
&ethod %# which their wages are $aid- e0ce$t
those s$ecifcall# e0e&$ted/
( retire&ent F age and length of ser1ice
( resignation F $ersonal circu&stances
( dis&issal F due to Aust or authori?ed
causes
2'. S<6272s 38 r2t1r272.t.
a/ co&$ulsor# and contri%utor# in nature)
%/ one set u$ %# an agree&ent %etween
the e&$lo#er and the e&$lo#ees in B! or other
agree&ent %etween the& (other a$$lica%le
e&$lo#&ent contract)
c/ one that is 1oluntaril# gi1en %# the
e&$lo#er- e0$ressl# as in an announced co&$an#
$olic# or i&$liedl# as in failure to contest the
e&$lo#eeHs clai& for retire&ent %enefts/
2(. W63 -r2 <3E2r2> 5/ t62 r2t1r272.t
0r3E1s13.s 1. t62 4-53r <3>2? ED<20t13.s.
!rt/ 4KJ a$$lies to all e&$lo#ees in the
$ri1ate sector- regardless of their $osition
designation- status- and irres$ecti1e of the
&ethod %# which their wages are $aid- e0ce$t
those s$ecifcall# e0e&$ted/
E0ce$tions'
G/ E&$lo#ees of national go1ern&ent- and
its $olitical su%di1isions- including 8OHs if the#
are co1ered %# i1il *er1ice Laws/
4/ E&$lo#ees or retail- ser1ice and
agricultural esta%lish&ents or o$erations
regularl# e&$lo#ing not &ore than G< e&$lo#ees/
2). W62. <-. -. 27043/22 r2t1r2 3r =62. 1t
1s >2272> r2t1r2>?
Note' should distinguish B!- contracts-
L
!ge 6<(less than 65 F O$tional %ut the
e&$lo#ee &ust ha1e ser1ed at least 5 #ears/
!ge 65 ( o&$ulsor#
27. W6-t 1s 30t13.-4 r2t1r272.t?
Retire&ent $rior to reaching the
co&$ulsor# age as sti$ulated in a contract- B!-
or L at o$tion of the e&$lo#ee or the e&$lo#er
de$ending on whether there is an e0isting
retire&ent $lan or not/
2*. W6-t -r2 t=3 J1.>s 38 r2t1r272.t 1. t62
4-53r <3>2?
Note' distinguish the e&$lo#ees as well as
on retire&ent $lan- B!- contracts
a/ O$tional
%/ o&$ulsor#
2+. W63 <-. 2D2r<1s2 t3 r2t1r2?
Note' DI*TIN8UI*"
Note' the o$tion to retire is not alwa#s
%ased on age- it &a# also %e %ased on length of
ser1ice/
a/ If there is no retire&ent $lan or contract
F e&$lo#ee onl#/
%/ If there is a retire&ent $lan or contract
F either the e&$lo#ee or e&$lo#er/
%,. Cr171.-4 -<t13.s 1. 4-53r <3>2 0r2s<r152s
1. % /2-rs
%1. !L" <-s2s 0r2s<r152s 1. 1 /2-r 8r37
-<<r;-4 38 s;<6 ;.8-1r 4-53r 0r-<t1<2
%2. I4429-4 r2<r;1t72.t 83r 43<-4 27043/72.t
0r2s<r152s 1. % /2-rs.
%%. I4429-4 r2<r;1t72.t 83r 719r-.t =3rJ2rs
-.> OFW 0r2s<r152s 1. t62 83443=1.9$
a/ si&$le F 5 #ears
%/ in1ol1ing econo&ic sa%otage F 4< #ears
%'. M3.2/ <4-17s 0r2s<r152 1. % /2-rs 8r37
t62 -<<r;-4 38 t62 <-;s2 38 -<t13.
Note' co1ers all &one# clai&s in the la%or
code
%(. A<t13. 83r r21.st-t272.t 0r2s<r152s 1. '
/2-rs
CONTIN!ATION
1. W6-t 1s t62 4-= 3. s2<;r1t/ 38 t2.;r2?
*ecurit# of Tenure is the constitutional
right granted the e&$lo#ee that the e&$lo#er
shall not ter&inate the ser1ices of an e&$lo#ee
e0ce$t for Aust cause or when authori?ed %# law/
It e0tends to regular ($er&anent) as well as non(
regular (te&$orar#) e&$lo#&ent/
2. W6-t -r2 t62 L;st <-;s2s?
a/ serious &isconduct or willful
diso%edience of the lawful orders- in connection
with his wor,
a/G/ re:uisites of serious
&isconduct.willful diso%edience
%/ gross !ND ha%itual neglect of dut#
%/G/ distinguish neglect ($urel#
o%Aecti1e fact) fro& negligence Lsu%Aecti1e state
of &ind)
%/4/ da&age is not essential in
neglect
c/ fraud
(co&&itted against e&$lo#er
(co&&itted with e&$lo#eeHs wor,
d/ willful %reach of trust
(willful
(related to $erfor&ance of
e&$lo#ee functions
d/G $erson holing a $osition of
TRU*T and ON9IDENE
(&anagerial
( holding $ro$erties of the
co&$an#
e/ co&&ission of a cri&e($erson onl#
(e&$lo#er
(i&&ediate &e&%ers of fa&il#
(authori?ed re$resentati1e
f/ analogous causes
Note' o@enses &ust ha1e an
ele&ent si&ilar to those found in Aust causes/ It
&ust %e IOLUNT!R= and BILL9UL !T
Note' enu&erated in the %oo,-
other analogous causes
\defnition of union securit# clause
%. I. =6-t 1.st-.<2 1s -. 27043/22 2.t1t42>
t3 >-7-92s (73r-4 >-7-92s)?
8enerall# when the e&$lo#ee is dis&issed
(whether for Aust cause or not) without following
due $rocess/
'. W6-t 1s t62 r24128 1. >1s71ss-4 83r L;st
<-;s2s?
No relief %ecause it is Aust cause %ut he
can fle a co&$laint as re&ed#
(. "r3<2>;r-4 r2F;1r272.ts 38 >;2 0r3<2ss
1. t62 0r3<22>1.9s.
a/ 9or ter&ination %ased on Aust causes
under !rt/ 4K4- $rocedural due $rocess &eans
co&$liance with the'
G/ ! written notice Lfrst notice)
ser1ed on the e&$lo#ee s$ecif#ing the ground for
ter&ination- and gi1ing to said e&$lo#ee
reasona%le o$$ortunit# to e0$lain his side/
4/ ! hearing or conference (or at
least an o$$ortunit# to %e heard) during which
the e&$lo#ee concerned- with the assistance of
counsel if the e&$lo#ee so desires- is gi1en
o$$ortunit# to res$ond to the charge- $resent his
e1idence or re%ut the e1idence $resented against
hi&/
2/ ! written notice of ter&ination
(second notice) ser1ed on the e&$lo#ee
indicating that u$on due consideration of all the
circu&stances- grounds ha1e %een esta%lished to
Austif# his ter&ination/
%/ 9or ter&ination %ased on authori?ed
cause under !rts 4K2 and 4K;- co&$liance with
$rocedural due $rocess which &eans ser1ice of a
written notice to the e&$lo#ee !ND the
a$$ro$riate Regional O+ce of the DLOE at least
2< da#s %efore the e@ecti1it# the ground or
grounds for ter&ination/
c/ 9or ter&ination %ased on co&$letion of
contract or $hase thereof F No $rior notice is
re:uired/
d/ 9or ter&ination of $ro%ationar#
e&$lo#&ent %ased on failure to &eet the
standards of e&$lo#&ent(written notice &ust %e
ser1ed to the e&$lo#ee concerned within a
reasona%le ti&e fro& the e@ecti1e date of
ter&ination/
). W6-t 1s t62 2M2<t 38 >1s71ss-4 18 t62r2 1s
.3 >;2 0r3<2ss? (=1t63;t >;2 0r3<2ss)
a/ If with Aust cause- dis&issal will %e
u$held %ut e&$lo#er will %e lia%le for da&ages/
%/ If without Aust cause- dis&issal is
dee&ed illegal/
7. As1>2 8r37 t62 L;st <-;s2s 1. t62 <3>2I
-r2 t62r2 3t62r E-41> <-;s2s 38 >1s71ss-4?
())
a/ Iiolation of co&$an# rules and
regulations)
%/ Breach of union securit# arrange&ents)
c/ Partici$ation in an illegal stri,e)
d/ o&&ission of illegal acts during a
stri,e)
e/ Defance of return(to(wor, order in a
stri,e) and
f/ *e0ual harass&ent/
*. W6-t 1s s2D;-4 6-r-ss72.t? E4272.ts.
*e0ual harass&ent is co&&itted %# an
e&$lo#er - e&$lo#ee- &anager- su$er1isor- or
agent of the e&$lo#er who- ha1ing authorit#-
inPuence or &oral ascendanc# o1er another-
de&ands- re:uests or otherwise re:uires an#
se0ual fa1or fro& another- regardless of whether
the de&and- re:uest or re:uire&ent is acce$ted/
In a wor,(related or e&$lo#&ent
en1iron&ent- se0ual harass&ent is co&&itted'
a/ Bhen se0ual fa1or is &ade as a
condition for hiring- re(e&$lo#&ent- or continued
e&$lo#&ent of an e&$lo#ee) or
%/ Bhen se0ual fa1or is &ade as a
condition for granting fa1ora%le ter&s- conditions-
$ro&otions- co&$ensation- or $ri1ileges)
c/ Bhen refusal to grant the se0ual fa1or
results in li&iting- segregating- or classif#ing the
e&$lo#ee which in an# wa# would discri&inate-
de$ri1e- or di&inish e&$lo#&ent o$$ortunities or
otherwise ad1ersel# a@ect said e&$lo#ee)
d/ Bhen se0ual ad1ances i&$air the
e&$lo#eeHs rights or $ri1ileges under e0isting
la%or laws) or
e/ Bhen the se0ual ad1ances result in an
inti&idating- hostile- or o@ensi1e en1iron&ent for
the e&$lo#ee/
+. W6-t -r2 -;t63r1:2> <-;s2s 83r
>1s71ss-4?
Note' econo&ic Austifcations
a/ Installation of la%or sa1ing de1ices)
%/ Redundanc#)
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4J
c/ Retrench&ent to $re1ent losses) and
d/ losing or cessation of o$eration of the
esta%lish&ent/
1,. T2r71.-t13. 3. t62 9r3;.> 38 >1s2-s2I
r2F;1s1t2s.
a/ That the continued e&$lo#&ent of the
sic, e&$lo#ee is $rohi%ited %# law or is
$reAudicial to his health or to the health of his co(
e&$lo#ees) and
%/ That there is a certifcation fro& a
co&$etent $u%lic health authorit# that the
disease is of such nature or at such a stage that it
cannot %e cured within a $eriod of si0 (6) &onths
e1en with $ro$er &edical treat&ent/
GG/ Installation of la%or(sa1ing de1ices F G &onth
for e1er# #ear of ser1ice
Redundanc# F in e0cess of econo&ic
resource needed F G &onth for e1er# #ear of
ser1ice
Retrench&ent F reduction of $ersonnel
due to actual losses or to $re1ent loss F ] &onth
for e1er# #ear of ser1ice
losure or cessation of %usiness F ]
&onth for e1er# #ear of ser1ice
(!rt/ 4K2 $er&anent
(!rt/ 4K6 te&$orar#
(not due to serious %usiness losses
F with se$aration $a#
(due to serious %usiness losses F no
se$aration $a#
Note' re:uire&ents.$rocedure.notice in
closure of %usiness
III. "ROCE!RE (Arts. 212-22))
1. W63 1s -. 27043/2r?
It includes an# $erson acting in the
interest of an e&$lo#er- directl# or indirectl#/
La%or Organi?ation as an e&$lo#er- acting
as an agent of the e&$lo#er/
Unregistered !ssociation as an e&$lo#er/
The law does not re:uire an e&$lo#er to %e
registered %efore he &a# co&e within the
$ur1iew of the La%or ode/
2. W63 1s -. 27043/22?
It includes not onl# those who are usuall#
and ordinaril# considered e&$lo#ees- %ut also
those who ha1e ceased as e&$lo#ees as a
conse:uence of (a) la%or dis$ute or (%) unfair
la%or $ractice- i! he has not obtained any other
substantially eEui1alent and re0ular e)ploy)ent$
N3t2$ *u%stantiall# e:ui1alent and regular
e&$lo#&ent &ust %e deter&ined on the nature of
the Ao% itself and the career that it can o@er the
e&$lo#ee/
%. Cr2-t13. -.> C3703s1t13. 38 NLRC
*olel# for $rogra& and $olic# coordination
onl#/
o&$osed of a hair&an and 42 >e&%ers/
(42ZG)
4;(&an tri$artite %od# co&$osed of
re$resentati1es fro& the $u%lic sector-
wor,ersH sector and e&$lo#ersH sector/
K Di1isions- 2 &e&%ers in each di1ision
each ha1ing e0ecuti1e cler,s and
co&&ission attorne#s/
Territorial di1isions of NLR are designed
&erel# for ad&inistrati1e e+cienc#/
The hair&an &a# designate additional
o&&issioners fro& other di1isions as &a#
%e necessar# to constitute a :uoru&/
'. H;r1s>1<t13. 38 NLRC
(a) Original Uurisdiction
G/ ases certifed to it %# the *ecretar# of
La%or and E&$lo#&ent $ursuant to !rticle 462/
4/ InAunction cases under !rticles 4GK (e)
and 46;/
(%) !$$ellate Uurisdiction
G/ ases decided %# the Regional Director
under !rticle G4L/
4/ ases decided %# the La%or !r%iter/
(. H;r1s>1<t13. 38 L-53r Ar51t2r
(a) Original and E0clusi1e Uurisdiction
G/ Unfair la%or $ractice/
4/ Ter&ination dis$utes/
2/ lai&s for wages- rates of $a#- hours of
wor, and other ter&s and conditions of
e&$lo#&ent- if acco&$anied %# a clai& for
reinstate&ent/
;/ lai&s for actual- &oral- e0e&$lar# and
other for&s of da&ages arising fro& e&$lo#er(
e&$lo#ee relations/
5/ ases arising fro& an# 1iolation of
!rticle 46;- including :uestions in1ol1ing the
legalit# of stri,es and loc,outs/
6/ lai&s of e&$lo#ees or do&estic
hel$ers in1ol1ing an a&ount e0ceeding P5-<<<
regardless of whether acco&$anied %# a clai& for
reinstate&ent/
J/ >one# clai&s arising out of e&$lo#er(
e&$lo#ee relationshi$ or %# 1irtue of an# law or
contract in1ol1ing 9ili$ino wor,ers for o1erseas
de$lo#&ent- including actual- &oral- e0e&$lar#
and other for&s of da&ages/
K/ Bage distortion dis$utes in unorgani?ed
esta%lish&ents/
L/ Enforce&ent or annul&ent of
co&$ro&ise agree&ents/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4K
G</ !ll other clai&s arising fro& e&$lo#er(
e&$lo#ee relations- e0ce$t clai&s for E- ***-
&edicare and &aternit# %enefts/
Note' (a) Ioluntar# !r%itrators are 1ested with
authorit# to hear and decide ULP and all other
la%or dis$utes- u$on agree&ent of the $arties/
(!rt/ 464)
(%) *ecretar# of La%or and E&$lo#&ent is
authori?ed to assu&e Aurisdiction o1er a la%or
dis$ute causing or li,el# to cause a stri,e or
loc,out in an industr# indis$ensa%le to national
interest/ (!rt/ 462 3g7)
). W6-t 1s - t2r71.-t13. >1s0;t2?
It is a contro1ers# o1er the 1alidit# of
se1erance of e&$lo#&ent/
7. W63 6-s L;r1s>1<t13. 3E2r t2r71.-t13.
>1s0;t2s?
It de$ends/
8eneral Rule' La%or !r%iter
E0ce$tions'
(a) Dis$utes in1ol1ing ter&ination of
cor$orate o+cers/ (RT)
(%) Dis$utes arising fro& inter$retation or
i&$le&entation of B!/ (Ioluntar# !r%itrator
through grie1ance &achiner#)
(c) Dis$utes arising fro& inter$retation or
enforce&ent of co&$an# $ersonnel $olicies/
(sa&e of 3%7)
Note' (G) Under (%) if acco&$anied with actual
ter&ination of e&$lo#ee- La%or !r%iter has
Aurisdiction/
(4) Under (c) if co&$an# $ersonnel $olicies
are $uniti1e in character- La%or !r%iter has
Aurisdiction/
*. W63 6-s L;r1s>1<t13. 3E2r 73.2/ <4-17s
38 27043/22s?
It de$ends/
If acco&$anied with reinstate&ent- La%or
!r%iter has Aurisdiction r29-r>42ss 38 t62
-73;.t 1.E34E2>.
If without reinstate&ent'
a/ clai& e0ceeds P5-<<< F L!
%/ clai& does not e0ceed P5-<<< F
Regional Director of DOLE
+. W63 6-s L;r1s>1<t13. 83r 73.2/ <4-17s 38
M19r-.t W3rJ2rs?
Under *ec/ G<- R! K<;4 ( >igrant Bor,ers
!ct of GLL5- La%or !r%iter has Aurisdiction/
1,. R;42s 3. G41.9 73.2/ <4-17s -9-1.st -.
27043/2r.
(a) if &one# clai&s falls within La%or
ode- B! or an# other la%or laws and statutes F
L!
(%) if &one# clai&s falls within i1il ode F
regular courts
11. W63 6-s L;r1s>1<t13. 3E2r 73.2/ <4-17s
38 <3r03r-t2 3N<2rs?
The RT has Aurisdiction (%efore it was
*E)- $ro1ided it is a cor$orate contro1ers# within
the conte&$lation of the or$oration ode/
To deter&ine if itHs a cor$orate
contro1ers#- concurrent factors should %e
considered such as the status or relationshi$ of
the $arties or the nature of the :uestion that is
the su%Aect of the contro1ers#/ (>ainland
onstruction 1s/ >o1illa)
12. H;r1s>1<t13. 83r <4-17 38 >-7-92s
To %e cogni?a%le %# the La%or !r%iter- it
&ust ha1e a r2-s3.-542 <-;s-4
<3..2<t13. with an# of the clai&s $ro1ided
for in !rt/ 4GJ/
(a) arising fro& negligence of a co(wor,er
F regular courts (falls under :uasi(delicts)
(%) %reach of contract of e&$lo#&ent F
regular courts
( In the case of *inga$ore !irlines 1s/
Pano- %reached of training $rogra&s at the
e0$ense of airline is for li:uidated da&ages for
%reach of contractual o%ligations hence within
the $ur1iew of i1il ode/
(c) arising fro& &alicious $rosecution (
regular courts
(d) arising fro& slanderous re&ar,s of a
cor$orate o+cer F regular courts
1%. H;r1s>1<t13. 83r <-s2s -r1s1.9 8r37
E134-t13. 38 Art. 2)'
The La%or !r%iter has original and
e0clusi1e Aurisdiction/ The Aurisdictional grant
has two as$ects'
(a) cases arising for 1iolation of !rt/ 46;
(%) o1er :uestions in1ol1ing legalit# of
stri,es and loc,outs
"owe1er- since the Aurisdictional grant o1er
(a) raises certain de%ata%le issue on the call
for inAuncti1e relief- !rt/ 4GK (e) $ro1ides
that the $ower to issue inAunction falls
within the Aurisdiction of NLR not with the
La%or !r%iters/
1'. H;r1s>1<t13. 83r -44 3t62r <4-17s -r1s1.9
8r37 27043/2r-27043/22 r24-t13.s
The reasona%le causal connection doctrine
&ust %e e&$lo#ed/ There &ust %e
connection %etween the clai& asserted and
the e&$lo#er(e&$lo#ee relations/ La%or
!r%iters has original and e0clusi1e
Aurisdiction/
"owe1er- under !rt/ G4K in the e0ercise of
1isitorial and enforce&ent $owers of the
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 4L
*ecretar# of La%or- onl# the latter can
e0ercise Aurisdiction o1er cases therein-
regardless of the a&ount in1ol1ed/
1(. H;r1s>1<t13. 83r W-92 1st3rt13. >1s0;t2s
It de$ends whether the co&$an# is
organi?ed or unorgani?ed/
(a) organi?ed or with B! F Ioluntar#
!r%itrator
(%) unorgani?ed or without B! F La%or
!r%iter
1). W6-t -r2 t62 03=2rs 38 NLRC?
(a) Rule(&a,ing $ower
(%) In1estigati1e $ower
(c) onte&$t Power
(d) InAuncti1e $ower
(e) Ocular Ins$ection
F3r t62 1.L;.<t1E2 03=2rI 1t 1s
<3.>1t13.2> ;03. t62 2D1st2.<2 38
4-53r >1s0;t2/ Bithout a la%or dis$ute- the
authorit# to issue inAunction %elongs to the
regular courts/
17. W6-t 1s - 4-53r >1s0;t2?
!n# contro1ers# concerning ter&s and
conditions of e&$lo#&ent or the association or
re$resentation of $ersons in negotiating- f0ing-
&aintaining- charging or arranging the ter&s and
conditions of e&$lo#&ent- re0ardless o! whether
the disputants stand in the pro7i)ate relation o!
e)ployer and e)ployee$
1*. W6-t -r2 t62 0r3<2>;r-4 r2F;1s1t2s 38
L-53r I.L;.<t13.?
(a) Ierifed $etition alleging the acts-
which if not restrained or $erfor&ed forthwith-
&a# cause gra1e or irre$ara%le da&age/
(%) Personal notice ser1ed to all ,nown
$ersons against who& relief is sought/
(c) "earing/
1+. W6-t -r2 t62 s;5st-.t1E2 r2F;1s1t2s 38
L-53r I.L;.<t13.?
(a) Prohi%ited or unlawful acts ha1e %een
threatened and will %e co&&itted and will %e
continued unless restrained/
(%) *u%stantial and irre$ara%le inAur# to
co&$lainantHs $ro$ert# will follow/
(c) 8reater inAur# will %e inPicted u$on
co&$lainant %# a denial of relief than will %e
inPicted u$on defendant %# granting the relief/
(d) No ade:uate re&ed# at law/
(e) The $u%lic o+cers charged with the
dut# to $rotect co&$lainantHs $ro$ert# are una%le
or unwilling to furnish ade:uate $rotection/
InAur# is considered irre$ara%le if it is of
such constant and fre:uent recurrence that
no fair and reasona%le redress can %e had
therefor in a court of law/
Re&ed# is considered ade:uate if it a@ords
relief with reference to the &atter in
contro1ers# and which is a$$ro$riate to the
$articular circu&stances of the case/
Te&$orar# restraining order is not
s#non#&ous with la%or inAunction/
La%or inAunction re:uisites for $rocedural
and su%stanti1e as$ects &ust %e strictl#
co&$lied with since it is disfa1oured %# law/
La%or inAunction cannot %e issued e7 parte
unli,e in TRO with the pro1iso of co&$liance
of the conditions set forth %# law/
TRO has a .3.-2Dt2.>1542 lifeti&e of 4<
da#s/
La%or inAunction fro& NLR is NOT the
$ro$er re&ed# against e&$lo#ee dis&issal/
(P!L 1s/ NLR)
2,. C-. - str1J2 52 2.L31.2> 5/ NLRC?
8eneral rule' No- e1en if it is illegal/
E0ce$tions'
(a) if declared against an industr#
indis$ensa%le to national interest F *ecretar# of
La%or &a# assu&e Aurisdiction or certif# the
dis$ute for co&$ulsor# ar%itration (NLR)/
(%) if staged %# e&$lo#ees who are not
accorded with the right to stri,e/
(c) if declared under intra or inter(union
dis$utes/
21. C-. - >1s<1041.-r/ 0r3<22>1.9 52
2.L31.2> 5/ NLRC?
No- the in1estigation and i&$osition of
disci$linar# action against erring e&$lo#ees is a
function that solel# and e0clusi1el# %elongs to an
e&$lo#er/
22. R;42s 83r C370r371s2 A9r2272.t
It is conclusi1e- 1alid and %inding %etween
the $arties e1enthough it is not #et
a$$ro1ed %# La%or !r%iter/
It includes e1en when there is alread# a
fnal Audg&ent/ (Ola#%ar 1s/ NLR)
In case of 1iolation of a co&$ro&ise
-9r2272.t- the re&edies are' (a)
enforce&ent or (%) rescission/
In case of 1iolation of co&$ro&ise
L;>972.t- the re&edies are (a) &otion for
e0ecution- in case of non(co&$liance) (%)
action to annul or (c) $etition for relief of
Audg&ent under Rule 2K of the RO/
The reduction of attorne#Hs fees in the
co&$ro&ise agree&ent does not %ar to its
a$$ro1al/ (Uesal1a 1s/ Bautista)
2%. W6-t -r2 t62 r2F;1r272.ts 83r - E-41>
F;1t<4-17?
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 2<
(a) Ioluntaril# arri1ed %# $arties/
(%) Bith the assistance of BLR or an#
re$resentati1e of DOLE/
(c) onsideration &ust %e reasona%le-
without fraud or deceit and not contrar# to $u%lic
$olic#- &orals or good custo&s/
2'. C-. .3.-4-=/2rs -002-r 5283r2 NLRC?
Ar2 t62/ 2.t1t42> t3 -tt3r.2/Os 822s?
Non(law#ers &a# a$$ear %efore NLR or
an# La%or !r%iter onl# if'
(a) he re$resents hi&self as $art# to the
case
(%) he re$resents a legiti&ate la%or
organi?ation which is a $art# to the case
(c) he re$resents a &e&%er of a legiti&ate
la%or organi?ation
(d) he is a dul#(accredited &e&%er of an#
legal aid o+ce dul# recogni?ed %# DOU or IBP
(e) he is the owner or $resident of a
cor$oration which is a $art# to the case
Non(law#ers are not entitled to attorne#Hs
fees %ecause entitle&ent to attorne#Hs fees
$resu$$oses the e0istence of attorne#(client
relationshi$/
2(. W6-t 1s t62 r272>/ 8r37 ->E2rs2
>2<1s13. 38 L-53r Ar51t2r? W6-t -r2 t62
02r13>s?
The $ro$er re&ed# fro& ad1erse decision
of the La%or !r%iter is not a &otion for
reconsideration %ut -002-4/
(a) a$$eal fro& decisions or orders of
Regional Director under !rt/ G4L F ( <-42.>-r
>-/s fro& recei$t
(%) a$$eal fro& decisions or orders of the
La%or !r%iter F 1, <-42.>-r >-/s fro& recei$t
2). W6-t -r2 t62 9r3;.>s 83r -002-4?
(a) $ri&a facie e1idence of a%use of
discretion on the $art of the La%or !r%iter or
Regional Director
(%) decision- order or award was secured
through fraud or coercion- including graft and
corru$tion
(c) &ade $urel# on :uestions of law
(d) serious errors in the fndings of 8-<t
are raised which if not corrected would cause
gra1e or irre$ara%le da&age or inAur# to the
a$$ellant
27. W6-t -r2 t62 r2F;1s1t2s 83r 02r82<t13. 38
-002-4?
(a) &e&orandu& of a$$eal
(%) a$$eal fee
(c) a$$eal %ond
(d) $roof of ser1ice to the ad1erse $art#
>ere notice of a$$eal without co&$l#ing
with the other re:uisites for $erfection of
a$$eal shall not sto$ the running of the
$eriod for $erfecting an a$$eal/
>e&orandu& of a$$eal should
7-.>-t3r14/ contain a certifcate of non(
foru& sho$$ing/
!$$eal %ond is .3t re:uired if' (G) there is
no &onetar# award) (4) it is the e&$lo#ee
who a$$eals a Audg&ent) (2) a$$eal
:uestions onl# the award of da&ages or
att#Hs fees) and (;) decision a$$ealed fro&
does not state the a&ount of the &onetar#
award/
Posting of %ond does not sta# the
reinstate&ent order of L!/
2*. W6-t 1s t62 2M2<t 38 r2E2rs-4 38
r21.st-t272.t 3r>2r 3. -002-4?
(a) if the reinstate&ent order was carried
out F the e&$lo#er can $ut an end to such
reinstate&ent once the Audg&ent of NLR
%eco&es fnal and e0ecutor#/
(%) if the reinstate&ent order was not
carried out F
(G) non(reinstate&ent was %rought a%out
%# the ;.L;st1G2> r28;s-4 on the $art of
27043/2r- latter %ound to $a# the salaries of
e&$lo#ee fro& notice of L!Hs decision until its
ulti&ate re1ersal %# NLR/
(4) non(reinstate&ent was %rought a%out
%# the ;.L;st1G2> r28;s-4 of the 27043/22 to
re$ort for wor,- e&$lo#er is not dut#(%ound to
$a# an# salar#/
(2) e&$lo#ee did .3t E193r3;s4/ $ursue
his reinstate&ent- e&$lo#er not o%liged to $a#
an# salar# %ecause e&$lo#ee dee&ed to ha1e
forfeited his right to reinstate&ent through
wai1er or laches/
(;) e&$lo#er was not a%le to reinstate
e&$lo#ee during $endenc# of a$$eal for reasons
.3t -ttr15;t-542 t3 61s 8-;4t- e&$lo#er cannot
%e o%liged to $a# an# salar# %ecause
reinstate&ent has %eco&e an i&$ossi%ilit#/
2+. W6-t 1s t62 0r1.<10-4 t-sJ 38 B;r2-; 38
L-53r R24-t13.s?
!side fro& its $olic#(&a,ing functions- its
$rinci$al tas, is now li&ited to handling inter(
union and intra(union conPicts- registration and
cancellation of registration of la%or organi?ations-
$articularl# those in1ol1ing federation- national
unions or industr# unions/
I.tr--;.13. >1s0;t2 is a contro1ers#
%etween and a&ong union )e)bers/
I.t2r-;.13. >1s0;t2 is a contro1ers#
%etween and a&ong le0iti)ate labor
unions/
La%or Re1iew on La%or Relations DE! (Prof/Ungos) F Bala&%an- Paruginog- *aida&en(Bas&an Page 2G

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LABOR RELATIONS

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