manana tabiZe

leqsikur nasesxobaTa zogi sakiTxis Sesaxeb

nebismier enaSi, da cxadia, qarTulSic, SesaZlebelia nasesxobaTa safuZvelze

warmoebuli gamokvleva enis socialuri istoriis kvlevasac waadges.
cnobilia, rom dialeqtTa or tips gamoKofen: teritoriulsa da socialurs (v.
makdevidi, 1971, 365).
fonetikuri Taviseburebebi warmoTqmisas swored socialurs xasiaTs iZens. imis
mixedviT Tu ra orientaciis, ganaTlebis, socialuri saqmianobisaa molaparake (an
Jgufi), mis metKvelebas gaaCnia garkveuli Taviseburebebi enis Kvela doneze (foneti-
ka, morfologia, sintaqsi). am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mdidar masalas iZleva nasesxeb
leqsikaze dakvirveba.
qarTuli ena Tavisi istoriuli bedis gamo sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva enobrivi
kontaqtebis pirobebSi viTardeboda. aseT istoriul momentebSi gardauvali iKo
(mTeli rigi enobrivi gavlenebis gverdiT) leqsikis sesxebac, rasac ena ZiriTadad
ori mimarTulebiT axorcielebda: erTi iKo qarTuli enis TavdacviTi reaqcia ucxo
enis `Semotevaze", rasac igi Sinagani bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT sagangebo simkacriT
akontrolebda, rogorc xangrZlivi werilobiTi tradiciisa da enobriv kontaqteb-
Tan dakavSirebiTac mniSvnelovani gamocdilebis mqone ena.
meore mimarTuleba ki stiqiuria, gauazrebeli, sinqroniul doneze eqstralin-
gvisturi faqtorebis gavlenis Sedegi; am dros xSirad masesxebeli msesxebeli enis
sistemidan gamodis, ase vTqvaT, mas eqvemdebareba.
leqsikuri sesxebis procesSi, kerZod, nasesxobaTa qarTuli bunebisaTvis damorCi-
lebis saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobs da iGvwis mwerloba, romelic SeZlebisdagva-
rad zGudavs ucxoenovani samKaros gavlenas. qarTul literaturaSi am mxriv ramde-
nime tendencia SeiniSneba:
1. saliteraturo ena (mwerloba) `gamoxSiravs", qarTuli SesatKvisebis aqtiviza-
ciis gziT amcirebs zepir metKvelebaSi Semosul ucxo leqsikur erTeulebs;
2. qarTuli enis morfofonematur Taviseburebebs uqvemdebarebs ukve damkvidre-
bul nasesxobebs, romelTa Tavidan aridebac ver xerxdeba;
3. satirul-ironiuli xerxiT asustebs sesxebis socialur `enTuziazms".
unda aGiniSnos, rom TviT mwerlobaSic KovelTvis erTgvarovani araa leqsikis
sesxebisadmi damokidebuleba, fsiqologiuri ganwKoba. principuli mniSvneloba aqvs
mwerlis orientacias, kulturul kuTvnilebas, Tavisebur enobriv kosmopolitizms.
am mxriv, samecniero enidanac SeiZleba magaliTebi movixmoT. cnobilia, mecniereba
naklebad frTxilia leqsikis sesxebisas, da metwilad eswrafvis kidec saerTaSoriso
terminologiis damkvidrebas.
XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba sesxebisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT or
mimarTulebas gviCvenebs:
a) qarTveli romantikosebi (pirobiTad, `mamaTa" Taoba) rusulisadmi damokidebu-
lebaSi xSirad, ase vTqvaT, `qveSevrdomul erTgulebas" iCenen. gataceba rusuli na-
sesxobebiT gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia Tavad qarTuli enisadmi maTi konservatuli
damokidebulebis fonze.
isini ar ufrTxian neologizmebs da garkveul `gemosac" atanen iseT sesxebas, ro-
melsac barbarizmebis Semotanis ieri dahkravs:
`... dasamtkiceblad missa, romel namdvil maT TavadTa yavyavaZeTagan vSTamomav-
lobT Cven, romelnica xsenebul arian siasa traxtatsa Sina STawerilsa... da mome-
tesca amas zeda Gramota... uflis Telavis uezdis marSlis _ Tavadis abel Colo-
Kaevisagan" (al. yavyavaZe, gancxadeba saqarTvelos deputatT).
`...inebos moTxovnad eqspediciisagan sudis da raspravisa kopia mefis iraklisa-
gan mamaCemisda boZebulis Gramotisa..." (iqve).
`... vici, didi xarakteri unda mweralsa, romelica hsZlevs Tavis moK…arebasa,
raTa dainaxos da uar-hKos SecTomileba T‚si". (gr. orbeliani, kritika sitK‚saT‚is).
kvakasiis mxsnels kavkazSi vin hgmobs" (barbare JorJaZe)
`da KovelTvis gulmxurvaled
vevedrebi wminda ninas...
dGes dGeobis wodebiTa,
 mogilocav, Cemo ninav!" (barbare JorJaZe)
Sdr. akaki:
`enac wagvarTves da rJulic,
naTeli ramGa gvfinoso?
`Tamar" monaTles `Tamarad",
`nina" daarqves ninoso!" (ninoobas)
XIX s-is 40-50-iani wlebidan Cans, rom qarTulma mwerlobam gadasinJa rusul
enobriv samKarosTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi da meti `kontroli daawesa" nasesxo-
bebze, amasTan, nasesxobaTa stiluri datvirTva ufro satirul-ironiuli gaxda.
am periodidan mkveTrad gaimiJna mwerlis metKveleba personajTa metKvelebisagan
da xSirad nawarmoebis personajTa Girseba-naklze misaTiTeblad, misTvis komikuri
elferis misaniyeblad swored nasesxebi leqsikis sawarmoTqmo Taviseburebebia gamo-
Kenebuli.
amdenad, gamoikveTa personajTa ori tipi (ZiriTadad komediebsa da satirul na-
warmoebebSi), rusulis mcodne da rusulis armcodne. ase vTqvaT, `rusulis mcodne"
qarTvel personajTa metKveleba sesxebis or formas gviCvenebs: wignuri nasesxobebi
(transliteracia) da warmoTqmis Sesabamisi nasesxobebi (transkrifcia), xSirad es
ori forma Sereuladaa warmodgenili:
`raman bez liubvi _ eto ujasno" (g. erisTavi, gaKra). `raman" _ transkrifciu-
li principiTaa ganwKobili, `eto" _ transliteraciuliT.
rusulis aramcodne personajis metKvelebaSi ki nasesxebi leqsema smeniT mimsgavse-
bazea agebuli:
`mas ukan an zasedatlaT wava an popoSnikaTa (g. erisTavi, gaKra).
magram, rac mTavaria, orive SemTxvevaSi mwerlis ironia aSkaraa.
satiruli sesxebis magaliTebi uxvad mogvca qarTulma literaturam 40-50-iani
wlebidan moKolebuli 60-iani wlebis moGvaweTa Semoqmedebis CaTvliT.
satirul-ironiuli sesxebis magaliTebi ramdenime Jgufad iKofa:
a) sakuTar saxelTa sesxeba, an ucxoenovan (rusulis) Kaidaze gaformeba:
`didi xania Tqven wvlil leqsebSi, romlebic modis da midis peterburxidan pe-
neramiT swerT siKvarulsa..."
(g. erisTavi, dava).
`da veGar vxedavT CvenSi qals,
rom isev SegvaZeninos!
`niniCka" Tumca bevri gvKavs,
magram ver vhpoobT im ninos" (akaki, ninoobas).
b) nasesxobaTa qarTul konstruqciaSi Taviseburi Casma; ucxo warmomavlobis
leqsikis `gaqarTulebis" gziT iumoristuli efeqtis miGweva. mag. mravlobiTi ri-
cxvis gamoKeneba am mizniT:
`me Cemi dGe da sofeli
unda davlio balebSi!" (akaki, erTi qalisas amboben)
`me mgonia, bevri zakonebi ecodineba (g. erisTavi, dava).
`polkSi gvaqvs xolme veCerebi" (barbaZe JorJaZe).
-oba sufiqsis darTva:
`ai qeifi da tancaoba" (barbare JorJaZe).
zmnuri warmoebebi:
`zrastis" vetKvi zogierT qals!...
aGar esmis `gamarJoba".
davizitobs, balSi dadis" (akaki, bodva)
`rac rom mergo mama-papis,
nel-nela vapradaleb" (akaki, patrioti).
g) nasesxobaTa sagangebo fonetikuri variaciebi; nasesxeb leqsikas satiruli
efeqtisaTvis mwerali xSirad specifikuri fonetikuri gaformebiT gvTavazobs (cxa-
dia, amis safuZveli dialeqtur metKvelebaSi moipoveba):
`adukantia da ranairi mere!... Zvirfasi rame adukantia!"
(d. kldiaSvili, qamuSaZis gayirveba).
`... SavTvala malxazi bavSvi, CiTis bluziT, wiTeli wuGebiT, kizirokiani qudiT
Tavze" (d. kldiaSvili, samaniSvilis dedinacvali") iqve! `...vin iKo es Casuqebuli...
kazirok _ qudiani... kaci".
`kursi dausrulebelia universSi" (g. erisTavi, dava).
`... vasil ivaniCma, romelic upragonod sclida staqans staqanze. Tumca banca-
liT, magram mainc icekva lekuri" (d. kldiaSvili, bakulas Gorebi).
`mamaSens uTxari nu kilauznobs" (g. erisTavi, dava).
d) bunebrivi qarTuli leqsemis nacvlad nasesxebis CarTva; xSirad mwerali Sere-
uli metKvelebiT aGwevs ironiul, satirul efeqts. sazogadoebas, romelic `karg
tonad" miiCnevs ucxoenovani leqsikis an frazis CarTvas Tavis saubarSi (Tundac es
`CarTva" gamarTul formasac gulisxmobdes), mainc sasacilo mdgomareobaSi agdebs
mwerali stiluri saSualebebis marJve gamoKenebiT:
`me otpuskSi var, kargad gavatarebT dros" (g. erisTavi, dava).
`...raki patara feriT gaTxunuls qals vnaxamT, praSCai, gulo!" (g. erisTavi, dava)
unda aGiniSnos, rom rusulidan sesxebis SemTxvevaSi XIX s-is qarTuli mwerloba
ucxo warmomavlobis leqsikis gaformebis xerxebis intensiur ZiebaSia. amitom Cvens
Tvalwinaa didi mravalferovneba erTi da imave leqsemaTa specifikuri Cawerisa, da
TiTqmis Kvela varianti garkveul logikas eqvemdebareba:
mag.: iliasTan, gr. orbelianTan _ peterburGi, novGorodi...
g. erisTavis komediebSi _ peterburxi, peterbruxi...
iliasTan: ispanieli, francieli, franciuli, akakisTan: `ispaniolka"...
iliasTan: prozaikebi, akakisTan: prozaikosi, prozaiki...
qt. kompleqsis gadmoGeba _ kt-d: redaktori (akaki).
iliasTan: evropa, g. erisTavTan: iuropa...
g. wereTelTan Segvxvda: podriadi, vsadniki...
g. erisTavTan: `drasti, drasti, Gospoda, sudi, drasti, izboliT".
g. wereTelTan: zrasti, foSta, praporCiki, kantorCiki...
amjamad sesxebis procesi ramdenadme gansxvavebulia adrindelisagan. saqmianobis
sferos e.w. kosmopolitizaciam is Sedegi moitana, rom nebismier kuTxeSi ZiriTadad
erTsa da imave masalas sesxuloben xolme da Tanac `sesxebis" maregulirebeli Ziri-
Tadad masobrivi informaciis saSualebebia. amdenad, nasesxoba xSirad Kvela kuTxeSi
erTnairia da amis gamo, ufro swrafad emsgavseba kanonikurs, bunebrivs, `misaGebs",
vidre warsulSi. amitom, gacilebiT ufro saSiSicaa;
rogorc Cans, mwerlobam axlac unda gamoZebnos saSualebebi sesxebis amjamindeli
masStabebis Sesamcireblad.

damowmebuli literatura:

m a k d e v e l i v. _ b. h. l=*ä.", ä, d, =ëå*2…, å , “%ö, =ëü…/å !=ƒë, ÷, " ã%!%ä“*%ì

%K?å“2"å, m%"%å " ë, …ã", “2, *å, l., 1971, t. VII, gv. 365.
 M. Tabidze
On Some Problems of Lexical Borrowings
Summary
In any language and in Georgian as well, the research carried on the basis of borrowings can help the
study of the social history of a language.
There are two types of dialects: territorial and social.
The observation of the borrowed vocabulary provides us with an opportunity to determine a writer`s
stylistic and general linguistic orientation. Georgian literature has a great tradition protecting the
Georgian language from the influence of the foreign-speaking world.
1. Georgian writers try to diminish foreign lexical elements penetrated in oral speech by using the
corresponding Georgian words and phrases;
2. They coordinate the Georgian morphophonemic peculiarities with already settled borrowings
when it is impossible to avoid them.
3. Using satyric and ironic methods they weaken the social "enthusiasm" of the borrowings.