LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Newton-Raphson
1
NEWTON-RAPHSON POWER FLOW
SOLUTION
N-R method is mathematically superior to the
Gauss-Seidel.
Less prone to divergence with ill-conditioned
problems.
For large system it is more efficient and
practical.
2
3

=
=
n
i j
j ij i
V Y I
Expressing this equation in polar form gives
) (
j ij
n
i j
j ij i
V Y I o u + Z =

=
Complex power at bus i is
i i i i
I V jQ P
*
=
( ) ) (
1
j ij j
n
j
ij i i i i
V Y V jQ P o u o + Z Z =

=
Current entering bus i is given by
4
( )
(

+ Z Z =

=
) (
1
j ij j
n
j
ij i i i i
V Y V jQ P o u o
Separating real and imaginary parts
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
We have two equations for each load bus (P and Q)
and one equation for each voltage controlled bus (P).
2 equations
per load
bus
1 equation
per voltage
control bus
5
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
Expanding these equations in Taylors series and neglecting all higher
order terms results in the following set of linear equations.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
k
n
k
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
k
n
k
k
n
k
V
V
V
Q
V
Q
V
Q
V
Q
V
P
V
P
V
P
V
P
Q Q
Q Q
P P
P P
Q
Q
P
P

o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
6
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
k
n
k
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
k
n
k
k
n
k
V
V
V
Q
V
Q
V
Q
V
Q
V
P
V
P
V
P
V
P
Q Q
Q Q
P P
P P
Q
Q
P
P

o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
In this equation, Bus 1 is assumed to be the slack bus
Jacobian matrix
7
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
2
k
n
k
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
n
k k
k
n
k
k
n
k
V
V
V
Q
V
Q
V
Q
V
Q
V
P
V
P
V
P
V
P
Q Q
Q Q
P P
P P
Q
Q
P
P

o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
The Jacobian matrix gives the linearized relationship between small
changes in voltage angle Ao
i
(k)
and voltage magnitude A|V
i
(k)
|with
the small changes in real and reactive power AP
i
(k)
and AQ
i
(k)
.
Elements of the Jacobian matrix are the partial derivatives
of P and Q, evaluated at Ao
i
(k)
and A|V
i
(k)
|
8
Elements of the Jacobian matrix are the partial derivatives of the P
i
and Q
i
equations, evaluated at Ao
i
(k)
and voltage magnitude A|V
i
(k)
|.
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
In short form
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
9
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
For voltage-controlled buses the voltage magnitudes are known
if m buses are voltage-
controlled, m equations
involving AQ and AV and
corresponding columns
of the Jacobian matrix
are eliminated
n-1 real power constraints
and n-1-m reactive power
contraints
Jacobian matrix is of order
(2n-2-m)(2n-2-m)
J
2
=(n-1)(n-1-m) J
1
= (n-1)(n-1)
J
3
=(n-1-m)(n-1) J
4
=(n-1-m)(n-1-m)
10
Diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J
1
:
) sin(
j i ij ij j
n
i j
i
i
i
Y V V
P
o o u
o
+ =
c
c

=
i j Y V V
P
j i ij ij j i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) sin( o o u
o
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
11
Diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J
2
:
) cos( cos 2
j i ij ij
n
i j
j ii ii i
i
i
Y V Y V
V
P
o o u u + + =
c
c

=
i j Y V
V
P
j i ij ij i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) cos( o o u
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
12
Diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J
3
:
) cos(
j i ij ij j
n
i j
i
i
i
Y V V
Q
o o u
o
+ =
c
c

=
i j Y V V
Q
j i ij ij j i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) cos( o o u
o
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
13
Diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J
4
:
) sin( sin 2
j i ij ij
n
i j
j ii ii i
i
i
Y V Y V
V
Q
o o u u + =
c
c

=
i j Y V
V
Q
j i ij ij i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) sin( o o u
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
14
The terms AP
i
(k)
and Q
i
(k)
are the difference between
the scheduled and calculated values (power residuals)
( ) ( ) k
i i
k
i
P P P = A
( ) ( ) k
i i
k
i
Q Q Q = A
The new estimates for bus voltages
( ) ( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
o o o A + =
+1
( ) ( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
V V V A + =
+1
Procedure for power flow solution by
N-R method
For load buses:
P
i
and Q
i
are specified
Set voltage magnitude and o equal to slack bus values

15
0 . 1
) 0 (
=
i
V
0 . 0
) 0 (
=
i
o
Calculate P
i
(k),
Q
i
(k)
, AP
i
(k)
and AQ
i
(k)
using the equations:

( ) ( ) k
i i
k
i
P P P = A
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
( ) ( ) k
i i
k
i
Q Q Q = A
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
Procedure for power flow solution by
N-R method
For voltage-controlled buses:
Calculate P
i
(k)
and AP
i
(k)
using
16
( ) ( ) k
i i
k
i
P P P = A
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
17
The Jacobian matrix (J
1
, J
2
, J
3
and J
4
)
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i
i
i
Y V V
P
o o u
o
+ =
c
c

=
i j Y V V
P
j i ij ij j i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) sin( o o u
o
J
1
18
The Jacobian matrix (J
1
, J
2
, J
3
and J
4
)
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i
i
i
Y V V
P
o o u
o
+ =
c
c

=
i j Y V V
P
j i ij ij j i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) sin( o o u
o
) cos( cos 2
1
j i ij ij ij
n
j
j ii ii i
i
i
Y V V Y V
V
P
o o u u + + =
c
c

=
i j Y V
V
P
j i ij ij i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) cos( o o u
J
1
J
2
19
Calculate the Jacobian matrix (J
3
and J
4
)
) sin( sin 2
1
j i ij ij
n
j
j ii ii i
i
i
Y V Y V
V
Q
o o u u + =
c
c

=
i j Y V
V
Q
j i ij ij i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) sin( o o u
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i
i
i
Y V V
Q
o o u
o
+ =
c
c

=
i j Y V
Q
j i ij ij i
j
i
= + =
c
c
) cos( o o u
o
J
3
J
4
20
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
Solve the linear simultaneous equation
Compute new voltage magnitudes and phase angles
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
o o o A + =
+1
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
V V V A + =
+1
Continue until the residuals AP
i
(k)
and AQ
i
(k)
are less than the
specified accuracy
c
c
s A
s A
) (
) (
k
i
k
i
Q
P
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A

Q
P
J J
J J
V
1
4 3
2 1
o

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k
i
sch
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
Q Q Q
P P P
= A
= A
Consider a three bus power system
1
2
3
200
MW
bus to bus Series Z (R+jX) (pu) Series Y (G-jB) (pu)
1-2 0.02+j0.04 10-j20
1-3 0.01+j0.03 10-j30
2-3 0.0125+j0.025 16-j32
Line data
Base 100 MVA
21
400 MW
250 Mvar Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
1
2
3
200
MW
22
400 MW
250 Mvar Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
10-j20
10-j30 16-j32
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
=
62 26 32 16 30 10
32 16 52 26 20 10
30 10 20 10 50 20
j j j
j j j
j j j
Y
bus
Convert to polar
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
4902 . 67 23095 . 67 5651 . 116 77709 . 35 4349 . 108 62278 . 31
5651 . 116 77709 . 35 4349 . 63 13777 . 58 5651 . 116 36068 . 22
4349 . 108 62278 . 31 5651 . 116 36068 . 22 1986 . 68 85165 . 53
bus
Y
Y
bus
matrix
23
1
2
3
200 MW
400 MW
250 Mvar
Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
10-j20
10-j30
16-j32
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) cos(
2 2 2
3
1
2 2 j j j j
j
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
For bus 2
24
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) cos(
3 3 3
3
1
3 3 j j j j
j
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 3 33 33 3 3 2 3 32 32 2 3
1 3 31 31 1 3 3
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
For bus 3
1
2
3
200 MW
400 MW
250 Mvar
Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
10-j20
10-j30
16-j32
25
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
) sin(
2 2 2
3
1
2 2 j j j j
j
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V Q
For bus 2
1
2
3
200 MW
400 MW
250 Mvar
Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
10-j20
10-j30
16-j32
26
Determine elements of Jacobian matrix
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
) cos( cos
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 22 22
2
2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u u
o o u
+ + +
+ =
Y V V Y V
Y V V P
) sin( ) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2
2
o o u o o u
o
+ + + =
c
c
Y V V Y V V
P
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2
3
2
o o u
o
+ =
c
c
Y V V
P
) cos( cos 2
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 22 22 2
1 2 21 21 1
2
2
o o u u
o o u
+ + +
+ =
c
c
Y V Y V
Y V
V
P
27
Determine elements of Jacobian matrix
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 3 33 33 3 3 2 3 32 32 2 3
1 3 31 21 1 3 3
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
( )
33 33
2
3 2 3 32 32 2 3
1 3 31 31 1 3 3
cos cos
) cos(
u o o u
o o u
Y V Y V V
Y V V P
+ + +
+ =
) sin(
2 3 32 32 2 3
2
3
o o u
o
+ =
c
c
Y V V
P
) sin( ) sin(
2 3 32 32 2 3 1 3 31 31 1 3
3
3
o o u o o u
o
+ + + =
c
c
Y V V Y V V
P
) cos(
2 3 32 32 3
2
3
o o u + =
c
c
Y V
V
P
28
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V Q
) sin( sin
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 22 22
2
2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u u
o o u
+
+ =
Y V V Y V
Y V V Q
) cos( ) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2
2
o o u o o u
o
+ + + =
c
c
Y V V Y V V
Q
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2
3
2
o o u
o
+ =
c
c
Y V V
Q
) sin( sin 2
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 22 22 2
1 2 21 21 1
2
2
o o u u
o o u
+
+ =
c
c
Y V Y V
Y V
V
Q
1
2
3
200
MW
29
400 MW
250 Mvar
Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
10-j20
10-j30 16-j32
( )
5 . 2 0 . 4
100
250 400
2
j
j
S =
+
=
0 . 2
100
200
3
= = P
0 . 1
0
2
= V
0 . 0
0
2
= o
0 . 0
0
3
= o
Initial values
1
2
3
2.00
30
4 pu
2.5 pu
Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
0 . 1
0
2
= V
0 . 0
0
2
= o
0 . 0
0
3
= o
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
4902 . 67 23095 . 67 5651 . 116 77709 . 35 4349 . 108 62278 . 31
5651 . 116 77709 . 35 4349 . 63 13777 . 58 5651 . 116 36068 . 22
4349 . 108 62278 . 31 5651 . 116 36068 . 22 1986 . 68 85165 . 53
bus
Y
14 . 1
) cos( cos
) cos(
0
3
0
2 23 23 3
0
2 22 22
2
0
2
1
0
2 21 21 1
0
2
0
2
=
+ + +
+ =
o o u u
o o u
Y V V Y V
Y V V P
1
2
3
2.00
31
4 pu
2.5 pu
Slack bus
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
0 . 1
0
2
= V
0 . 0
0
2
= o
0 . 0
0
3
= o
14 . 1
0
2
= P
8600 . 2 ) 14 . 1 ( 0 . 4
0
2 2
0
2
= = = A P P P
5616 . 0
0
3
= P 4384 . 1 ) 5616 . 0 ( 0 . 2
0
3 3
0
3
= = = A P P P
28 . 2
0
2
= Q
2200 . 0 ) 28 . 2 ( 5 . 2
0
2 2
0
2
= = = A Q Q Q
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
32
Evaluating the Jacobian Matrix
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
) sin( ) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2
2
o o u o o u
o
+ + + =
c
c
Y V V Y V V
P
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
4902 . 67 23095 . 67 5651 . 116 77709 . 35 4349 . 108 62278 . 31
5651 . 116 77709 . 35 4349 . 63 13777 . 58 5651 . 116 36068 . 22
4349 . 108 62278 . 31 5651 . 116 36068 . 22 1986 . 68 85165 . 53
bus
Y
V1 = 1.05Z0
,V
3
, = 1.04
0 . 1
0
2
= V
0 . 0
0
2
= o
0 . 0
0
3
= o
1.0
1.05
28 . 54
0
2
2
=
c
c
o
P
33
Evaluating the Jacobian Matrix
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
28 . 33 ) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2
3
2
= + =
c
c
o o u
o
Y V V
P
86 . 24
) cos( cos 2
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 22 22 2
1 2 21 21 1
2
2
=
+ + +
+ =
c
c
o o u u
o o u
Y V Y V
Y V
V
P
34
Evaluating the Jacobian Matrix
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
28 . 33 ) sin(
2 3 32 32 2 3
2
3
= + =
c
c
o o u
o
Y V V
P
04 . 66
) sin( ) sin(
2 3 32 32 2 3 1 3 31 31 1 3
3
3
=
+ + + =
c
c
o o u o o u
o
Y V V Y V V
P
16 ) cos(
2 3 32 32 3
2
3
= + =
c
c
o o u Y V
V
P
35
Evaluating the Jacobian Matrix
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
14 . 27
) cos( ) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2
2
=
+ + + =
c
c
o o u o o u
o
Y V V Y V V
Q
04 . 66 ) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2
3
2
= + =
c
c
o o u
o
Y V V
Q
72 . 49
) sin( sin 2
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 22 22 2
1 2 21 21 1
2
2
=
+
+ =
c
c
o o u u
o o u
Y V Y V
Y V
V
Q
36
(
(
(

=
(

72 . 49 64 . 16 14 . 27
64 . 16 04 . 66 28 . 33
86 . 24 28 . 33 28 . 54
4 3
2 1
J J
J J
28 . 54
2
2
=
c
c
o
P
28 . 33
3
2
=
c
c
o
P
86 . 24
2
2
=
c
c
V
P
28 . 33
2
3
=
c
c
o
P
04 . 66
3
3
=
c
c
o
P
16
2
3
=
c
c
V
P
14 . 27
2
2
=
c
c
o
Q
04 . 66
3
2
=
c
c
o
Q 72 . 49
2
2
=
c
c
V
Q
?
4 3
2 1
=
(

J J
J J
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
37
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
Solve the linear simultaneous equation
Compute new voltage magnitudes and phase angles
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
o o o A + =
+1
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
V V V A + =
+1
Continue until the residuals AP
i
(k)
and AQ
i
(k)
are less than the
specified accuracy
c
c
s A
s A
) (
) (
k
i
k
i
Q
P
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A

Q
P
J J
J J
V
1
4 3
2 1
o

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k
i
sch
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
Q Q Q
P P P
= A
= A
38
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
(
(
(

A
A
A
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

0
2
0
3
0
2
72 . 49 64 . 16 14 . 27
64 . 16 04 . 66 28 . 33
86 . 24 28 . 33 28 . 54
22 . 0
4384 . 1
86 . 2
V
o
o
39
026548 . 0
44221 . 0
5934 . 2
0
2
0
3
0
2
= A
= A
= A
V
o
o
The new bus voltages in the first iteration
97345 . 0 ) 026548 . 0 ( 1
44221 . 0 ) 44221 . 0 ( 0
5934 . 2 ) 5934 . 2 ( 0
1
2
1
3
1
2
= + =
= + =
= + =
V
o
o
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
o o o A + =
+1
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
V V V A + =
+1
40
For the second iteration
(
(
(

A
A
A
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

1
2
1
3
1
2
103589 . 48 402838 . 17 538577 . 28
379086 . 15 656383 . 65 981642 . 32
302567 . 21 765618 . 31 724675 . 51
050914 . 0
021715 . 0
099218 . 0
V
o
o
001767 . 0
05641 . 0
10023 . 0
0
2
1
3
1
2
= A
= A
= A
V
o
o
The new bus voltages in the 2nd iteration
971684 . 0 ) 001767 . 0 ( 97345 . 0
49862 . 0 ) 05641 . 0 ( 44221 . 0
69363 . 2 ) 10023 . 0 ( 5934 . 2
2
2
2
3
2
2
= + =
= + =
= + =
V
o
o
41
For the third iteration
(
(
(

A
A
A
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
2
2
3
2
2
954870 . 47 396932 . 17 548205 . 28
351628 . 15 597585 . 65 933865 . 32
1474477 . 21 693866 . 31 596701 . 51
000143 . 0
000038 . 0
000216 . 0
V
o
o
0000044 . 0
00013751 . 0
00217724 . 0
2
2
2
3
2
2
= A
= A
= A
V
o
o
The new bus voltages in the 3rd iteration
97168 . 0
49876 . 0
6963 . 2
3
2
3
3
3
2
=
=
=
V
o
o
42
The solution is assumed to converge after 3 iterations
with a maximum power mismatched of 2.510
-4
Z =
Z =
4988 . 0 04 . 1
696 . 2 97168 . 0
3
2
V
V
pu Q
pu P
pu Q
4085 . 1
1842 . 2
4617 . 1
1
1
3
=
=
=
Exercise
In a two bus system, bus 1 is a slack bus with V
1
=1.0Z0
pu.
A load of 100 MW and 50 Mvar is taken from bus 2.
The line impedance is z
12
= 0.12+j0.16 pu on a base of
100 MVA.
Using Gauss-Seidel method determine V
2
. Continue
until converge. How many iteration?.
Repeat using Newton-Raphson. Perform until
convergence. How many iteration?
Discuss/compare between the two solutions.
Explain how S
1
and real and reactive power loss in the
line can be calculated.
43
Solution with N-R
44
V
1
=1.0Z0
1
2
50 Mvar
100 MW
z
12
= 0.12+j0.16
y
12
= 3-j4 y
12
= ?
|Y
bus
| = ?
(

Z Z
Z Z
=
13 . 53 5 87 . 126 5
87 . 126 5 13 . 53 5
bus
Y
45
V1=1.0Z0
1
2
50 Mvar
100 MW
y
12
= 3-j4
Power flow equations in polar forms:
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
46
V1=1.0Z0
1 2
50 Mvar
100 MW
y
12
= 3-j4
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
(

Z Z
Z Z
=
13 . 53 5 87 . 126 5
87 . 126 5 13 . 53 5
bus
Y
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
2
2 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 22 22 2 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2 2 2
1
2 2
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ =

=
V V V
V V V V
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
j j j j
n
j
o o
o o
o o u o o u
o o u
At bus 2
47
V1=1.0Z0
1 2
50 Mvar
100 MW
y
12
= 3-j4
) sin(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V Q o o u + =

=
) 13 . 53 sin( 5 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
2
2 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 22 22 2 2 1 2 21 21 1 2
2 2 2
1
2 2
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ =

=
V V V
V V V V
Y V V Y V V
Y V V Q
j j j j
n
j
o o
o o
o o u o o u
o o u
(

Z Z
Z Z
=
13 . 53 5 87 . 126 5
87 . 126 5 13 . 53 5
bus
Y
At bus 2
48
Partial derivatives of P
2
w.r.t. o
2
and , V
2
,
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
+ + = V V V P o o
) 87 . 126 sin( 5
1 2 1 2
2
2
o o
o
+ =
c
c
V V
P
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 2 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
2 1 2 1
2
2
+ + =
c
c
V V
V
P
o o
49
Partial derivatives Q
2
w.r.t. o
2
and , V
2
,
) 13 . 53 sin( 5 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
+ = V V V Q o o
) 87 . 126 cos( 5
1 2 1 2
2
2
o o
o
+ =
c
c
V V
Q
) 13 . 53 sin( 10 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
2 1 2 1
2
2
+ =
c
c
V V
V
Q
o o
50
Expressed Load in p.u.
( )
5 . 0 0 . 1
100
50 100
2
j
j
S =
+
=
0 . 1
0
2
= V
0 . 0
0
2
= o
Slack bus voltage is V
1
= 1.0 Z0 pu.
Initial estimates :
( )
0 3 3
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 1 0 0 87 . 126 cos 5 1 1
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
2
2
0
2 1
0
2 1
0
2
0
2
= + =
+ + =
+ + = V V V P o o
1 0 0 . 1
0
2 2
0
2
= = = A P P P
Initial values?
P
2
= ?; Q
2
=?
51
Load 5 . 0 0 . 1
2
j S =
0 . 1
0
2
= V
0 . 0
0
2
= o
Slack bus voltage is V
1
= 1.0 Z0 pu.
Initial estimates :
( )
0 4 4
) 13 . 53 sin( 5 1 0 0 87 . 126 sin 5 1 1
) 13 . 53 sin( 5 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
2
2
0
2 1
0
2 1
0
2
0
2
= + =
+ =
+ = V V V Q o o
5 . 0 0 50 . 0
0
2 2
0
2
= = = A Q Q Q
52
The elements of Jacobian matrix
) 87 . 126 sin( 5
1 2 1 2
2
2
o o
o
+ =
c
c
V V
P
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 2 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
2 1 2 1
2
2
+ + =
c
c
V V
V
P
o o
4 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5 1 1
2
2
0
1
= =
c
c
=
o
P
J
3 ) 13 . 53 cos( 5 1 2 ) 87 . 126 cos( 1 5
2
2
2
= + =
c
c
=
V
P
J
53
) 87 . 126 cos( 5
1 2 1 2
2
2
o o
o
+ =
c
c
V V
Q
) 13 . 53 sin( 10 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
2 1 2 1
2
2
+ =
c
c
V V
V
Q
o o
3 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5 1 1
2
2
0
3
= =
c
c
=
o
Q
J
4 ) 13 . 53 sin( 1 10 ) 87 . 126 sin( 1 5
2
2
0
4
= =
c
c
=
V
Q
J
54
The set of linear equations in the first iteration becomes
(
(

A
A
(

=
(

0
2
0
2
4 3
3 4
5 . 0
0 . 1
V
o
(
(

A
A
=
(

0
2
0
2
1
5 . 0
0 . 1
4 3
3 4
V
o
Solution of the matrix gives:
2 . 0
10 . 0
0
2
0
2
= A
= A
V
o
8 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( 1
7296 . 5 10 . 0 ) 10 . 0 ( 0
1
2
1
2
= + =
= = + =
V
radian o
(

=
(

16 . 0 12 . 0
12 . 0 16 . 0
4 3
3 4
1
55
( )
7875 . 0 92 . 1 7075 . 2
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 8 . 0 ) 7296 . 5 ( 87 . 126 cos 5 1 8 . 0
) 13 . 53 cos( 5 ) 87 . 126 cos( 5
2
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
2
1
2
= + =
+ =
+ + = V V V P o o
2125 . 0 ) 7875 . 0 ( 0 . 1
1
2 2
1
2
= = = A P P P
For the second iteration
( )
3844 . 0 56 . 2 9444 . 2
) 13 . 53 sin( 5 8 . 0 ) 7296 . 5 ( 87 . 126 sin 5 1 8 . 0
) 13 . 53 sin( 5 ) 87 . 126 sin( 5
2
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
2
1
2
= + =
+ =
+ = V V V Q o o
1156 . 0 ) 3844 . 0 ( 50 . 0
1
2 2
1
2
= = = A Q Q Q
56
The set of linear equations in the 2nd iteration becomes
(
(

A
A
(

=
(

1
2
1
2
7195 . 2 7075 . 2
4157 . 1 9444 . 2
1156 . 0
2125 . 0
V
o
Solution of the matrix gives:
0773 . 0
0350 . 0
1
2
1
2
= A
= A
V
o
7227 . 0 ) 0773 . 0 ( 8 . 0
135 . 0 ) 0350 . 0 ( 10 . 0
2
2
2
2
= + =
= + =
V
radian o
CONTINUE WITH THE 3
RD
ITERATION!
Good Luck
Example of Exam Question
a) In the Gauss Seidel method there is term
called acceleration factor. Explain
acceleration factor briefly.
(5 marks)


57
Example of Exam Question
b) For the power system shown, the bus admittance matrix Y
bus

in per unit is given by:


58
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
5 . 4 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 0 3 1
5 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 7 5 . 2 6 2
3 1 6 2 9 3
j j j
j j j
j j j
For each bus k,
specify the bus
type, and
determine
which of the
variables V
k
,
k
,
P
k
and Q
k
are
input data and
which are
unknowns

(2 marks)

Example of Exam Question


59
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
5 . 4 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 0 3 1
5 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 7 5 . 2 6 2
3 1 6 2 9 3
j j j
j j j
j j j
Set up the
mismatch
equation in
vector-matrix
form of the
Newton-Raphson
power flow
method

(3 marks)
60
The mismatch
equation in
vector-matrix
form of the
Newton-Raphson
power flow
method

(3 marks)
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
General equation
61
The mismatch
equation in
vector-matrix
form of the
Newton-Raphson
power flow
method

(3 marks)
(
(
(

A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(

A
A
A
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
V
V
Q Q Q
V
P P P
V
P P P
Q
P
P
o
o
o o
o o
o o
Example of Exam Question


62
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
5 . 4 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 0 3 1
5 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 7 5 . 2 6 2
3 1 6 2 9 3
j j j
j j j
j j j
Assume an initial
estimate of voltage
V
2
= 1.0/0 and the
rotor angle
3
= 0 ,
calculate the bus
real and reactive
power mismatches
to be used in the
first iteration of the
Newton-Raphson
power flow
method.
(9 marks)
63
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
Solve the linear simultaneous equation
Compute new voltage magnitudes and phase angles
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
o o o A + =
+1
( ) ( ) k
i
k
i
k
i
V V V A + =
+1
Continue until the residuals AP
i
(k)
and AQ
i
(k)
are less than the
specified accuracy
c
c
s A
s A
) (
) (
k
i
k
i
Q
P
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A

Q
P
J J
J J
V
1
4 3
2 1
o

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k
i
sch
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
Q Q Q
P P P
= A
= A
64
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V
J J
J J
Q
P
o
4 3
2 1
(
(
(

A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(

A
A
A
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
V
V
Q Q Q
V
P
V
P
P P
P P
Q
P
P
o
o
o o
o o
o o
65
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
=
5 . 4 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 0 3 1
5 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 7 5 . 2 6 2
3 1 6 2 9 3
j j j
j j j
j j j
Y
bus
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
565 . 71 7134 . 4 435 . 108 5811 . 1 435 . 108 1623 . 3
435 . 108 5811 . 1 565 . 71 9057 . 7 435 . 108 3246 . 6
435 . 108 1623 . 3 435 . 108 3246 . 6 565 . 71 4868 . 9
bus
Y
66
) cos(
1
j i ij ij j
n
j
i i
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) cos(
2 2 2
3
1
2 2 j j j j
j
Y V V P o o u + =

=
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
For bus 2
67
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
565 . 71 7134 . 4 435 . 108 5811 . 1 435 . 108 1623 . 3
435 . 108 5811 . 1 565 . 71 9057 . 7 435 . 108 3246 . 6
435 . 108 1623 . 3 435 . 108 3246 . 6 565 . 71 4868 . 9
bus
Y
) 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1
) 565 . 71 cos( 9057 . 7 ) 435 . 108 cos( 3246 . 6
3 2 3 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
o o
o o
+ +
+ + =
V V
V V V P
68
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 3 33 33 3 3 2 3 32 32 2 3
1 3 31 31 1 3 3
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V P
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
565 . 71 7134 . 4 435 . 108 5811 . 1 435 . 108 1623 . 3
435 . 108 5811 . 1 565 . 71 9057 . 7 435 . 108 3246 . 6
435 . 108 1623 . 3 435 . 108 3246 . 6 565 . 71 4868 . 9
bus
Y
) 565 . 71 cos( 7134 . 4
) 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1 ) 435 . 108 cos( 1623 . 3
2
3
2 3 1 3 1 3 3
+
+ + =
V
V V V V P o o
69
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
3 2 23 23 3 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 2 21 21 1 2 2
o o u o o u
o o u
+ + + +
+ =
Y V V Y V V
Y V V Q
(
(
(

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
565 . 71 7134 . 4 435 . 108 5811 . 1 435 . 108 1623 . 3
435 . 108 5811 . 1 565 . 71 9057 . 7 435 . 108 3246 . 6
435 . 108 1623 . 3 435 . 108 3246 . 6 565 . 71 4868 . 9
bus
Y
) 435 . 108 sin( 5811 . 1
) 565 . 71 sin( 9057 . 7 ) 435 . 108 sin( 3246 . 6
3 2 3 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
o o
o o
+ +
+ + =
V V
V V V Q
70
) 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1
) 565 . 71 cos( 9057 . 7 ) 435 . 108 cos( 3246 . 6
3 2 3 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
o o
o o
+ +
+ + =
V V
V V V P
0 02 . 1
0 0 . 1
0 05 . 1
2 3
2 2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
o
o
o
V
V
V
11 . 0
) 0 0 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1 02 . 1 0 . 1
) 565 . 71 cos( 9057 . 7 1 ) 0 0 435 . 108 cos( 3246 . 6 05 . 1 0 . 1
2
0
2
=
+ +
+ + = P
71
) 565 . 71 cos( 7134 . 4
) 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1 ) 435 . 108 cos( 1623 . 3
2
3
2 3 1 3 1 3 3
+
+ + =
V
V V V V P o o
0 02 . 1
0 0 . 1
0 05 . 1
2 3
2 2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
o
o
o
V
V
V
02 . 0
) 565 . 71 cos( 7134 . 4 02 . 1
) 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1 1 02 . 1 ) 435 . 108 cos( 1623 . 3 05 . 1 02 . 1
) 565 . 71 cos( 7134 . 4
) 435 . 108 cos( 5811 . 1 ) 435 . 108 cos( 1623 . 3
2
2
3
0
2 3 1 3 1 3
0
3
=
+
+ =
+
+ + =
V
V V V V P o o
72
) 435 . 108 sin( 5811 . 1
) 565 . 71 sin( 9057 . 7 ) 435 . 108 sin( 3246 . 6
3 2 3 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
o o
o o
+ +
+ + =
V V
V V V Q
0 02 . 1
0 0 . 1
0 05 . 1
2 3
2 2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
o
o
o
V
V
V
33 . 0
) 435 . 108 sin( 5811 . 1 02 . 1 0 . 1
) 565 . 71 sin( 9057 . 7 1 ) 435 . 108 sin( 3246 . 6 05 . 1 0 . 1
2
2
=
+
+ = Q
73
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k
i
sch
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
Q Q Q
P P P
= A
= A
67 . 0 ) 33 . 0 ( 0 . 1
62 . 0 ) 02 . 0 ( 6 . 0
39 . 1 ) 11 . 0 ( 5 . 1
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
3
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
2
= = = A
= = = A
= = = A
Q Q Q
P P P
P P P
sch
sch
sch
Additional questions


74
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
5 . 4 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 0 3 1
5 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 7 5 . 2 6 2
3 1 6 2 9 3
j j j
j j j
j j j
Assume an initial
estimate of voltage
V
2
= 1.0/0 and the
rotor angle
3
= 0 ,
calculate Jacobian
Matrix to be used in
the first iteration of
the Newton-
Raphson power
flow method.
(9 marks)
75
A four bus power system data is shown in Tables Q1a and Q1b. Form a bus
admittance matrix, Y
bus
, and determine the voltages at the end of first
iteration using Gauss-Seidel method. The reactive power constraint on
generator 2 is 0.2 s Q
2
s 1.0. Use flat start estimates to start calculation.
(16 marks)

Lines Admittance (per unit)
1 2 2 j8.0
1 3 1 j4.0
2 3 0.666 j2.664
2 4 1 j4.0
3 - 4 2 j8.0
Bus Generation Load Bus Voltage Remarks
P Q P Q
|V| o
1 - - 0.2 0.1 1.06 0 Slack
2 0.5 - - - 1.04 - PV
3 - - 0.4 0.3 - - PQ
4 - - 0.3 0.1 - - PQ
76
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
=
12 3 8 2 4 1 0
8 2 664 . 14 666 . 3 664 . 2 666 . 0 4 1
4 1 664 . 2 666 . 0 664 . 14 666 . 3 8 2
0 4 1 8 2 12 3
j j j
j j j j
j j j j
j j j
Y
bus
The admittance bus matrix
Lines Admittance (per unit)
1 2 2 j8.0
1 3 1 j4.0
2 3 0.666 j2.664
2 4 1 j4.0
3 - 4 2 j8.0
77
Bus 2 is PV bus
Known P and ,V
2
,
Unknown Q
2
and o
2

( ) { }
1108 . 0
4 24 3 23 2 22 1 21
* 0
2
0
2
=
+ + + = V Y V Y V Y V Y V Q
What is the type of Bus 2? What is known?
What is unknown?
Write the equation for Q
2
Whats next?
The value of Q2 is less than the minimum specified
Reactive power is fixed at 0.2 (lower limit)