Networks: Data Encoding

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.
Digital data is encoded by modulating one
of the three characteristics of the carrier:
amplitude, frequency, or phase or some
combination of these.
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Figure 2-24.
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A ll adv anced m odem s use a combination of
modulation techniques to transmit multiple bits per
baud.
Multiple amplitude and multiple phase shifts are
combined to transmit several bits per symbol.
Q P S K(Q uadrature Phase S hift K eying) uses
multiple phase shifts per symbol.
M odems actually use Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM).
These concepts are explained using constellation
points where a point determines a specific amplitude
and phase.
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NRZ ( Non-Return-to-Zero) Codes
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U ses two different v oltage lev els (one p ositiv e and one
negativ e) as the signal elem ents for the two b inary
digits.
NRZ-L ( Non-Return-to- Zero-Lev el)
T he v oltage is constant during the b it interv al.
NRZ-L is used for short distances between terminal
and modem or terminal and computer.
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D D
NRZ ( Non-Return-to-Zero) Codes
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NRZ-I ( Non-Return-to- Zero-Invert on ones)
T he v oltage is constant during the b it interv al.
NRZI is a differential encoding scheme (i.e., the
signal is decoded by comparing the polarity of
adj acent signal elements.)
1 D signal transition at the beginning ofthe bit time
(either a low-to-highor a high-to-lowtransition)
0 Dsignal transition at th e b eginning ofth e b it tim e
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D
D
D
D D D
D D D
D D
D
D D D
D
Manchester Encoding
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There is alway s a m id-b it transition { which is used as a
clocking m echanism } .
The direction of the m id-b it transition rep resents the
digital data.
Conseq uently ,there m ayb e a second transition at the
b eginning of the b it interv al.
Used in 802.3 baseband coaxial cable and CSMA/CD twisted
pair.
1 D

D

D

Differential Manchester Encoding
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m id-b it transition is ONLY for clocking.
Differential Manchester is b oth differential and b i-p hase.
Note the coding is the op p osite conv ention fromNRZI.
U sed in 802. 5 (token ring) with twisted p air.
* Modulation rate for Manchester and Differential Manchester
is twice the data rate


D D D D
D
D
D D

D D

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Communication Networks
Manchester
Encoding
Example: To transfer analog voice signals off a
local loop to digital end office within the
phone system, one uses a codec.
Because voice data limited to frequencies below
4000HZ, a codec makes 8000samples/sec.
(i.e., 125microsec/sample).
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B
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C
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MU X MU X
(b)
T runk
group
Copyright 2000 T h e McG raw H ill Com panies Fi gure 4. 1
Leon-Garcia &W idjaja: Communication Networks
H Hz
C
f
B
f
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0
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(b) Combined signal fits into channel bandwidth
A C
B
f
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Fi gure 4. 2
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T seconds
t
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3T
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(b) Combined signal transmits 1unit every T seconds
t
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0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
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Copyright 2000 T h e McG raw H ill Com panies Fi gure 4. 3
Leon-Garcia &W idjaja: Communication Networks
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quantized and assigned a digital
value .
A 7 - bit sample allows 1 28quantizing levels.
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quantizing error (or noise).
PCMpulses are then encoded into a digital bit stream.
80 0 0samples/ sec x 7bits/ sample =5 6K bps for a
single voice channel.
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