SOME IMPORTANT STUDIES AND BOOKS PRODUCED IN THE WESTERN WORLD ON ISLAMIC ECONOMIC

HISTORY

Ismail Yurdakok

ismailyurdakok@gmail.com

AN EXPERIENCED TAX BUREAUCRAT : Qudama b. Ja‘far (d. 948 A.D./337 A.H.) He

was born in Baghdad as a child of a Christian family. Ibn Nadîm says he probably
became Muslim between 902-908 years in the period of Abbasid caliph Muqtafi
Billâh. He was a successful tax official, and made increased the revenues of
treasury of Abbasids. From 910 to his death, 38 years, he was the head of
Dîwânu’l-Kharaj (Department of Khraj revenues). Michael Jan de Goeje says, Qudama
presented famous book Kitab al-Kharaj to Abbasid vizier (prime minister) Ali b.
Isa in 932 A.D. (320 After Hegira.) Especially fourth part of the book is
interested in Islamic State’s financial structure. Also in the fifth part we can
see The Mint, The Treasury Department, Finance Ministry sections. In the sixth
part, regional revenues of the State and lists of revenues can be seen that these
are important for economics and especially finance history. Highways from Mecca
and Baghdad to China, Byzantium Empire (Istanbul) and Morocco; and a very
interesting opinion of Qudama in this part that he insists that the world is not
flat; he also gives exchange rates in dinar (gold coin) and dirham (silver coin.)
The first 18 sections of the 7th part are interested in State Finance and land
tenure system but these knowledges are not original only repeated sections from
the writings of previous Muslim scholars. A. Ben Shemesh translated the 18
sections of 7th part of the book into English and published with Arabic text but
some mistakes in the translation are seen. F. Rosenthal says in his A History of
Muslim Historiograph, Leiden 1968 (pp.115-17) that 8th part of the book is a
systematic description of sociology and political science.

Important studies on Qudama’s Kitab al-Kharaj:

A.Ben Shemesh, Taxation in Islam, Leiden-London 1965, vol, II, pp, 1-16

J. Robson, “A. Ben Shemesh (tr.) Taxation in Islam, Vol. II.”, Bulletin of the
School of Oriental and African Studies, XXIX, London 1966, pp, 620-21

J. F. Haldon, “Kudama Ibn Dja‘far and the Garrison of Constantinople”, Byzantion,

XLVIII, Bruxelles 1978, pp, 78-90

IBNU’L UKHUWWA. Scholar of Islamic law in 14th century. He died in 1329 A.D. (729
A.H.) He was one leading figures of Shafii school of law in Egypt. Reuben Levy
partly translated into English Ibnu’l-Ukhuwwa’s book Meâlimu’l-Ghurbah fî
Ahkâmi’l-Hisbah was translated partly into English by Reuben Levy and
with Arabic text, the book was published in Cambridge in 1938. The book was also
published in Baghdad in 1976 by Muhammad Mahmud Shaban and Siddiq Ahmad Isa al-
Mutîî. Deceits in business and industry are mentioned in the study and precautions
is noted. It is possible to learn economic, cultural and social conditions of the
14th century from this study. Control the markets and protection of the consumers
are also mentioned in the vast passages of the book.
CONTROLLER OF THE MARKETS AND THE AUTHOR OF 200 BOOKS

Maqrizi is the eye-witness of the events of 14th and 15th centuries. In his long
life 1364-1442 A.D. (766-845 A.H.) he took courses from star scholars of Egypt.
Abu’l-Fida Ibn Kathir, Zaynuddin al-Iraqi, Haythami, Firuzabadi, Ibnu’l-Mulaqqin,
Umar b. Raslan al-Bulquni were his teachers. Sahawi says Maqrizi took courses more
than 600 scholars. He also met with Ibn Khaldun a lot of times, when Ibn Khaldun
came to Cairo. Maqrizi said Ibn Khaldun’s “Muqaddimah is a brilliant diamond.”
Maqrizi’s most famous disciples are Ibn Tagribardi and Ibn Qutluboga. As an
Egyptian, Maqrizi investigated the economic, political, sociological aspects of
Egypt from a scientific viewpoint. He is the muhtasib (controller of the markets)
of Cairo from 1399; that’s why he followed the applied economics and theoretical
economics of the real business life. And he used his knowledges when he was
writing famous book Ighathatu’l-Ummah. Although his books, booklets and papers
reach 200; these are his famous studies on economics:

Ighathatu’l-Ummah: droughts, famines in Egypt and their impacts on the economy to

the date of 1405 A.D. (808 A.H.) This study was published in Arabic in Cairo and
Damascus, Beirut and Himis; Gaston Wiet translated into French (JESHO, V [1962],
pp, 1-90 and Adel Allouché into English (Salt Lake City 1994)

Shuzuru’l-‘Uqud fi zikri al-nuqud (al-Nuqud al‘Arabiyya wa’l-Islamiyya): Coins of

Egypt. It was published by Oluf Gerhard Tychsen (Rostock 1797), Silvestre de Sacy
in French (Paris 1797); L. A. Mayer in English (Alexandria 1933)

A-Maqasid al-Thaniyya li-Ma‘rifati’l-Ajsam al-Ma‘damiyya

Izalat al-Taab wa’l ‘ana fi ma‘rifati halli al-ghina (Both the last two
papers was published in Rasail al-Maqrizi [publication: Ramazan al-Badri-Ahmad M.
Qasim], Cairo 1998/1419, pp, 267-76 . (Ayman Fuad Sayyid, Diyanet Islam
Ansiklopedisi, vol, 27, pp, 448-51)

IBN AL-‘AWWAM. Scholar of botany in the 12th century of Islamic Spain. His famous
study Kitab al-Filaha was the the most brilliant study in the scientific world of
Middle Ages on technical agriculture and animal husbandry. Ottoman Empire made
translated the book into Turkish and distributed to all of the ciries and towns in
1590. The study was translated into Spain (Josef Antonia, Libro de agricultura su
author et doctor excelente Abu Zacaria lahia Aben Mohamed Ben Ahmed Ebn al-Awwam,
I-II, Madrid 1802, and with Arabic text in 1988) into French J.J. Clement –Mullet,
Le livre de l’agriculture d’Ibn al-Awam, I-III, Paris 1864-67). A part from the
book was translated into English as Moorish Calendar by Philip Lord, Wantage
1979.

Uriel Heyd (1913-1968) As a non-sionist Jewish orientalist Heyd’s studies on

Islamic economics history should be noted. Useful notes can be found in Heyd’s
studies on Middle East, Asia and Africa. His famous studies Ottoman Documents on
Palestine 1552-1615: A Study of the Firman According to the Mühimme Defteri
(Oxford 1960) Uriel Heyd studied in the (Ottoman) archives of the Prime Ministry
of Turkey for this book and put the photographs of the documents into the book. In
the sections of the book, the history of Palestine is researched from the aspects
of Ottoman diplomacy and social, economic, religious, cultural and military
conditions; taxation, trade, industry, endowments, municipalities; holy places of
Muslims and minorities.

A.Layish, “Uriel Heyd’s Contribution to the Study of the Legal, Religious,

Cultural and Political History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey” , British
Society for Middle Eastern Societies, London, IX/1 (1982), pp, 35-54

Books produced by western scholars on Islamic Economics History:

Agius Dionius A., Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman The People of the Dhow,
London: Kegan Paul, 2005. xiii, 285 pp

Andaya B. W.- Andaya L.Y., A History of Malaysia, Hong Kong 1982

Ashtor Eliyahu, A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages

Ashtor Eliyahu, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages

Atiya Suryal, Crusade, Commerce and Culture, Bloomington 1962

Baer Gabriel (1919-82), as a Jewish, he gave Islamic history courses in Hebrew

University of Israel, approximately thirty years. Beacuse of his vast knowledge on
Arabic, Turkish and European languages and he used sociological datas for his
studies. His books: A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt, 1800-1950 (Oxford
1962). Agricultural topics in Egypt and their impacts on the formation of modern
Egypt’s economic and political elite. Egyptian Guilds in Modern Times (Jerusalem
1964) Regression of guilds in modern times and their social economic roles.
Population and Society in the Arab East (London 1964) This study is used as a
textbook in Israel and some other countries and objectivity of Gabriel Baer takes
the attention of the readers. Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt
(Chicago 1969; it was also published in Arabic) contains thirteen papers of Baer
on 19th century Egypt. Fellah and Townsman in the Middle East, Studies in Social
History (London 1982) Development of rural and urban lives in Ottoman Empire and
Arab countries; a comparative study on social institutions of Ottoman Empire and
Arab lands. Baer’s articles in Asian and African Studies that as a
scientific journal it is published in Israel; and his papers and entries in
different journals and encyclopaedies should be followed for Islamic economic
history studies. (Jacob M. Landau’s article on the full list of Baer’s published
studies: Asian and African Studies, Jerusalem, XVII (1983), pp, 315-21)

Barbose D., The East Coast of Africa at the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century
(trs. R. O. Collins), New York 1990

Barthold, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion, London 1928

Bazin M.- Bromberger C., Gilan et Azarbayjan oriental, cartes et documents

ethnographiques, Paris 1982

Behrens Abouseif Doris, Egypt’s Adjustment to Ottoman Rule, Institutions, Waqf

and Architecture in Cairo (16th and 17th Centuries), Leiden 1994. An article of
Behrens: Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2004) “European Arts and Crafts at the Mamluk
Court” in Behrens-Abouseif, D. And Contadini, A. (eds.), Essays in Honor of J. M.
Rogers. Muqarnas(21). Leiden:Brill, pp, 45-54. Another article of Behrens: “al-
Nasir Muhammad and al-Ashraf Qayitbay –Patrons of Urbanism”, Egypt and Syria in
the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras (eds. U. Vermeulan-D. De Smet), Leuven 1995,
pp, 267-84

Bosworth C.E., The Medieval History Of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, London
1977

Braudel Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of
Philip II (trs. Sian Reynolds), London 1976

Browne, History and Description of Africa, I-III, London 1896, and New York 1963
(Hasan al-Wazzan’s (Leo of Africa) original travel notes on Africa, in the first
20 years of 16th century)

Bulliet, Richard W. The Camel and the Wheel, Columbia University Press, New York:
1990, XXIII+327 pp. Important role of camel in the history of North Africa and
Middle East from the pre-Islamic period (pp, 105-106) to the Rise of Arabian
peninsula and the future of camel (pp, 259-68); camel’s role in economy.

Carboni Stefani, Venice and Islamic World, 828-1797 (New Haven, 2007)

Cahen Claude (1909-1991) French orientalist. As a Jewish but he did not support
Israel State. He was an expert on Middle East languages that’s why his studies on
Islamic economics are important. He studied on taxes, business life and law of
Muslim societies, in vast fields. He produced important notes on administrative
institutions and economic lives of Egypt, Syria and Asia Minor (Turkey). Cahen
wrote the part of Economy, Society and Institutions of the Cambridge History of
Islam’s second volume. (Cambridge 1970). He completed the majority of his
scientific papers in Makhzumiyyat, études sur l’historie économi que et
financiére de l’Egypte médiévale (Leiden 1977). One of his books is Pre-Ottoman
Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History Circa
(1071-1330) (London 1968)

Chakrabarty Ph., Anglo-Mughal Commercial Relations 1583-1717, Calcutta 1982

Christensen Peter, The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the

History of the Middle East, 500 B.C to A.D. 1500

Clavijo Ruy Gonzales, Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406 (trs. G. le Strange),

Frankfurt 1994

Cohen A., Palestine in the XVIII th Century, Jerusalem 1973

Collins R. O., Eastern African History, New York 1990

Commissariat M. S., History of Gujurat (1297-1573), I-II, London 1938

Cook M.A., (edited) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. London
1970

Crone Patricia, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Gorgias Press, New Jersey:
2004

Cuinet Vital, La Turquie d’Asie: Geographie Administrative,I-IV, Paris 1891-94

(a monumental study shows the economic conditions of the cities of Ottoman Empire
for late 19th century)

Dale F.S., Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar
1498-1922, Oxford 1980

Drabble John H., An Economic History of Malaysia 1800-1990

Drennet D.C., Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam, Cambridge 1950

English P. W., City and Village in Iran: Settlement and Economy in the Kirman
Basin, Madison 1966

Fluehr C.-Lobban and others, Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, London 1992

Frye, R.N., Bukhara, California 1997. Richard Frye produced his first study on Ibn
Fadlan’s travel notes in 1949 “Notes on the Risala of Ibn Fadlan”, Byzantina
Metabyzantina, I (New York 1949), pp, 7-37; and he published the book about Ibn
Fadlan’s journey to Russia: A tenth-century traveler from Baghdad to the Volga
River, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 2005.

Gallichen W.M., Cordova, a City of the Moors, London 1907

Gaube H.-Wirth E., Aleppo, Wiesbaden 1984

Gibb, H.A.R., Travels of Ibn Battuta in Asia and Africa, London 1929. (Prof. Gibb
studied long years on Rihla of Ibn Battuta and published two volumes of the book
but third volume was published by Beckingham after Gibb’s death. When Gibb was
translating the Rihla, he also searched the books of historians and bibliographers
Ibn Doqmaq and Ibn Hajar that they both lived after Ibn Battuta (1304-1368 A.D.)
to put the true names of places and men of Rihla. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Battuta
I-III, Cambridge 1958-1971 and last edition London 1994) Ibn Battuta’s book is an
important source for the 14th century of Islamic Economics History.

Goitein Shelomo Dov (1900-1985) As a German Jewish he went on his studies in

United States after 1957. His monumental study A Mediterranean Society: The
Jewish Communities of the Arab World Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo
Geniza (Berkeley-Los Angeles 1967-1988, Five volumes. ‘How Jewish peoples did
trade/business in an easy life in Islamic countries, in long centuries ’ is seen
in this study . And some selected documents was published in: Goitein S.D. Letters
of Medieval Jewish Traders Translated from the Arabic with Introductions and Notes
(1973) An article of Goitein: “Letters and Documents on the Indian Trade in
Medieval Times”, Islamic Culture, Haydarabad, XXXVII/3 (1963), pp, 188-205

Gran Peter, Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt, 1760-1840, Austin 1979

Green Nile, Bombay Islam: The Economy of Enchantment in Oceanic India, c. 1850-
1915

Grehan James, Everyday Life & Consumer Culture in 18th-century Damascus,

University of Washington Press, 2007

Griswold W.J., The Great Anatolian Rebellion 1000-1020/1591-1611 A.D., Berlin 1983
Gupta Ashin Das, Malabar in Asian Trade 1740-1800, Cambridge 1967

Hall D.G.E., A History of South Asia, London 1987

Hanna N., Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Ismail Abu Taqiyya,
Egyptian Merchant, Syracuse 1998

Heyd W., Historie du commerce du Levant au moyen –âge,I-II, Leipzig 1923

Hirth F-Rochhill W.W. Chau Ju-Kuai His Works on the Chinese and Arab Trade in
the 12th and 13th Centuries, St. Petresburg 1911

Hitti Philip K., Capital Cities of Arab Islam, Minneapolis 1973

Hoenerbach Wilhelm (1911-1991) German orientalist. He especially studied on

Andalusia. Hoenerbach focused his studies especially from 1960 to his death 1991
on North Africa and Islamic Spain’s agricultural and business life and his papers
were published in Oriens, Der Islam, Die Weltdes Islams, Andalucia Islamica
journals. His studies reach approximately 70. His book Agrarische Vorstellungen in
Nordafrika, Protokolle (Stuttgart 1984) is about agricultural works in North
Africa. The other book Spanisch-islamische Urkunden aus der Zeit der Nasriden und
Moriscos (Bonn 1965) mentiones documents about Arabs that they stayed in Spain
after reconquest. (Bibliographie der deutschsprachigen arabistik und Islam kunde
(Fuat Sezgin) Frankfurt 1992, XIV, 480-82; H. Schützinger, “Wilhelm Hoenerbach zum
bedenken”, WI, XXXI/1(1992), pp, 1-5

Holt M., Egypt and the Fertile Crescent 1516-1922, London 1980

Hopkins A.G., An Economic History of West Africa, London 1973

Hourani A., A History of Arab Peoples, Cambridge 1991

Hourani George Fadlo, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early
Medieval Times, (Princeton 1951, Beirut 1963, New York, 1968, 1978)

Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217 A.D./540-614 A.H.) Traveler from Islamic Spain. His journey
began on February 4, 1183 and ended April 25, 1185. He writes as an objective
observer, ports of Mediterranean, seamen, custom duties and economic positions of
men of 12th century. His Rihla was translated into English as The Travels of Ibn
Jubayr, London 1952 by R.J.C. Broadhurst; and Arabic original text by Husayin
Nassar in Cairo 1955, 1964, 1992, in Beirut 1959, 1980.

Ibn Majid al-Fawaidi, Kitab al-Fawaid was written in 1490 A.D. translation into
English: Arab Navigation in the Ocean Before the Coming of the Portuguese (trs.
G.R. Tibbets), London 1981

Issawi Charles, The Fertile Crescent: 1800-1914, New York 1988

Jennings R. C., Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean
World: 1571-1640, New York-London 1993

King Hamdun-Noel, Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 1994

Klusakova L., The Road to Constantinople The Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Towns

through Christian Eyes, Prague 2002

Lambton S., Landlord and Peasant in Persia, London 1953

Landes D., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in
Egypt, London 1958

Lev Y., State and Society in Fatimid Egypt, Leiden 1991

Liu Xinru, Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of
People, AD 600-1200

Lokkegaard F., Islamic Taxation in the Classic Period, Copenhagen 1950

Longrigg H., Four Centuries of Modern Iraq, Oxford 1925

Lorimer John Gordon, The Gazetteer of Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia,
1908-1915. New edition 1986. Six volumes, 5,000 pages; although it was written
from a British perspective, but the economic condition of the Gulf region in the
beginning years of 20th century can be followed from this study in interested
sections.

Lydon Ghislaine, On Trans-Saharan Trail: Islamic Law, Trade Networks and Cross
Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa, Cambridge University
Press 2009: ..Thorough an examination of contracts, correspondence, fatwas, and
interviews with retired caravaners, faculty member of Universiy of California Los
Angeles UCLA department of history G. Lydon shows how traders used their literacy
skills in Arabic and how they had recourse to experts of Islamic law to regulate
their long-distance transactions. The book also considers the methods employed by
women participating in caravan trade. By embracing a continental approach, this
study bridges the divide between West African and North African studies.. Another
book from UCLA publications: Medieval Europe and the World by Robin Winks and
Teofilo Ruiz; this study contains useful sections for Islamic Economics history:
Medieval Europe and the World: From Late Antiquity to Modernity, 400-1500
examines the development of western European social, political, economic, and
cultural institutions during one of the most complex and creative periods the
world has ever known. The book looks at the history of Medieval europe in relation
to its links with the rest of the world, exploring the interaction of western
Europe with Islam, the Far East, Africa, and such outlying areas as Scandinavia,
Iberia, and Eastern Europe. It considers the genesis and shaping of distinct
western ideals, social affairs, economic patterns, and new cultural forms in
relation to Islam and Byzantium that these two (other) great civilizations that
deeply influenced the growth of western Europe’s unique history.. Another faculty
member from UCLA Sanjay Subrahmanyam is the founding director of ‘Center for India
and South Asia’ in UCLA. Subrahmanyam did all his college degrees (BA and MA in
economics) in the University of Delhi, and where he also received his Phd in
Economic History in 1987 at the Delhi School of Economics for his thesis on
‘Trade and Regional Economy of South India, c. 1550-1650.’ His book Indo-Persian
Travels in the Age of Discoveries 1400-1800 was published by Cambridge University
Press in 2007. It is seen in this study...dealing with India, Iran, and Central
Asia between about 1400 and 1800. This is the first comprehensive treatment of
this neglected genre of literature (Safar nama) that links the Mughals, Safavids
and Central Asia in a crucial period of transformation and cultural contact.
Subrahmanyam is a prolific author in the subjects of Islamic Economic History and
he is also joint managing editor of the quarterly Indian Economic and Social
History Review

Marcus A., The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity, New York 1989

Marlowe J., A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1953,

New York 1954

Masters Bruce, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East, New
York 1988

Mez Adam (1869-1917) German orientalist from Switzerland. His magnum opus Die
Renaissance des Islams (Heidelberg 1922 was published by Hermann Reckendorf) was
translated into English as The Renaisssance of Islam, London 1937, into Spanish
in 1936, into Arabic in 1939, into Persian in 1983, into Turkish in 2000. Adam Mez
used the first hand sources and searched the position of Islamic culture from a
very vast spectrum: economic, administrative, finance, judicial, business,
industry, sea-trade etc.

Miles G.C., The Coinage of the Umayyads in Spain, New York 1950; his other study:
Coins of the Spanish Muluk al-Tawaif, New York 1954

Muqi Che, The Silk Road Past and Present, Beijing 1989

Murphey Rhoads, Regional structure in the Ottoman economy: a sultanic memorandum

of 1636 A.D. concerning the sources and uses of the tax-farm revenues of Anatolia
and the coastal and northern portions of Syria, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1987

Murphy G. Frantz, The Agrarian Administration of Egypt from the Arabs to the
Ottomans, Cairo 1996

Ochsenwald W., The Hijaz Railroad, Virginia 1980

Onley James, The Arabian Frontier of British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the
British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf, Oxford University Press 2007

Owen R., The Middle East in the World Economy: 1800-1914, London 1987

Pegolotti F.B., La pratica della mercatura (ed. A.Evans), Cambridge 1936

Pennell C.R., Morocco since 1830: A Histoıy, London 2000

Petry Carl F. He is the expert on 15 century of Egypt, on Mamluk history. Carl

Petry has studied on Mamluk history in last 35 years. He works in Northwestern
University in Chicago and his famous work The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the
Later Middle Ages, study based on a computerized data file containing biographies
of five thousand persons active in the administrative and scholastic communities
of that city, and subsequent analyses of political economy of Egypt..

Piggott Stuart, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the
Caspian Sea

Pires Tomo, Suma Oriental (trs. A. Corlesao), London 1940-44

Poole S. Lane, Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum, London:
1891

Quataert Donald is interested in labor, social and economic history of Ottoman

Empire during the period 1750-1923, his books: Manufacturing and Technology
Transfer in the Ottoman Empire, 1800-1914, Isis Press 1992; Quataert Donald,
Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, Cambridge 1993; and
with Halil Inalcik: An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (ed.
Halil Inalcik-Donald Quatert), Cambridge 1994

Rac S., Medievalism to Modernism: Socio-Economic and Cultural History of

Haydarabad: 1869-1911, London 1987

Reid Anthony, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680, Yale University
Press, c. 1988

Reid A.J.S., Snooks G.D. and Pincus, J.J., Exploring Southeast Asia’s Economic
Past, Singapore 1991

Sandhu K. S.- Wheatley P., Melaka: The Transformation of Malay Capital, c.1400-
1980, Kuala Lumpur 1983

Sarkar J., History of Awrangzeb, London 1924-30, vls, I-V

Sassoon D.S., History of Jews in Baghdad, Letchworth 1949

Schooten M. T. Ullens de., Lords of the Mountains, London 1956

Shaw S.J., The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of

Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798, Princeton 1962. As a Jewish, Stanford Shaw studied in the
archives of Cairo and Istanbul in long years, approximately 50 years. Shaw’s other
study: The Budget of Ottoman Egypt: 1596-1597 A.D./1005-1006 A.H., The Hague 1968

Singer Amy. As a Jewish, she is the faculty member of Tel Aviv University, Israel;
and she is a prolific author on especially Islamic charity organizations. Rana
Zincir Celal wrote a book review on Singer’s Charity in Islamic Societies in
Alliance Magazine’s 1 Sept., 2009’s issue noting: “Amy Singer draws on a vast
array of sources, from 10th century jurist Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali to early
20th century Turkish Political activist Halide Edib Adivar, in her rich overview
of philanthropy in Islamic socieities. The work unites religious texts and their
meaning with a fascinating analysis of the role and impact of charity in Islamic
societies, presenting charity as both religious ideal and social practice” Amy
Singer presented this book to American academic and political milieu in Woodrow
Wilson Center on November 24, 2008. Singer gives seminars on Poverty and Charity
in Islamic Societies; Waqf as Prism for the History of Islamic Societies and
Village and Agrarian History of the Ottoman Empire. Her book Constructing Ottoman
Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem was published by State
University of New York Press, 2002, Albany and her the other book Palestinian
Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration around Sixteenth-century
Jerusalem was published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. Singer
edited the book Feeding People, Feeding Power: Imarets in the Ottoman Empire (with
Christopher K. Neumann and Nina Ergin) was published by Eren Yayincilik
(publisher) in Istanbul. Miri Shefer’s Phd. dissertation “Hospitals in Three
Ottoman Capitals: Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries” was completed under the supervision of Amy Singer.

Sotiriou G., Arabic Remains in Athens in Byzantine Times, Athens 1929

Staffa S.J., Conquest and Fusion The Social Evolution of Cairo A.D. 642-1850,
Leiden 1977

Strange Guy. le, Palestine under the Moslems, London 1890; and the books of
Strange: Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford 1924; The Lands of the
Eastren Caliphate, Frankfurt 1993; Strange also published Hamdullah Mustawfi’s
Nuzhat al-Qulub that the most important study about the economic
and business life of Mongol Il-Khan Empire, and translated it into English (E.J.W.
Gibb Memorial Series, nr. XXIII/2 [1919]; Frankfurt 1993)

Tchittick N. Kilwa an Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast London:1974

Tavernier J.B., Les Six Voyages de Turquie en Perse et aux Indes (pub. S .
Yerasimos), Paris 1981

Trimingham J. Spencer, A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford 1985

Tsugitaka S., State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam, Leiden 1997

Udovitch Abraham L., Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam

Varisco D.M., Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni
Sultan, Seattle 1994

Vatikiotis P.J., The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak, London 1985

Warbug G.R., Historical Discord in the Nile Valley, London 1992

Watson Andrew M., Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The
Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700-1100

Wolfart Ulrich, Die Reisen des Evliya Celebi durch die Morea, München 1970

Wright H. N. The Coinage and Metrology of the Sultans of Dehli, New Delhi 1974

Zachariadou E. , Trade and Crusade: Venetian Crete and The Emirates of Menteshe
and Aydin (1300-1415), Venice 1983

Yule H., Travels of Marco Polo, London 1931

PAPERS AND ARTICLES

Bacharach J. L. , “Monetary Movements in Medieval Egypt,” Preciors Metals in the

Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (ed. J. F. Richards), Durham 1983.

Banerji S.K., “Babur’s Post War Settlements in Doab, Malwa and Bihar” Proceedings
of Ixth Historical Congress (1946), pp, 296-300

Beverley, Eric Lewis (2009) “Property, Authority and Personal Law: Waqf in
Colonial South Asia, c. 1900, Quderni Storici, Special Issue: Waqf in the
Colonies, edited by Paolo Sartori

Bulliet Richard, “Cotton and Climate in Early Islamic Iran” paper was presented
on March 7, 2008 in Dalhousie University

Christides V., “Navies, Islamic”, Dictionary of the Middle Ages (ed. J. R.

Strayer), New York 1987, IX, 73, 76-78

Cortelazzo M., “La Conoscenza della Lingua Turca In Italia nel 500”, Il Veltro,
XIII/2-4, Rome 1948, pp, 133-41

Çiçek Kemal, “Living Together: Muslim-Chiristian Relations in Eighteenth-Century

Cyprus as Reflected by the Sharia Court Records”, Islam and Christian Muslim
Relations, IV/1, Birmingham 1993, pp, 36-64

Dames M.L., “The Portuguese and Turks in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth
Century,” JRAS (1921), pp, 1-28

Dimand Maurice S., “Studies in Islamic Ornament”, AI, III-IV, (1937), pp, 293-337

Dunlop Douglas Morton (1909-87) This British orientalist especially insisted to

search the relations of Muslims with Europe and Far East. His article: “Arab
Relations with Tibet in the 8th and Early 9th Centuries A.D.” in Islam Tetkikleri
Enstitüsü Dergisi (Journal of Islamic Research Institute) of Istanbul University,
V [1973], PP, 301-18; and another article: “Sources of Gold and Silver in Islam
according to al- Hamdani(10th century A.D.)” Studia Islamica, Paris, VIII (1957),
pp, 142-60

Etkes Haggay (2009) “Legalizing Extortion: Protection Payments, Property Rights,

and Economic Growth in Ottoman Gaza” Haggay Etkes a Jewish scholar submitted this
paper in UCLA economics workshop in May 2009 that this paper is a part of his Phd
dissertation “Nomads and Droughts, Challenges to Middle Eastern Economic
Development: The Case of Early Ottoman Gaza (1516-82)” submitted to the Hebrew
University in July 2008. The author says: “In Ottoman Gaza, the State chose to
legalize and regulate protection payments made by villages to armed tribes rather
than monopolizing violence. Using unique fiscal records from sixteenth century
Gaza, we identify two types of villages: paying villages, which paid off the
tribes, and non-paying villages. We use this case to examine how rural production,
taxation, and legalized-protection payments interacted during the consolidation
and erosion of state rule. We show that: (i) Under loose state control, non-paying
producers retrenched production and had higher tax rates than paying producers.
Presumably both measures alleviated the violent threat; (ii) Consolidation of
state rule came with convergence of production and tax rates of the non-paying
producers to those of the paying producers and a reduction in the share of net
protection payments of total tax revenues; (iii) Improvement in banditry
technology and subsequent rebellion harmed mainly non-paying producers. Thus, this
paper provides the first systematic evidence for the beneficial impact of state
rule on producers that do not pay protection payments. We also suggest that, while
the state decision to pay off armed organizations worked for a while, it left
property rights insecure when military technology changed. Similar co-optation
strategies may adversely affected long-run growth prospects in the Middle East.”
The references of the paper is also useful for the Economic History of Ottoman
Empire. www.econ.ucla.edu/workshops/papers/History/Etkes.pdf

Ferrier R., “Trade from the Mid-14th Century to the end of the Safavid Period”,
The Cambridge History of Iran, VI, pp, 412-90

Fischel W. J., “Jews in the Economic and Political Life of the Medieval Islam”,
Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, London, XXII (1937), pp, 3-35

Floor W.M., “Commercial Conflict Between Persia and Netherlands 1712-1718” Working
Paper in University of Durham; Floor’s entry: “Customs Duties”, Encyclopaedia
Iranica, London 1985, VI, 470-75

Gerber Haim, “The Waqf Institution in Early Ottoman Edirne (province)” , Asian and
African Studies, Jerusalem, XVII (1989), pp, 29-45

Gibb, Sir Hamilton A.R., “The Fiscal Rescript of Umar II” Arabica, II, 1-16

Golombek L.-Mason R.-Bailey G., “Economics of the Ceramic Industry in

Timurid/Turkman Iran”, The Proceedings of the Second European Conference of
Iranian Studies (held in Bamberg in 1991), pp, 233-40

Gottschalk H., “Abu Ubaid al-Qasim b. Sallam. Studie zur Geschichte der arabischen
Biographie”, Der Islam, XXIII (1936), pp, 245-72

Grégoire E., “Islam and Identity of Merchants in Maradi (Niger)”, Muslim Identity
and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (ed. L. Brenner), London 1993, pp, 106-115

Gungwu W., “The Opening of Relations between China and Malacca, 1403-5, Malayan
and Indonesian Studies (eds. J. Bastin-R. Roolvink), London 1964, pp, 34-62

Hawting, G.R., “Taxation in Islam. Vol. III: Abu Yusuf’s Kitab al-Kharaj”, Journal
of the Royal Asiatic Society (1971), p, 190

Jha Saumitra, “Trade, complementarities and religious tolerance:evidence from

India”. Saumitra Jha presented his paper in the workshop of the University of
California Los Angeles in October 2008. An interesting passage from his paper:
“...in a different sea (distant from Indian Ocean), Ottoman Salonica, (now a city
in Greece) once known as the “mother of Israel”, long provided a haven for Jews
in Europe. Salonica appears to fit this theory closely. Salonica, then under the
Ottoman Empire, became home to Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in the late 15th
century. Maintaning their trading ties with Spain and the Atlantic economy, but
with their immigration encouraged by local Ottoman authorities, Salonica was
inundated by Jewish refugees, both rich and poor. For the next four centuries,
Salonica maintained a remarkable degree of cultural tolerance and prosperity, with
Jews specialised in overseas trade. On the eve of the Great War, in 1913, the
population of Salonica was home to 61,439 Jews, the greatest number in Europe
(from Mazower, M. (2005): Salonica, City of Ghosts. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, p.
284) Jha Saumitra’s paper:
www.econ.ucla.edu/workshops/papers/History/complementaritiestolerance.pdf
Jennings R., “Urban Population in Anatolia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of
Kayseri, Karaman and Erzurum (provinces)” International Journal of Middle East
Studies, London-New York, VII/1(1976), pp, 21-57

Kiel Machiel, “Population Growth and Food Production in 16th Century Athens, and
Attica, According to the Ottoman Tahrir Defteri”, Varia Turcica, IV, Comité
International d’études Pré-Ottomanes et Ottomanes, Vıth Symposium, Cambridge 1-4
July 1984, Istanbul-Paris-Leiden 1986; Machiel Kiel’s the other study: “Urban
Development in Bulgaria: The history, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority
(ed. Kemal Karpat), Istanbul 1990 (Bulgaria was under Ottoman administration
approximately 600 years). Also Kiel’s articles: “Remarks on Some Ottoman-Turkish
Aqueducts and Water Supply Systems in th Balkans-Kavalla, Chalkis, Aleksinac,
Levkas and Ferai/Ferecik”, De turcicis Aliieque Rebus Commentarii Henry Hofman
dedicati (ed. M. Van Damme), Utrecht 1992, pp, 105-139; “Observations on the
History of Northern Greece during the Turkish Rule”, Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki
(Salonica), XII/2 (1971), pp, 415-62; Kiel also wrote useful entries for
Encyclopedia of Islam’s second edition about Balkan cities that detailed economies
of these cities under Ottoman administration may be followed from these entries.

Kister M.J., “The Market of the Prophet”, Journal of the Economic and Social
History of the Orient, VIII (1965), pp, 272-76

Kortepeter C., Ottoman Emparial Policy and the Economy of Black Sea Region in the
Sixteenth Century”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXXXVI (1966), pp,
86-113

Kreutz B.M., “Ships and Shipbuilding, Mediterranean”, Dictionary of the Middle

Ages (ed. J.R. Strayer), New York 1988, XI, 232; in the same issue: Arenson S.,
“Ships and Shipbuilding, Red Sea and persian Gulf, pp, 247-48

Labh Vijay Lakshmi, “The Economics of Muhammad b Tughluq’s (1325-1351 A.D.)

Custom of Presents” Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Vol. LIV, No. 1
January-March 2006, pp, 95-99

Lambton A.K.S., “Islam and the Trade of Asia” (ed. D. S. Richard), Oxford 1970,
pp, 215-44

Lambton A.K.S., “Persian Trade Under the Early Qajars”, Qajar Persia, Austin 1987

Langlois V., “Du Commerce, de L’industrie et de L’agriculture de la Karamanie

(Asie-mineure)”, Revue de L’orient, 3 (1856), pp, 265-80

Lecker M., “On the Markets of Medina (Yathrib) in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic
Times”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Jerusalem, VIII (1986), pp, 133-47.
The other article of Lecker: “Were Customs Dues Levied at the Time of the Prophet
Muhammad ?”, al-Qantara, XXII/1, Madrid 2001, pp, 19-43

Lorentz J. H., “Iran’s Great Reformer of the Nineteenth Century: An Analysis of

Amir Kabir’s Reforms”, Iranian Studies, IV/2-3 (1971), pp, 85-103

Mandaville J. E., “The Ottoman Province of al-Hasa in the Sixteenth and

Seventeenth Centuries”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, XC (1970), pp,
486-513

Marglin Jessica, “The Socia-Legal History of Jewish-Muslim Relations in Morocco,

1792-1912” in ‘Living Together: Plurality and Cosmopolitanism in the Ottoman
Empire and Beyond’, September 21-28, 2008: www.eume-berlin.de/
McGowan Bruce, Food Supply and Taxation on the Middle Danube(1568-79)”, Ar. Ott.,
I (1969), pp, 139-96

Meglio R.R. di, “Arab Trade with Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula from the 8th
to 16th Century”, Islam and the Trade of Asia (ed. D.S. Richards), Oxford 1970,
pp, 105-35

Meilink-Roelofsz M. A. P., “Trade and Islam in the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago

Prior to the Arrival of Europeans”, Islam and Trade of Asia (ed. D.S. Richards),
Oxford 1970, pp, 137-57

Milburn M., “Socio-economic Change Among the Fezzan Tuareg since 1800”, Social-
Economic Development of Libya (ed. E. D. H. Joffe-K.S. McLachlan), Kent 1982, pp,
175-88

Miles G., “The Arab Mosque in Athens”, Hesperia, Journal of the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens, XXXV, Athens 1956, pp, 329-44

Mortel R.T., “Taxation in the Amirate of Mecca During the Medieval Period”,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, LVIII/1 (1995), pp, 1-16

Ochsenwald W. “The Financial Basis of Ottoman Rule in the Hijaz, 1840-1877”,

(article), Nationalism in Non-National State (ed. W.W. Haddad-W. Ochsenwald), Ohio
1977, pp, 129-149

Petrushevsky I. P. , “The Socio-Economic Condition of Iran Under the Il-Khans”,

The Cambridge History of Iran, vol, 5, p, 516, Cambridege 1968-91

Roux Pierre Le, “To be or not be..the cultural identity of the Jawi (Thailand)”
Asian Folklore Studies, vol, 57, 1999: “...At the southeastern extremity of
peninsular Thailand there are four provinces whose inhabitants, about two million
people, make up close to 4 % Thailand’s population. There are of Malay origin,
follow the Muslim religion, and present four-fifths of the Muslims of Thailand.
These provinces are Patani, Yala, Narathiwat, and Satun. The first three
constituted, until not too long ago, the famous sultanate of Patani, which was one
of the most important trading crossroads of Southeast Asia in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries..”

Saguchi T., The Eastern Trade of The Khoqand Khanate”, Memoirs of the Research
Department of the Toyo-Bunko, XXIV (1965), pp, 47-114

Seikaly Samir M., “Land Tenure 17th Century Palestine: The Evidence from the al-
Fatawa al-Khairiyya”, Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East
(ed. Tarif Khalidi), Beirut 1984

Shechter Relli, “Press Advertising in Egypt: Business Realities and Local Meaning,
1882-1956, Arab Studies Journal, Fall 2002/Spring 2003, Vol. X, No.2/Vol.XI, No.1,
Georgetown University-New York University: www.Arabstudiesjournal.org

Shinsuke Nagaoka gave a lecture in the University of Durham on 7th July, 2008:
“Economic Wisdom (Hikma) of Partnership Contracts in Islamic Economics:
Reconsidering the Risk-Sharing Schema

Shumowski Theodore, “Ahmed Ibn Majid, The Last Lion of the Arab Seas”, al-Wasiqa,
32, Bahrain 1997/1418, pp, 184-205

Sivers von Peter, “Taxes and Trade in the ‘Abbasid Thughur, 750-962 A.D./133-351
A.H.”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XXV/1, pp, 71-99

Smith G.R. and Umar al-Zaylai, “Bride of Red Sea: a 10th/16th century Account of
Jeddah” Working Paper, University of Durham

Székely Gy., “Les contacts entre hongroise et musulmans aux IX e-XII e siécles”,
The Muslim east. Studies in Honour of Julius Germanus (ed. Gy. Kaldy-Nagy),
Budapest, 1974, pp, 53-74

Tietze A., “Mustafa Ali on Luxury and the Status Symbols of Ottoman Gentelmen”,
Studia Turcologia Memoriae Alexii Bombaci Dicata, Napples 1982, pp, 577-90

Vermeulen U., “Some Remarks on a Rescript of al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qalaun on the

Abolution of Taxes and the Nusayris(Mamlaka of Tripoli, 717 A.H./ 1317 A.D.)”,
Orientalia Loveniensia Periodica, I, Leuven 1970, pp, 195-201

Vila Jacinto Bosch, “The Muslims of Portugal and Spain”, Journal of Institute of
Muslim Minority Affairs, London, VII/1 (1986), pp, 69-83

DOCTORATE DISSERTATIONS IN YALE HISTORY on Islamic Economic History:

Collins, Edward Day (year of dissertation 1889) The Royal African Company: A
Study of the English Trade to Western Africa under Chartered Companies from 1585
to 1750

Brockway, Thomas Parmalee (1937) Iran in the West (1869-1907) A Case Study in
Modern Imparialism

Griffin, Eldon (1937) Clippers and Consuls: American Consular and Commercial
Relations with the United States and Eastern Asia, 1845-1860

DeNovo, John August (1948) Petroleum and American Diplomacy in the Near East,
1908-1928

Buchanan II, Daniel Harvey (1953) The Kingdom of Naples: 1650-1750 (it is possible
to find the notes trade between Islamic countries and Naples)

Herlihy, David Joseph (1956) Pisa, Economy and Society 1250-1300 (probably, it
may be reached notes on trade between Islamic countries and Pisa)

Teall, John Leland (1956) The Wheat Economy of the Byzantine Empire, 325-1025 (it
is possible to find the notes on trade between Islamic countries and Byzantium
Empire)

Hess, Robert Lee (1960) Italian Colonial Policy in Somali, 1889-1936

Knoll, Arthur Joseph (1964) Togo Under German Administration, 1884-1910

Jones, E. Alun (1970) Internal Society in British Malaya, 1895-1942

Rosenthal, Steven T. (1975) Municipal Reform in Istanbul 1850-1870: The Impact of

Tanzimat upon Urban Affairs

Mark, Peter (1976) Economic and Religious Change among Diola of

Boulouf(Casamance), 1890-1940: Trade, Cash Cropping and Islam in Southwestern
Senegal
Rush, James R. (1977) Opium Farms in Nineteenth Century Java, Institutional
Continuity and Change in a Colonial Society 1860-1910

Gray, Christopher Stephen (1978) Johore, 1910-1914: Studies in the Coloniel

Process

Hoover, Ellen Titus (1978) Among Competing Worlds: The Rehamma of Morocco on the
Eve of French Conquest

Saxe, Elizabeth Lee (1979) Fortune’s Tangled Web: Trading Networks of English
Entrepreneurs in Eastern India, 1657-1717

Pflaumer, Walter Niell Sherrod (1981) The Politics of Transport Policy—Nigeria,

1890-1914: A Case Study of Economic Planning in the Colonial Period

Miller, Kathryn A. (1998) Guardians of Islam: Muslim Communities in Medieval

Aragon

Rubin, Michael (1999) The Formation of Modern Iran, 1858-1909: Communications,

Telegraph and Society

Tagliacozzo, Eric (1999) Secret Trades of the Straits: Smuggling and State-
Formation along Southeast Asian Frontier, 1870-1910

Jasanoff, Maya R. (2002) Collecting and Empire in India and Egypt, 1760-1830

Tsadik, Daniel (2002) Foreign Intervention: Majority and Minority: The Status of
Jews during the Later Part of Nineteenth Century Iran (1848-1896)

Khazeni, Arash (2005) Opening the Land: Tribes, State and Ethnicity in Qajar
Iran, 1800-1911

Peterson, Brian J. (2005) Transforming the Village: Migration, Islam and

Colonialism in French Southern Mali (West Africa) 1880—1960

McDow, Thomas Franklin (2008) Arabs and Africans: Commerce and Kinship from Oman
to East African Interio, c. 1820-1900

Park, Hyunhee (2008) The Delineation of a Coastline: The Growth of Mutual

Geographic Knowledge in China and the Islamic World from 750 to 1500

Vivier, Brian Thomas (2008) Chinese Foreign Trade, 960-1276

THE OTHER STUDIES

Sebauh Aslanian completed Phd. Dissertation in Columbia University May 2007: “From
the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Circulation and the Global Trade Network of
Armenian Merchants from New Julfa, Isfahan, 1605-1747,” in this study, it will
also be seen that how Islamic world provided free-trade for all of the races and
men of different religion

Michel F. Le Gall’s Phd thesis: Pashas, Bedouins and Notables: Ottoman

Administration in Tripoli and Benghazi, 1881-1902. Princeton University 1986

M.A THESIS STUDIES IN (ISTANBUL) BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY* ON OTTOMAN

ECONOMIC HISTORY (BY NON-MUSLIM STUDENTS)
Aktsoglou Iakovas J. (1991) Saloniko in the late Ottoman Era: (late 19th and
early 20th century)

Kranzler Kathryn Linnea (1991) Health Services in the Late Ottoman Empire (1827-
1914)

Baruh-Tanatar Lorans (1993) A Study in Commercial Life and Practices in Istanbul

at the Turn of the Century: the Textile Market

Matsui Masako (1995) Production and Trade of Opium in the Ottoman Empire, 1828-
1838

Şahiner Araks (1995) The Sarrafs of Istanbul: Financiers of the Empire

Moroni Anastasia Ileana (2004) O Ergatis 1908-09: Ottomanism, National Economy

amd Modernization in the Ottoman Empire through a Greek-language newspaper of
Izmir (city)

*Medium of Instruction is English

ARTICLES AND BOOK REVIEWS IN THE HISTORIAN

To follow the issues of The Historian is also useful for Islamic Economic
History studies. Some examples:

Ronald A. Messier’s book review on Adam J. Silverstein’s book Postal Systems in

the Pre-Modern Islamic World (vol, 71, issue, 2 (Summer 2009) pp, 344-346):
“...from pre-Islamic times through the Mamluks period. ...the swift circulation of
different commodities (and) -from letters, people and horses to exotic fruits and
ice...The book sheds light not only on the role of communications technology in
Islamic history, but how nomadic culture contributed to empire-building in the
Near East.” Kate Fleet’s book review on Roxani Eleni’s book: 150 Years in the
Life of Medieval Arabian Port: Aden and Indian Ocean Trade (in the same issue, pp,
398-399); and Frances Wood’s on Colin Thubron’s book Shadow of Silk Road. And
Ken Albala’s review on John Keay’s book The Spice Route: A History (vol, 71,
issue, 1(Spring 2009), pp, 190-191

Some useful sources:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London 1917

International Journal of Middle East Studies
Islamic Studies Karachi (from 1962)
Islamic Culture, India
The Islamic Quarterly, London (from 1954)
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London 1833

Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society

Central Asiatic Journal, Wiesbaden-Den Hague (from 1955)
Central Asian Survey, Oxford

Journal of the American Oriental Society 1843

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
Middle Eastern Studies

The Cambridge History of Iran, I-VII, Cambridge 1968-91

Encyclopaedia Iranica, London 1985
A Comprehensive History of India, I-XII, New Delhi 1970-85
Encyclopaedia of India (pub., P.N. Chopra-Prabha Chopra), I-II, Delhi 1988
Journal of Indian History
Indian Economic and Social History Review
Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography,India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (ed. N. Sing), Delhi
2001

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa, Cambridge 1981

International History Review
Encyclopedia of Asian History, New York 1988
The Journal of Ottoman Studies