Dual-Frequency Multiple-Output

Resonant Soft-Switching Inverter

for Induction Heating Cooking Appliances

Takayuki Hirokawa, Eiji Hiraki, Toshihiko Tanaka
Graduate School of Science and Engineering
Yamaguchi University
Yamaguchi, Japan
s002we@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
Makoto Imai, Kenji Yasui, Shinichiro Sumiyoshi
Appliances Company
Panasonic Corporation
Shiga, Japan


Abstract In this paper, a multiple-output high-frequency
soft switching inverter is presented for home and business use
all metal IH cooking appliances. The frequency and handling
power of each output can be selected and regulated individually.
The proposed inverter is composed of two single high-frequency
circuit cells which are connected in parallel. Therefore, the
number of switching devices in the proposed inverter can be
significantly reduced. The simulation and experimental results
indicate that the proposed circuit is suitable for the multiple
output IH concepts such as free-zone induction heating, multi
burner type cooking set-up and so on.
Keywords dual-frequency, multiple-output, high-frequency
inverter, free-zone induction heating, zero voltage soft-switching
(ZVS), frequency doubler mode (FDM), fundamental switching
frequency mode (FFM).
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, high-frequency induction heating (IH) cooking
and processing appliances using high-frequency (HF) inverter
for home and business use have been becoming more and more
popular because of its safety, cleanliness, availability,
comfortableness, rapid heating and energy saving in power
management. For further prospective generalization of HF IH
cooking appliances in all electricity smart houses achieve not
only cost effective, but also higher efficiency as well as high
power density are actually indispensable from an application
point of view. Furthermore, new design tendencies pursue the
development of flexible cooking surfaces in order to improve
versatility and user performance as shown in Fig. 1 [1]-[4].
Such kind of the cooking set-up enables the customer to use as
many pots as needed, with any shape and in any position of the
cooking surface.
Conventional HF inverters are intended to supply a single
load as shown in Fig.2 (a) [5]-[7]. Therefore, total switching
devices are increased with a multiple load condition. So, both
switching and conduction losses and the power conversion
efficiency will be seriously compromised [8]. In order to
conquer these drawbacks, the series resonant multiple-load
inverters were proposed to deal with a system which has
multiple load structure in Fig. 2 (b) [9]. The main benefit of

Fig. 1. Free-zone induction heating.

(a) Single load single HF inverter system.
(b) Many loads single HF inverter system.

Fig. 2. Multiple-output induction heating.
978-1-4799-0224-8/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE 5028
reported topology is to be reduced the number of devices which
compared to the classical single-output topologies. However,
the device current rating in the common inverter block tends to
become higher [10], [11].
In this paper, dual-frequency multiple-output resonant HF
soft-switching inverter for multiple-output IH cooking
appliances is proposed. Number of the switching devices is
reduced compared to the other circuit topology in the
reference [9]-[11]. Therefore, the proposed inverter is
expected high power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the
other two benefits are expected such as simple power control
scheme and reducing current rating of switching devices. The
operating performance test and practical evaluations of the
proposed HF inverter are carried out and discussed from an
experimental point of view.
II. MULTIPLE-OUTPUT HF RESONANT INVERTER
A. Circuit Configuration
Fig.3 depicts a schematic main circuit of the multiple-
output HF resonant soft-switching inverter. The proposed
inverter is based on the time-sharing HF inverter which is
consisted of DC busline linked inductors L
k+1
, series resonant
capacitance blocks (C
kA
, C
kB
, C
CkA
and

C
CkB
) and common
load resonant tank in addition to the switching power devices
Q
k
in parallel with the lossless snubbing capacitors C
Sk+1
[12].
The IH load is represented by R
0k
-L
0k
series inductive circuit
model [13]. These circuit components and suffix are
represented as follows:
) , , , Q , , , , , (
0k 0k 1 Sk k CkB CkA
1
kB kA 1 k
R L C C C C C L
k
n
+
=
+
(1).
Where, k is the number of the output IH coils (k=1, 2,

). The
each IH load is able to be represented by a series resonant tank
circuit model (R
0k
-L
0k
-C
CkA
, R
0k
-L
0k
-C
CkB
). As for the proposed
multiple-output circuit, the total number of switching power
devices; N
s
for a certain number of IH coils k is as follows:
k N + =1
s
(2)
Compared to the conventional HF inverter based multiple-
output inverters, such as half-bridge and single-ended push-pull,
the number of the switching power devises in the proposed
inverter topology is smaller. This implies also a significant
reduction of the auxiliary circuits such as control and driver as
well as the linked inductors and lossless snubbing capacitors.
Note that the all the switching power devices are operated
under soft switching condition because of the E-class power
amp oriented circuit structure.
B. Dual-Frequency output operation
The IH load parameters R
0k
and L
0k
measured by using
working coil with metal pans/vessels tend to be diverse values
dependent on working coil turns numbers, litz wire structures,
pan metal materials as well as load resonant current frequency.
Especially, the effective equivalent resistance R
0k
strongly
depends upon the metal materials of IH pans/ vessels (3) [14].
out
r
k 0
503
f
K
L
R

(3)
Where, L: path length of the eddy current, : resistivity of
pans/vessels materials,
r
: permeability, K: value of the
inherence effected thickness and size of pans/vessels materials.
In such load condition, it is difficult to heat various
pans/vessels materials by the same circuit constants. For this
significant problem, it is effective solution that the load
resonant current frequency f
r
is changed by means of switching
the series resonant capacitance C
CkA
or C
CkB
as illustrated in Fig.
3 [15]. In the case of low resistivity metal materials such as
copper or aluminum, the load resonant current frequency f
r
is to
be designed for frequency doubler mode (FDM; f
r
=f
out
=2f
sw
)
[12]. Here, f
out
is output frequency. On the other hand, in the
case of high resistivity metals such as magnetic-stainless steel
or iron, f
r
is designed to be almost same as f
sw
. That is to say
fundamental frequency mode (FFM; f
r
=f
out
=f
sw
). The changing
diagnostic criterion of the series resonant capacitance C
CkA
or
C
CkB
are actually implemented by detecting the effective value
of the load resonant current i
R(rms)
.
C. Power Regulation Scheme
The output power regulation of the proposed dual-
frequency multiple-output HF resonant soft-switching inverter
can be achieved by phase-shifted PWM (PSPWM) with the
fixed switching frequency and fixed duty factor D=0.5.



Fig. 3. Proposed dual-frequency multiple-output HF resonant soft-switching inverter.
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Fig. 6. Current path through the passive circuit compornents.
Fig. 4 shows the considerable two patterns of the PSPWM
regulation schemes applicable to the proposed circuit; (a)
series lagging PSPWM and (b) zigzag PSPWM. The
difference of these two PWM patterns are the phase relations
between two legs next two each other. In order to verify which
method is more effective, detailed power flow should be
verified.
Table I shows the individually power control capability in
case of the number of the output IH coils k=2. In this case,
there are three ways for the combination of resonant IH load
modes, FFM & FFM, FFM & FDM, as well as FDM & FFM.
As shown in this table, the combinations of the IH load, FFM
& FDM and FDM & FFM with series lagging PSPWM,
individually output power control capability is poor. Fig. 5 (a)
and (b) depict the resonant circulating current flows of series
lagging PSPWM in case of Q
1
, Q
2
and Q
3
are off mode. When
one of the resonant IH load condition is set to FDM, a part of
resonant circulating currents flows through the IH load as
shown in Fig.5 (b). Therefore, the load current of another load
side will change with one of load states, individually output
power regulation become difficult. So, zigzag PSPWM is
suitable for the proposed multiple -output resonant inverter.
D. Single Load Condition
As for the multiple-output inverter drive conditions, it is
rare for all the IH loads turns on. In many case, one or several
loads are electrically turns off. To turn off any resonant IH
load, all load circuits are connected with the three-way solid
state rely as shown in Fig.6. Each load condition (off, FFM,
FDM) is selected by the three-way rely switch. In case of the
one of the IH load is turned off, leakage currents i
1
and i
2

flows through the passive components as shown in Fig.6.
Though RMS value of these currents is so small, hence sum of
power losses generated in the passive components can be
ignored.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND EVALUATIONS
A. Experimental Condition & Circuit Parameter Design
For performance verification of the proposed circuit, the
simplest structure which has two IH loads (k=2) has built and
experimentally tested. The operation modes with the IH load
conditions of the experimental set-up are as follows;
Operation mode (i); Load1: FFM (f
out
=f
sw
) with fixed output
power, Load2: FFM (f
out
=f
sw
) with varied output power.
Operation mode (ii); Load1: FFM (f
out
=f
sw
) with varied output
power, Load2: FDM (f
out
=2f
sw
) with fixed output power.

(a) Series lagging PSPWM


(b) Zigzag PSPWM

Fig. 4. Phase-shifted regulation.

(a) FFM & FFM


(b) FFM & FDM

Fig. 5. Resonant circulating current flow with all switching devices off
condition of series lagging PSPWM.
Table I.
INDIVIDUALLY POWER CONTROL CAPABILITY
(k=2)

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Operation mode (iii); Load1: FFM (f
out
=f
sw
) with fixed output
power, Load2: FDM (f
out
=2f
sw
) with varied output power.

The circuit constants and specifications of the
experimental set-up are listed in Table II. In this table, the IH
load parameters are measured in condition of 50 kHz
(magnetic stainless steel pan with working coil) and 100 kHz
(copper pan with the working coil). Switching frequency f
sw
of
Q
1
, Q
2
and Q
3
are fixed to 50 kHz for each load condition. In
the case of high resistivity metal pans/vessels, magnetic-
stainless steel or iron, the IH load resonant capacitance C
CkB
is
set to 800 nF. On the other hand, in the case of low resistivity
metal pans/vessels, aluminum or copper, the IH load resonant
current frequency f
r
equal to output current frequency f
out
is
designed for f
r
=100 kHz (=f
out
). The series resonant
capacitance C
CkA
is selected optimally 17.4 nF. Experimental
components are listed as follows. Three IGBTs (Mitsubishi
Electric co. Ltd, CM50DY-24H 1200V/ 50A) are used for Q
1
,
Q
2
and Q
3
. The magnetic ferrite cores (TDK PQ-40) are used
for DC bus-line link inductors L
1
, L
2
and L
3
. All the resonant
capacitors are metalized poly-propylene film high-frequency
capacitors. In addition, the diameter of planar working coil
produced by litz wire is 180 mm. Output power was measured
by Precision Power Analyzer WT3000 (Yokogawa Electric
Co.).
B. Operation Mode (i) : Load1-FFM, Load2 -FFM
Two 200 mm diameter magnetic-stainless steel (SUS430)
pans were used for Load1 (R
01
-L
01
) and Load2 (R
02
-L
02
), C
C1B

and C
C2B
were set to 800 nF. Fig. 7 represents the output IH
power regulation characteristics. Phase shift angle.
1
(between
S
1
to S
2
) is fixed to 70. On the other hand, phase shift angle

2
(between S
2
to S
3
) is changed from 70 to 180. It is
confirmed that output power of load1 and load2 are regulated
individually. Fig. 8 (a), (b) show operation waveforms. Load
resonant current waveforms through the working coil with the
pan, along with the voltage and current switching waveforms

Table II.
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
L
k
Input DC voltage
Resonant inductors
E
32 H
100 V
C
s1
, C
s3
Item
Resonant link capacitors
Symbol
C
kA
,C
kB
Value
16 nF
Switching frequency 50 kHz
Lossless snubbing capacitors 120 nF
f
sw
Output frequency
Load resonant current frequency
f
out
= f
r
f
out
=50 kHz
f
out
=100 kHz
Resonant capacitor for f
out
=100 kHz C
CkA
17.4 nF
800 nF
*1
Load inductance(Copper: =160 mm)
L
0n
220 H
*1
Load resistance(Copper: =160 mm)
R
0n
300 H
23
Resonant capacitor for f
out
=50 kHz C
CkB
Lossless snubbing capacitor C
s2
80 nF
*2
Load inductance(Stainless: =200 mm)
*2
Load resistance(Stainless: =200 mm)
*2; Measured frequency: 50 kHz
*1; Measured frequency: 100 kHz



Fig. 7. Output power characteristics.
(Operation Mode (i): Load1- FFM 50 kHz & fixed power,
Load2 FFM 50 kHz & varied power)

(a) 1= 70 , 2= 70


(b) 1= 70 , 2= 120

Fig. 8. Operationwaveforms.
(Operation Mode (i): Load1- FFM 50 kHz & fixed power,
Load2 FFM 50 kHz & varied power)
5031
of Q
1
under phase-shifted angle (a);
1
=70,
2
=70 and (b);

1
=70,
2
=120. It is noted that the output frequency of the
load resonant current is kept to 50 kHz as f
out
=f
r
=f
sw
. From the
voltage and current switching waveforms, it is clarified that
ZVZCS in turn-on and ZVS in turn-off of Q
1
can be completely
achieved. It was confirmed that Q
2
and Q
3
were the same soft
switching operation as Q
1
.
C. Operation Mode (ii) : Load1-FFM, Load2 -FDM
A magnetic stainless-steel 200 mm diameter pan were used
for load1 and copper 160 mm diameter pan were used for
load2. Measured values of Load1 (magnetic-stainless steel
pan),

Load2 (copper pan) as well as the other circuit constants
are shown in Table II. C
C1B
and C
C2A
were set to 800nF and
17.4 nF, respectively. Fig.9 represents the output IH power
regulation characteristics.
1
is changed from 70 to 180. On
the other hand,
2
is set to the fixed value 170. Fig. 10 (a), (b)
show operation waveforms. Note that output frequency of load
resonant current waveforms i
R1
and i
R2
are different to each
other. Amplitude of i
R1
can be regulated by phase angle
1
.
Furthermore the soft switching operation of Q
1
, Q
2
and Q
3

were confirmed the same as operation mode (i).
D. Operation Mode (iii) : Load1-FFM, Load2 -FDM
Fig.11 represents the output IH power regulation
characteristics.
1
is fixed 70. On the other hand,
2
is varied
180 ~ 260. Fig. 12 (a), (b) shows operation waveforms. Note
that output frequency of load resonant current waveforms i
R1

and i
R2
are individually different to each other. Amplitude of
i
R2
can be regulated by phase angle
2
. Furthermore the soft
switching operation of Q
1
, Q
2
and Q
3
were confirmed the same
as operation mode (i). In this operation mode,
2
control area
is different from the other modes. This is for avoiding that the
circulation current flows through the other resonant IH load as
shown in Fig. 5(b).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the novel dual-frequency multiple-output HF
resonant soft-switching inverter was proposed. The proposed
HF resonant inverter treated in this paper has some advantages
as follow;
(1) Two or more HF output power and output frequencies can
be controlled independently.
(2) Soft switching operation is achieved.
(3) The wider power regulation range could be achieved by
zigzag PSPWM.
In the future, three or more output prototype will be
constructed and tested to validate proposed multiple-output
concept.






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5032



Fig. 9. Output power characteristics.
(Operation Mode (ii): Load1- FFM 50 kHz & varied power,
Load2 FDM 100 kHz & fixed power)

(a) 1= 70 , 2= 170


(b) 1= 120 , 2= 170

Fig. 10. Operation waveforms (ii).
(Operation Mode (ii): Load1- FFM 50 kHz & varied power,
Load2 FDM 100 kHz & fixed power)




Fig. 11. Output power characteristics.
(Operation Mode (iii): Load1- FFM 50 kHz & fixed power,
Load2 FDM 100 kHz & varied power)
GND
GND
[4 s/div]
v
Q1
[250V/div]
i
Q1
[20A/div]
i
R2
[10A/div]
i
R1
[5A/div]
T
S
/2
T
S

(a) 1= 70 , 2= 180


(b) 1= 70 , 2= 240

Fig. 12. Operation waveforms.
(Operation Mode (iii): Load1-FFM 50 kHz & fixed power,
Load2 FDM 100 kHz & varied power)

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