FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

A CASE STUDY
ON


Tourism in Nepal









By:
JASNA MAHARJAN
Campus Roll No. 122
T. U. Regd. No. 6-1-40-637-2000










Submitted to:
PUBLIC YOUTH CAMPUS
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS STUDIES (BBS)



Kathmandu
June 2006

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT





CHAPTER

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical background of tourism
1.3 Scope of tourism in Nepal
1.4 Meaning and objective of tourism
1.5 Problems and prospects of tourism in Nepal
1.6 Expansion and diversification of tourist attraction
1.7 Objectives of the fieldwork
1.8 Limitation of study
1.9 Need of study
1.10 Method of data collection and processing

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12-16
2.1 Concept of tourism
2.2 Nature of tourism
2.3 Types of tourism
2.4 Importance of tourism

CHAPTER III

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL
3.1 Tourism development using various plan period
3.2 New tourism policy 1995 & its objectives
3.2.1 Basic Policy
3.2.2 Policy Strategies
3.3 Classification of tourism industries
3.4 Manpower development
3.5 Facilities and incentives to the tourism industry & business
3.6 Existing tourism institution
Public sector & private sector institution

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Tourist arrival trend in Nepal
4.2 Tourist arrival by purpose of visit
4.3 Tourist arrival by the mode of transport of airlines
4.4 Tourist arrival by nationality
4.5 Impact of tourism in Nepal
Foreign exchange earning & employment generation

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY & FINDINGS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Findings




CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER VII
RECOMMENDATION

BIBLOGRAPHY

List of table
Tourist arrivals (1962-2004)
Tourist arrivals by month (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by Age Group & Sex (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by purpose of visit
Tourist arrivals by mode of transport (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by nationality (2003 vs. 2004)
Foreign exchange earning from tourism (2002 - 2004)
Employment generation

List of Diagram
Tourist arrivals (1990-2004)
Tourist arrivals of month (2003 vs. 2004)

Tourist arrivals by Age group & Sex (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by nationality in 2004
Employment earning from tourism (trend)
Employment generation

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

epal is one of the small but richest countries in the world in the in term of bio-diversity due to its unique geographical
position and altitude variation. It is one of the world's best places to explore as religious, culture and natural resources.
Because of the presence of fine blend of art, culture and tradition along with natural beauty, with varieties of beauty and
pleasure to offer, Nepal has a great potential to attract all types of tourist from all over the world. The main attraction of
the tourist due to having following ingredients:

Nepal's natural attraction.
Resulting from physical, historical and cultural monuments and temples.
Art treasure and festivals and its wildlife.
Himalayas and their scenic beauties are also the prominent attraction to the visitors.
The land of yeti and land of Buddha.
Peaked mountain river and lakes conductive climate and mysterious charm.

Tourism is multifarious industry, which promotes cottage industries, trade and other series sector. It is the second largest sources
of foreign exchange earning. The total percentage change of tourist arrivals from FY 2002/03 has increased by 22.7% and the
foreign exchange earnings during the FY 2002/03 increased by 80.5%.

In 2002 the total number of tourists visiting Nepal reached 275463. Tourism has not been long. Since Nepal was opened to
foreign tourist. But the tourist inflow rate of Nepal has been increasing day by day. According to the propose of visit, in 2002,
110143 tourist visit Nepal for holiday pleasure, 59279 for trekking and mountaineering, 16990 for business, 12366 for pilgrimage,
17783 for official and 58907 for others.

Considering the growing importance of tourist; government had formed different plan and policies and an implementation
strategy provides, different facilities and incentives to develop the tourism sector. Besides these the institutional arrangement
N

like tourism council, ministry of tourism and civil aviation, department of tourism and tourism development board have been
created for its development.
"Visit Nepal Year 1998" was one of the major steps by government in other to identify Nepal as one of the special tourist
destination in the world. The main objectives of "Visit Nepal Year 1998" were to inflow of tourist to 5 million; attract quality
tourists and increasing their expenditure. According to the government version the "Visit Nepal Year 1998" was successful in
attracting more tourists. Similarly the declaration of "2007" as the "destinations Nepal year" is aimed to attract more tourists in
coming years.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Tourism is a human activity, which has proved important for all nations since it fosters international brotherhood and
understanding. In Nepal, the modern concept of tourism is a recent phenomenon. Although the inflow of Visitors for different
purpose was there for very early periods, the study of the inflow of foreign visitors to Nepal can be classified in the following
three stages.


1.2.1 EARLY HISTORICAL REVIEW OF TOURISM IN NEPAL
Before the unification of Nepal by late king Prithivi Narayan Shah, tourism was closely related to religion, polities and business.
Many visitors, namely from the neighboring countries of China, India and Tibet visited Nepal for religious purpose. Among are
notable persons. But "Manjushree" is the first visitors in Nepal to make the valley fit or human habitation either India or China.
During the time of Lichhavi rulers the famous Chinese traveler Huich-Tsang and also Chinese envoy, Li-Y-Pio and Wang Hiuentse
visited Nepal with his companions.

1.2.2 TOURISM AFTER UNIFICATION OF NEPAL
After the unification of Nepal, visitors from Britain came to Nepal for political purpose. Among the Knox, Hamilton and captain
Kirkpatrick were notable persons. During the region was vertically closed for outsiders, especially Europeans in other to preserve
unity and independence.

1.2.3 TOURISM AFTER 1950
1846: One of the important dates in Nepal's history: it marked the advent of the "RANA" regime that lasted until 1950; 104 years
during which the successive Kings of Nepal, although formally remaining on their throne with all the external decorum were in

fact relegated to purely nominal and honorific role, deprived of all power and authority. During that period, Nepal was a
forbidden land for foreigners except for the small traders and Indian pilgrims. Outsiders were locked upon with an eye of
suspicion, an account of close relationship with the British in India, only a few foreigners changed to visit Nepal. From time to
time several distinguished botanists and naturalists including Sir Brian Hodgson, F.R.S. (who was resident from 1822-1843) and
Sir Joseph Hooker F.R.S. who had made botanical surveys and collection of Nepal's flora and fauna, traveled the country. Among
the European visitors, British King George v Prince of Wales came to Nepal for the purpose of hunting tigers in tarai forest in 1911
and 1921 respectively. Due to the deliberately conservative policy of Rana rulers, Nepal remained virtually isolated and unknown
to the outside world.

From the point of view of tourism the great revolution of 1951 was a boon for Nepal. In the realization of this fact, Nepal
obtained the membership of international union of official travel organization in 1959 and pacific area travel association in 1964.
Even Nepal its door since 1951, promotion of 1960's. After consideration the great importance of tourism. Development of
tourism was established to make organized efforts at the government level for the development of tourism. A tourism centre
was established to provide training facilities for tourism development. Tourism act was promulgated in 1964 because of the
increasing number tourist and importance. Ministry of incentives to the tourism industry and business, industrial enterprises act
and foreign investment and technology transfer act 1992 was promulgated in Nepal gazette by HMG.

In present contest, the government and private sector jointly trying to develop the infrastructure for the tourism, Nepal tourism
board was established. Many international chains of hotels were organized, which represent "Nepal as world of its own".

1.3 SCOPE OF TOURISM IN NEPAL
In Nepal, tourism is not only important economic sources of foreign currency but also a major employment generator. By the
medium of tourism people, can exchange knowledge. And create understanding among the people of the world. Tourism
provided us an opportunity to understand society, habits, food and the way of life style of different nations. Directly and
indirectly Nepalese people are getting benefits from the tourism, many people are getting employment from this sector. Because
of the demands of local products, incentives to the local crafts and industries and artistic skills of the people is increased. Flock-
lore, traditional ceremonies, art and industry are reviewed because tourists are interested in them. Socially culturally, Tourism is
product, which encourages intellectual curiosity among people and nations and develops a healthy respect for another's beliefs
and custom.

1.4 MEANING OF TOURISM

The directory meaning of the word Tourism is "organizing touring or other services for tourists". Generally, tourism is to travel
abroad from country to country with a view to sightseeing, trekking, mountaineering, enjoying scenic beauty, studying cultural
heritage etc. All enterprises that are connected with and facilities traveling constitute the tourism industry.

At one time tourism was concerned to travel related jobs only. Mass competition developed the cut throat competitions
and developed the concept of "survival of the fittest", new idea and destinations, exploring virgin landscape, providing but
quality service and accommodation at best prices. The technique of managing all these aspects of travel related job is known as
"Tourism".

In conclusion, "Tourism is all activities undertaken by people staying away from home for 24 hours or more, on holiday,
visiting friends or relatives, at business or other conferences or any peoples other than for i.e. boarding education and semi
permanent employment. It doesnt include day trippers from a home address either outside the country or with in.

..

Nepalese Economics by Prof. A. M. Shrestha
Tourism Policy 2052









OBJECTIVE OF TOURISM

To established Nepal as a prime destination in the tourism market through effective publicity and promotion.

To established backward and forward linkage of tourism sector with the national economy so as to develop it an
important sector for the overall economic development.


To enhance employment opportunities, income generation and foreign currency earning from the tourism sector and
internal these benefits down to the village level.

1.5 PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TOURISM IN NEPAL
In spite of tremendous importance and various efforts, Nepal does not seem to have been able to attain desired result in tourism
development rapidly on the account of the following problems.

Limited tourist spots which are also not very much developed.
Shortage of necessary infrastructures for proper development of existing as well as feasible tourists places.
Basic requirements needs for the development of tourism are still inadequate.
Problem of overcrowding and environment pollution, which is hampering the tourism in Nepal.
World heritage sites are not properly maintained incase of culture tourism.
Lack of appropriate programs to inspire tourist to stay longer in Nepal an spend higher expenditure.
Limited internal air services which are also not up to the required standard.
Problems in adventure tourism, in terms of the development of the new trekking routes and tourism spots.
Lack of personnel security.
Lack of clear-cut and comprehensive national tourism policy.
Lack of attention paid by HMG to maintain standard in tourism industry.
Government steps towards individual are still unsatisfactory.
Limited marketing budget for the development of tourism.

PROTEST OF TOURISM IN NEPAL

Nepal is probably one of the most fascinating and beautiful countries in the world. Tourists visited Nepal to experience the
world's famous Himalayan peaks; unique architecture reserved in ancient towns and the warm welcome of ever smiling people. It
posses numerous possibilities of developing tourist traffic because three are in the country unique geographical features and
cultural charms. The main features of touristy possibilities in the country may be outlined under following points.

Because of unique situation on the southern sight of the mighty Himalayan of mountain, there are numerous scenic
beauties in various sector of the country; there are snow capped mountain peaks with grand glaciers sliding down
through narrow valleys. Some parts are bare rocky ranges with splendid landscape, some parts are forested ranges with
charming scenery, some parts are spotted with pleasant lakes, springs and falls, some parts are curved by several
winding rivers and river let's jumping down through steep mountain valley and in various mountainous parts of Nepal.

The main important tourist centers are Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Pokhara, Lumbini, Manang, Jomsom,
Dhulikhel, Helambu, Gosainkunda, Nagarkot and so on.

These are many famous temples, stupas, holy centers and durbar squares in various zone of Nepal. Among them kumari
temple is one of the famous living goddess's temple. The temple of Kathmandu valley is of great religious and cultural
importance because their walls, windows, and doors have been so carved and painted as to present various arts culture
and beliefs of the ancient people in Nepal. There are also; laces of early kings in which are manifested several culture
and architecture glories of ancient Nepal.

Furthermore, Nepal is a country where land route follower tourist feels tremendous relief to be here and find peaceful
surrounding and good environment. Perhaps, it may be due to friendly Nepalese people and hospitable by nature, the
tourist will have no difficulty in adjusting in general. These all are great attraction to tourist.

EXPANSION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF TOURIST ATTRACTION
The tourism industry will be identified as a priority sector and the investment will be mobilized accordingly.
Emphasis will be given to produce local goods and handicrafts for tourist consumption.
Eco tourism, medical tourism conference and convention tourism, cultural tourism, festival tourism, scientific tourism,
village tourism, adventure tourism, holiday tourism, sports tourism and other value based tourism activities will be
performed.

The participation of local government bodies, municipalities, vpcs and NGOS will be sought to conserve and develop
religious, cultural and historical heritage sites in the Kathmandu valley and outside.

Tourism product goods and services will be categorized and quality standards specified for each category.
A number of feasible activities such as hot air ballooning, hot spring, honey hunting, bird watching, anthropological
tours, rhododendrons tours and so on will be encouraged.
Comparing sites and other facilities on the trails will be maintained and conserved and the private sector encourages
setting involved in operation. NGO's and local communities will be mobilized to mobilize to monitor activities in the
newly operated trekking trails.
Duty free shopping and casino activities will be allowed to operate with proper safeguards. Tours will be promoted
cultural, archaeological, historical areas as well as parks, museum and zoos.
Rivers will be kept free from pollution for rafting purpose. Environment impact assignment will be made a part and
parcel for the operation of tourism activities in conserved areas and their vicinities.
Guidelines and performance standards will be developed in collaboration with the private sector to encourage the
quality and efficiency of the hotel and tourism industry.
Incentives holidays and facilities will be tried to promote domestic tourism in corporation with the private sector.
A fixed percentage of foreign currency earned from the tourism industry will be allowed for discretionary expenditure by
the industry.
The tourism industry will be identified as a priority sector and the investment will be mobilized accordingly.

1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE FIELDWORK
Every activity is performed with certain objective, which has to be achieved on these premises. Similarly, this fieldwork study has
also some objectives, which are as follows:
To highlight upon the tourism development and its aspect in the context of Nepal.
To assess the tourism market in Nepal.
To identify and analyzed the major problem of tourism development in Nepal.
To evaluate the tourist inflow in Nepal and income generated through them.
To assess the impact of tourism in Nepalese economy.
To provide specific suggestion for improvement of tourism development in Nepal.
To evaluate the plans, programs, facilities and incentives developed by government and concerned tourism authority.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study mainly concentration on tourist arrivals and its effect in foreign exchange earning.
The study on development of tourism uses the trend of 10 years, 5 years and 4 years only.
The study in same causes suffered from the lack of relevant data as sought on classified as region wide basis.
Most of the data are of secondary type. Which is available from Nepal tourism board, immigration and other sources of
books.

If focuses only on some major factor of tourism related sector therefore overall. Position of development of tourism in
Nepal can't be judged by this report.

1.8 NEEDS OF THE STUDY
The development of tourism helps to those people who are unknown about the tourism and its development in Nepal
by providing required information.
Teachers and students also may obtain a lot of information's regarding development of tourism account for proper
study about it.
In the context of modern economy of Nepal tourism business can play a vital role the employment generation.
Government can obtained the required information through it in other to amend and improve the rules and regulation
of tourism to meet the requirement of the country.

1.9 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING
Some necessary interviews and observation have made under primary sources.
For the proper analysis of the study, available books, reports, tourist arrivals statistics of Nepal tourism board, annual
report and other publications of Nepal tourism board have been consulted under secondary sources.
The collected data are re-arranged and tabulated where necessary to facilitate the purpose of the study.
The hypothesis is tested by those analyzed data and information.
For analyzing and interpreting of data different tools such as the financial tools and statistical requirement.

Chapter II


REVIEW OF LITERATURE


2.1 CONCEPT OF TOURISM

he word "tourism" so popular today is derived from of the French word Tourism that originated in the 19
th
century. Tourism
means journey from place to place for pleasure. Tourism has been defined in various ways. Some authors describe tourism
as a system consists of four interrelated parts-market, travel, destination and marketing. In general Webster's new
international directory defines tourism is "Traveling for recreation."

According to Edmend Picard, professor of economics at university of Brussels, "The function of tourism is to import currency from
foreign resources into the country. Its impact is what tourist expenditure can do to the different sector of the economy and in
particular the hotelkeepers".

In 1981, according to international association of scientific exports on tourism (IASET) and tourism society Cardiff "Tourism may
be defined in term of particular activities selected by choice and under taken outside the home environment. Tourism may or not
involve overnight stay away from home".

Similarly, base on tourism statistical report 1965 of Nepal "The citizens of al the foreign countries, expect India visiting the
kingdom of Nepal for at lest 24 hours in the pursuit tourists interests such as recreation, health, study, religion pilgrimage, sports,
visit to friends and relatives, meeting and conference, trekking and mountaineering, short delegation and mission, excluding the
person on any remunerative job and representative of staff or organization permanently located in Nepal". This definition is
based on the decision made by the international union of official travel organization (IUOTO) at Rome in 1968. At present
however, Indian visitors are also considered to be tourists.

T

The travel and stay attributes of tourism are defined by the demand for the provision of a wide range of goods and services. In
term of the tourist destination these can be grouped into five board sectors.

Attraction
Transport
Accommodation
Supporting facilities and,
Infrastructure

The attraction help to encourage the tourists to visit the country, transport service enable them to do so, the accommodation
and supporting facilities (e.g. shops, restaurants, travel insurance, sports, banks and travel goods etc) cater for their well being,
while infrastructure assures the essential functioning of all of these.

2.2 NATURE OF TOURISM
Tourism is a service industry. It represents one of the world's largest industries with nearly 700 million estimated international
visitors arrivals in the year 2000. While a total of 25.5 million international tourist arrivals were recorded in the year 1950, their
volume has increased to 692.7 million arrivals in 2001. Which are over 27 times increase over a period of 50 years. Similarly in
terms of receipts from tourism, while 2100 million US Dollars were recorded in the year 1950, a total receipt of 516 billion dollars
has been recorded in the year 2001 which is approximately 25 times increase in 50 years.

Tourism today has become a very complex activity encompassing a wide range of relationships. Resulting in the improvements in
standard of living and disposable income with more leisure time, the overall numbers of tourists are expected to grow further.
Factors like availability of cheaper and convenient transport, no restrictions on travel, availability of information on various
destinations and new marketing techniques contributed the growth of overall number of tourists in this modern world.
Additionally, a number of socio demographic factors such as increased urbanization of population, higher educational standards,
advancement in information technology, and increased paid holidays for the worker have strongly influenced the increased
growth of tourism. Tourism is a leisure activity, which involves a discretionary use of time and money, and recreation is often the
main purpose for participation in tourism. Some of the main characteristics of tourism are:

Tourism arises from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations.
There are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay including activities at the destination.


The journey and the stay take place outside the normal place of residence and work, so that tourism gives rises to
activities that are distinct from those of the resident and working population of the places, through which tourists'
travels and in which they stay.
The movement of destination is of a temporary short-term character, with intention the return within a few days, weeks
or months.

Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent or employment remunerated from within places
visited.

According to Young (1973): "Tourism as a heterogeneous group embracing a large variety of trade and industries that have the
supplying of traveler's need as a common function".

Tourism product can be seen as s composite product with the combination of attractions, transport, and accommodation of
entertainment. The individual hotel, company, airline or there supplier supplies each of their components. Some of SCHOLARS
conceptualize tourism product as a bundle of activities, services and benefits that constitute the entire tourism experience. The
bundle consists of four components: destination attractions, destination facilities, accessibility image and the price.

Tourism product is perceived as an experience from the point of view of the consumer. This experience even in the tourist's
product's ready-made package form is purely subjective and differs in time and place. Tourist product is essential intangible. It
cannot be stored nor transported. The intangible nature of tourist's product poses problems of measurements. It is just a
perception of individual or perceived as an experience from the viewpoint of the consumer. In tourism it is necessary to transport
the consumer to the product or services itself. The sellers of the tourist product, who can neither hold the stock of product nor
display the product itself, have instead only representations in the form of brochures, catalogues, posters and other printed
materials.



TOURISM:
Tourism is often regarded as an extreme form of recreation, involving longer time periods, traveling longer distance and often
staying overnights. The world is getting smaller everyday due to the rapid advancement of transport and communication. As a
result man's life is getting busier. Man by nature cannot live within a certain limits. He likes changes. He always wants to

experience a new taste of life. For to fulfill his desire he movers from one place to another place for various purpose like tot see
his friends and relatives, visit different places, for relaxation, for study, health, religion, sport, business etc.

According to Valene L. Smith, "Tourist is a temporary leisured person who voluntarily visits a place away from home for the
purpose of experiencing a change".

According to Ramesh Raj Kunwar in his book Tourism and Development: Tourism is the temporary movement of people to
destination outside their normal places of work and residence,. The activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations
and the facilities created to cater to their needs. The study of tourism is the study of people away from their usual habitat, of the
establishments, which respond to the requirements of travelers, and form of the impacts that they have on the economic,
physical and social well being of their hosts. It involves the motivations and experience of the tourists, the expectations of and
adjustments made by residents of reception areas, and the roles played by the numerous agencies and institutions, which
intercede between them.

2.2 TYPES OF TOURISM
According to different authors, tourism can be classified into various types. But here is mention about 6 types of tourism base on
the book of Yojna Raj Satyal. They are:

2.2.1 PLEASURE TOURISM
Under pleasure tourism, people go on holiday for enjoyment out of curiosity; to take rest, observe something new, to delight of
good scenery in unknown folklore. Some tourists find pleasure in traveling to various places. This type of tourism usually depends
upon different taste of different people.

2.2.2 RECREATIONAL TOURISM
Recreational tourism is mainly concerned with leisure and rest and to cover physical and psychical stamina. This type of tourist
usually stays longer.

2.2.3 CULTURAL TOURISM

This type of tourism is motivated by the eagerness to learn the different cultures of different countries.

2.2.4 CONFERENCE TOURISM
This type of tourism is organized in different countries when such convention facilities are available. These conferences are
arranged in the cities best prepared to receive the delegates and to cover the low occupancy rate of the hotel in the low season.
Such types of conference tourism are growing rapidly in the modern world.

2.2.5 SPORTING TOURISM
Sporting tourists are interested in two types sporting which are:
Visiting sports events like Olympic, World Cup etc that attract not only sportsman to the host country but also a larger
number of sport fans tourist to see these functions.
Visiting well organized sporting events in countries, which have specialized facilities such as winter sports, natural
sports, fishing, mountain climbing etc.

2.2.6 BUSINESS OR TECHNICAL TOURISM
Tourists who come for business purpose are called business tourists. Business or industrialists or professionals visiting place of
their interest or fairs and exhibitions or places of technical achievements are included under this category.

2.3 IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
There is no doubt that tourism is one of the key economic sector in Nepal it is one of the profitable and important export
industry which is making a significant contribution in employment and income generation as well as foreign exchange earning, so
the promotion of tourism sector include a great multiplier effects in the economy in the economy as a whole. The various
importance of tourism can be defined as follows:
Tourism is a media through which people can share knowledge and creates understanding among the people of the
world. It is becoming a more powerful tool of education, which provides opportunities to understand the society,
cultural, traditional habits, foods, dress, and life styles of different countries.
It does not earn only huge amount of foreign currency but also maintains the favorable balance which rose due to
inequality in import and export trade.

It has special contribution towards employing people at large. It includes all type of product planning and activities
implementation programmed for example. Manpower training development of handicraft, business remote area
development etc that begins economic benefits to the country.
Tourism creates an ample scope for product development opportunities and the concerned authorities should explore
its possibilities as early as possible.
Tourism develops curiosity amongst people abort others culture and tradition and that lead to travel and ultimately
people comes to know the real meaning of their culture tradition and religion. Understanding of each other customs.
Most important, it teachers tolerance.
It is a product, which creates the close relationship, develops healthy respects between different countries. And also a
vehicle for international understanding by way of bringing diverse people face to face. It has been noted as a major
contributor to international good will as a prime means of developing social and cultural understanding among all the
people of the world.
Tourism also plays a large part in keeping family and friends in contact and permits students and teachers exchanges.

Above all the growth of tourism creates the demands local product and increased incentives of local craft, industries and artistic
skill of local people.

Chapter III


TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL

3.1 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT USING VARIOUS PLAN PERIOD:
Tourism is one of the important contributors to economic and social development of a country like Nepal. Considering this HMG
emphasized tourism development in every plan period. Realizing its great important, department of tourism established in first
five-year plan period in 1959. The first five year plan (1956-61) gave adequate emphasis to build requisite infrastructures for
electricity, water, and construction airports etc which are also basic infrastructures for tourism development. The third five year
plan (1956-70) aimed to increase the number of tourist and foreign exchange earning as well as to develop tourism infrastructure
by establishing hotel and extension of aviation facilities, publicizing Nepal abroad, production of promotional film relating to
Nepal and distribution of tourism materials, conservation of temples and historical places and development of Mahendra
Museum and national archives.

The forth five years plan (1970-75) extended special importance to the tourism sector. During this plan period, Nepal tourism
plan was drafted.

The fifth five year plan (1975-80) aimed to earn more foreign currency and make balance of payment favorable by developing
tourism in this country. This plan emphasized on:
Development of tourism by developing historical, cultural and geographical specialties.
Development of tourist centre outside of Kathmandu valley.
Developing necessary facilities in tourist centre and extending training to develop skilled manpower.
Longing the day of stay of the tourist as far as possible.

Similarly, eight five year plan (1992-97) also gave emphasis to develop tourism. The major policies adopted in this plan period
were historical cultural and environmental promotion by encouraging private sector the plan also emphasize to increase
government investment in physical infrastructure. Emphasizes to bring in more tourist and increase their average stay and
expenditure, promotion of high quality religious and increase their average stay and expenditure, promotion of high quality
religious, involvement of Nepalese diplomatic missions for tourism promotion, procedural simplification adoption of open sky
policy, encouragement of private sector in aviation, consideration of tourism as a priority sector and categorizing tourism sector

loans as priority sectors loans. In spite of all this spreading benefits of tourism to local communities involving non-government
organization (no) and local people in monitoring and managing adventure sites are other notable points of eight plans.

3.2 NEW TOURISM POLICY 1995
Tourism has competitively and rapidly developing in the world and due to specific nature hence in order to increase national
production and income, to extend the earning of foreign currencies, to create opportunities for employment, to improver
regional and imbalance and to develop the image of Nepal and the international community his majesty's government of Nepal,
Ministry of tourism and Civil Aviation has recently introduced a new policy on 1995. This policy was passed by Tourism Council in
the third meeting on the 14
th
June 1995.

OBJECTIVES OF NEW POLICY 1995
To develop tourism as a main economic sector of the nation by establishing it's interrelation with other sectors of the
country.
To increase employment, foreign earnings and national income and to improve regional imbalance having expanded the
tourism industry up to the rural areas.
To develop and expand tourism industry by promoting natural cultural and human environments of the country.
To maintain high image of the nation in international community by providing standard services and necessary security
to tourists.
To develop and promote Nepal as and attractive tourist centre.

3.2.1 BASIC POLICIES
The new policy has given great importance to the role of the private sector in Nepal's tourism def. The new policy 1995 has
eleven policies related to different sectors, which are as follows:
In this policy, private sector's participation shall be highly encouraged in the development; and expansion of tourist
activities/ his majesty's government's involved to increase tourism infrastructure and play a role of coordinator as well
as catalyst.
For the sake of sustainable development of the tourism industry, environmental protection programmed shall be carried
in an effective and integrated manner.
Priority shall be given to new tourist spots particularly rural tourist spots having strengthened existing tourism
infrastructure and facilities.
Promoting and protecting famous religious pilgrimage places shall develop religious tourism.
Nepal shall, gradually be developed and as and attractive centre for the adventurous tourism.

To standardized service and facilities provided by the tourism entrepreneurs and special provision for the security of
tourists.
While developing tourism sector, high attention shall be paid to improve regional imbalances.
Nepal shall be developed as a principal tourism destination spot by promoting completive tourism in the markets where
international tourism is originated.
Emphasis shall be given for the development of agro-based and cottage industry also by integrating them with the
tourism industry.
Indigenous investment shall encouraged in the service oriented agency business where national investor have already
been competent and attraction of foreign investment or participation shall be made in the tourism industries ice-hotel,
resort, where foreign skill and technology is transferable and where large scale investment is required.
National civil aviation policy shall be executed as an integral part of the tourism policy by coordinating them.

3.2.2 POLICY STRATEGIES
The new tourism policy 1995 has following policy strategies:
Diversification of tourism investment
Development and provision of wild life by utilizing existing bio-diversity and opening up new trekking routes and
climbing peaks in a phased and regional basis
For protection, promotion and development, certain portion of income rose from the tourism spots prescribed as
economically backward and promotes area.
Encourage conferences, cultural a youth festivals international sports and innovative products.
Land under the ownership of the government leasing out to ventures on the basis of their working plan having made it
environmental compatibility
Encourage rural tourism benefiting the local and as well as national environmental guidelines for environmental
protection.
Operation of tourism activities in an environmentally friendly way
As mentioned above the main important strategies of the new policy is to seek involvement of the private sector for
tourism development including investment on tourism infrastructure services and facilities. The trekking areas have
divided into three, namely general, guided and controlled.

3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM INDUSTRIES
The new tourism policy 1995 has classified tourism industries in to the following categories:
Classified hotels industry
Resort

Trade agencies
Rafting
Classified restaurants and bar
Adventurous recreational tourism
Business (Skating, Gliding, Cable car-complex, hot air blowing gulf course, polo, horse riding)
Tourism related human resources development institutes/training centers.


3.4 MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT
In order to increase quality and standard in tourism services HMTTC provide manpower-training programmers and encouraged
private sectors to conduct such programmers. The emphasis also will be given for the employment of local manpower in travel
trade services.

3.4 FACILITIES AND INCENTIVES TO THE TOURISM INDUSTRY & BUSINESS
The new policy 1995 has provided following facilities and incentives to the tourism industry and business.
Hotels and resorts are classified as national priority industries and are given the privileges as per the industrial
enterprises act 1992.
Facilities and incentives as prescribed by his majesty's government shall be provided to other tourism industries, and
business, excluding hotels and resorts, on the basis of value add, creation of employment and creativeness.
Other prescribed tourism industries and business shall considering their working capacity and plans, be provided to
import the prescribed goods at the confessional rate.
On the priority basis, tourism industries shall be provided communication, equipments, electricity and water supply.
Hotels, restaurants and resorts opened in the rural areas as prescribed by HMG and other tourism business shall be
provided facilities and incentives as prescribed.

3.6 EXISTING TOURISM INSTITUTIONS
There are several public and private sector institutions in Nepal, which are directly and indirectly related to develop tourism in
Nepal. For the develop of tourism, tourism institution shall be arranged as follows:

A. Public Sector Institution

According to new policy 1995, there are four institutions, which are directly related to tourism development.

TOURISM COUNCIL
In order to develop the tourism industry as a backbone of national development and to maintain coordination among various
agencies related with the tourism industry, a high level "tourism council" was formed in April 1992 under the chairmanship of the
prime minister. The function of this council is to remove difficulties raised in the tourism sectors, agencies and dot review related
plane.

MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND CIVIL AVIATION (MOTCA)
The MOTCA shall, on the basis of the policy and guidelines of tourism council, design necessary policy for the development of
tourism and to make necessary plans and to implement it through tourism development board and development of tourism. A
monitoring work related the ministry of tourism and civil aviation should also carry out there-to. More over, the ministry of
tourism and civil aviation shall carry out the functions of coordination and adjustment related with the tourism development and
also the secretarial functions of the council.

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM
The department of tourism (DOT) is the main government institution of Nepal, which formulates and implements tourism
development programs as per the stipulated policy, direction and guidelines given by the TDC and MOTCA. Once the tourism
development board becomes competent to carryout its function the Department of tourism shall be dissolved as to remove
duplication of the functions. After transfer of responsibilities to the tourism Development Board, function like registration to the
tourism industries, regulation and facilities to be provided shall be performed by the MONTCA itself.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT BOARD
TDB shall in accordance with the policy, direction and guidelines of the tourism council and the MOTCA, perform the above
mentioned functions. The proposed board shall be autonomous body and flexible nature, it shall operate all activities related
with the tourism expect those activities which are to be operated by HMG itself.

The board shall have a separated seal and also a fund, where contribution to have truanted by HMG and other amount to be
made available from the private sector international agencies and other sources shall be deposited. The board shall have full
authority to with draw and spend any amount from the said fund scope of words powers, responsibilities and other detail
particular shall be as prescribed but separate.


B. Private Institutions
There are several private institutions, which are related to develop tourism in Nepal. Thus are as follows:
1. The Hotels Association of Nepal (HAN)
2. The Nepal Association of Travel Agents (NATA)
3. The Nepal Chapter of Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
4. The Trekking Agents Association of Nepal (TAAN)
5. Tour Guide Association of Rafting Agents (TURGAN)
6. The Nepal Association of Rafting Agents (NARA)
7. The Nepal Heritage Society (NHS)
8. The Nepal Star Hotel Association (NSHA) and
9. The Thames Tourism Development Committee (TTDC)

There are also NGO's which have been active in promotion cultural and main NGO's are the Annapurna conservation Area Proper
(ACAP) implemented by the king Mahendra Trust for Natural Conservation (KMTNC). NHS has also been promoting heritage
tourism in Nepal through their programs of Repair and Conservation of Ancient Monuments.


Chapter IV


PRESENTATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

The main objective of theist chapter is to present and analysis all the information and collected data and gets the result to meet
the objectives of the study.

Table 4.1
Tourist Arrivals
(1962 2004)
Year Total No. Growth
Rate %
By air No. % of
total
By land No. % of total Average length of
stay
1962 6179 - - - - - -
1966 12567 - 11206 89 1361 11 -
1970 45970 - 36508 79 9462 21 -
1974 89938 - 74170 82 15668 17 13.2
1978 156123 - 130034 83 26089 17 11.8
1982 175448 - 153509 87 21939 13 13.3
1986 223331 - 182745 82 40586 18 11.2
1987 248080 11.1 205611 83 42469 17 12.0
1988 265943 7.2 234945 88 30998 12 12.0
1989 239945 -9.8 207907 87 32038 13 12.0
1990 254885 6.2 226421 89 28464 11 12.0
1991 292995 15.0 267932 91 25063 9 9.3
1992 334353 11.1 300469 90 33857 10 10.1
1993 293567 -12.2 254140 87 39427 13 11.9

1994 326531 11.2 289381 89 37150 11 10.0
1995 393395 11.3 325035 89 38360 11 11.3
1996 393613 8.3 343246 87 50367 13 13.5
1997 421857 7.2 371145 88 50712 12 10.5
1998 463684 9.9 398008 86 65676 14 10.5
1999 491504 6.0 421243 86 70261 14 12.3
2000 463646 -5.7 376914 81 86732 19 11.9
2001 351237 -22.1 299514 85 61723 18 12.0
2002 275468 -23.7 218660 79 56808 21 7.9
2003 338132 22.7 275438 81 62694 19 9.6
2004 385297 13.9 297335 77 87962 23 13.5
Total 6913688 251.8

Average tourists arrival per year = 6913688/25
= 276547.52
Average length of stay = 251.8/25
= 10.072

Tourist Arrival in Nepal
2
5
4
8
8
5
2
9
2
9
9
5
3
3
4
3
5
3
2
9
3
5
6
7
3
2
6
5
3
1
3
9
3
3
9
5
3
9
3
6
1
3
4
2
1
8
5
7
4
6
3
6
8
4
4
9
1
5
0
4
4
6
3
6
4
6
3
5
1
2
3
7
2
7
5
4
6
8
3
3
8
1
3
2
3
8
5
2
9
7
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Year (1990 to 2004)
Total No.

Figure: 4.1
(Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics)

4.1 TOURIST ARRIVAL IN NEPAL (1990-2004)
The number of tourist arrival in Nepal is increasing progressively during the period 1990-2004. However, in the year 1993, 2000,
2001, 2002 there are decline by -12.2%, -5.07%, -22.1% and -23.7%. Even through the number of tourist arrivals are increased but
the growth rate are decrease in the year 1996 and 1999. The average tourist visit per year is 338327. But there has been
comparative decrease in the year 1993, 2000, 2001 and 2002. The average length of stay is 11.107 days but there have been
comparative decrease in the year 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2002 and 2003. It may be due to many responsible factors like:
Lack of publicity in international tourism market
Disturbance by golf war
Increase in pollution and lack of facilities
Lack of Derek Air-link between Nepal and West Europe
Air fare difference between Europe destination South Asia
Political revolution and instability in Nepal


The total number of tourist arrival data during 12 months of 2003 vs. 2004 is presented as follows:

Table 4.2
Tourist Arrivals by Months
(2003 vs. 2004)
Month 2003 2004 % Change
January 21215 30988 46.1
February 24346 35631 46.3
March 27737 44290 59.7
April 25851 33514 29.6
May 22704 26802 18.0
June 20351 19793 -2.7
July 22661 24860 9.7
August 27568 33162 20.3
September 28724 25496 -11.2
October 45459 43373 -4.6
November 38398 36381 -5.3
December 33115 31007 -6.4
Total 338132 385297 13.9

Overall tourist arrival unto June has marked as 2.7%, September has marked as 11.2%, October has marked as 4.6%, November
has marked as 5.3% and December has marked as 6.4% decrease compared to the same period of last year.

The various possible causes of declining tourist arrivals during the subsequent strikes by some bad incidents in the valley,
frequent Nepal Bandhs called by various political parties and also the introduction of new frontier formalities for Indian tourist
coming to Nepal have led down toward trend in the tourist arrival.


Tourist Arrival in 2003 vs. 2004
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
J
a
n
u
a
r
y

F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y

M
a
r
c
h

A
p
r
i
l

M
a
y
J
u
n
e

J
u
l
y
A
u
g
u
s
t

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r

D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r

Months
T
o
t
a
l

N
o
.

2003
2004

Figure 4.2






Table 4.3
Tourist Arrivals by Age Group & Sex
(2003 vs. 2004)
Age group 2003 2004 % Change
0-15 years 16056 38734 141.2
16-30 years 78357 84125 7.4
31-45 years 99740 128267 28.6
46-60 years 85753 96920 13.0
61 & above 58226 37251 -36.0

Total 338132 385297 13.9
Male 204732 255303 27.4
Female 133400 129994 -2.6

Tourist Arrivals by Age Group
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
0-15 years 16-30 years 31-45 years 46-60 years 61 & above
Age Group
T
o
t
a
l

N
o
.

2003
2004

Figure 4.3

4.4 TOURIST ARRIVAL BY PURPOSE OF VISIT
It noted that, tourist-visiting Nepal indicates that main purpose of visited as sight seeing and pleasure (holiday pleasure) and the
second main purpose of visit as trekking and mountaineering. In between three years (2002 to 2004), 37.57% of overall tourist
visited Nepal for holiday purpose, where as 19.46% visited for trekking and mountaineering and the minimum numbers of
tourists visited are business and pilgrimage purpose, it covers only 5.03% and 7.9% respectively. It may be due to the lack of
publicity and facilities provide by the government and private sector.

Table 4.4
Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit
(2002-2004)
Year Holiday &
Pleasure
Trekking &
Mountaineering
Business Pilgrimage Official Others Total

2002 110143 59279 16990 12366 17783 58907 275468
2003 97904 65721 19387 21395 21967 111758 338132
2004 167262 69442 13948 45664 17088 71893 385297
Total 375309 194442 50325 79425 56838 242558 998897
% 37.57 19.46 5.03 7.9 5.7 24.28




4.5 TOURIST ARRIVAL BY MODE OF TRANSPORT OR AIRLINE
Nepal is a landlocked country. So, it has not the direct route to the sea transport. The only possible way of entering Nepal is
either bevy road or by air. According to survey, the maximum tourist arrivals in Nepal are by the different airlines.

Table 4.5
Tourist arrivals by mode of transport
(2003 vs. 2004)
Airlines 2003 2004 % Change
RNAC (RA) 70779 57678 -18.5
Indian Airlines (IC) 78461 78959 0.6
Thai Airlines (TG) 55102 58197 5.6
Qatar Airlines (QR) 26320 32866 24.9
Gulf Air (GF) 18532 16986 -8.3
Biman B'Desh (BG) 10882 9432 -13.3
Austrian Air (OS) 6228 6697 7.5

Druk Airlines (KB) 3343 4373 30.8
Pakistan International (PIA) - 1910 -
Jet Airways (9W) - 15101 -
China Southwest Air (SZ/CA) 3300 5841 77.0
Transavia Airlines (HV)* 2001 - -
Others 490 9295 1796.9
Total By Air 275438 297335 7.9
Total By Land 62694 87962 40.3
Grand Total 998132 385297 13.9
(Sources: Nepal Tourism Board, Exhibition Road, Nepal Tourism Statistics 2004)

4.6 TOURIST ARRIVALS BY NATIONALITY (2003 VS. 2004)
Nepal is a Himalayan country. It's natural beauties and geographical fitness can easily attract any even of the world. It is also a
land of Yeti and birthplace of Gautam Buddha who is well known as "Light of Asia" in the world. The tourist who visited Nepal,
since it opened to the out side world are found to have belonged to rhea different regions. Because of the above regions the
number of tourists is increasing every year.


Table 4.6
Tourist Arrivals By Nationality
(2003 vs. 2004)
Nationality 2003 2004 % Change
North America 22992 25505 10.9
South & Central America 2262 4373 93.3
Western Europe 95162 116505 22.4
Eastern Europe 6451 7661 18.8
Asia 200045 218387 9.2
Australia & Pacific 9608 10947 13.9
Africa 1612 1161 -28.0
Grand Total 338132 385297 13.9
(Source: Nepal Tourism Board, Exhibition Road, Nepal Tourists 2004)

Tourist Arrival in 2004
25505
4373
7661
218387
116505
1161
10947
North America
South & Central
America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Asia
Australia &
Pacific
Africa

Figure 4.6


4.7 IMPACT OF TOURISM IN NEPAL
Tourism has ever been a medium to familiarize foreigners to Nepal. It is a highly profitable and booming business, as it has
become a major source of foreign exchange. Also tourism development indirectly helps the nation creation additional
employment opportunities tourism provides 19.6% of the total foreign exchange earning from tourism will raise over by 30%
annually. Approximately 460000 tourists come to veal everyone out of 10 is employed in this sector. So tourism has been
recognized as a very important sector for good impact in enlistment of Nepalese economy.

4.7.1 FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNING
Tourism is a major source of foreign exchange earning. Foreign exchange from tourism has been increasing. The foreign exchange
earning from tourism industry in 2002 to 2004 is shown in getable 4.7.1.

Table 4.7.1

Foreign Exchange earning from tourism

Year Total foreign exchange
earning (In Rs. 000)
Total foreign exchange
earning (In US $ 000)
% Change in US $
2002 8300553 106822 -
2003 14508396 192832 -
2004 13146534 179941 -6.7
(Source: Nepal Tourism Board)

4.7.2 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
Tourism is one of the major employment generating sector developing countries like Nepal. Employment generation from
tourism and tourism related sectors were together 1997/98. There were directly employed in tourism sector. 5% of these were
employed in hotels, the rest in travel and trekking agencies and airlines. A survey made by Nepal Rastra Bank in 1989 said that till
1988, there was 1176 peoples employed in the tourism related sector, of which 61.7% where at the basic level and 29.2% were
at top level. The employment generation from tourism and tourism related sector is presented in table 4.7.2.


Sector Total employment
Level of employment
% Top %Middle % Basic Average
Hotel 5912 8.5 30.0 61.5 25
Restaurants 693 12.0 38.0 50.0 13
Travel agencies 1544 17.6 13.0 39.4 30
Airlines 2738 4.4 22.0 74.0 NA
Carpets 2551 1.5 5.0 94.0 NA
Trekking 978 12.5 26.0 61.0 20
(Source: Nepal Rastra Bank, 1990)




Total employment (Number)
5912
693
1544
2738
2551
978
Hotel
Restaurants
Travel agencies
Airlines
Carpets
Trekking

Figure 4.7.2

Chapter V

SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

5.1 SUMMARY

epal though a poor country has been blessed with rich natural and cultural heritage and hence has opened gat of
opportunities for her. Tourism has come long way with its root back developed in 50s. With its growing and valuable
contribution toward the development of the Nepalese economy in context of increase in national production and income,
creating employment opportunity, improving regional imbalance and to develop the image of Nepal. In an internati onal
community, made an immense need to promulgate different plans and programs, implementation strategies, facilities and
incentives scheme creation of institutional arrangements, develop and expand tourist attraction points. The recent success of
VNY 1998 has ventured to present 2002 as the Destination Nepal Year to attract more tourist in the coming year with lots of
opportunities placed in by tourism, it has made possible for putting the joint effort by the country people, government and other
concerned sectors.


5.2 FINDINGS

epal is blessed with natural with natural and scenic beauty and has been successful in presenting herself the wonderful in
front of the world. It is because of this, tourism and its development has been a subject of major concern. It is considered
to be one of the powerful developing aspects for our country.

Analyzing upon the presentation and analysis part of here report, the number of the tourists inflow has subsequently increased
during the recent 10 years except in 1993 i.e. form 2002-2004 with minor fluctuations. Tourists arrivals are found quantitative
rather than qualitative. The major purpose of their arrival is sight seeing, mountaineering and for pleasure.
N
N

Chapter VI


CONCLUSION




ourism has an important role to play in uplifting the Nepalese Economy. It is therefore, essential to consider all the aspects
of tourism development to present the country the best place to travel explore and adventure. Though, the data so
analyzed show the subsequent increase in the tourist arrivals yet the question of quality vs. quantity arises. The actual and
the expected data do not match. It is because of certain weakness of our country possesses that are yet to be strengthened.

The lack of sound tourism marketing, planning, processing and research system, Nepal could not achieve better result in tourism
as per its potentiality. The international tourism marketing was carried out without sound linkage between the products and
their target market. The limited funds and scattered marketing activities hardly achieve any desired targets. Due to the
government instability and the bureaucratic procedures, tourism was hardly treated as a professional business sector that needs
competitive marketing strategy.

The environment pollution and degradation hinder upon the natural beauty. Though tourism was pointed out as one of the
major foreign exchange earning, the priority given to tourism sector was only after the VNY 1998 that the realization of the
importance of tourism spreads nationwide for greater and more and coordinate effort for tourism development. Therefore, the
need for a planned tourism development has been realized so that tourism development program could be measurable and
achievable. The creation of different institutional arrangement would be helpful for the development of tourism in Nepal.
T

Chapter VII

RECOMMENDATIONS

n order to attract tourist, government should have preserve existing culture, arts and movements and research in this field
should be carried out to introduce new culture, best arts etc. Sanitation and hygienic are the major problems facing by tourist
here. In order to improve these problems there are some major steps to be taken by governments for the development of
tourism in Nepal, they are:
To keep city clean, to arrange a clean public toilet; to create various destination interesting and pleasing way; and to
preserve them.
There are few proper hotels/lodges and other accommodation facilities and also they are situated at the Kathmandu
valley only. Due to these problems tourists dont like to go out side of the valley so, concern sector must give attention
to make international standard hotels and hotels outside of the valley.
To increase the foreign currency and number of tourist arrivals, concerned authority must give attention to lengthen
their stay and provide good security for tourists.
To develop tourism, tourist information centers should be established in different parts of Nepal so that tourists could
easily get information about hotels, traveling routes trekking etc.
The services and capacity of international Airlines, which have direct flights in Nepal, are limited. So, the government
should increase airlines capacity for direct linkages with different parts of the world.
To developed tourism in Nepal political stability, concerned authority must implement tourism awareness, proper
education system and new tourism policies.
In Nepal visa procedure is another problem, it is suggested to make visa grant process more lucid and practicable.
Newness is a source of pleasure to tourist so; government should identify new places for resort area and
mountaineering tourism for rapid development of tourism in Nepal.
The government only cant develop tourism alone so; the government should coordinated local government
municipality, NGOs/INGOs and private sector in Nepal.
I

BIBLIOGRAPHY



Hari Prashad Shrestha Tourism in Nepal
Yajna Raj Satyal Tourism in Nepal
A. M. Shrestha Tourism scene in Nepal
Hari Prasad Shrestha Nepalese Economy
Prem N. Kakar Tourism and its prospect in Nepal
Tourism arrival declines by 11
Digest Volume 8
No. 9, Jan 1 15, 2001
Tourism policies and objectives Tourism Policy 2052
Statistical Data Nepal Tourism Board Nepal Rastirya Bank (TIA)
Institutional arrangement for facilities and incentive to the tourism industry and Business
Basnet Bagala Human Resources Base to Sustain Tourism Sector.









**** THE END ****

FOR MORE RESOURCES PLEASE VISIT
http://www.educationsansar.com

===========================================================================


2006 EducationSansar.com, All Rights Reserved.
The information published here may not be reproduced in any form without written permission.
EducationSansar.com is a portal service provided by ITWeb Developer Enterprises.